|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2021‒10‒18
eighty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Soojin Jo; Lilia Karnizova |
| Abstract: | CO2 emissions are commonly perceived to rise and fall with aggregate output. Yet many factors, including energy-efficiency improvements, emissions coefficient variations and shifts to cleaner energy, can break the positive emissions-output relationship. To evaluate the importance of such factors, we uncover shocks that by construction reduce emissions without lowering output. These novel shocks explain a substantial fraction of emissions fluctuations. After extensively examining their impacts on macroeconomic and environmental indicators, we interpret these shocks as changes in the energy efficiency of consumer products. Our results imply that models omitting energy efficiency likely overestimate the trade-off between environmental protection and economic performance. |
| Keywords: | Business fluctuations and cycles; Climate change; Econometric and statistical methods |
| JEL: | E32 Q43 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:21-47&r= |
| By: | Hackston, David; Lake, Richard; Tardiff, Louis-Paul |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cantrf:314708&r= |
| By: | Hackston, David; Lake, Richard; Tardiff, Louis-Paul |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf31:314708&r= |
| By: | Janos Varga; Werner Roeger; Jan in ’t Veld |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a micro-founded, fully forward-looking dynamic general equilibrium (DGE) model with energy sectors that is used to analyse the macroeconomic impact of climate mitigation policy in the European Union (EU). The paper presents simulation results for the transitional costs of moving towards a net zero emissions economy. It does not attempt to assess the effects on growth of the green investments envisaged in the framework of the European Green Deal or the Recovery and Resilience Facility. Our model allows for substitutability between fossil fuels and clean energy inputs and considers different recycling options for the revenues collected by carbon taxes. We find that the costs of moving towards a net zero emissions economy can be significantly reduced when carbon taxes are used and are recycled to reduce other distortive taxes, or for subsidising clean energy. |
| JEL: | D5 Q43 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:146&r= |
| By: | Hwang, Jeong Ha; Kim, Seung Min; Han, Ji Wan; Kim, Kwansoo |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313937&r= |
| By: | Schuurman, Daniel; Weersink, Alfons; Delaporte, Aaron |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314042&r= |
| By: | Athanasios Kampas (Agricultural University of Athens); Katarzyna Czech (Department of Econometrics and Statistics, Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Stelios Rozakis (Technical University of Crete, Lab of Bioeconomy and Biosystems Economics, School of Environmental Engineering) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the links between globalisation and environmental policy stringency with the environmental terms of trade. The existence of dynamic links among the variables were explored using cross-correlations and Granger Causality tests. According to the results, the de jure and the de facto globalisation measures have different environmental impacts. Also, despite the fact that all V4 countries have introduced strict environmental policies, especially since 2000, the relative strength of these policies lag behind the maximum OECD stringency. As a result, the pollution heaven hypothesis cannot be excluded. The policy implications of the results are briefly discussed. |
| Keywords: | Pollution Haven Hypothesis, Globalisation, Ecological Footprint of exports/ imports, Environmental Terms of Trade |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aua:wpaper:2021-1&r= |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | Identifying the intersection between digital finance, green finance and social finance is important for promoting sustainable financial, social and environmental development. This paper suggests a link between digital finance, green finance and social finance. Using a simple conceptual model, I show that digital finance offers a smooth, efficient and seamless channel for individuals and corporations to fund social projects that deliver a social dividend, and green projects that promote a sustainable environment. The implication is that digital finance is both an enabler and a channel for efficient green financing and social financing. |
| Keywords: | green finance, social finance, digital finance, sustainable development, environment, sustainable finance, innovation |
| JEL: | G02 G20 G21 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110151&r= |
| By: | Olexiy Kyrychenko |
| Abstract: | This paper reexamines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in India from a recent study by Greenstone and Hanna (GH, 2014). GH report that air pollution control policies in India were effective in improving air quality but had a modest and statistically insignificant effect on infant mortality. These somewhat counterintuitive findings are likely to stem from the limited availability of ground-based air pollution data used in GH and the absence of critical meteorological confounders. I leverage recent advances in satellite technology and GH’s methodology to test the sensitivity of their findings to revised air pollution outcomes, an extended number of observations, and meteorological controls. Despite striking differences between the two datasets, reexamination using satellite-based data confirms the conclusions drawn from GH’s data. The effects of the policies are, however, substantially weaker. The paper urges further research on the effectiveness of environmental regulations in developing countries and the use of satellite imagery in the examination of this important question. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; infant mortality; environmental regulation; India; |
| JEL: | I12 J13 O13 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp703&r= |
| By: | Chakravarty, Shourish; Wang, Yangyang; Zhou, Mo |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314014&r= |
| By: | Viljoen, M.F.; Van Zyl, J. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aeassa:314753&r= |
| By: | Grumstrup, Ethan; Rollins, Kimberly S.; Pram, Kym; Koirala, Samjhana |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314068&r= |
| By: | Skidmore, Marin; Sims, Kaitlyn M.; Gibbs, Holly; Rausch, Lisa |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313872&r= |
| By: | Jeong, Dawoon; Sesmero, Juan Pablo |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314081&r= |
| By: | Aguirre, Julio; Rojas, Pedro; Yu, Tun-Hsiang E. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313978&r= |
| By: | Céline Huber; Luc Doyen; Sylvie Ferrari |
| Abstract: | Numerous scientists advocate for the use of Biodiversity Offsets (BOs) as economic instruments to manage biodiversity and ecosystem services in the context of economic development. This study investigates the sustainability conditions of BOs, in the sense of reconciling ecological and economic objectives. It focuses especially on both the timing and pricing of biodiversity offsets in developmentoffset projects. To address this issue, a minimal time control model is proposed, allowing a dynamic and multicriteria approach to be combined through both ecological and economic targets. We rely here on No Net Loss (NNL) and positive Net Present Value (NPV) goals. In particular, we focus on an offset marginal price, called Offset Sustainability Value (OSV), which equalizes the NNL and payback times. We prove analytically how this OSV corresponds to a win-win solution in terms of ecological-economic synergy. We also show that this OSV can be very high compared to the rate of return of the development project,in particular when the biodiversity loss induced by the project is high. More globally, a sensitivity analysis shows the extent to which the economic parameters (such as the marginal revenue and discount rate) and biodiversity parameters impact the OSV. Finally, a numerical application related to mangroves and aquaculture in Madagascar illustrates the analytical findings. In particular, we argue that the current BO price is underestimated for this case study. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity Offset, Bio-economics, No net loss, Sustainability, Minimal time, control, Mangroves |
