|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2021‒10‒25
eighty-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Park, Jinseon; Suh, Dong Hee |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313893&r= |
| By: | Jonas Teusch; Samuel Ribansky |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the contribution that kerosene taxes could make to decarbonising international air travel post COVID-19. Reaching climate neutrality by mid-century requires that all sectors, including aviation, cut emissions strongly. The paper argues that clarity on decarbonisation targets, including through carbon price signals in the form of kerosene taxes, will support an orderly transition in aviation. A gradually increasing tax on kerosene can strengthen the incentives for investment and innovation in clean aviation technologies. Taxing kerosene would also provide implementing countries with tax revenues that could be used to support clean investment and innovation, while addressing competitiveness and equity issues. Where legal obstacles to taxing kerosene exist, these can be overcome by renegotiating the relevant air service agreements. |
| Keywords: | Air transportation, Carbon taxes, Environmental externalities, Environmental taxes, Fuel taxes, Greenhouse gas emissions, Policy instruments |
| JEL: | H23 L93 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2021–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ctpaaa:55-en&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Theodoros Zachariadis (The Cyprus Institute & Manager SDSN Europe); Stathis Devves (Athens University of Economics and Business); Angelos Plataniotis (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal was approved in December 2019 by European Union Leaders, laying out a broad set of objectives for a climate-neutral, resource-efficient, technologically sophisticated, and socially equitable continent. The EU has also decided to integrate the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of UN Agenda 2030 in the European Semester, the EU's main mechanism for coordinating national economic and employment strategies. Further, the EU responded to the enormous consequences of Covid-19 by enacting a robust "Next Generation EU" package of policies and resources to help Europe's economy recover while pursuing its green transformation. To link these four major policy initiatives the SDGs, the European Green Deal, the European Semester, and the EU recovery plan we co-authored the report: "Transformations for the Joint Implementation of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the European Green Deal: A Green and Digital, Job-Based and Inclusive Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic", which was released in February 2021 by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network Europe (SDSN Europe). In this article, we use part of the work performed in that report to present how the objectives of Agenda 2030 and the European Green Deal can be aligned and provide actionable recommendations to policymakers for this purpose. |
| Keywords: | European Green Deal, SDGs, Sustainability, Co-integration, EU Economic Policy, Just Transition |
| JEL: | Q01 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2111&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (University of Aberdeen, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This paper provides an analysis of the energy-carbon Kuznets curve hypothesis (CKC) using a second-generation panel methodology. Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, we investigate whether energy consumption, natural resources, and governance explain the CKC proposition. Our empirical strategy is based on the Westerlund panel cointegration test, augmented mean group (AMG), and vector autoregressive (VAR) panel Granger-causality tests. Findings – The results suggest that the CKC hypothesis is incomplete without these mechanisms, as they play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions in Africa. We recommend improving the environmental standards and proper regulatory and monitoring systems to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development in the continent. Originality/value –The study revisits the CKC hypothesis with particular emphasis on governance and more robust empirical estimation techniques. |
| Keywords: | carbon cuts; Energy consumption; Governance; Climate crisis; Panel analysis; Africa |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/069&r= |
| By: | Kim, Hyunseok; Moschini, GianCarlo |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313870&r= |
| By: | Emanuel Kohlscheen; Richhild Moessner; Elod Takáts |
| Abstract: | We provide ex-post empirical analysis of the effects of climate policies on carbon dioxide emissions at the aggregate national level. Our results are based on a comprehensive database of 121 countries. As climate policies we examine carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETS), as well as the overall stringency of climate policies. We use dynamic panel regressions, controlling for macroeconomic factors such as economic development, GDP growth, urbanisation, as well as the energy mix. We find that higher carbon taxes and prices of permits in ETS reduce carbon emissions. An increase in carbon taxes by $10 per ton of CO2 reduces CO2 emissions per capita by 1.3% in the short run and by 4.6% in the long run. |
| Keywords: | climate policies, carbon tax, carbon emission trading system, carbon dioxide, climate change, emissions, energy, environment, growth |
| JEL: | O44 Q00 Q48 Q58 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9347&r= |
| By: | Lengwiler, Yvan (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | Global economic convergence and protection of the climate are both worthwhile goals. Yet, there is an inherent tension between them. Greenhouse gases are a waste product that is often emitted in the production process. Limiting such emissions therefore hampers the accumulation of income and capital. I expand Solow's growth model to accommodate green house gases, and use this to estimate the contribution of such emissions to economic development. The sobering insight is that we would not have witnessed any convergence in the last 45 years if poorer countries had not increased greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Keywords: | climate change, convergence, growth theory, growth accounting, green house gases, GHG, carbon emissions, pollution, poverty, natural resources. |
| JEL: | O44 |
| Date: | 2021–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2021/12&r= |
| By: | Jacqueline Adelowo; Mathias Mier; Christoph Weissbart; Jacqueline Adelowo |
| Abstract: | Current policies focus on reducing CO2 emissions, neglecting the existence and impact of other air pollutants such as NO2, NH3, NMVOC, PPM10, PPM2.5, and SO2. We devise a strategy to model those emissions and related social cost accounting for diverging social and private discount rates in an intertemporal optimization framework that aims to predict firm behavior. We derive optimal CO2 and air pollution taxes above the social cost of carbon or social cost of air pollution, respectively, when social discount rates are below private ones. We implement the modeling strategy in the EUREGEN model to determine the technology and emission mix of the European power market until 2050 and quantify aggregated social cost. No taxation yields aggregated social cost of 5,145 billion € in the period 2020 to 2050. Taxing CO2 emissions only leads to aggregated social cost of 794 billion € and promotes the deployment of CCS technologies. Taxing air pollution only results in aggregated social cost of 2,091 billion € and fosters the deployment of nuclear. Taxing both reduces cost to 622 billion €. Wind and solar are almost unaffected by internalization choices |
| Keywords: | Taxation, Intertemporal Optimization, Social Cost, Air Pollution, Carbon Emission, Externality, Energy System Model, Power Market Model, Decarbonization |
| JEL: | C61 C68 Q40 Q41 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_360&r= |
| By: | Busato, Francesco; Chiarini, Bruno; Cisco, Gianluigi; Ferrara, Maria |
| Abstract: | The increasing concerns for the future effects of global warming have given rise to an unprecedented wave of environmental activism. This paper studies how this call for stronger climate actions could influence macroeconomic dynamics. We explore this topic, employing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model extended to consider two classes of goods (i.e., Green and Dirty), variable green preferences, and a "Greta Thunberg" shock affecting consumers' sustainable attitudes. We find that: (i) environmental awareness plays a key role in reducing carbon emissions and green preferences; (ii) Greta Thunberg effect slows down aggregate output and investment; (iii) a green preference shock contributes to around 15 and 29 % of consumption, investment, and labor volatilities at the aggregate level. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emissions, Environmental Awareness, DSGE model, General Equilibrium, Global Warming, Green Consumer Behavior |
| JEL: | E32 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110141&r= |
| By: | Zhuang, Xiting; Steinbach, Sandro |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313894&r= |
| By: | Yuanning Liang; Ivan J. Rudik; Eric Zou |
| Abstract: | Species extinctions and ecological degradation are accelerating to a degree unprecedented in human history. We present causal evidence on the economic drivers of biodiversity loss using a novel panel dataset on the types and quantities of wildlife at thousands of locations across the U.S. from 1960-2015. Exploiting fiscal and regulatory shocks to local economic output, we document large, negative impacts of GDP on abundance and diversity of species spanning multiple taxa. The adverse effects of production are mitigated by conservation and air emission abatement efforts, which points toward habitat losses and pollution as underlying contributors to contemporaneous biodiversity declines. |
| JEL: | O44 Q28 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29357&r= |
| By: | Ciccarelli, Matteo; Marotta, Fulvia |
| Abstract: | The macroeconomic effects of climate-related events and climate policies depend on the interaction between demand- and supply-type of shocks that those events and policies imply. Using a panel of 24 OECD countries for the sample 1990-2019 and a standard macroeconomic framework, the paper tests the combined effect of (1) climate change, (2) environmental policies and (3) environment-related technologies on the macroeconomy. Results show that climate change and policies to counteract them have a significant, albeit not sizeable, macroeconomic effects over the business cycle. We find evidence that physical risks work as negative demand shocks while transition policies or technology improvements resemble downward supply movements. Furthermore, the disruptive effects on the economy are exacerbated for countries without carbon tax or with a high exposure to natural disasters. Overall our results support the need for a uniform policy mix to counteract climate change with a balance between demand-pull and technology-push policies. JEL Classification: C11, C33, E32, E58, Q5 |
