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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Ny Andraina Andriamanantena; Charly Gaufreteau; Jean-Sauveur Ay; Luc Doyen |
| Abstract: | The synergies and trade-offs between human well-being, biodiversity, and ecosystem services are under debate for the design of more sustainable public policies. In that perspective, there is a need of quantitative methods to compare all these outcomes under alternative policy scenarios. The present paper provides climate consistent scenarios at the horizon 2053 for the New-Aquitaine region in France. They rely on spatio-temporal models derived from individual land-use choices under climate change. The models are estimated at the national level from 1993-2003 Þne-scale data. We focus on farming, forestry, and urban land-uses along with bird biodiversity scores and a basket of ecosystem services: carbon sink carbon sink intensity, forest recreation, and water pollution. A Þrst Ôclimate-economic adaptation' scenario shows that climate-induced land-use worsens the negative effects of climate change on biodiversity and several ecosystem services in the long run as compared to a Ôstatus quoÕ scenario. A second scenario with an incentive policy, based on a ßat payment for pastures, slightly mitigates these negative impacts on biodiversity and water pollution. However, this turns out to be detrimental for others ecosystem services. This result conÞrms that the design of sustainable policies can not be limited to uniform strategies and should account for the complexity of ecosystem management. |
| Keywords: | Model-based scenarios; climate; land-use; incentive policy; birds biodiversity; ecosystem services |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-18&r= |
| By: | Halvor Briseid Storrøsten (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates environmental policy in the presence of endogenous preferences. The optimal time trajectory is achieved if and only if the consumer is perfectly time-consistent. The suboptimal trajectories do not only differ from the optimal path during the transition between two equilibria, but also the new stationary states differ. A key difference is more pollution in the suboptimal equilibrium. If the consumer is less than perfectly time-consistent, the standard Pigou tax can be complimented with taxes and subsidies to implement the optimal time trajectory. If this option is unavailable to the regulator, a second-best option is a single tax that is above the Pigouvian level. The results in this paper indicate that the integrated assessment models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to derive optimal emission paths may recommend too high carbon emissions. |
| Keywords: | Regulation; Endogenous preferences; habits |
| JEL: | H23 H31 D15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:964&r= |
| By: | Yu, Chengzheng |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:313798&r= |
| By: | Yehouenou, Lauriane S.; Grogan, Kelly A.; Yehouenou, Lauriane S.; Morgan, Stephen N. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313934&r= |
| By: | Bucksteeg, Michael; Mikurda, Jennifer; Weber, Christoph |
| Abstract: | The expansion of wind and solar energy has primarily led to the decarbonisation of the electricity sector. Against this background, power-to-gas (PtG) is seen as a solution supporting the decarbonisation of other sectors, such as heating or transport. As the generation mix will transitionally be based on conventional generation technologies, the upcoming integration of PtG into electricity markets comes with several challenges. Notably, the design of environmental levies and carbon pricing should create efficient incentives for the utilisation of PtG, reflecting the value of the CO2 emissions avoided by hydrogen or methane. This contribution studies the role of the regulatory framework in the integration of PtG, with special attention to carbon pricing. We extend an optimisation model by the PtG technology and competing flexibilities, such as storage or demand-side management. We develop several scenarios with regard to levies, levels of CO2 price, techno-economic parameters of flexibilities and shares of variable renewable energy sources for the year 2025. We find that carbon pricing that considers the value of the CO2 emissions avoided by hydrogen or methane supports the market integration of PtG, whereas too low CO2 prices might lead to adverse effects. Subsequently, implications for energy policy are discussed. |
| Keywords: | electricity market model,carbon pricing,power-to-gas,energy policy |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:242982&r= |
| By: | Luisa Corrado (DEF and CEIS, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"); Andrea Fazio (Università di Roma La Sapienza); Alessandra Pelloni (DEF, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata") |
| Abstract: | We investigate some motivations of recycling, using Italian survey data. We find that people declaring an interest in environmental issues or belonging to an environmental association are more likely to recycle. This suggests that the motivations for behaving pro-environmentally have an expressive and noninstrumental motivation. However, we also find that if people perceive to live in a deteriorated environment, they are less likely to recycle. We discuss possible explanations for this finding. |
| Keywords: | Pro-Environmental Behavior, Intrinsic Motivation, Recycling, Environmental Degradation |
| JEL: | Q57 Q53 R11 D91 |
| Date: | 2021–09–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:513&r= |
| By: | Hopkins, Alexander S.; Horan, Richard; Reeling, Carson; Shupp, Robert S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314063&r= |
| By: | Fatica, Serena (European Commission); Panzica, Roberto (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | Using data on institutional investors' bond holdings, we investigate the resilience of green bonds to the COVID-19 shock in a difference-in-differences framework. We find that during the COVID outbreak green bonds experience lower sales, on average, while in normal times no significant differences emerge compared with ordinary bonds. The result is robust across different investor classes and is not driven by those that have a longer-term investment horizon. Furthermore, we find that sustainability-oriented funds sell less of green bonds than their peers without a sustainability mandate. We also document that the ownership of green fixed income securities is more concentrated than that of comparable conventional bonds, and that concentration has increased in the first quarter of 2020. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable finance, climate change, green bonds, institutional investors |
| JEL: | G12 G20 Q52 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202107&r= |
| By: | Liang Nie (Ma Yinchu School of Economics, China Academy of Energy); ZhongXiang Zhang (Ma Yinchu School of Economics, China Academy of Energy) |