| JEL: | C51 C52 C61 D63 O13 Q24 Q32 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-19&r= |
| By: | Abbas Ali, Chandio; Yuansheg, Jiang; Asad, Amin; Waqar, Akram; Ilhan, Ozturk; Avik, Sinha; Fayyaz, Ahmad |
| Abstract: | The underpinned study examines the effects of climatic and non-climatic factors on Indian agriculture, cereal production, and yield using the country-level time series data of 1965–2015. With the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, the long-term equilibrium association among the variables has been explored. The results reveal that climatic factors like CO2 emissions and temperature adversely affect agricultural output, while rainfall positively affects it. Likewise, non-climatic factors, including energy used, financial development, and labor force, affect agricultural production positively in the long run. The estimated long-run results further demonstrate that CO2 emissions and rainfall positively affect both cereal production and yield, while temperature adversely affects. The results exhibit that the cereal cropped area, energy used, financial development, and labor force significantly and positively impact the long-run cereal production and yield. Finally, pairwise granger causality test confirmed that both climatic and non-climatic factors are significantly influencing agriculture and cereal production in India. Based on these results, policymakers and governmental institutions should formulate coherent adaptation measures and mitigation policies to tackle the adverse climate change effects on agriculture and its production of cereals. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural output; Climate change; Cereal production; ARDL method; India |
| JEL: | Q3 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110065&r= |
| By: | Stefan Nabernegg (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | One major barrier for the feasibility of national climate policies is limited public acceptance because of distributional concerns. In the literature, different approaches are used to investigate the incidence of climate policies across income groups. We apply three approaches of incidence analysis to the case of Austria, that vary in terms of data and computational intensity: (i) household fuel expenditure analysis, (ii) household carbon footprints and (iii) macroeconomic general equilibrium modelling with heterogeneous households. As concerns about heterogeneity within low-income groups (horizontal equity) were recently articulated as main objection for effective redistributive revenue recycling in the literature, we compare a pricing instrument of a fuel tax with two non-pricing instruments. We find that expenditure analysis, without considering embodied emissions in consumption, overestimates regressivity as well as within group variations of carbon pricing instruments. An economy-wide fuel tax without redistributive revenue recycling shows a slightly regressive distributional effect in the general equilibrium analysis, driven by the households use of income. This is well approximated by the carbon footprint analysis as income source effects play a minor role for this policy. For the two examples of non-pricing policies, we show that income source effects, which can be only evaluated in a closed macroeconomic model, strongly codetermine the mostly progressive distributional effect. Therefore we derive three general aspects that determine the incidence of climate policies: (i) the consumption patterns of households and the corresponding emission intensities of consumption, (ii) the existing distribution and composition of income, and (iii) the specific policy and policy design considered. For the feasibility of climate policy, we conclude that the evaluation as well as the clear communication of distributional effects is essential, as policy acceptance depends on the perceived individual outcome. |
| Keywords: | policy incidence; carbon footprint; carbon pricing; climate change; Computable General Equilibrium; distribution; fuel tax; heterogenous households; Multi-Regional Input-Output simulation |
| JEL: | C43 E01 E31 R31 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2021-12&r= |
| By: | Li, Huan; Zhang, Ruohao; Khanna, Neha |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313873&r= |
| By: | Majumder, Rajarshi |
| Abstract: | For the last thirty years or so, the world is increasingly looking at environmental extremes, many of which are triggered by climate change. Scientists, though divided over the extent and likely damages to be caused by global warming, are unanimous about the need to build in mitigating and adaptive measures in local, national and global policies. However, another likely impact of climate change had remained out of focus till 2020 – the potential for contagious diseases going ‘viral’ and spreading pan-world. COVID19, as we know it, changed all that and globally interest has surged in this area too over the last few months. A handful of researchers are also underlining the threat of multiple shocks attacking a country or society simultaneously and the likely impact of such contagion effect. Using a case study, this paper tries to discuss how resilience to climate extreme events is affected by health extreme events like pandemic and what lessons we can draw from these. The paper starts with a background on extreme events, resilience, damage costs and avoidance costs. Thereafter it looks into the fundamentals of resilience planning and how cyclone management policies have evolved in India over the last two decades. Finally, it examines how the prevalent pandemic has affected resilience activities during a recent severe cyclonic storm in eastern India – bringing to limelight the problems faced during multiple extreme events. The issues discussed has serious implications for future resilience planning and implementation policies across the globe. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Extreme Events; Resilience; Pandemic; Multiple shocks; COVID19; Amphan |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110078&r= |
| By: | D. Layne Coppock (Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University); Lucas Crowley (Innovations for Poverty Action); Susan L. Durham (Ecology Center, Utah State University); Dylan Groves (Department of Political Science, Columbia University); Julian C. Jamison (Department of Economics, University of Exeter); Dean Karlan (Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University); Brien E. Norton (Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University); R. Douglas Ramsey (Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University) |
| Abstract: | Classic theories suggest that common pool resources are subject to overexploitation. Community-based resource management approaches may ameliorate "tragedy of the commons" effects. Using a randomized evaluation in Namibia's communal rangelands, we find that a comprehensive four-year program to support community-based rangeland and cattle management led to persistent and large improvements for eight of thirteen indices of social and behavioral outcomes. Effects on rangeland health, cattle productivity and household economics, however, were either negative or nil. Positive impacts on community resource management may have been offset by communities' inability to control grazing by non-participating herds and inhibited by an unresponsive rangeland sub-system. This juxtaposition, in which measurable improvements in community resource management did not translate into better outcomes for households or rangeland health, demonstrates the fragility of the causal pathway from program implementation to intended socioeconomic and environmental outcomes. It also points to challenges for improving climate change-adaptation strategies. |
| JEL: | C93 H41 O13 Q24 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:2106&r= |