| Keywords: | business cycle, environment-related technologies, environmental policy, physical risks, SVAR |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212608&r= |
| By: | Atallah, Shadi S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314090&r= |
| By: | Nguyen Bang Nong (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 1 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, 11106, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-2-Name: Van Hong Thi Ha Author-2-Workplace-Name: Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 1 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, 11106, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Vietnam is one of the world's most severely affected countries by climate change. The consequences of climate change reduce the goal of poverty alleviation and sustainable development of the country. Quang Ninh is a coastal province with vigorous development in industry and tourism and is the leading province in Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) in Vietnam in recent years. Methodology/Technique - However, for many years, Quang Ninh province has suffered many negative impacts of climate change. Based on empirical evidence, the article assesses the vulnerability in people's livelihoods under the impact of climate change in Quang Ninh province by using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) developed by Hahn, Riederer, and Foster. Findings - The paper also assesses livelihood vulnerability based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC.) The research results show that the components of responding well to climate change are not acceptable. Novelty - The study also shows that there should be different policies, strategies, and reduction components to improve the capacity to respond to climate change to ensure sustainable development goals. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Resources, Livelihood Vulnerability, Sustainable Development, Vietnam. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber207&r= |
| By: | Ghosh, Sanchari; Willett, Keith D. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313858&r= |
| By: | Stefano Di Bucchianico; Federica Cappelli |
| Abstract: | Given that the richest 10% of the world population is responsible for more than half of global greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and 2015, understanding the sources of excessive consumption of wealthier households and the ways to reduce them becomes especially important. Indeed, subsistence emissions are the emissions generated to satisfy basic needs, while luxury emissions are those generated to satisfy non-basic needs and that can, thus, be avoided or reduced. We make use of the ‘integrated wage-commodity sector’ model to study this issue. By using this model, we are able to connect the double role of luxury goods. On the one hand, they are the main reason why profits exist (together with surplus production of other wage-goods), given that profitability stems from surplus production delivered by workers. On the other hand, they are the major constituent of wasteful luxury consumption and, hence, major drivers of CO2 emissions. Three different scenarios (‘green growth’, ‘reformist’, and ‘just transition’) are depicted and connected to the possible policy actions to be undertaken to address social and environmental predicaments. The just transition scenario seems to be the only viable option to respect both social and environmental boundaries. |
| Keywords: | rate of profit, luxury goods, GHG emissions, decent living standard, climate change |
| JEL: | B24 Q52 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2114&r= |
| By: | Zhang, Ruohao; Khanna, Neha |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313875&r= |
| By: | Mubenga-Tshitaka, Jean-Luc; Muteba Mwamba, John W.; Dikgang, Johane; Gelo, Dambala |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the effect of extreme weather variability in predicting the impact on two agricultural crop-related variables: yield and production. We use a Markov-Switching time-varying copula to describe the joint dependence structure between extreme weather variability and crops in East Africa during the period 1961-2018. Understanding the risk associated with weather variability on agricultural production is crucial, as mitigation, and even adaptation, can then be made more effective. Climate data are divided into regimes: higher and lower regimes. The abnormal or higher regime is the period during which the temperature exceeds a certain threshold, while the lower regime is the period during which the rainfall is below a certain threshold. The findings show that there is strong dependence between weather variability and crops, meaning an increase in temperature or a decrease in rainfall is associated with a decrease in crop yield or production. The dependence is more significant when weather variability moves into either regime compared to the normal condition. The dependency in the higher regime tends to be more significant. This highlights the need to formulate policies that consider crop improvement strategies such as genetic crops, irrigation, and adaption under carbon dioxide (CO2) fertiliser to mitigate the impact on food supply in the region. |
| Keywords: | Dependence structure,weather variability,markov-switching,constant and time-varying copulas |
| JEL: | Q1 Q2 Q10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:243160&r= |
| By: | Blazsek, Szabolcs Istvan; Escribano Sáez, Álvaro |
| Abstract: | ScScore-driven models applied to finance and economics have attracted significant attention in the last decade. In this paper, we apply those models to climate data. We study the robustness of a recent climate econometric model, named ice-age model, and we extend that model by using score-driven filters in the measurement and transition equations. The climate variables considered are Antarctic ice volume Icet, atmospheric carbon dioxide level CO2,t, and land surface temperature Tempt, which during the history of the Earth were driven by exogenous variables. The influence of humanity on climate started approximately 10-15 thousand years ago, and it has significantly increased since then. We forecast the climate variables for the last 100 thousand years, by using data for the period of 798 thousand years ago to 101 thousand years ago for which humanity did not influence the Earth’s climate. For the last 10-15 thousand years of the forecasting period, we find that: (i) the forecasts of Icet are above the observed Icet, (ii) the forecasts of the CO2,t level are below the observed CO2,t, and (iii) the forecasts of Tempt are below the observed Tempt. Our results are robust, and they disentangle the effects of humanity and orbital variables. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Dynamic Conditional Score Models; Generalized Autoregressive Score Models; Ice-Ages and Inter-Glacial Periods; Atmospheric Co2 and Land Surface Temperature |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:33453&r= |
| By: | Daniel Engler (University of Kassel); Gunnar Gutsche (University of Kassel); Amantia Simixhiu (University of Kassel); Andreas Ziegler (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | Voluntary CO2 offsetting by individuals, firms, and organizations is increasingly considered as a direction of climate policy that is complementary to traditional approaches such as subsidies or CO2 taxes. Based on data from a large-scale survey among corporate decision makers, this paper empirically examines corporate CO2 offsetting and its determinants in small- and medium-sized firms in Germany. Our descriptive analysis shows both a rather limited engagement in corporate CO2 offsetting as well as a strong lack of knowledge about its mechanism. The econometric analysis reveals that some firm-specific characteristics like the average age of the employees, firm size, and firm age matter for CO2 offsetting. However, the main estimation results refer to the relevance of general environment-related variables like the implementation of environmental product and service innovations or the share of employees that carry out environment-related tasks and especially of climate-related factors and activities. In particular, the implementation of climate targets and the participation in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) are strongly significantly positively correlated with CO2 offsetting. In line with similar findings at the individual level, these estimation results imply that corporate CO2 offsetting also does not substitute or crowd out other climate protection and further pro-environmental activities, but rather complements them. |
| Keywords: | Corporate CO2 offsetting, corporate climate protection and pro-environmental activities, small- and medium-sized firms |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202136&r= |
| By: | an Ha Truong (USTH - University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, VIET - Vietnam Initiative for Energy Transition); Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, VIET - Vietnam Initiative for Energy Transition); Hoang Anh Tran (University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Viet Nam, VIET - Vietnam Initiative for Energy Transition) |
| Abstract: | As governments forced electricity producers to use more renewable energy sources, over a hundred thermal power plants in high-income countries turned to biomass as a partial or complete replacement for coal. Is the co-firing technology appropriate for Vietnam? To assess the technology we build an integrated model simulating the economics, environmental and social implications of blending 5% of rice straw in two existing coal power plants in Vietnam. The business value of co-firing is positive –straw is cheaper than coal– but not large enough to motivate the stakeholders. The external social benefit of co-firing –reduced air-borne pollution– are several times larger than the business value. Within that external benefit, the social value of avoided PM2.5 and NOx emissions dominates the social value of avoided CO2 emissions. The net job creation effect is positive: collecting straw creates more employment than using less coal destroys. This is the first technology assessment of co-firing biomass in coal power plants in Vietnam and one of the first for a subtropical middle-income country. The study only considers rice straw, and it does not address the role of government nor the biomass market functioning. The price of coal is the primary determinant of co-firing business value. There is an empirical economic justification for a public intervention to promote co-firing biomass in Vietnam, mainly as a way to reduce open-field straw burning. Local air quality goals, rather than greenhouse gas reduction policy, can justify such regulations. |