| Abstract: | Existing studies have investigated the environmental dividends of substituting high-speed rail for other energy-intensive vehicles from an engineering standpoint, but they have yet to explore the economic effects of high-speed rail and the associated carbon emission reduction benefits. To fill the research gap, we use panel data from 285 Chinese cities between 2004 and 2014, and employ a difference-in-difference model to empirically examine the impact of high-speed rail opening on CO2 emissions. Our results show that the opening of high-speed rail reduces local carbon emissions significantly. This finding is robust and is unaffected by outliers, control group selection, time trends, geography and expectation factors, or endogeneity. The mechanism test reveals that the structure, innovation, and FDI effects are three intermediate influence channels. Further research finds that the emission reduction benefit rises as the intensity of high-speed rail opening climbs the ladder, and high-speed rail service has a spillover effect within an 80-kilometer radius. Moreover, the carbon benefit of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail line far surpasses its carbon footprint, indicating that the line is green. Based on these findings, we recommend that China should support the expansion of high-speed rail in order to reduce carbon emissions in a scientific and responsible manner. |
| Keywords: | High-speed rail, CO2 emissions, Impact mechanism, Difference-in-difference, China |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 O13 R11 P28 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.23&r= |
| By: | Jose J. Canals-Cerda; Raluca Roman |
| Abstract: | Extant research shows that climate change can impose significant costs on consumers’ wealth and finances. Both sea-level rise and flooding from hurricane events led to high price declines and thus wealth loss for homes in coastal areas or in disaster-struck areas, with effects lingering for a number of years in some cases. In terms of consumer finance, while the average consumer is not always significantly negatively affected by a disaster, the vulnerable groups (those with low credit scores and who are low income) can be severely affected, experiencing higher rates of delinquencies and bankruptcies in the aftermath. Banks help mitigate the negative effects in highly impacted areas by increasing their supply of credit, with more beneficial effects found among small and local lenders. Finally, the impacts of natural disasters and climate change on consumer finance can be further influenced by factors such as government assistance and insurance, which can both improve outcomes and induce moral hazard. We caution, however, that evidence reviewed here may be incomplete and calls for further work on all these important issues. |
| Keywords: | climate change; natural disasters; sea-level rise; consumer finance; house prices |
| JEL: | D10 D14 G50 Q50 Q54 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2021–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpdp:93140&r= |
| By: | Chen, Xiaoguang; Khanna, Madhu; Yang, Lu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:313797&r= |
| By: | Meergans, Franziska; Aue, Christina; Knieper, Christian; Kochendörfer, Sascha; Lenschow, Andrea; Pahl-Wostl, Claudia |
| Abstract: | This paper constitutes one of six analyses of cross-sectoral challenges in water governance. These have been conducted as part of the STEER research project and results are published in separate analyses and position papers. While the agricultural sector and food industry of the region of Weser-Ems in Lower Saxony have brought about economic prosperity, they have also posed challenges to the environment, and water quality in particular. Intensive animal farming is considered the main source of nitrate pollution in groundwater, a trend that has been further reinforced by the promotion of non-fossil fuel energy sources and increased biogas production in the region. Against this backdrop, coordination of the water, (bio)energy and agricultural sectors is key to establishing Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in the region and thereby reducing nitrate levels in the groundwater. This paper is based on the analysis of coordination and cooperation among local and regional stakeholders which takes account of i) legal and regulatory structures, ii) water management processes and iii) the socio-ecological conditions. It shows that groundwater protection in the region of Weser-Ems has for two decades been characterised by the same trade-off between the barely coordinated policies of the water, (bio)energy and agricultural sectors. The problem thus remains as pressing as ever. The lack of sufficient coordination between Germany's Renewable Energy Act (EGG) and its Fertiliser Ordinance (DüV) is inconsistent with growing international recognition of the need for coherent and integrated policy solutions to the management of natural resources such as groundwater. For many years, the German agricultural policy, of central importance for water resources management, was geared solely to profitability in agriculture, neglecting the considerable social and environmental costs of this approach. It is not yet possible to gauge the extent to which the amendment of the Fertiliser Ordinance in 2020 and the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones have led to effective integration. In order to reduce nitrate pollution in the region of Weser-Ems and similar regions of Germany in the long term, we make the following recommendations in this paper: * improve legislative coordination in the water, energy and agricultural sectors, * expand and promote successful (local) projects (e.g. whole-farm approach), * transform intensive farming into business models combining profitability with ecological compatibility (e.g. organic farming), * support this by integrating practical knowledge into the development of new policy instruments, and * elevate water protection issues in agricultural training. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:252020&r= |
| By: | Nie, Ling; Zhang, ZhongXiang |
| Abstract: | Existing studies have investigated the environmental dividends of substituting high-speed rail for other energy-intensive vehicles from an engineering standpoint, but they have yet to explore the economic effects of high-speed rail and the associated carbon emission reduction benefits. To fill the research gap, we use panel data from 285 Chinese cities between 2004 and 2014, and employ a difference-in-difference model to empirically examine the impact of high-speed rail opening on CO2 emissions. Our results show that the opening of high-speed rail reduces local carbon emissions significantly. This finding is robust and is unaffected by outliers, control group selection, time trends, geography and expectation factors, or endogeneity. The mechanism test reveals that the structure, innovation, and FDI effects are three intermediate influence channels. Further research finds that the emission reduction benefit rises as the intensity of high-speed rail opening climbs the ladder, and high-speed rail service has a spillover effect within an 80-kilometer radius. Moreover, the carbon benefit of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail line far surpasses its carbon footprint, indicating that the line is green. Based on these findings, we recommend that China should support the expansion of high-speed rail in order to reduce carbon emissions in a scientific and responsible manner. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:314095&r= |