| By: | Elisabetta Cornago; Peter Börkey (OECD); Andrew Brown (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Single-use plastics constitute approximately half of global plastic waste generation. Their use in consumer goods and packaging has been the focus of recent waste prevention policy due to the importance of the volumes of waste generated and the frequency with which these materials are littered. To address several externalities that emerge across the life-cycle of single-use plastics, multiple policies can be combined to constitute an effective policy mix. In several markets, market-based policy instruments and policy bans have helped to curb waste generation and littering of single-use plastics. However, the effectiveness of these interventions depends to an important extent on whether environmentally preferable substitute materials or products are available, and on whether the measures are effectively enforced. Effective policy intervention requires a policy mix that covers single-use plastics, as well as their substitutes, and that includes an emphasis on monitoring and enforcement, in order to help minimise burden-shifting of environmental impacts. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, extended producer responsibility, plastics pollution, product stewardship, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption, waste management |
| JEL: | H23 L15 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:182-en&r= |
| By: | Souto, Augusto; Carriquiry, Miguel A.; Rosas, Juan Francisco |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314037&r= |
| By: | Shr, Yau-Huo Jimmy; Zhang, Wendong |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313927&r= |
| By: | Zhao, Yue; Brooks, Adria Elise; Du, Xiaodong |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313883&r= |
| By: | Pathak, Santosh; Wang, Hua; Adusumilli, Naveen C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313916&r= |
| By: | Chen, Xiuping; Shah, Farhed A. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314061&r= |
| By: | FREDERIC ANG (Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands); KRISTIAAN KERSTENS (Univ. Lille, CNRS, IESEG School of Management, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Economie Management, F-59000 Lille, France) |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is currently confronted with the challenge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whilst maintaining or increasing production. Energy-saving technologies are often proposed as a partial solution, but the evidence on their ability to reduce GHG emissions remains mixed. Production economics provides methodological tools to analyse the nexus of agricultural production, energy use and GHG emissions. Convexity is predominantly maintained in agricultural production economics, despite various theoretical and empirical reasons to question it. Employing a nonconvex, free disposal hull framework, this paper evaluates energy productivity change (the ratio of aggregate output change to energy use change) and GHG emission intensity change (the ratio of GHG emission change to polluting input change) using Hicks-Moorsteen productivity formulations. We consider GHG emissions as by-products of the production process by means of multi-equation modelling. The application focuses on 1,510 Dutch dairy farms for the period of 2010-2019. The results show a positive association between energy productivity change and GHG emission intensity change, which calls into question the potential of on-farm, energy-efficiency-increasing measures to reduce GHG emission intensity. |
| Keywords: | energy, greenhouse gas emissions, productivity, dairy, nonconvexity |
| JEL: | D22 D24 Q12 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:e202109&r= |
| By: | Anastasia Papangelou; Edgar Battand Towa Kouokam; Wouter Achten; Erik Mathijs |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/332187&r= |
| By: | Kirsten, J.F.; Van Zyl, J. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aeassa:314741&r= |
| By: | Wang, Sun Ling; Rada, Nicholas E.; Williams, Ryan C. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314088&r= |
| By: | De Silva, Lihini; Taylor, Rebecca |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313874&r= |
| By: | Nehring, Richard; Dimitri, Carolyn; Wakefield, Helen |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314036&r= |
| By: | Nchofoung, Tii; Achuo, Elvis; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | This study aims to empirically verify the effects of natural resource rents on inclusive human development in developing countries. The results from the IV Tobit regression show that natural resource rents have a positive direct effect on inclusive human development in developing countries and that this relationship varies by regional groupings, income levels, level of development and export structure. Looking at the transmission mechanisms, when the interactive variables of governance and environmental quality is introduced, the modulating channel through governance exerts a robust negative synergy effect in the sample of developing countries and positive synergy effects for Africa and low-income countries. When the interactive variable of CO2 emissions is introduced for Africa, a negative net effect of natural resource rents on inclusive human development is obtained. This was up to a policy threshold of 25.4412 of CO2 emissions when the negative effect is nullified. For Asia and the Latin America and Caribbean, a positive net effect is obtained. This is up to a CO2 emissions threshold of 29.038 and 3.6752 respectively, when the positive effect is nullified. Besides, the high income and the upper-middle income countries produce a negative net effect of resource rents on inclusive human development through CO2 modulation, with up to positive CO2 emission thresholds of 37.9365 and 23.6257 respectively. Policy implications are highlighted. In summary, contingent on engaged specificities, where conditional effects are negative, negative thresholds for complementary policies have been provided and in scenarios where conditional impacts are positive, actionable positive thresholds have been provided. |
| Keywords: | Resource Rents, Inclusive Human Development, Institutional Quality, Environmental Quality |
| JEL: | C23 O11 P48 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110139&r= |
| By: | Lim, Kar Ho; Ojha, Renu; Nayga, Rodolfo M.; Sullivan, Pauline |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313867&r= |
| By: | Meyer, Joost; Huang, Qiuqiong; Feng, Song; Speelman, Stijn |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314087&r= |
| By: | Spykman, Olivia; Emberger-Klein, Agnes; Gabriel, Andreas; Gandorfer, Markus |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313865&r= |
| By: | Lea, Jon; Harvey, John PhD |
| Abstract: | The processes in the pavement life cycle can be defined as: material extraction and production; construction; transport of materials and demolition; the use stage, where the pavement interacts with other systems; the materials, construction, and transport associated with maintenance and rehabilitation; and end-of-life. Local governments are increasingly being asked to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from their operations and identify changes to reduce emissions. There are many possible strategies that local governments can choose to reduce their emissions, however, prioritization and selection of which to implement can be difficult if emissions cannot be quantified. Pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used by local governments to achieve the same goals as state government. The web-based software environmental Life Cycle Assessment for Pavements, also known as eLCAP has been developed a project-level LCA tool. The goal of eLCAP is to permit local governments to perform project-level pavement LCA using California specific data, including consideration of their own designs, materials, and traffic. eLCAP allows modeling of materials, transport, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and end-of-life recycling for all impacts; and in the use stage it considers the effects of combustion of fuel in vehicles as well as the additional fuel consumed due to pavement-vehicle interaction (global warming potential only). This report documents eLCAP and a project that created an interface for eLCAP that is usable by local governments. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Pavements, life cycle analysis, paving, pavement maintenance, greenhouse gases, models, web applications, local governments |