| Keywords: | Biomass cofiring,Emission control,Coal power,Lifecycle Assessment LCA,Technology assessment |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03277278&r= |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron; Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Katheline Schubert |
| Abstract: | How can decentralized individual decisions inefficiently reduce the ability of biodiversity to mitigate ecological and environmental variability and then its "natural insurance" role? In this article we present a simple theoretical setup to address this question and to evaluate some policy options. We study a model of strategic competition among farmers for the conversion of a natural forest to agricultural land. Unconverted forest land allows to conserve biodiversity, which contributes to reducing the volatility of agricultural production. Agents' utility is given in terms of a Kreps Porteus stochastic differential utility capable of disentangling risk aversion and aversion to fluctuations. We characterize the land used by each farmer and her welfare at the Nash equilibrium, we evaluate the overexploitation of the land and the agents' welfare loss compared to the socially optimal solution and we study the drivers of the inefficiencies of the decentralized equilibrium. After characterizing the value of biodiversity in the model, we use it to obtain a decomposition which helps to study the policy implications of the model by identifying in which cases the allocation of property rights is preferable to the introduction of a tax on land conversion. Our results suggest that enforcing property rights is more relevant in case of stagnant economies while taxing land conversion may be more suited for rapidly developing economies. |
| Date: | 2021–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03369958&r= |
| By: | Xie, Jia Yu; Suh, Dong Hee |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313892&r= |
| By: | Roy, Tirthankar |
| Abstract: | This article says that climate shaped the long-term pattern of economic change in India and that the climatically conditioned economic change generated a distinct set of environmental consequences in the region. From the nineteenth century, political and economic processes that made scarce and controlled water resources more accessible to more people, enhanced welfare, enabled more food production and sustained urbanization. The same processes also raised water stress. These propositions carry lessons for comparative economic history and the conduct of discourses on sustainability in the present times. |
| Keywords: | caste; climate; environmental history; hydrology; India; inequality; monsoon; poverty; property rights; seasonality; South Asia |
| JEL: | N50 N55 O13 P48 Q00 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:102589&r= |
| By: | Mathias Reynaert (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the introduction of an EU-wide emission standard on the automobile market. Using panel data from 1998-2011, I find that firms decreased emission ratings by 14%. Firms use technology adoption and gaming of emission tests to decrease emissions, rather than shifting the sales mix or downsizing. I find that the standard missed its emission target, and from estimating a structural model, I find that the standard was not welfare improving. The political environment in the EU shaped the design and weak enforcement and resulted in firms' choices for abatement by technology adoption and gaming. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation,Compliance,Carbon emissions,Automobiles,Fuel economy |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03369684&r= |
| By: | Perl, Anthony |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf31:314709&r= |
| By: | Strüker, Jens; Weibelzahl, Martin; Körner, Marc-Fabian; Kießling, Axel; Franke-Sluijk, Ariette; Herrmann, Mike |
| Abstract: | The successful and rapid achievement of sustainability and climate protection goals is becoming an ever-greater focus of political, economic, and societal action. Against this background, the energy industry contributes and will further contribute to decarbonisation in Germany and throughout Europe. Indeed, it already provides a significant contribution to the Paris Agreement and European Green Deal. In this light, the next transformation phase to a sustainable energy system is inevitably linked to the modernisation and especially to the digitalisation of the energy industry. The aim of this thesis paper is to intensify the discussion on the digitalisation of the energy industry and, in particular, to outline recommendations for flexible and proactive action by all stakeholders. The University of Bayreuth, the Fraunhofer FIT Project Group Business & Information Systems Engineering and the European transmission system operator TenneT are united by the vision of climate-neutral economic growth based on the innovative strength of the European economy. In 2021, decarbonisation is already shaping the digitalisation of the energy industry. Following on from the steps initiated in recent years to move the energy industry towards greater sustainability in the course of the energy transition, the main concern now is to accelerate sustainable growth while continuing to keep the energy supply secure and economical. A crucial building block in this development is the electrification of additional sectors. Accordingly, we discuss the role of grid expansion with respect to sector coupling and emphasise the digitalisation of end-to-end energy industry processes. In this context, we see decentralised digital identities as a promising way of bridging the current digital gap and addressing the need for digital certificates for thorough decarbonisation. In view of the urgency of climate policy action, we recommend an appropriate innovation policy to enable promising solutions to be tested in an agile way and findings to be drawn rapidly. Finally, we offer an overview of the monitoring of carbon emissions in grid expansion projects. This paper is aimed at political decision-makers, energy industry stakeholders, and all citizens interested in energy policy. |
| Keywords: | Digitalization,decarbonization,energy industry,CO2 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bayism:69&r= |
| By: | Perl, Anthony |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cantrf:314709&r= |
| By: | Johannes Stroebel; Jeffrey Wurgler |
| Abstract: | We survey 861 finance academics, professionals, and public sector regulators and policy economists about climate finance topics. They identify regulatory risk as the top climate risk to businesses and investors over the next five years, but they view physical risks as the top risk over the next 30 years. By an overwhelming margin, respondents believe that asset prices underestimate climate risks rather than overestimate them. We also tabulate opinions about the correlation between growth and climate change; social discount rates appropriate for projects that mitigate the effects of climate change; most influential forces for reducing climate risks; and, most important research topics. |
| Keywords: | climate finance, environment, ESG, SRI, social discounting |
| JEL: | G12 G14 H43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9350&r= |
| By: | Cheng, Muxi; McCarl, Bruce A.; Fei, Chengcheng |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313966&r= |
| By: | Srigiri, Srinivasa Reddy; Breuer, Anita; Scheumann, Waltina |
| Abstract: | Interdependencies among the goals and targets make the 2030 Agenda indivisible and their integrated implementation requires coherent policies. Coordination across different sectors and levels is deemed as crucial for avoiding trade-offs and achieving synergies among multiple, interlinked policy goals, which depend on natural resources. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the conditions under which coordination for integrated achievement of different water- and land-based Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) functions effectively. The paper investigates the land and water governance in the Ethiopian lower Awash River basin and identifies key interdependencies among related SDGs. It assesses in how far the interactions and coordination among various decision-making centres are effective in managing the interdependencies among different goals. Systems for using and managing water and land exhibit features of polycentric governance as this process involves decision-making centres across different sectors and at various levels. Key action situations for land and water governance in operational, collective and constitutional choice levels are interlinked/networked. Each action situation constitutes actions that deliver one of the functions of polycentric governance, such as production, provision, monitoring etc. as an outcome, which affects the choices of actors in an adjacent action situation. The study shows that the existing institutions and governance mechanisms for water and land in Ethiopia are not effective in managing the interdependencies. Non-recognition of traditional communal rights of pastoralists over land and water and ineffective policy instruments for ensuring environmental and social safeguards are leading to major trade-offs among goals of local food security and economic growth. The autocratic regime of Ethiopia has coordination mechanisms in place, which fulfil the role of dissemination of policies and raising awareness. However, they are not designed to build consensus and political will for designing and implementing national plans, by including the interests and aspirations of the local communities and local governments. The study recommends efforts to achieve SDGs in the Ethiopian Awash River basin to focus on strengthening the capacities of relevant actors, especially the district and river basin authorities in delivering the key governance functions such as water infrastructure maintenance, efficient use of water, and effective implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Further, urgent efforts for scaling up of recognition, certification and protection of communal land rights of pastoralists and clear definition of rules for awarding compensation upon expropriation, are required. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:262021&r= |
| By: | Yektansani, Kiana; Azizi, SeyedSoroosh |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313902&r= |
| By: | Van Wyngaarden, Sarah; Anders, Sven M. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313851&r= |
| By: | Zhang, Linyun; Huang, Feiming; Lu, Lu; Ni, Xinwen |