| By: | Coralie Kersulec; Luc Doyen; HŽl ne Gomes; Fabian Blanchard |
| Abstract: | Marine ecosystems, biodiversity and Þsheries are under pressure worldwide. To manage these ecosystems and Þsheries in a more sustainable way, many scientists and stakeholders advocate the use of an ecosystem-based Þshery management (EBFM). The idea underlying EBFM is to account for several complexities, including trophic, habitat and socio-economic interactions. Illegal Þshing is an important ingredient among these complexities. We advance the EBFM on the small-scale Þshery of French Guiana, by taking into account the high impact of illegal Þshing in this case study. To achieve this, we rely on a multi-species resource based dynamics and, multi-ßeet model. The model is calibrated using data of Þshing landings and efforts from 2006 to 2017 for 3 species and 4 fleets, as well as a Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) study. The model exhibits the impact of illegal Þshing on the ecosystem and Þshery dynamics. Our results highlight the extensive potential gains in catches and proÞt linked to the reduction of illegal Þshing. Policy recommendations are derived. |
| Keywords: | Small scale Þsheries; IUU; Sustainability; Multi-species; Multi-ßeet; Swim Bladder |
| JEL: | Q22 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-17&r= |
| By: | Joaquim Martins Guilhoto (OECD); Nick Johnstone (International Energy Agency); Francesco Mattion (International Energy Agency); Faidon Papadimoulis (International Energy Agency); Roberta Quadrelli (International Energy Agency); Colin Webb (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a methodology for the estimation of Energy Physical Supply and Use Tables (E-PSUTs) based on the IEA’s World Energy Balances (WEB). The tables are similar to those proposed by the United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting. However, they fully exploit, and are consistent, with the information on fuel transformation processes available in the WEB.The E-PSUTs can be used to derive energy indicators in physical units. Additionally, they can be used in a hybrid methodological approach to link global energy production and consumption in physical units with global production and consumption in monetary units, allowing the development of indicators to better understand the multiple links between energy and the economy, contributing to climate change discussions.Furthermore, complementary analyses can be undertaken by linking the MF-IO model with variables such as industry value added and employment data. And, used to estimate energy-related CO2 emissions indicators. |
| Keywords: | Energy, Physical Supply and Use Tables, World Energy Balances |
| Date: | 2021–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2021/13-en&r= |
| By: | Chengyi Tu; Paolo DOdorico; Zhe Li; Samir Suweis |
| Abstract: | The sustainable use of common-pool resources (CPRs) is a major environmental governance challenge because of their possible over-exploitation. Research in this field has overlooked the feedback between user decisions and resource dynamics. Here we develop an online game to perform a set of experiments in which users of the same CPR decide on their individual harvesting rates, which in turn depend on the resource dynamics. We show that, if users share common goals, a high level of self-organized cooperation emerges, leading to long-term resource sustainability. Otherwise, selfish/individualistic behaviors lead to resource depletion ("Tragedy of the Commons"). To explain these results, we develop an analytical model of coupled resource-decision dynamics based on optimal control theory and show how this framework reproduces the empirical results. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2110.00474&r= |
| By: | Ishan Nath |
| Abstract: | This paper combines local temperature treatment effects with a quantitative macroeconomic model to assess the potential for global reallocation between agricultural and non-agricultural production to reduce the costs of climate change. First, I use firm-level panel data from a wide range of countries to show that extreme heat reduces productivity less in manufacturing and services than in agriculture, implying that hot countries could achieve large potential gains through adapting to global warming by shifting labor toward manufacturing and increasing imports of food. To investigate the likelihood that such gains will be realized, I embed the estimated productivity effects in a model of sectoral specialization and trade covering 158 countries. Simulations suggest that climate change does little to alter the geography of agricultural production, however, as high trade barriers in developing countries temper the influence of shifting comparative advantage. Instead, climate change accentuates the existing pattern, known as “the food problem,” in which poor countries specialize heavily in relatively low productivity agricultural sectors to meet subsistence consumer needs. The productivity effects of climate change reduce welfare by 6-10% for the poorest quartile of the world with trade barriers held at current levels, but by nearly 70% less in an alternative policy counterfactual that moves low-income countries to OECD levels of trade openness. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:21-29&r= |
| By: | Harriet Brookes Gray; Vis Taraz; Simon D. Halliday |
| Abstract: | As climate change accelerates, the frequency of extreme weather conditions will increase. We assess the impact of rising temperatures and drought on the employment outcomes of working–age individuals in South Africa between 2008 and 2017. We merge high-resolution weather data with panel survey data that contains individual labor market outcomes and estimate causal impacts using a fixed effects framework. We find that drought conditions decrease the likelihood that an individual is employed by approximately 3.2 percentage points. These effects are concentrated in the service sector and in provinces that are more reliant on tourism. The employment outcomes of women, part-time workers, and workers without a high school diploma appear to especially sensitive to drought. Taken together, our results suggest that the impacts of climate change will be felt unequally by South Africa’s workers |
| Date: | 2021–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bri:uobdis:21/752&r= |