| Date: | 2021–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1nm5c9gp&r= |
| By: | Mastrangelo, Joao Paulo S.; Gori Maia, Alexandre |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313918&r= |
| By: | Ali, Saif; Arora, Gaurav |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314038&r= |
| By: | Skidmore, Marin; Foltz, Jeremy D.; Andarge, Tihitina |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313932&r= |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews opportunities and challenges for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from Morocco’s transport sector. It provides an overview of the transport system and reviews the country’s existing policies and future plans for reducing CO2 emissions from transport. The paper also provides an overview of the data on transport activity and emissions available for Morocco, and the tools used by government agencies for assessing them. Finally, it proposes options for further action in the context of ITF’s “Decarbonising Transport in Emerging Economies” (DTEE) project |
| Date: | 2021–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:89-en&r= |
| By: | Ye, Ziwei; Hennessy, David A.; Wu, Felicia |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313985&r= |
| By: | Howard, Gregory E.; Zhang, Wendong; Valcu-Lisman, Adriana M. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313926&r= |
| By: | Edgar Battand Towa Kouokam; Vanessa Zeller; Stefano Merciai; Wouter Achten |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/332189&r= |
| By: | Oyetunde-Usman, Zainab; Shee, Apurba; Abdoulaye, Tahirou |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313954&r= |
| By: | Jiang, Qi; Penn, Jerrod; Hu, Wuyang |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313885&r= |
| By: | Olexiy Kyrychenko |
| Abstract: | Credible estimates of the health effects associated with changes in air pollution exposure are of considerable importance for research and policy agendas, especially for developing countries. This paper estimates the impact of the sharp reduction in particulate air pollution driven by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 on district-level infant mortality in India. Utilizing plausibly exogenous geographic variation in the crisis-induced changes in air quality and novel data from household surveys and satellite-based sources, I find that the infant mortality rate fell by 24% more in the most affected districts, implying 1338 fewer infant deaths than would have occurred in the absence of the crisis. Analysis of the mechanisms indicates that the PM2.5 reductions affected infant mortality mainly through respiratory diseases and two biological mechanisms: in utero and postbirth PM2.5 exposure. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the estimated decline in infant mortality translates into a three-year after crisis total of 312.5 million U.S. dollars. The resulting health benefits could be used as a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of the policies designed to improve air quality in India. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; infant mortality; crisis; India; |
| JEL: | Q53 I12 O13 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp702&r= |
| By: | Karakara, Alhassan; Osabuohien, Evans; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This paper analyses the extent to which households are deprived (or otherwise) of clean energy sources in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – It engages the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data (GDHS VI). Three different energy deprivation indicators were estimated: cooking fuel deprivation, lighting deprivation and indoor air pollution. The empirical evidence is based on logit regressions that explain whether households are deprived or not. Findings – The results show that energy deprivation or access is contingent on the area of residence. Energy access and deprivation in Ghana show some regional disparities, even though across every region, the majority of households use three fuel types: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), charcoal and wood cut. Increases in wealth and education lead to reduction in the likelihood of being energy deprived. Thus, efforts should be geared towards policies that will ensure households having access to clean fuels to reduce the attendant deprivations and corresponding effects of using dangerous or dirty fuels. Originality/value – This study complements the extant literature by analysing the extent to which households are deprived (or otherwise) of clean energy sources in Ghana. |
| Keywords: | Energy deprivation, Ghana, Households, Sustainable development |
| JEL: | O13 P28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110137&r= |
| By: | Mitra, Archisman; Balasubramanya, Soumya; Bouwer, Roy |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313871&r= |
| By: | Xu, Yuelu; Elbakidze, Levan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313917&r= |
| By: | Florkowski, Wojciech J.; Nouve, Yawotse |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313952&r= |
| By: | Frank W. Geels (Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, The Productivity Institute; Alliance Manchester Business School The University of Manchester); Jonatan Pinkse (Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, The Productivity Institute; Alliance Manchester Business School The University of Manchester); Dimitri Zenghelis (University of Cambridge) |
| Keywords: | productivity, low-carbon, digital transitions |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:wpaper:009&r= |
| By: | Nawab Khan (Sichuan Agricultural University,Sichuan, China); Ram L. Ray (Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, USA); Hazem S. Kassem (King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); Muhammad Ihtisham (Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China); Abdullah (PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan); Simplice Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Stephen Ansah (Sichuan Agricultural University, China); Shemei Zhang (Sichuan Agricultural University, China) |
| Abstract: | Increasing agricultural production and optimizing inorganic fertilizer (IF) use are imperative for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Mobile phone usage (MPU) has the potential to reduce IF application while ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability goals. The main objectives of this study were to assess MPU, mobile phone promotion policy, and whether the mediation role of human capital can help reduce IF use. This study used baseline regression analysis and propensity score matching, difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) to assess the impact of MPU on IF usage. However, the two-stage instrumental variables method (IVM) was used to study the effects of mobile phone promotion policy on IF usage. This study used a national dataset from 7,987 rural households in Afghanistan to investigate the impacts of MPU and associated promotion policies on IF application. The baseline regression outcomes showed that the MPU significantly reduced IF usage. The evaluation mechanism revealed that mobile phones help reduce IF application by improving the human capital of farmers. Besides, evidence from the DID technique showed that mobile phone promotion policies lowered IF application. These results remained robust after applying the PSM-DID method and two-stage IVM to control endogenous decisions of rural households. This study results imply that enhancing the accessibility of wideband in remote areas, promoting MPU, and increasing investment in information communication technologies (ICTs) infrastructure can help decrease the IF application in agriculture. Thus, the government should invest in remote areas to facilitate access to ICTs, such as having a telephone and access to a cellular and internet network to provide an environment and facility to apply IF effectively. Further, particular policy support must focus on how vulnerable populations access the internet and mobile phone technologies. |