| Abstract: | This study seeks to evaluate the effect of green financial development, improving energy efficiency and economic growth on Covid-19 tenure. For this, the CPEC area is recommended to look into. Present study revealed the energy economic negative repercussions of Covid-19 impacts. It is assumed that, in China and Pakistan, economic expansion, trade openness, financial development, and urbanization coexist. To verify the postulated impacts of economic activity on the environment, we do Johansen cointegration, error correction, and Granger causality tests. We discovered that economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, financial development, and urbanization had a long-term relationship to CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Urbanization is the only macroeconomic factor with a detrimental effect on carbon emissions. As with China, no cointegration is found across variables, but unidirectional causality from energy consumption and economic growth to economic growth is established. Economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness also each have bidirectional causal effect on financial development. According to statistical data, along with significant projected economic development in CPEC countries, policymakers and regulators are urged to strengthen environmental protection laws in China and Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Green financial development,Energy Financing,Energy Efficiency,Economic growth,Covid-19 crises,Capital formation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:irtgdp:2021017&r= |
| By: | Leonardo Becchetti (Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università di Roma Tor Vergata); Sara Mancini (Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università di Roma Tor Vergata); Nazaria Solferino (Dipartimento di Economia, Statistica e Finanza "Giovanni Anania" - DESF, Università della Calabria) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of domestic and EU incentives on different types of corporate investments in ecological transition on a large representative sample of Italian firms including the universe of companies above 250 employees. We perform propensity score matching tests exploiting revealed information of firms that declare to use the incentives for specific ecological transition investments compared to a synthetic counterfactual of “twin” companies matched on selected characteristics. Our findings show that domestic and EU incentives significantly increase green investments, and more so if we consider investment in energy saving plants and for greenhouse emissions reduction. |
| Keywords: | EU incentives, green investment, propensity score |
| JEL: | H23 H25 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clb:wpaper:202104&r= |
| By: | Macdonald, Kevin; Patrinos, Harry Anthony |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing is increasingly used by governments to reduce emissions. The effect of carbon pricing on economic outcomes as well as mitigating factors has been studied extensively since the early 1990s. One mitigating factor that has received less attention is education quality. If technological change that reduces the reliance of production on emissions is skill-biased, then carbon pricing may increase the skill premium of earnings and subsequent wage inequality; however, a more elastic skill supply through better education quality may mitigate adverse economic outcomes, including wage inequality, and enhance the effect of carbon pricing on technological change and subsequently emissions. A general equilibrium, overlapping-generations model is proposed, with endogenous skill investment in which the average skill level of the workforce can affect the need for emissions in an aggregate production function. This study uses data on industrial emissions linked to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies dataset for European Union countries. The findings show that, within countries, cognitive skills are positively associated with employment in industries that rely less on emissions for production and in industries that, over time, have been able to reduce their reliance on emissions for production. In the estimated general equilibrium model, higher cognitive skills reduce their reliance on emissions for production. Having higher quality education-defined as the level of cognitive skills attained by workers per unit of cost-increases the elasticity of skill supply and, as a result, mitigates a carbon tax's economic costs including output loss and wage inequity, and enhances its effect on emissions reduction. The implication is that investments in education quality are needed for better enabling green technological innovation and adaptation and reducing inequality that results from carbon pricing. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing,Education,Skills,Learning outcomes |
| JEL: | Q43 O47 Q56 O41 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:955&r= |
| By: | Matteo Coronese; Martina OCcelli; Francesco Lamperti; Andrea Roventini |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a novel agent-based model of land use and technological change in the agricultural sector under environmental boundaries, finite available resources and changing land productivity. In particular, we model a spatially explicit economy populated by boundedly-rational farmers competing and innovating to fulfill an exogenous demand for food, while coping with a changing environment shaped by their production choices. Given the strong technological and environmental uncertainty, farmers learn and adaptively employ heuristics which guide their decisions on engaging in innovation and imitation activities, hiring workers, acquiring new farms, deforesting virgin areas and abandoning unproductive lands. Such activities in turn impact on land productivity, food production, food prices and land use. We firstly show that the model can replicate key stylized facts of the agricultural sector. We then extensively explore its properties across several scenarios featuring different institutional and behavioral settings. Finally, we showcase the properties of model in different applications considering deforestation and land abandonment; soil degradation; and climate impacts. |
| Keywords: | Land use; Agent-based model; Technological change; Environmental boundaries; Sustainability. |
| Date: | 2021–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2021/35&r= |
| By: | Hening, A.; Tran, K. Q.; Ungureanu, S. |
| Abstract: | Abstract. We analyze the harvesting and stocking of a population that is affected by random and seasonal environmental fluctuations. The main novlty comes from having three layers of environmental fluctuations. The first layer is due to the environment switching at random times between different environmental states. This is similar to having sudden environmental changes or catastrophes. The second layer is due to seasonal variation, where there is a significant change in the dynamics between seasons. Finally, the third layer is due to the constant presence of environmental stochasticity|between the seasonal or random regime switches, the species is affected by fluctuations which can be modelled by white noise. This framework is more realistic because it can capture both significant random and deterministic environmental shifts as well as small and frequent uctuations in abiotic factors. Our framework also allows for the price or cost of harvesting to change deterministically and stochastically, something that is more realistic from an economic point of view. The combined effects of seasonal and random fluctuations make it impossible to find the optimal harvesting-stocking strategy analytically. We get around this roadblock by developing rigorous numerical approximations and proving that they converge to the optimal harvesting-stocking strategy. We apply our methods to multiple population models and explore how prices, or costs, and environmental fluctuations in uence the optimal harvesting-stocking strategy. We show that in many situations the optimal way of harvesting and stocking is not of threshold type. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cty:dpaper:21/05&r= |
| By: | Chen, Zhenshan; Towe, Charles A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314031&r= |
| By: | Sheng, Di; Suter, Jordan F. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314052&r= |
| By: | Sampson, Gabriel; Gardner, Grant |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313854&r= |
| By: | Teresa Randazzo (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari; Fondazione CMCC, RFF-CMCC EIEE); Filippo Pavanello (University of Bologna; Department of Economics, University Of Venice Ca’ Foscari; Fondazione CMCC, RFF-CMCC EIEE.); Enrica De Cian (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari; Fondazione CMCC, RFF-CMCC EIEE) |
| Abstract: | Do remittances improve the ability of households to adapt to global warming? We try to answer this question by studying the behaviours of households in Mexico, a country that experiences a large and stable flow of remittances. Nationally representative household surveys indicate that Mexican households respond to the high temperature levels by purchasing air-conditioning, whose adoption is on the rise. We inquire whether and to what extent remittances are used to adopt and operate air-conditioning to maintain thermal comfort at home. We find an important role of remittances in the climate adaptation process, with large differences between coastal and inland regions, as well as among different income groups. We conclude by showing the overall increase in welfare households attain by adopting air-conditioning. |
| Keywords: | Remittances, Air-conditioning, Climate Change Adaptation, Micro-econometrics, Mexico |
| JEL: | D12 O13 O15 F24 Q4 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:22&r= |
| By: | Donatella Gatti (Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the set-up (following a voting process) of institutional arrangements related to the protection of natural and social resources in a context of inequalities and environmental challenges. To analyze how institutional and legislative protection arises, three socioeconomic groups are considered: the educated bourgeoisie, the working classes and the fiÂ…nancial elite. Groups are differentiated according to the following divides. Individuals belonging to the fiÂ…nancial elite only rely on capital incomes: they invest on Â…firms running either polluting or non-polluting activities. Individuals belonging to the first two groups are differentiated on the following levels: the demand for redistribution (from the working class) and the claims for environment-friendly legislation in relation with clean transport means (by the educated bourgeoisie). We study the institutional framework chosen by individuals under different assumptions concerning the political vote: disjoint majority versus coalition voting. The main result is that -in reaction to the Â…financial elite being the unique winner of the disjoint majority vote- a peopleÂ’s green coalition can emerge, whose redistributive and green choices run against the preferences of the Â…financial elite. This leads to the “greening” of the fiÂ…nancial elite, which in turn isolates the working classes in the political arena. |