| By: | bouchoucha, najeh |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction effects of Foreign Direct investment and institutional quality on environmental degradation in 17 Middle East and North African (MENA). We use ordinary least squares (OLS), Fixed effects (FE) random effects (RE) and system generalized method of moments (GMM) for the period 1996–2018. Six dimensions of governance are used : control of corruption, a sound voice and accountability, rule of Law, regulatory Quality, Govenance effectiviness and Political Stability. First, our findings show that FDI increases CO2 emissions in the MENA countries. Second, the effect of FDI on environmental degradation can be ameliorated through the presence of good institutional quality. In fact, FDI accompagnied by good governance could reduce the adverse effects of co2 emissions in MENA countries. Therefore, MENA countries should implement efficiently good institutions that will help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. |
| Keywords: | FDI, CO2 emissions, institutional quality, GMM Panel, MENA countries. |
| JEL: | K0 |
| Date: | 2021–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110005&r= |
| By: | Charles A. Taylor; Wolfram Schlenker |
| Abstract: | We assess the CO 2 fertilization effect on US agriculture using spatially-varying CO 2 data from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite covering the majority of US cropland under actual growing conditions. This study complements the many CO 2 enrichment experiments that have found important interactions between CO 2 and local environmental conditions in controlled settings. We use three empirical strategies: (i) a panel of CO 2 anomalies and county yields, (ii) a panel of spatial first-differences between neighboring counties, and (iii) a cross-sectional spatial first-difference. We find consistently high fertilization effects: a 1 ppm increase in CO 2 equates to a 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.8% yield increase for corn, soybeans, and wheat, respectively. Viewed retrospectively, 10%, 30%, and 40% of each crop's yield improvements since 1940 are attributable to rising CO 2 . |
| JEL: | N52 Q11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29320&r= |
| By: | Mohammad Nur Nobi; A. H. M. Raihan Sarker; Biswajit Nath; Eivin R{\o}skaft; Ma Suza; Paul Kvinta |
| Abstract: | The Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) of Bangladesh provides tourism services to local and international visitors. Indeed, tourism is one of the major ecosystem services that this biodiversity-rich mangrove forest provides. Through a convenient sampling technique, 421 tourist respondents were interviewed to assess their willingness to pay for the tourism services of the Sundarban, using the Zonal Travel Cost Method (ZTCM). The estimated annual economic contribution of tourism in the Sundarban mangroves to the Bangladesh economy is USD 53 million. The findings of this study showed that facilities for watching wildlife and walking inside the forest can increase the number of tourists in the SRF. The findings also show that the availability of information like forest maps, wildlife precautionary signs, and danger zones would increase the number of tourists as well. Thus, the government of Bangladesh should consider increasing visitor entry fees to fund improvements and to enhance the ecotourism potential of the Sundarban mangroves. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2110.00182&r= |
| By: | Mahmood, Ahmad; Zahoor, Ahmed; Xiyue, Yang; Nazim, Hussain; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | Emerging countries are heading towards economic prosperity; however, the process of development has enhanced their ecological footprint. Therefore, to safeguard the environment, it is essential to identify the factors that affect the ecological footprint (EF). In this perspective, this study explores the effect of financial development, human capital, and institutional quality on the EF in emerging countries. Furthermore, we explore the effect of financial development on EF through the channel of human capital. In addition, we investigate the role of institutional quality in the financial development-EF nexus. Using the panel data from 1984 to 2017, we employed the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) technique to conduct the short-run and long-run empirical analysis. The empirical outcomes unveiled that financial development degrades the ecological quality by raising the EF. The findings further unfolded that human capital and institutional quality reduce the EF. Moreover, financial development fosters environmental sustainability through the channel of human capital. Additionally, institution quality reduces the negative ecological impacts of financial development. The causality analysis suggested that any policy related to financial development, human capital, and institutional quality will affect EF but not the other way round. Based on these findings, emerging economies should promote environmental sustainability by promoting human capital and effectively using financial resources. |
| Keywords: | Financial development; Human capital; Institutional quality; Environmental degradation; CS-ARDL |
| JEL: | Q3 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110039&r= |
| By: | Sears, Louis S.; Lin Lawell, C. Y. Cynthia; Torres, Gerald; Walter, M. Todd |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313908&r= |
| By: | Tröltzsch, Jenny; Gerner, Nadine Vanessa; Meergans, Franziska; Stein, Ulf; Sutcliffe, Robynne |
| Abstract: | This paper constitutes one of six analyses of cross-sectoral challenges in water governance. These have been conducted as part of the STEER research project and results are published in separate analyses and position papers. The Emscher River restoration project reveals wide-ranging usage conflicts associated with the long-term revitalisation of the water system for the development of the natural environment. The Emscher was converted into an open wastewater channel in the late 19th Century. With mining activity having ceased in the Ruhr region, it has been possible to discharge wastewater via subterranean sewers and improve the environmental quality of the water courses. This modification process requires coordination between sectors and local authorities, particularly the water, open space development and nature conservation sectors. The completed governance analysis shows that coordination in the Emscher catchment area is already effective, be it between stakeholders at local, regional and national level (vertical), or between the different sectors (horizontal). Examples include forums for dialogue between local authorities, voluntary environmental monitoring during construction, financing options for green infrastructure projects and a GIS (geographic information system)-based tool facilitating coordination between different public departments. The regional water board, the Emschergenossenschaft (Emscher Cooperative), initiates many processes that combine water course modification with urban planning and landscape architecture. There is room for improvement when it comes to involving citizens at an early stage and on a comprehensive basis in all planning and implementation processes in order to increase acceptance among stakeholders. Planning processes should also be characterised by a higher degree of flexibility. The following recommendations arise from the analysis: * Coordination at regional level has proven to be a success factor. This involves regular dialogue between regional stakeholders. * The cooperative principle, which involves the region's cities and companies as associates within the water board, is highly conducive to regional coordination. * Working groups operating across sectors and local authorities have also emerged as a useful instrument. * The concept of ecosystem services could also be useful for identifying usage conflicts at an early stage and finding viable solutions and/or compromises. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:222020&r= |