| Keywords: | mobile phone usage; propensity score matching; difference-in-difference; inorganic fertilizer usage; human capital; sustainable development; Afghanistan |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/066&r= |
| By: | Appel, Franziska; Loewe, Axel |
| Abstract: | Research software has become a major asset in academic research. It often is the backbone of existing research methods, enables new research methods, implements and embeds research knowledge, and constitutes an essential research product in itself. Research software must be sustainable in order to understand, replicate, reproduce, and build upon existing research or conduct new research effectively. A change is needed in the way research software development and maintenance are incentivized, funded, structurally and infrastructurally supported, and legally treated. Failing to do so will threaten the quality and validity of research. In this context, more than 50 scientists from various institutions gathered at the Robert Koch Institute in November 2019 for a DFG roundtable discussion on sustainability aspects of research software and to draw attention to the need for funding instruments for the sustainable development and provision of research software. The subsequently published position paper (Anzt et al., 2021) seeks to increase the awareness of political and academic decision-makers on the importance and needs of sustainable research software practices. In particular, it recommends strategies and measures to create an environment for sustainable research software. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamopb:314672&r= |
| By: | Greif, Adi; Geyer, Judy |
| Keywords: | International Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314033&r= |
| By: | Catalina Anampa Castro; Katherine Curtis; Jack DeWaard; Elizabeth Fussell; Kathryn McConnell; Kobie Price; Michael Soto; Stephan Whitaker |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we infuse consideration of migration into research on economic losses from extreme weather disasters. Taking a comparative case study approach and using data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York/Equifax Consumer Credit Panel, we document the size of economic losses via migration from 23 disaster-affected areas in the United States after the most damaging hurricanes, tornadoes, and wildfires on record. We then employ demographic standardization and decomposition to determine if these losses primarily reflect changes in out-migration or changes in the economic resources that migrants take with them (greater economic losses per migrant). Finally, we consider the implications of these losses for changing spatial inequality in the United States. While disaster-affected areas and those living in them differ in their experiences of and responses to extreme weather disasters, we generally find that, relative to the year before an extreme weather disaster, economic losses via migration from disaster-affected areas increase the year of and after the disaster, that these changes primarily reflect changes in out-migration (vs. the economic resources that migrants take with them), and that these losses briefly disrupt the status quo by temporarily reducing spatial inequality. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disaster; Migration; Consumer Credit; Decomposition; Spatial Inequality |
| JEL: | R23 Q54 D12 J60 |
| Date: | 2021–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedcwq:93161&r= |
| By: | Rapha\"el Semet; Thierry Roncalli; Lauren Stagnol |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine the materiality of ESG on country creditworthiness from a credit risk and fundamental analysis viewpoint. We first determine the ESG indicators that are most relevant when it comes to explaining the sovereign bond yield, after controlling the effects of traditional fundamental variables such as economic strength and credit rating. We also emphasize the major themes that are directly useful for investors when assessing the country risk premium. At the global level, we notice that these themes mainly belong to the E and G pillars. Those results confirm that extra-financial criteria are integrated into bond pricing. However, we also identify a clear difference between high-and middle-income countries. Indeed, whereas the S pillar is lagging for the highest income countries, it is nearly as important as the G pillar for the middle-income ones. Second, we determine which ESG metrics are indirectly valuable for assessing a country's solvency. More precisely, we attempt to infer credit rating solely from extra-financial criteria, that is the ESG indicators that are priced in by credit rating agencies. We find that there is no overlap between the set of indicators that predict credit ratings and those that directly explain sovereign bond yields. The results also highlight the importance of the G and S pillars when predicting credit ratings. The E pillar is lagging, suggesting that credit rating agencies are undermining the impact of climate change and environmental topics on country creditworthiness. This is consistent with the traditional view that social and governance issues are the main drivers of the sovereign risk, because they are more specific and less global than environmental issues. Finally, taking these different results together, this research shows that opposing extra-financial and fundamental analysis does not make a lot of sense. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2110.06617&r= |
| By: | Michel Noussan (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, SciencesPo - Paris School of International Affairs); Manfred Hafner (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, SciencesPo - Paris School of International Affairs, Johns Hopkins University - School of Advanced International Studies); Loyle Campbell (SciencesPo - Paris School of International Affairs); Xinqing Lu (SciencesPo - Paris School of International Affairs); Pier Paolo Raimondi (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Istituto Affari Internazionali); Erpu Zhu (FSciencesPo - Paris School of International Affairs) |
| Abstract: | This work compares the different decarbonization strategies of the power sector in China, the European Union and the United States, by considering the historical evolution of electricity generation and the current situation. Such a comparison is gaining a broader significance when evaluated with an additional level of geographic detail, by comparing European countries, Chinese provinces, and US states. The differences among these geographies highlight the challenges and opportunities of pushing towards low-carbon technologies, by making clear that regional decarbonization will need to address very different local contexts. Moreover, multiple policy and planning levels are involved, and those mechanisms are different in the three blocs being compared. Our analysis shows that these three blocs, although moving towards similar decarbonization targets, are currently at different levels of carbon intensity. The zero-carbon pathway will need to be declined in different local goals, based on the availability of low-carbon resources and the electricity demand. Given the geographical differences between demand and supply, and the likely increase of electricity demand, an improvement of power transmission networks will be essential. This work is part of a series of papers on the geopolitics of the energy transition in China, the European Union and the United States of America. |
| Keywords: | Electricity, Power, Decarbonization, Energy Transition, China, EU, US |
| JEL: | N70 O13 P48 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.24&r= |
| By: | Seong, Jisub; Valle De Souza, Simone; Peterson, Christopher |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Marketing, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314044&r= |
| By: | Noussan, Michel; Hafner, Manfred; Campbell, Loyle; Lu, Xinqing; Raimondi, Pier Paolo; Zhu, Erpu |