| Keywords: | Institutions, political choice, redistribution, green legislation |
| JEL: | A1 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inf:wpaper:2021.10&r= |
| By: | Philip Adams |
| Abstract: | A carbon tariff is a tax on foreign imports levied based on greenhouse-gas content. Such tariffs are designed to level the playing field for domestic import-competing industries whose costs have risen due to a domestic CO2-price. It is argued that carbon tariffs are necessary to avoid "carbon leakage" -- local production shutting down and moving to countries without strong climate policies. The question addressed in this paper, is what effect might carbon tariffs have on the Australian economy. Using the Victoria University Regional Model (VURM), we evaluate the potential effects arising from carbon tariffs imposed in three regions: the EU, the G7 countries plus Korea, and China. The tariff rates are calculated with carbon prices of: $US70 (= 60 euro) for the EU, and $US39 for the other two regions. Key findings are as follows. 1. Carbon tariffs have little effect on employment in the long-run. However, the negative impact on Australia's terms of trade arising from reductions in world demand increases the real cost of capital, leading to small reductions in capital and hence real GDP. 2. Less real GDP means less real Gross National Income (GNI), a measure of economic welfare).The contractions in real GNI, though small are a little larger than in real GDP because a lower terms of trade means less purchasing power from a given level of real income. 3. Only two industries are projected to experience output and employment losses in each of the three scenarios: Coal mining and the closely related Mining services for whom the coal industry is a major customer. Indeed, the effects on coal production dominate most of the industry outcomes and are key to explaining what happens at the state level. As shown in Table 6, output and employment in those states where coal is over-represented, NSW and QLD, fall. Output and employment in states where coal is much less important rise, reflecting the positive impacts of real devaluation on non-tariffed products. We conclude that at the national level, the carbon tariffs examined are unlikely to have a significant impact. They will, however, have noticeable impacts at the industrial and state levels. Those impacts -- due, in the main, to a reduction in output and employment in the coal sector - will occur in any case for Australia to shift towards a zero emissions economy. The concern is not that these reductions happen, but that they happen in a way which is outside of Australia's control. This loss of sovereignty over what happens to our coal industry might result in non-optimal adjustment with adverse impacts on welfare, regions and workers directly affected. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tariffs, Zero greenhouse emissions, Coal |
| JEL: | C68 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-322&r= |
| By: | Hosni, Hanin; Giannakas, Konstantinos |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314004&r= |
| By: | Saha, Bijeta Bijen |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314084&r= |
| By: | Wang, Hong Holly; Moon, Dong Whoi |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314066&r= |
| By: | Bassem Haidar (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Fabrice Vidal; Pascal da Costa; Jan Lepoutre |
| Abstract: | The European Commission adopted Regulation number (EU)2019/631, setting new EU fleetwide CO2 emission targets for 2025 and 2030, for newly registered passenger cars. Automotive manufacturers must determine their targets for CO2 targets based on their fleets' weight in 2021. These standards, which will become stricter by 15% in 2025 and 35% compared to 2021, cannot be achieved without fleet electrification. This study compares ICEVs fleet replacement effects by BEVs and PHEVs on CO2 compliance and production costs. To address this tradeoff, we minimized the production costs of replacing ICEVs with BEVs and PHEVs for 12 scenarios: 4 vehicles Segments and three years: 2021, 2025, 2030. Results show that for all vehicles Segments, the introduction of BEVs and PHEVs into the vehicle fleet reduces the costs of CO2 compliance relative to a pure ICEV scenario. Automotive manufacturers must sell required quotas identified in this study, depending on the vehicle's Segment, BEVs, and PHEVs, to ensure minimum costs. Results show that it is more beneficial for automakers to respect the CO2 engagement than to pay penalties. Generally, the minimum costs are achieved favouring PHEVs rather than on BEVs, regardless of the Segment, because of the fewer battery installed. Finally, we analyse the results and compare them to the directive of the European Commission. We recommend future research to consider the vehicle's real fuel consumption instead of standard cycle fuel consumption. |
| Keywords: | Alternative Powertrains,Battery Electric Vehicles,CO2 fleet emissions,CO2 European Standards,Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles,Portfolio Transformation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03364059&r= |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Katheline Schubert (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a first model integrating the relation between biodiversity loss and zoonotic pandemic risks in a general equilibrium dynamic economic set-up. The occurrence of pandemics is modeled as Poissonian leaps in economic variables. The planner can intervene in the economic and epidemiological dynamics in two ways: first (prevention), by deciding to conserve a greater quantity of biodiversity to decrease the probability of a pandemic occurring, and second (mitigation), by reducing the death toll through a lockdown policy, with the collateral effect of affecting negatively labor productivity. The policy is evaluated using a social welfare function embodying society's risk aversion, aversion to fluctuations, degree of impatience and altruism towards future generations. The model is explicitly solved and the optimal policy described. The dependence of the optimal policy on natural, productivity and preference parameters is discussed. In particular the optimal lockdown is more severe in societies valuing more human life, and the optimal biodiversity conservation is larger for more "forward looking" societies, with a small discount rate and a high degree of altruism towards future generations. Moreover, societies accepting a large welfare loss to mitigate the pandemics are also societies doing a lot of prevention. After calibrating the model with COVID-19 pandemic data we compare the mitigation efforts predicted by the model with those of the recent literature and we study the optimal prevention–mitigation policy mix. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity,COVID-19,prevention,mitigation,epidemics,Poisson processes,recursive preferences. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03038974&r= |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron; Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Katheline Schubert |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03038974&r= |
| By: | Steinke, Marek; Trautmann, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Both research and anecdotal evidence suggest that people care about long-run environmental outcomes, but often fail to act sustainably, endangering environmental stability. For a large population sample, we show that people substantially value the environment intrinsically, i.e., even after their own and their kin’s lifespan. Willingness-to-pay for very long-run environmental benefits not experienced by the respondent is similar to that of short-run benefits, experienced by the respondent. However, adding a cooperation problem through uncertainty about other people’s preferences significantly decreases participants’ willingness-to-pay for both time frames, with respondents being pessimistic about others’ willingness to contribute. |
| Date: | 2021–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0706&r= |
| By: | Pankaj Koirala (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Koji Kotani (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Shunsuke Managi (Kyusyu University) |
| Abstract: | Farm sizes and climatic perceptions are important economic and cognitive factors for farmers’ activities. However, little is known about how these factors are related to farmers’ responsiveness to climate change. This research addresses what matters for farmers’ responses to the climate change, hypothesizing that farm sizes, climatic perceptions and the interplay between the two are key determinants. We conduct questionnaire surveys with 1000 farmers in Nepal, collecting data on their adaptation responses, farm sizes, climatic perceptions and sociodemographic information in Nepal. With the data, the statistical analysis is conducted by employing the index to reflect farmers’ effective adaptation responses. The result reveals that farmers take adaptations as the farm sizes become small or as they have good climatic perceptions & social network with other farmers. It also shows that small-sized farmers tend to adapt much more in response to their climatic perceptions than do large-sized ones. Overall, this research suggests that agriculture may be losing responsiveness to climate change, as large-sized farmers become dominant by holding a majority of land in developing countries. Thus, it is advisable to reconsider the tradeoff between productivity and responsiveness to climate change regarding farm sizes as well as how large-sized farmers can be induced to adapt through their cognition, policies, social networking and technology for food security. |
| Keywords: | climate change, agriculture, farm sizes, adaptations, perceptions |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2021-13&r= |
| By: | Iglesias Pinedo, Wilman J. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314085&r= |
| By: | Bassem Haidar (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Pascal da Costa; Jan Lepoutre; Fabrice Vidal |