| By: | Perez-Quesada, Gabriela; Hendricks, Nathan P.; Vossler, Christian A.; Steward, David R.; Zhao, Jinhua |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314020&r= |
| By: | Zawojska, Ewa; Gastineau, Pascal; Mahieu, Pierre-Alexandre; Cheze, Benoit; Paris, Anthony |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313977&r= |
| By: | Martin FAULQUES (University of Caen-Normandy, CREM-CAEN, UMR CNRS 6211, UFR SEGGAT, esplanade de la paix 14000 Caen (France)); Jean BONNET (University of Caen-Normandy, CREM-CAEN, UMR CNRS 6211, UFR SEGGAT, esplanade de la paix 14000 Caen (France)); Sébastien BOURDIN (EM Normandie Business School, Métis Lab, 9 rue Claude Bloch, 14000 Caen (France)); Marine JUGE (ENGIE); Jonas PIGEON (ENGIE); Charlotte RICHARD (ENGIE) |
| Abstract: | The development of Renewable Energies(RE)must be stepped upin the coming years if we areto successfullyrealizethe ambitiousenergy transition challenge set by manygovernments across the globe. In this context, we used a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) combined with a Geographical Information System (GIS) to assess the willingness of individualsin the French context to switchto a more virtuousenergy mixbasedon three energy sources(wind, photovoltaic and biogas). Our findingsshowthatinhabitants living in areas with the presence of REwith negative externalities(Wind Turbines and Anaerobic Digestion units)tend to have a lower Willingness to Pay(WTP)than other areas, indicatinga principle of territorial distributive justice. In this context, people ask for greaterterritorial equity in the distribution of externalitiessincethey consider they “have already done their part”.Accordingly, our study argues for morepublic policy effort to plan the location of future RE facilitiesin a more equitable way. |
| Keywords: | Environmental justice, renewable energies, willingness to pay, discrete choice experiment, territory |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2021-01&r= |
| By: | Herbst, Andrea; Fleiter, Tobias; Neuwirth, Marius; Rehfeldt, Matthias; Wachsmuth, Jakob |
| Abstract: | Industry is a critical sector for the achievement of European climate goals, in particular specific energy-intensive products/processes (e.g. steel, cement, ethylene, ammonia). A reduction target of over 90% for industry requires a wide variety of reduction options. While the EU Low-Carbon Roadmap 2011 for the industry sector was still limited to energy efficiency, biomass and CCS, the new long-term climate protection strategy includes further options such as electrification, renewable synthetic energy sources, ambitious recycling management, material efficiency along the value chain and innovative manufacturing processes. For many industries, this transition involves fundamental process changes. Against this background, the paper aims to take a closer look at the implications for the individual sectors. In addition, a more in-depth assessment of material efficiency, substitution and recycling measures in the building sector and the use of hydrogen in the chemical and steel sectors is provided. The paper served as a basis for an input to the event "Decarbonizing industry - Energy and CO2 Saving Potentials in the short and longer term" at the EUSEW 2020 (EUSEW 2020) and is based on previous similar works. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s082021&r= |
| By: | Chen, Le; Rejesus, Roderick M.; Aglasan, Serkan; Park, Byungyul; Hagen, Stephen; Salas, William |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314005&r= |
| By: | Isaksen, Elisabeth T. (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research); Johansen, Bjørn G. (The Institute of Transport Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that differentiating driving costs by time of day and vehicle type help improve urban air quality, lower driving, and induce adoption of electric vehicles. By taking advantage of a congestion charge that imposed spatial and temporal variation in the cost of driving a conventional vehicle, we find that economic incentives lower traffic and concentrations of NO2. Exploiting a novel dataset on car ownership, we find that households exposed to congestion charging on their way to work were more likely to adopt an electric vehicle. Heterogeneity analyses show strong socioeconomic gradients in the transition towards low-emission cars. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; electric vehicles; transportation policies; congestion charging |
| JEL: | C33 H23 Q53 Q55 Q58 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2021–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:osloec:2021_001&r= |
| By: | Aparna Keshaviah |
| Abstract: | ClimaWATCH is an interactive tool that quantifies excess health service use and spending due to extreme heat. The tool synthesizes local weather metrics, social vulnerability and racial composition data, and national Medicaid claims to show where heat waves and related health issues accumulate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Heat waves, Community resilience, Health inequity , Medicaid, Analytic tool |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:278e61c636af4f179b54d5171f886bca&r= |
| By: | Tiet, Tuyen; Nguyen-Van, Phu; Pham, Thi Kim Cuong; Stenger, Anne; To-The, Nguyen; Boun My, Kene; Nguyen, Huy |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313946&r= |
| By: | Brühl, Volker |
| Abstract: | The "European Green Deal" stipulates that the EU will become climate-neutral by 2050. This transformation requires enormous investments in all major sectors including energy, mobility, industrial manufacturing, real estate and farming. Although the EU Commission has announced that a total of EUR 1 trillion will be invested into the green transformation of the European economy over the next ten years, the majority of the investments must be financed by the private sector. Alongside many factors affecting a successful implementation of the Green Deal, a regulatory framework for the financial industry has to be established to facilitate the financing of sustainable investments. To that end, the European Sustainable Finance Strategy lays the foundation for a complex set of different measures that have been launched in recent years. This article provides a comprehensive overview of key regulatory initiatives such as the taxonomy regulation, the disclosure frameworks for both corporates and financial institutions and other aspects of financial market regulation that have already significantly improved the regulatory framework for sustainable finance. Nevertheless, some additional instruments could be considered, such as a reform of top management remuneration or the provision of tax incentives for green investments in the real economy, and these are briefly discussed. |