| Abstract: | This work compares the different decarbonization strategies of the power sector in China, the European Union and the United States, by considering the historical evolution of electricity generation and the current situation. Such a comparison is gaining a broader significance when evaluated with an additional level of geographic detail, by comparing European countries, Chinese provinces, and US states. The differences among these geographies highlight the challenges and opportunities of pushing towards low-carbon technologies, by making clear that regional decarbonization will need to address very different local contexts. Moreover, multiple policy and planning levels are involved, and those mechanisms are different in the three blocs being compared. Our analysis shows that these three blocs, although moving towards similar decarbonization targets, are currently at different levels of carbon intensity. The zero-carbon pathway will need to be declined in different local goals, based on the availability of low-carbon resources and the electricity demand. Given the geographical differences between demand and supply, and the likely increase of electricity demand, an improvement of power transmission networks will be essential. This work is part of a series of papers on the geopolitics of the energy transition in China, the European Union and the United States of America. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:314197&r= |
| By: | Perez, Nicostrato D.; Kassim, Yumna; Ringler, Claudia; Thomas, Timothy S.; ElDidi, Hagar; Breisinger, Clemens |
| Abstract: | The importance of a resilient agriculture sector in providing food security, livelihoods, and household income was highlighted in many countries by the recent pandemic, as was the capacity of the sector to cushion the negative impacts of the subsequent economic slowdown. This has been the case in Egypt, where agriculture has been resilient to the health crisis in comparison with the service and industry sectors (Breisinger et al. 2020). However, the sector’s resiliency is gradually being corroded by climate change, with lasting, harmful effects for agriculture and food systems. |
| Keywords: | EGYPT; ARAB COUNTRIES; MIDDLE EAST; NORTH AFRICA; AFRICA; climate change; climate; resilience; food security; policies; agricultural sector; agricultural productivity; |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:9780896294189&r= |
| By: | Hao Zhao (Economic Science Institute, Chapman University); David Porter (Economic Science Institute, Chapman University) |
| Abstract: | The inter-temporal resource allocation efficiency of a property rights-based common-pool resource system is challenged by a cost externality when one user’s extraction raises the extraction cost for others. This paper builds a dynamic resource allocation model to illustrate the efficiency loss from a standard property rights market. We then create a novel inter-temporal allocation mechanism that preserves dynamic efficiency. Our dynamic resource allocation mechanism includes an optimal planning stage where the agents collectively determine a binding extraction target for each period and a market stage where agents can exchange their extraction rights assigned within each period. The theoretical model demonstrates that our mechanism can achieve the socially optimal allocation in two specific environments. A numerical simulation of our mechanism for a general environment consistently tracks the social optimum and significantly outperforms the traditional property rights market. |
| Keywords: | Common-pool resource management, cost externality, dynamic efficiency, property rights market, optimal planning |
| JEL: | D45 D47 D62 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chu:wpaper:21-19&r= |
| By: | De Villiers, A.; Machethe, C.L. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aeassa:314736&r= |
| By: | Michelle Escobar Carias; David Johnston; Rachel Knott; Rohan Sweeney |
| Abstract: | The empirical evidence suggests that key accumulation decisions and risky choices associated with economic development depend, at least in part, on economic preferences such as willingness to take risk and patience. This paper studies whether temperature could be one of the potential channels that influences such economic preferences. Using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey and NASAs Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications data we exploit quasi exogenous variations in outdoor temperatures caused by the random allocation of survey dates. This approach allows us to estimate the effects of temperature on elicited measures of risk aversion, rational choice violations, and impatience. We then explore three possible mechanisms behind this relationship, cognition, sleep, and mood. Our findings show that higher temperatures lead to significantly increased rational choice violations and impatience, but do not significantly increase risk aversion. These effects are mainly driven by night time temperatures on the day prior to the survey and less so by temperatures on the day of the survey. This impact is quasi linear and increasing when midnight outdoor temperatures are above 22C. The evidence shows that night time temperatures significantly deplete cognitive functioning, mathematical skills in particular. Based on these findings we posit that heat induced night time disturbances cause stress on critical parts of the brain, which then manifest in significantly lower cognitive functions that are critical for individuals to perform economically rational decision making. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2110.05611&r= |
| By: | Heo, Seong-Yoon; Kim, Sanghyo |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313992&r= |
| By: | Remi Jedwab (George Washington University); Jason Barr (Rutgers University); Jan Brueckner (University of California) |
| Abstract: | There is a large literature on U.S. cities measuring the extent and stringency of land-use regulations and how regulatory and geographical constraints affect important outcomes such as housing prices and economic growth. This paper is the first to study the global extent and impact of regulatory and other constraints by estimating what we call building-height gaps. Using a novel data set on the year of construction and heights of tall buildings around the world, we compare the total height of a country's stock of tall buildings to what the total height would have been if supply was more elastic, based on parameters from a benchmark set of countries. These gaps are larger for richer countries and for residential buildings than for commercial buildings in such countries. The gaps are driven by under-building in central areas of larger cities. These gaps are not compensated by tall building construction in peripheral areas of cities or less stringent limits on outward expansion beyond the existing boundaries of the cities. Countries with older, historic structures have larger gaps, likely due to more stringent height regulations and dispersed ownership that inhibits land assembly. Lastly, the gaps correlate strongly with international measures of housing prices, sprawl, congestion, and pollution. |
| Keywords: | International Buildings Heights; Land Use Regulations; Geographical Constraints; Housing Supply; Housing Prices; Sprawl; Congestion; Pollution |
| JEL: | R3 R5 O18 O50 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gwi:wpaper:2021-15&r= |
| By: | Arellano-Gonzalez, Jesus; Juarez-Torres, Miriam; Zazueta-Borboa, Francisco |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314060&r= |
| By: | Gannon, Kate; Crick, Florence; Atela, Joanes; Conway, Declan |