| Abstract: | Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are generally considered a promising solution for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. Despite increasing sales, techno-economic barriers still hinder their widespread adoption. Market stakeholders are faced with a dilemma to address these barriers, especially in terms of choices that have to be made about car battery capacity and recharging infrastructure investments. While previously considered separately, these choices are not independent and influence car price, recharging speed, and ecological impact. This paper explores various combinations of battery capacity sizes and charging power to define and compare these options. We simulate the needs of 12 scenarios of identical privately-purchased BEVs, by increasing their battery capacity, analyse the owner's and charging operator's cost models before exploring Pareto fronts to conclude with optimal combinations of battery size and charging power, taking into account French urban and rural needs separately. For urban (rural) areas, purchasing a 35-50-kWh (50-kWh) BEV and deploying 22-and 50-kW chargers (50-kW) proves cost-efficient solutions. Policy implications are discussed, and we recommend to revise charging tariffs and pricing methods. |
| Keywords: | Battery range,Charging infrastructure,Electric vehicles,Innovative business model,Techno-economic scenarios |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03364076&r= |
| By: | Berger, Johannes; Köppl-Turyna, Monika; Strohner, Ludwig |
| Abstract: | Die österreichische Bundesregierung hat sich im Regierungsprogramm die Umsetzung einer ökosozialen Steuerreform zum Ziel gesetzt. Damit sollen CO2-Emissionen stärker besteuert werden, um internationalen Verpflichtungen zur Reduktion des Ausstoßes von Treibhausgasemissionen nachzukommen. Aus ökonomischer Sicht können der Emissionshandel und Steuern effiziente Instrumente sein, um dieses Ziel mit möglichst geringen Kosten zu erreichen. Dabei ist der Emissionshandel grundsätzlich vorzuziehen, da er die Erreichung eines Reduktionsziels "garantieren" kann. Im internationalen Vergleich zeigt sich, dass in einer Vielzahl europäischer Länder eine CO2-bezogene Abgabe, teilweise schon seit geraumer Zeit, existiert. Im Vergleich ist aber zu berücksichtigen, dass in Österreich ebenso fiskalisch bedeutsame Abgaben bestehen, die CO2-Emissionen indirekt besteuern. Der internationale Vergleich zeigt, dass die Höhe der Steuer in einzelnen Ländern Europas sehr unterschiedlich ausfällt, von deutlich unter 10 Euro bis knapp 120 Euro je Tonne CO2 in Schweden. Im Schnitt über die Länder mit einer CO2-Abgabe beträgt diese etwa 35 Euro. In Deutschland sieht das nationale Emissionshandelssystem derzeit einen Preis von 25 Euro vor, der bis 2025 schrittweise auf 55 Euro erhöht werden soll. In relevanten Vergleichsländern ist die Einhebung einer CO2-Abgabe mit einer Form der Vergütung der Einnahmen an die Abgabenleistenden verbunden. Dies erfolgt beispielsweise in der Schweiz auf Basis der Lohnsumme eines Unternehmens bzw. pauschal an private Haushalte. In Schweden wurde die Einkommensteuerbelastung reduziert. In Deutschland ist derzeit nur eine Reduktion der ErneuerbarenEnergie-Gesetz-Umlage geplant. Dies würde in Österreich den Beiträgen zur Ökostromförderung entsprechen. Aus ökonomischer Sicht würde das Wachstum und die Beschäftigung bei einer Senkung der Steuern auf das Einkommen (Einkommensteuer und Körperschaftsteuer) und einer Lohnnebenkostensenkung am kräftigsten gestärkt werden. Diese Abgaben weisen auch ein hinreichend großes Aufkommen für eine Rückvergütung auf. Damit könnten die Wachstumskräfte in der Ökonomie und die Beschäftigungsnachfrage gestärkt werden. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommen auch Studien, die sich mit der Rückvergütung von Umweltabgaben beschäftigen. Um den Handlungsspielraum zu erweitern, wäre ein Grenzausgleichsystem (border adjustment) eine Ergänzung zu einer CO2-Bepreisung. Exporte wären vom CO2-Preis entlastet und Importe mit einer CO2-Bepreisung belastet. Je größer der Wirtschaftsraum ist, der ein solches Grenzausgleichssystem einführt, desto größer wäre der Druck auch auf Drittstaaten, ebenfalls weniger CO2- intensiv zu produzieren. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ecoapn:48&r= |
| By: | Nawab Khan (Sichuan Agricultural University,Sichuan, China); Ram L. Ray (Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, USA); Hazem S. Kassem (King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); Muhammad Ihtisham (Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China); Abdullah (PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan); Simplice Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Stephen Ansah (Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China); Shemei Zhang (Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China) |
| Abstract: | Increasing agricultural production and optimizing inorganic fertilizer (IF) use are imperative for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Mobile phone usage (MPU) has the potential to reduce IF application while ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability goals. The main objectives of this study were to assess MPU, mobile phone promotion policy, and whether the mediation role of human capital can help reduce IF use. This study used baseline regression analysis and propensity score matching, difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) to assess the impact of MPU on IF usage. However, the two-stage instrumental variables method (IVM) was used to study the effects of mobile phone promotion policy on IF usage. This study used a national dataset from 7,987 rural households in Afghanistan to investigate the impacts of MPU and associated promotion policies on IF application. The baseline regression outcomes showed that the MPU significantly reduced IF usage. The evaluation mechanism revealed that mobile phones help reduce IF application by improving the human capital of farmers. Besides, evidence from the DID technique showed that mobile phone promotion policies lowered IF application. These results remained robust after applying the PSM-DID method and two-stage IVM to control endogenous decisions of rural households. This study results imply that enhancing the accessibility of wideband in remote areas, promoting MPU, and increasing investment in information communication technologies (ICTs) infrastructure can help decrease the IF application in agriculture. Thus, the government should invest in remote areas to facilitate access to ICTs, such as having a telephone and access to a cellular and internet network to provide an environment and facility to apply IF effectively. Further, particular policy support must focus on how vulnerable populations access the internet and mobile phone technologies. |
| Keywords: | mobile phone usage; propensity score matching; difference-in-difference; inorganic fertilizer usage; human capital; sustainable development; Afghanistan |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/066&r= |
| By: | Waldemar Marz; Suphi Sen |
| Abstract: | The long-term trend toward more work from home due to digitization has found a strong new driver, the Covid-19 pandemic. The profound change in urban mobility patterns supports the often-held view that reducing the number of commuting trips can lower carbon emissions to a certain degree. We investigate this optimistic view from a long-run perspective in a monocentric urban model with household-level vehicle choice based on fuel efficiency. In the medium run, fewer trips lead to the choice of less fuel-efficient vehicles. In addition, with lower annual driving costs to the city center, households change their location in the long run toward longer commuting trips, but cheaper housing, implying an adjustment in the real-estate market. These changes in vehicle choice and the urban form largely eliminate the initial environmental benefits. Binding fuel economy standards completely prevent the medium-run drop in fuel efficiency, but slightly exacerbate the long-term increase in commuting trip length. |
| Keywords: | telecommuting, monocentric city, fuel economy, carbon emissions |
| JEL: | H23 L90 Q48 R40 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9357&r= |
| By: | Musibau, Hammed (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); Yanotti, Maria (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); Vespignani, Joaquin (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); Rabindra, Nepal (School of Business, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong) |
| Abstract: | The 2019 World Bank report on West Africa's coast indicates that over $3.8 billion is lost annually due to environmental issues, like erosion, flooding, and pollution. In this paper, the newly introduced environmental performance index (EPI) is incorporate into the neoclassical growth model to empirically address the impact of environmental performance on economic growth for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Using the novel Method of Moments-Quantile Regression methodology and 2SLS models, the empirical investigation finds a positive relationship between environmental performance and economic growth across quantiles for ECOWAS. Empirical results provide evidence supporting bidirectional relationship running from environmental performance to economic growth; from government size to economic growth; and from trade openness to economic growth across all quantiles. Results show that environmental performance, government size, labour, and capital stock have a positive impact on West African Economic Growth, while trade openness decreases economic growth. We find a 48% optimal threshold of environmental performance index (EPI) on economic Growth for ECOWAS countries. Based on the findings, policies to encourage improved environmental performance above the threshold estimated will go a long way to enhance West African economies. |
| Keywords: | economic growth, environmental performance, ECOWAS, Moment of Method-QR estimator |
| JEL: | F43 F64 C31 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tas:wpaper:37810&r= |
| By: | Bassem Haidar (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Fabrice Vidal; Pascal da Costa; Jan Lepoutre |
| Abstract: | The European Commission adopted Regulation number (EU)2019/631, setting new EU fleetwide CO2 emission targets for 2025 and 2030, for newly registered passenger cars. Automotive manufacturers must determine their targets for CO2 targets based on their fleets' weight in 2021. These standards, which will become stricter by 15% in 2025 and 35% compared to 2021, cannot be achieved without fleet electrification. This study compares ICEVs fleet replacement effects by BEVs and PHEVs on CO2 compliance and production costs. To address this tradeoff, we minimized the production costs of replacing ICEVs with BEVs and PHEVs for 12 scenarios: 4 vehicles Segments and three years: 2021, 2025, 2030. Results show that for all vehicles Segments, the introduction of BEVs and PHEVs into the vehicle fleet reduces the costs of CO2 compliance relative to a pure ICEV scenario. Automotive manufacturers must sell required quotas identified in this study, depending on the vehicle's Segment, BEVs, and PHEVs, to ensure minimum costs. Results show that it is more beneficial for automakers to respect the CO2 engagement than to pay penalties. Generally, the minimum costs are achieved favouring PHEVs rather than on BEVs, regardless of the Segment, because of the fewer battery installed. Finally, we analyse the results and compare them to the directive of the European Commission. We recommend future research to consider the vehicle's real fuel consumption instead of standard cycle fuel consumption. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03364068&r= |