| JEL: | G10 G20 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:657&r= |
| By: | Shibly Shahrier (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature); Koji Kotani (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Yoshinori Nakagawa (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Climate change has become a major threat to existence of humankind on earth. Studies demonstrate that climate change gets exacerbated and people become nonprosocial with urbanization (Ehrlich et al., 2012, Wigginton et al., 2016, Shahrier et al., 2016, 2017, Jingchao et al., 2021). It is hypothesized that people’s cooperation on climate change declines as they become nonprosocial with urbanization. To examine the hypothesis, we implement a survey experiment consisting of climate donation (CD) and social value orientation (SVO) games in three areas of a developing country, Bangladesh: (i) rural, (ii) semiurban and (iii) urban ones. In CD game, a respondent splits a fixed endowment between herself and a donation to climate change countermeasures. The analysis reveals that the number of nonprosocials is higher in the semiurban and urban areas than in the rural area, and nonprosocials donate less than do prosocials. It also shows that education, belief in human-induced climate change and natural disasters’ experiences increase the donations. However, the magnitudes of the increases are less than the magnitudes of the decline in donations associated with urbanization and SVO from prosocials to nonprosocials. Overall, this research suggests that cooperation on climate change shall be compromised along with further urbanization, and a new paradigm, such as vision and/or core values for society development and education, will be necessary to counter such a trend. |
| Keywords: | Cooperation on climate change, urbanization, prosociality, culture and evolution |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2021-8&r= |
| By: | Ranie Lin; Lala Ma; Toan Phan |
| Keywords: | Residential sorting; Pollution; Race |
| Date: | 2021–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedrwp:93114&r= |
| By: | Tsigkou, Stavroula; Messer, Kent D.; Kecinski, Maik; Li, Tongzhe |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313940&r= |
| By: | K.V., Praveen; SINGH, ALKA; KS, Aditya; Girish Kumar, Jha; Kumar, Pramod; Raj, Kingsly I. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313945&r= |
| By: | Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz; Kadambote Sachin; Julia Schnatz |
| Abstract: | This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework by all actors to manage development co‑operation for results in least developed countries, taking Uganda as a case study. The study offers an introduction to Uganda’s progress in mainstreaming the Goals in national policy making, as well as in monitoring the SDG targets and indicators. The report then focuses on the experiences of development co-operation partners in aligning their country-level programmes and frameworks with the SDG framework. It identifies enabling factors, drivers and obstacles that contribute to SDG alignment and monitoring in Uganda. The study concludes with recommendations for both the government and its development partners to increase the collective use of the SDGs as such a framework to improve policy coherence, effectiveness and sustainable impact of all development efforts. |
| Keywords: | Adaptive management, Africa, Agenda 2030, Aggregation, Data, Development co-operation, Development effectiveness, Evidence-based, Harmonisation, Impact, Least Developed Countries, LICs, Performance measurement, Results, Results framework, Results-based management, SDGs, Standard indicators, Statistics |
| JEL: | O19 O2 O20 O21 Z18 |
| Date: | 2021–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:102-en&r= |
| By: | Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:313799&r= |
| By: | Carmen van der Merwe (Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University); Martin de Wit (Department of Economics, Stellenbosch University) |
| Abstract: | Issues of landfill scarcity are propelling cities and countries to direct policy instruments towards waste management. An objective of achieving a green economy, of which there is decoupling of waste, has become the forefront of policy design in many cities around the globe. The City of Cape Town (CCT), facing similar landfill scarcity issues, has begun taking steps towards waste minimisation. To determine whether it is possible for the City to rely on economic growth to achieve absolute decoupling of waste, this study investigates the long- and short-run relationship between economic growth and municipal solid waste generation. This is done using both time series regression analysis and decoupling calculations. Furthermore, the Waste Kuznets Curve is investigated. Socio-economic and policy drivers of waste generation are included in the investigation to inform policy design. This study finds that the CCT has been experiencing long-run relative decoupling of waste, with short-run fluctuations of absolute decoupling during economic recessions. No strong long-run relationships between socio-economic variables and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation for the CCT are found, however, in the short run it is deduced that population density is positively related to per capita MSW generation. The Think Twice waste minimisation programme, as a potential policy driver of MSW generation, is evaluated using a segmented linear regression. It is found that the Think Twice programme only has had temporal effects of reducing MSW generation, and that much of the reduction in MSW generation is rather explained by exogenous economic shocks, such as the 2008/2009 economic crash. |
| Keywords: | Waste Kuznets Curve, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Decoupling, Waste Economics, Regression Analysis, Environmental Economics |
| JEL: | C01 C13 C32 F63 F64 G18 O44 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sza:wpaper:wpapers367&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to evaluate: (i) the effects of infrastructures on CO2 emission and (ii) how trade openness and governance contribute to mitigating these effects. The results from the system GMM methodology for 36 African countries between the 2003-2019 period show that infrastructural development exacerbates CO2 emission in Africa. This result is robust across different types of infrastructural development indexes. When the indirect effect regressions are carried out by interacting governance and trade openness with the different infrastructural development variables, the following results are obtained. Firstly, infrastructural development interacts with governance producing a positive net effect, up to a governance threshold estimate of 0.532 when the positive net effect is nullified. Secondly, infrastructures interact with trade openness producing a negative net effect up to a trade openness threshold of 78.066914 (% of GDP) when the negative net effect is nullified. Positive and negative synergy effects are also apparent. Practical policy implications are discussed based on the results obtained. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructures, CO2, trade openness, governance, Africa, System GMM |