| Abstract: | Amidst increasing interest in multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) in climate discourse, this paper identifies four rationales for why MSPs may be particularly suited to supporting adaptation from existing literatures. With a focus on MSPs that seek to support adaptation among micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya, we then investigate the extent to which this potential is being realised in practice, through interviews with partners engaged in the design and implementation of MSPs. This allows us to examine some of the opportunities, challenges and distributional risks that may result from employing MSPs to support adaptation. We find that through action and investment from donors and the public sector in areas such as research, data access, relationship building, training and capacity building, access to finance and business incubation, MSPs can enable a wide range of private sector actors to deliver adaptation resources to SMEs. Beneficiaries include small-scale SMEs in agricultural value chains in remote regions, that could otherwise fall outside of market inclusion. As such, respondents in this research typically considered MSPs to present an exciting opportunity to plug gaps in adaptation and development finance. Further analysis, however, suggests that dependence on market mechanisms for delivering adaptation resources means that MSPs risk excluding the poorest groups, exposing businesses to new risks and reproducing existing inequalities. Additionally, MSPs often remain heavily dependent on donor-led organisations for both resources and momentum. In Kenya, opportunities to develop more integrated responses to supporting the adaptive capacity of SMEs are being missed through a disconnect between the practice of MSPs and national public sector development frameworks and institutions. |
| Keywords: | multi-stakeholder partnerships / multi-sectoral partnerships; climate change adaptation; micro; small and 35 medium enterprises (SMEs); private sector adaptation; business enabling environments; Kenya; Business enabling environments; Multi-stakeholder partnerships / multi-sectoral partnerships; Private sector adaptation; Micro; small and medium enterprise (SMEs); Climate change adaptation; ES/K006576/1; 107643-004; UKRI block grant |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110377&r= |
| By: | Elmallakh, Nelly; Wodon, Quentin |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of shocks, predominantly climate shocks, on labor market outcomes in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). We focus on migration ows within the WAEMU countries to disentangle the differential effects of shocks on migrants and non-migrants. Our analysis combines survey data from Ivory Coast|as the main migrant receiving country|and from all the other 7 migrant sending countries of the WAEMU. Using an OLS fixed effects model, our results show that migration in the WAEMU is associated with a decline in female labor participation, as it is primarily motivated by marriage. However, we find an increase in female labor force participation and a narrowing of the gender gap in migrant households that are negatively affected by shocks. Our findings relate to the literature on the impact of shocks on the labor division between women and men and show that shocks may disrupt long-standing gender roles. The results are robust to accounting for the double selection into shocks and migration using a Propensity Score Matching technique that allows for a within comparison between treated and untreated units. |
| Keywords: | shocks,migration,climate,employment,labor market,women,West Africa |
| JEL: | F22 J21 J43 J61 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:950&r= |
| By: | McCulloch, Neil; Moerenhout, Tom; Yang, Joonseok |
| Abstract: | Fuel subsidies in Nigeria are enormous. At last estimate, the state subsidises gasoline to the tune of USD 3.9 billion — almost double the entire health budget. Subsidies exist because the government fixes the price of gasoline for consumers below the international price and uses government resources to pay for the difference. They were first introduced in Nigeria in the 1970s as a response to the oil price shock in 1973. However, despite numerous attempts at reform, Nigeria has never successfully removed gasoline subsidies, in large part due to strong popular opposition to reform. Summary of ICTD Working Paper 104 by Neil McCulloch,Tom Moerenhout and Joonseok Yang. Such subsidies come at great cost: spending on other development objectives is lower; the distribution of resources to the state governments is reduced; the vast majority of the subsidy goes to better off Nigerians; and cheaper gasoline encourages greater pollution, congestion and climate change. Despite this, our survey indicates that 70 per cent of Nigerians oppose the reduction or removal of subsidies. |
| Keywords: | Economic Development, Finance, Governance, |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:15183&r= |
| By: | Vaiknoras, Kate A.; Larochelle, Catherine; Alwang, Jeffrey |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, International Development, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313877&r= |
| By: | Vincent Salaun (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes, IUT Saint-Nazaire - Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Date: | 2021–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03190164&r= |
| By: | COVID-19 Hub |
| Abstract: | Malawi, like other southern African countries, has endured several waves of infection since the COVID-19 pandemic started. The disease has had severe effects on the economy, including the agriculture sector. CGIAR and partners have been working in the country to determine the economic impacts, improve seed systems, and implement climate-smart technologies on farms. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, food systems, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, COVID-19, economic impact, research, innovation, value chains, pandemics, biofortification, crops, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cvdhcn:malawi&r= |
| By: | Nicola Barban; Elisabetta De Cao; Marco Francesconi |
| Abstract: | Fertility has a strong biological component generally ignored by economists. Using the UK Biobank, we analyze the extent to which genes, proxied by polygenic scores, and the environment, proxied by early exposure to the contraceptive pill diffusion, affect age at first sexual intercourse, age at first birth, completed family size, and childlessness. Both genes and environment exert substantial influences on all outcomes. The anticipation of sexual debut and the postponement of motherhood led by the diffusion of the pill are magnified by gene-environment interactions, while the decline in family size and the rise in childlessness associated with female emancipation are attenuated by gene-environment effects. The nature-nurture interplay becomes stronger in more egalitarian environments that empower women, allowing genes to express themselves more fully. These conclusions are confirmed by heterogenous effects across the distributions of genetic susceptibilities and exposure to environmental risks, sister fixed effects models, mother-daughter comparisons, and counterfactual simulations. |
| Keywords: | fertility, genetics, polygenic score, contraceptive pill, nature versus nurture, social norms |
| JEL: | D10 I14 I15 J01 J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9337&r= |
| By: | CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM) |
| Abstract: | It is estimated that nearly one in seven people — more than 1 billion in total — are classified as migrants in national statistics. Of these, about 763 million are estimated to be internal migrants; the remaining 281 million are international migrants (International Organization for Migration 2021). Migration is an intrinsic part of the development process, representing one of the greatest opportunities to facilitate economic and social advancement in developing countries. Understanding how different types of individuals and households perceive these opportunities and overcome related constraints, and how these change over time, is of key interest. At the same time, migration presents one of the world’s biggest challenges, requiring adjustments by both sending and hosting communities, and understanding those adjustments is a priority. The CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) has undertaken more than 40 studies designed to explore the causes and consequences of internal and international migration. In aggregate, the studies help us understand what motivates people to migrate and what factors impinge on their ability to do so. These studies focused on the relationship of migration with rural transformation, gender, youth, climate change, and social protection and cut across the whole PIM research portfolio. This brief synthesizes findings from this research in an attempt to present a more complete picture. While there is a vast literature on migration external to PIM and CGIAR, the results of the PIM investigaÂtions constitute valuable inputs into national polÂicies and programs designed to foster economic and social development while maximizing the benefits and reducing the risks of migration. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; migration; rural areas; urban areas; migrants; youth; gender; women; men; education; employment; youth employment; climate change; labour markets; welfare; diet; remittances |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:134615&r= |