| By: | Etienne ESPAGNE; Antoine GODIN; Guilherme MAGACHO; Achilleas MANTES; Devrim YILMAZ |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at providing estimates of countries’ macroeconomic exposures to the low-carbon transition. We develop a method to evaluate countries’ external, fiscal and socio-economic exposure, and, considering their capacity to adapt their productive structure, we analyse countries’ vulnerabilities and risks in these different dimensions. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2021–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en13206&r= |
| By: | Lael Brainard |
| Date: | 2021–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:93153&r= |
| By: | Pierre Jacquet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech) |
| Abstract: | Beyond its indisputable success as a financial niche, the concept of "green finance" exhibits several inconsistencies that reflect tensions with the current rules of financial capitalism and question the potential of green finance to engineer and sustain societal change. However, the interaction between the development of green finance, the pressures from civil society (that underlie changes in societal values), and the validation through tax and regulatory policies, holds a real potential for green transformation. Green finance brings a threefold contribution through that interaction: measure and communication of impacts; standardization of approaches, criteria and instruments; progressive normalization of green investment principles. Yet, taxation and regulation play a crucial role in validating these evolutions and introducing supportive incentives. |
| Abstract: | En dépit d'incontestables succès de niche, le concept de finance verte présente plusieurs zones de flou et incohérences qui soulignent les tensions avec les règles de fonctionnement du capitalisme financier et amènent à relativiser son potentiel de transformation de l'économie et de la société. Cependant, l'interaction entre le développement de la finance verte, les pressions de la société civile (qui font évoluer les valeurs de la société et instaurent de nouvelles normes), ainsi que les politiques réglementaires et fiscales (qui valident ces évolutions), peut soutenir la dynamique de transformation verte. La finance verte y contribue dans trois domaines : la mesure et la communication des impacts ; la standardisation des approches, des critères et des instruments ; la normalisation progressive de nouveaux principes d'investissement. Mais la fiscalité et la réglementation jouent aussi un rôle déterminant pour ancrer ces changements et créer les incitations adéquates. |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03365358&r= |
| By: | Nordhaus, William (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | I first saw light in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, at the dawn of World War II. My earliest memories are of the warm climate, skiing in winter, trout fishing in summer, and a fragrant alfalfa field outside my window. |
| Keywords: | long-term growth; climate change; |
| JEL: | O00 |
| Date: | 2021–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nobelp:2018_005&r= |
| By: | Mercy Musakwa; Nicholas M Odhiambo (University of South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the impact of energy consumption on human development in South Africa, using annual data from 1990 to 2019. The study used disaggregated data on energy measures namely: oil products consumption; electricity consumption; renewable energy consumption; natural gas; coal and lignite; and total energy consumption at an aggregate level. Human Development Index (HDI) was used as a measure of human development. By employing autoregressive distributed lag bounds test to cointegration and error correction model, the study found the impact of energy consumption on human development to be positive in the short run when renewable energy was used as a proxy, but insignificant in the long run. When oil products, natural gas and total energy were used as proxies for energy, a negative impact was confirmed in the short run, while an insignificant impact was confirmed in the long run. When electricity, coal and lignite were used as proxies for energy, an insignificant impact was confirmed, irrespective of the time frame considered. The results revealed that the positive impact of renewable energy on human development is not big enough to offset the negative impact of other energy sources. This suggests that South Africa has to continue to expand renewable energy if a positive impact of energy on human development is to be realised. |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afa:wpaper:aeri0321&r= |
| By: | Mario Marazzi; Boriana Miloucheva; Gustavo J. Bobonis |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events such as hurricanes are growing in frequency and magnitude and are expected to affect a growing population due to migration patterns, ecosystem alteration, and climate. While all victims of natural disasters face common challenges, displaced populations undergo distinct experiences that are specific to their relocation. However, measuring the mortality consequences of disasters among these populations is inherently challenging due to the displacement that can take place before, during or in the aftermath of an event. We use an interrupted time-series design to analyze all-cause mortality of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. to determine death occurrences of Puerto Ricans on the mainland U.S. following the arrival of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in September 2017. Hispanic Origin data from the National Vital Statistics System and from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the American Community Survey are used to estimate monthly origin-specific mortality rates for the period 2012 to 2018. We estimated log-linear regressions of monthly deaths of persons of Puerto Rican vs. other Hispanic groups by age group, gender, and educational attainment. We found an increase in mortality for persons of Puerto Rican origin during the 6-month period following the Hurricane (October 2017 through March 2018), suggesting that deaths among these persons were 3·7% (95% CI: 0·025-0·049) higher than would have otherwise been expected. In absolute terms, we estimated 514 excess deaths (95% CI 346 – 681) of persons of Puerto Rican origin that occurred on the mainland U.S., concentrated in those aged 65 years or older. Our findings suggest an undercounting of previous deaths as a result of the hurricane due to the systematic effects on the displaced and resident population in the mainland U.S. Displaced populations are frequently overlooked in disaster relief and subsequent research. Ignoring these populations provides an incomplete understanding of the damages and loss of life. |
| Keywords: | environmental hazards; displacement; mortality; Hurricane Maria |
| JEL: | I1 J1 |
| Date: | 2021–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tor:tecipa:tecipa-710&r= |
| By: | Pustay, Michael W. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cantrf:314693&r= |
| By: | Richard H. Clarida |
| Date: | 2021–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:93157&r= |
| By: | Daniel Meierrieks; David Stadelmann |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effect of rising temperatures on economic development, using sub-national data for approximately 1,500 sub-national regions in 81 countries from the 1950s to the 2010s. Accounting for region- and time-fixed factors by means of a two-way fixed effects panel approach, we find no evidence that rising temperatures are adversely related to regional growth measured as changes in regional per capita gross domestic product (GDP). In addition to a panel setting, we also consider the long-run analogue of the panel model, exploring the relationship between regional temperature and growth over longer time periods. Applying this long-difference approach, we find evidence of a statistically significant negative association between temperature and regional economic activity. This suggests that intensification effects matter, meaning that the adverse relationship between temperature increases and growth may compound and materialize only in the longer run. What is more, we find that these adverse long-run effects of regional warming matter only to regions located in countries with relatively unfavorable economic and institutional conditions, that is, in countries with high levels of poverty, a lack of democracy, and a weak rule of law. This strongly points to the role of sound (country-specific) economic and institutional conditions in reducing vulnerability to higher temperatures. In line with this interpretation, we find no evidence for an adverse long-run relationship between temperature and growth for regions located in richer and democratic countries or those with an established rule of law. |
| Keywords: | regional temperature; regional economic growth; sub-national data; long- difference approach |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cra:wpaper:2021-36&r= |
| By: | Leibniz-Institut für Finanzmarktforschung SAFE (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | Nach der Bundestagswahl am 26. September 2021 wird sich die künftige Bundesregierung mit einer Reihe drängender Herausforderungen befassen müssen. Aus Sicht des Leibniz-Instituts für Finanzmarktforschung SAFE haben die folgenden, miteinander verbundenen Einzelpunkte dabei Priorität: 1. Schaffung eines ordnungspolitischen Pakets zur Sicherung globaler Gemeinschaftsgüter, wie etwa des Klimas 2. Initiative zum Aufbau notwendiger Datensätze und Standards für eine zielgenaue Nachhaltigkeitsgestaltung an den Finanzmärkten 3. regulatorischer Fahrplan zur Erfassung, Ermöglichung und Einhegung einer digitalen Transformation des Finanzsystems 4. Vollendung der Bankenunion, insbesondere durch einen 'europäischen Schlussstein': der Schaffung einer einheitlichen Aufsicht und Letztabsicherung 5. Durchbrechung des 'Doom-Loop' zwischen Staaten und Banken in Europa, insbesondere durch Begrenzung des Umfangs, in dem eigene Staatsanleihen im Portfolio von Banken liegen dürfen 6. ernsthafter Versuch zur Schaffung eines einheitlichen und integren europäischen Kapitalmarkts mit einer Aufsicht nach US-Vorbild 7. Banken- und Kapitalmarktunion als wesentliche Bausteine für eine grundlegende Reform der Altersversorgung mit mehr Teilhabe aller Bürger:innen an der Leistungsentwicklung der Volkswirtschaft. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel,Green Finance,Digitalisierung,Finanzstabilität,Bankenunion,Kapitalmarktunion,Altersversorgung |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safepl:91&r= |