| JEL: | N67 N77 C23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/062&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to evaluate: (i) the effects of infrastructures on CO2 emission and (ii) how trade openness and governance contribute to mitigating these effects. The results from the system GMM methodology for 36 African countries between the 2003-2019 period show that infrastructural development exacerbates CO2 emission in Africa. This result is robust across different types of infrastructural development indexes. When the indirect effect regressions are carried out by interacting governance and trade openness with the different infrastructural development variables, the following results are obtained. Firstly, infrastructural development interacts with governance producing a positive net effect, up to a governance threshold estimate of 0.532 when the positive net effect is nullified. Secondly, infrastructures interact with trade openness producing a negative net effect up to a trade openness threshold of 78.066914 (% of GDP) when the negative net effect is nullified. Positive and negative synergy effects are also apparent. Practical policy implications are discussed based on the results obtained. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructures, CO2, trade openness, governance, Africa, System GMM |
| JEL: | N67 N77 C23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/062&r= |
| By: | Stefanie Christmann (ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Maroc] - ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Youssef Bencharki (ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Maroc] - ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Soukaina Anougmar (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Maroc] - ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Pierre Rasmont (UMONS - University of Mons [Belgium]); Moulay Smaili (INRA Maroc - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc]); Athanasios Tsivelikas (ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [Maroc] - ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Aden Aw-Hassan |
| Abstract: | Low-and middle-income countries cannot afford reward-based land sparing for wildflower strips to combat pollinator decline. Two small-grant projects assessed, if an opportunity-cost saving landsharing approach, Farming with Alternative Pollinators, can provide a method-inherent incentive to motivate farmers to protect pollinators without external rewards. The first large-scale Farmingwith-Alternative-Pollinators project used seven main field crops in 233 farmer fields of four agroecosystems (adequate rainfall, semi-arid, mountainous and oasis) in Morocco. Here we show results: higher diversity and abundance of wild pollinators and lower pest abundance in enhanced fields than in monocultural control fields; the average net-income increase per surface is 121%. The higher income is a performance-related incentive to enhance habitats. The income increase for farmers is significant and the increase in food production is substantial. Higher productivity per surface can reduce pressure on (semi)-natural landscapes which are increasingly used for agriculture. Land-use change additionally endangers biodiversity and pollinators, whereas this new pollinator-protection approach has potential for transformative change in agriculture. |
| Date: | 2021–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03355596&r= |
| By: | Lindström, Hanna (Department of Economics, Umeå University); Lundberg, Sofia (Department of Economics, Umeå University); Marklund, Per-Olov (The National Institute of Economic Research (NIER)) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the uptake of a national and voluntary green public procurement policy among Swedish municipalities. The policy, decided in 2006, was intended to contribute to increased organic farming by stipulating that at least 25 percent of public food purchases be organic. Based on survey data on the municipalities’ organic food purchases for the period 2003–2016, supplemented with municipal characteristics, we analyse the determinants underpinning uptake of the policy, accounting for potential selection bias. The main finding is that political goals have a significant and positive effect on the share of organic food purchases, suggesting that there is an uptake and that the voluntary policy is in fact implemented. Secondly, we find that the increase in expenditures per capita devoted to organic food is quite substantial following the adoption of an organic food policy. |
| Keywords: | Green Public Procurement; organic food policy; selection bias |
| JEL: | D44 H57 Q18 |
| Date: | 2021–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:0997&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effect of ICT on sustainable development and the mechanisms through which the effect is modulated. The methodology involves the: (i) Fixed Effects estimator to control for individual heterogeneity, (ii) Driscoll and Kraay estimator to control for cross-section dependence between panels, (iii) the Mean Group estimator to take into account the averages between panel groups, (iv) the system GMM to correct for unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity bias and (v) the instrumental variable Fixed Effects Tobit to take in to account the limited range in our dependent variable. The results show that ICT has a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. Whereas overall net effects are positive, the findings are contingent on the choice of the ICT measurement, the geographical location of the economy and the income group category. The study recommends policy makers to take into account ICT and the advantages it offers in the elaboration of measures for the sustainable development agenda. |
| Keywords: | ICT; Sustainable development; panel data; trade openness; foreign direct investments |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/061&r= |
| By: | Weber, Jeremy |
| Abstract: | Pennsylvania law requires that all oil and gas well operators properly decommission their wells at the end of the well’s useful life, an act often referred to as well plugging. Since 1985, it has also required that operators set aside money, a bond, before drilling so as to guarantee funds for the well’s plugging. The law sets bond amounts but gives the Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board (EQB) the authority to adjust amounts “every two years to reflect the projected costs to the Commonwealth of performing well plugging.” From 1989 to 2020, the Commonwealth has paid to plug more than 3,000 wells, spending $15,100 per well on average and a minimum of $3,400 per well. By comparison, the current bond amount for a conventional well is $2,500 for an operator with few wells and, because of blanket bond provisions, $250 for an operator with 100 wells. Using data on the wells the Commonwealth has paid to plug, this report projects the cost to the Commonwealth of plugging wells in the future and makes three recommendations to the Environmental Quality Board: Adjust the bond amount to $25,000 per conventional well and $70,000 per unconventional well for the 2021-2022 period; Revisit bond amounts every two years to consider new information on plugging costs and to update bond amounts accordingly, and; Discontinue the use of blanket bonds or bond caps. |