| By: | Dasgupta, Shouro; Robinson, Elizabeth J.Z. |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has affected food security across the world. As governments respond in different ways both with regards to containing the pandemic and addressing food insecurity, in parallel detailed datasets are being collected and analysed. To date, literature addressing food insecurity during the pandemic, using these datasets, has tended to focus on individual countries. By contrast, this paper provides the first detailed multi-country cross-sectional snapshot of the social dimensions of food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic across nine African countries (Chad, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda). Econometric analysis reveals that female-headed households, the poor, and the less-formally educated, appear to suffer more in terms of food insecurity during this global pandemic. Importantly, our findings show that the negative consequences of the pandemic are disproportionately higher for lower-income households and those who had to borrow to make ends meet rather than relying on savings; impacts are country-specific; and there is considerable spatial heterogeneity within country food insecurity, suggesting that tailored policies will be required. These nine countries employ both food and cash safety nets, with the evidence suggesting that, at least when these data were collected, cash safety nets have been slightly more effective at reducing food insecurity. Our results provide a baseline that can be used by governments to help design and implement tailored policies to address food insecurity. Our findings can also be used as lessons to reshape policies to tackle the heterogeneous impacts of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19; food insecurity; multi-country models; socioeconomic determinants; coronavirus |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112194&r= |
| By: | Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio; Furche, Carlos |
| Abstract: | El sector agropecuario y en un sentido más amplio, los sistemas alimentarios, están en un proceso de ajuste y transformación impulsado por factores estructurales que se tratan de analizar en este trabajo. Al mismo tiempo, la crisis sanitaria desatada por el COVID 19 y sus consecuencias económicas y sociales, aunque no alteran los desafíos estructurales y de largo plazo, plantean la necesidad de atender las demandas urgentes para asegurar el suministro de alimentos saludables y en forma sostenible para la población. Esto, a su vez, es la condición esencial para poder sostener las medidas sanitarias puestas en ejecución por los gobiernos para superar la pandemia. Además de esta introducción, el presente trabajo está estructurado de la siguiente manera. El capítulo siguiente analiza el proceso de transformación que estaba ya en marcha antes de la aparición de la crisis sanitaria, y al final de esa sección se mencionan brevemente algunos de los impactos del COVID 19 sobre la agricultura y la alimentación. Más adelante en el capítulo tres, se discuten los principales desafíos estructurales de largo plazo que enfrentan la agricultura y la alimentación; en tanto en los capítulos cuatro y cinco se analizan respectivamente las necesidades de ajuste y transformación institucional y los requerimientos de mejoras en políticas públicas sectoriales2 necesarias para enfrentar con éxito los nuevos escenarios. Se incluye finalmente una sección que debate acerca de las necesidades y opciones de financiamiento al sector agroalimentario, asumiendo que para emprender un proceso de recuperación y transformación se requerirán recursos en una escala significativamente mayor a los que se han venido destinando en los últimos años, con la dificultad adicional de que los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) enfrentarán severas restricciones fiscales. Todo esto plantea la necesidad de una gran rigurosidad en la asignación de los recursos, así como la generación de condiciones para la inversión privada e igualmente de la participación activa de la banca multilateral y de las agencias de desarrollo. |
| Keywords: | LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN, Coronavirus, coronavirus disease, Coronavirinae, COVID-19, food systems, public policies, climate change, pandemics, nutrition, technology, social protection, agriculture, financing, livestock |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:lacwps:25&r= |
| By: | Tadadjeu, Sosson; Njangang, Henri; Asongu, Simplice; Nounamo, Yann |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of natural resources on wealth inequality as a first attempt on a panel of 45 developed and developing countries over the period 2000-2014. Using the Generalized Method of Moments, the results provide stong evidence that natural resources increase wealth inequality within a linear empirical framework. These results are robust to the use of alternative natural resources and wealth inequality measures. Additionnaly, a nonlinear analysis provides evidence of an inverted U shaped relationship between natural resources and wealth inequality. The net effect of enhancing natural resources on wealth inequality is positive and building on the corresponding conditional negative effect, the attendant natural resource thresholds for inclusive development are provided. It follows that while natural resources increase wealth inequality, some critical levels of natural resources are needed for natural resources to reduce wealth inequality. |
| Keywords: | Oil wealth; Natural resources; Wealth inequality; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | F21 F54 L71 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110133&r= |
| By: | McKenzie, C.C. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aeassa:314745&r= |
| By: | Shakeel, Sabahat; Karim, Emadul |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this research study is to analyze the factors that affect the consumer buying behavior for organic and non-organic cosmetics. Therefore, this study is further divided into two sub research. One research studies the factors that affect consumer buying behavior for organic cosmetics whereas the other research assesses factors that impact consumer buying behavior for non-organic cosmetics. Most factors that affect both organic and non-organic cosmetics are the same, but some are different considering the variation between the two types of cosmetics under consideration. Consumer buying behavior is a topic of significant importance to marketers and to businesses as well. It is crucial to understand how consumer buying behavior functions. This research study was conducted through the collection of both primary and secondary data. Primary data was gathered through questionnaires whereas the secondary data was gathered mainly for the literature review through various sources which were mostly available on the web such as online published articles, books, and online journals. The primary data collected was fed into the SPSS software to run various tests. The hypotheses stated at the beginning of the research were tested. The results showed that not all hypotheses were accepted in both the studies. Recommendations have been suggested for each independent variable at the end of the study for consideration. |
| Keywords: | Consumer Buying Behavior; Organic Cosmetics; Non-Organic Cosmetics; Brand Name; Health Consciousness; Environmental Consciousness; Attractiveness Consciousness; Store Environment; Product Price Product Quality and Product Promotion. |
| JEL: | M31 Q02 |
| Date: | 2019–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110098&r= |