| By: | Meyerhoefer, Chad D.; Chang, Hung-Hao |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313907&r= |
| By: | Kakkar, Shrey |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the current status of Environmental and Social Governance incorporated into company reporting and activity. This investigation first discusses the specific details and components of ESG. It then outlines recent movements towards it, while discussing causes and rationale for companies to consider ESG concerns. Despite Friedman’s sentiment that a company must focus on maximizing shareholder earnings, ESG has demonstrated a noticeable rise in implementation, with over $30 trillion in assets under management globally incorporating ESG. This paper then considers existing ESG frameworks in the Oil and Gas industry, ultimately proposing five criteria to evaluate the ESG consideration/reporting in this industry by different companies. Finally, this paper considers industry leaders from around the world and evaluates their ESG-related activity against the proposed criteria. It concludes that although ESG reporting still lacks common structure and awareness, ESG consideration has become feasible and evident in the Oil and Gas Industry. |
| Keywords: | Environmental, Social and Governance, Financial Reporting, Oil and Gas |
| JEL: | M4 M41 M48 Q35 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110190&r= |
| By: | Raja Ragendra Timilsina (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Yoshinori Nakagawa (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Yoshio Komijo (Waseda University); Koji Kotani (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Tatsuyoshi Saijo (Research Institute for Future Design, Kochi University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | The current generation affects future generations, but the opposite is not true. This one-way nature of the dependence of generations is the leading cause of many intergenerational problems, such as climate change. These problems are characterized by the fact that the current generation tends to choose actions to their benefit without considering future generations, which we call the intergenerational sustainability dilemma (ISD). This paper designs and implements deliberation experiments representing ISD with a single generation of three people and examines how the dilemma can be solved. “Imaginary future generations†(IFG) is suggested as a treatment in which one person in the current generation is asked to be a representative from the future without any obligations. We analyze the recorded deliberation of generation decisions. We find that intergenerational sustainability is enhanced through deliberations when one generational member emerges naturally as a neutral icebreaker to deliberate (neutral icebreaker is defined as a person who voluntarily opens and activates the deliberation from a neutral standpoint) and/or IFG is present in a generation. Specifically, we demonstrate that when an icebreaker and/or IFG is present during deliberation, generation brings a wider variety of ideas and viewpoints about the ISD, leading to intergenerational sustainability. This research illustrates how a deliberative analysis can be usefully combined with economic experiments as a methodology to reveal human behaviors and preferences for intergenerational decision making. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational sustainability, Imaginary future generations, deliberation, economic experiments |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2021-12&r= |
| By: | Wolfgang Buchholz; Keisuke Hattori |
| Abstract: | This paper considers endogenous coalition formations and endogenous technology choices in a model of private provision of global public goods. We show that the possibility of future interstate (partial) coordination may hinder the current adoption of better technology by a country outside the cooperation, which may exacerbate an existing underprovision problem. In particular, in the subgame perfect equilibrium of a three-stage game, we find two paradoxical results: prohibition of the formation of future partial coalitions encourages the country outside the cooperation to adopt better technology, which could lead to an increase in the total public good supply and an improvement of global welfare. The results have an important policy implication: in the context of the Paris Agreement, for example, a large country announces lower nationally determined contributions by a strategic incentive to adopt lower technology to motivate coalition building by other nations, which in the end may lead to lower aggregate public-good supply and global welfare. |
| Keywords: | coalition formation, public goods, endogenous technology, environmental agreements |
| JEL: | H41 F53 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9354&r= |
| By: | Barban, Nicola; De Cao, Elisabetta; Francesconi, Marco |
| Abstract: | Fertility has a strong biological component generally ignored by economists. Using the UK Biobank, we analyze the extent to which genes, proxied by polygenic scores, and the environment, proxied by early exposure to the contraceptive pill diffusion, affect age at first sexual intercourse, age at first birth, completed family size, and childlessness. Both genes and environment exert substantial influences on all outcomes. The anticipation of sexual debut and the postponement of motherhood led by the diffusion of the pill are magnified by gene‐environment interactions, while the decline in family size and the rise in childlessness associated with female emancipation are attenuated by gene‐environment effects. The nature‐nurture interplay becomes stronger in more egalitarian environments that empower women, allowing genes to express themselves more fully. These conclusions are confirmed by heterogeneous effects across the distributions of genetic susceptibilities and exposure to environmental risks, sister fixed effects models, mother‐daughter comparisons, and counterfactual simulations. |
| Keywords: | Fertility, Genetics, Polygenic Score, Contraceptive Pill, Nature versus Nurture, Social Norms |
| Date: | 2021–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajt:wcinch:74910&r= |
| By: | Zheng, Yanan; Goodhue, Rachael E. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313888&r= |
| By: | Andrzej Blachowicz; Nia Hunjan; Lillian Lochner; Azka Azifa; Aidy Halimanjaya; Aidy Halimanjaya; Tari Lestari; Kuki Soejachmoen |
| Abstract: | Este informe avanza los hallazgos de la investigación sobre Estrategias climáticas del Documento de Reflexiones de 2020: Incorporación de estrategias de transición justa en las Contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional de los países en desarrollo. Al centrar nuestro compromiso a nivel nacional, las recomendaciones de este informe se han diseñado para ayudar a coordinar el desarrollo de la política climática nacional de la transición justa. La investigación adoptó un enfoque de métodos mixtos en la que se incluyó una revisión de la bibliografía pertinente, así como casos prácticos en tres países. Las metodologías del país utilizaron una combinación de participación directa de las partes interesadas, que incluyó entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuestas, adaptadas a sus circunstancias nacionales individuales. El objetivo del proyecto consiste en abordar la necesidad apremiante de introducir estrategias de transición justa en países en desarrollo y menos desarrollados, alineando el aumento de las Contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) y las estrategias de transición justa con las respuestas de recuperación de la COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | Cambio Climático, Desigualdad Social. Desigualdad Económica, Estrategias de Transición, Estrategias Climáticas, Países en Desarrollo, COVID-19, Ghana, Colombia, Indonesia |
| JEL: | Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:019662&r= |
| By: | Donatella Gatti (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Date: | 2021–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cepnwp:hal-03374129&r= |
| By: | Alan J. Auerbach; William Gale |
| Abstract: | Interest rates on government debt have fallen in many countries over the last several decades, with markets indicating that rates may stay low well into the future. It is by now well understood that sustained low interest rates can change the nature of long-run fiscal policy choices. In this paper, we examine a related issue: the implications of sustained low interest rates for the structure of tax policy. We show that low interest rates (a) reduce the differences between consumption and income taxes; (b) make wealth taxes less efficient relative to capital income taxes, at given rates of tax; (c) reduce the value of firm-level investment incentives, and (d) substantially raise the valuation of benefits of carbon abatement policies relative to their costs. |
| JEL: | E43 H20 H23 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29352&r= |
| By: | Sambucci, Olena; Sumner, Daniel A. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Productivity Analysis, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314083&r= |
| By: | Kanjilal, Kiriti; Ahmed, Haseeb |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313889&r= |
| By: | Bairagi, Subir K.; Durand-Morat, Alvaro |
| Keywords: | International Development, International Relations/Trade, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313859&r= |
| By: | Ratul Lahkar (Ashoka University); Vinay Ramani (Indian Institute of Management, Vishakhapatnam) |
| Abstract: | We consider a large population of firms in a market environment. The firms are divided into a finite set of types, with each type being characterized by a distinct private cost function. Moreover, the firms generate an external cost like pollution in the production process. As a result, the Nash equilibrium outcome is not socially optimal. We propose an evolutionary implementation mechanism to achieve the socially optimal outcome. In contrast to the classical Pigouvian pricing and the VCG mechanism, evolutionarily implementation does not require the planner to know or elicit any private information from firms. Hence, it is informationally parsimonious. By imposing a tax equal to the current external damage being imposed by a firm, the planner can guide the evolution of the society towards the social optimum. The imposition of the tax generates a potential game whose potential function is the social welfare function of the model. Evolutionary dynamics converge to the maximizer of this function thereby evolutionarily implementing the social welfare maximizer. |
| Keywords: | Evolutionary Implementation; Negative Externality; Potential Games; Pigouvian Tax; Dominant Strategy Implementation |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:68&r= |