| Keywords: | Oil and gas; wells; plugging; bonding |
| JEL: | Q48 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110035&r= |
| By: | Bucksteeg, Michael; Wiedmann, Michael; Pöstges, Arne; Haller, Markus; Böttger, Diana; Ruhnau, Oliver; Schmitz, Richard |
| Abstract: | The development of European power markets is highly influenced by integrated electricity and heat systems. Therefore, decarbonization policies for the electricity and heat sectors, as well as numerical models that are used to guide such policies, should consider cross-sectoral interdependencies. However, although many model-based policy assessments for the highly interconnected European electricity system exist, international studies that consider interactions with the heat sector are rare. In this contribution, we systematically study the potential benefits of integrated heat and power systems by conducting a model comparison experiment. Five large-scale market models covering electricity and heat supply were utilized to study the interactions between a rather simple coal replacement scenario and a more ambitious policy that supports decarbonization through power-to-heat. With a focus on flexibility provision, emissions reduction, and economic efficiency, although the models agree on the qualitative effects, there are considerable quantitative differences. For example, the estimated reductions in overall CO2 emissions range between 0.2 and 9.0 MtCO2/a for a coal replacement scenario and between 0.2 and 25.0 MtCO2/a for a power-to-heat scenario. Model differences can be attributed mainly to the level of detail of CHP modeling and the endogeneity of generation investments. Based on a detailed comparison of the modeling results, implications for modeling choices and political decisions are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Combined heat and power,power-to-heat,coal phase-out,renewable energy,energy system transformation,electricity market modeling,model comparison |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:242981&r= |
| By: | Burghard, Uta; Breitschopf, Barbara; Wohlfarth, Katharina; Müller, Fabian; Keil, Julia |
| Abstract: | When paving the way for steps towards the energy transition, aspects of acceptance and perception of society are relevant and partially crucial to be considered for a successful development. In order to help designing elements that are supported by society, this paper considers monetary and non-monetary effects, from society's perspective, on the energy transition. Starting from a literature review, relevant impacts on micro (effects affecting individuals directly), meso (effects that occur at the energy system level) and macro (effects that individuals consider important for society) levels were differentiated. With these findings in mind, a broad quantitative survey with a sample of 300 participants, as well as online workshops with 55 participants, were conducted to investigate perception and judgement of participation in the energy transition. Whether individuals actively participated or not was differentiated in the analysis. The survey revealed that the dynamics of the energy transition, the environmental effects and the increasing energy costs in financial terms and additional burdens were issues for all participants, while environmental and financial aspects were addressed more often by non-participating individuals. In parallel, workshops were held to identify perceived effects of the energy transition in an open format. Most participants had a generally positive attitude towards the energy transition or its impacts, while the majority also saw increasing burdens for society. Compared to non-participating individuals, the participating individuals were more critical of the implementation of the energy transition and of economical role players in the process. Renewable energies are seen as an important element, with active participation advocated predominantly by the participating group. Concerning personal impacts, participating individuals mostly voiced political views and were concerned that the transition was not happening fast enough. The non-participating individuals focused more on negative effects or failures of the energy transition e.g., higher energy prices or more regulations. Nevertheless, there was overall agreement on the necessity of the energy transition. This study showed once again that participation can increase acceptance of the energy transition. Additionally, access to information can increase the willingness of individuals to participate. Further study of personal values could assist in identifying preferences that affect individual responses to the energy transition. Such information could be used to guide design decisions around future energy transition activities. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s042021&r= |
| By: | Michele Fioretti (Département d'économie); Jorge Tamayo (Harvard Business School) |
| Abstract: | Renewable generation creates a tradeoff between current and future energy production as generators produce energy by releasing previously stored resources. Studying the Colombian market, we find that diversified firms strategically substitute fossil fuels for hydropower before droughts. This substitution mitigates the surge in market prices due to the lower hydropower capacity available during dry periods. Diversification can increase prices, instead, if it results from mergers steepening a firm’s residual demand. Thus, integrating production technologies within firms can smooth the clean-energy transition by offsetting higher prices during scarcity periods if the unaffected technologies help store renewables more than exercise market power. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition; Renewables; Hydropower generation; Diversified production technologies; Energy storage; Wholesale electricity markets |
| JEL: | L25 Q21 D47 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/1qif9fqehq930ovnr511k1el4f&r= |
| By: | Schütze, Nora; Thiel, Andreas; Paneque, Pilar; Vargas, Jesús; Vidaurre, Rodrigo |
| Abstract: | This Briefing Paper presents one of six analyses of cross-sectoral coordination challenges that were conducted as part of the STEER research project and on which separate Briefing Papers are available. The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires member states to achieve a good status for all waters by 2027. Mediterranean countries, including Spain, are facing significant problems of water quantity, which is why one of their main challenges in achieving a good water status is to maintain ecological flows and reduce over-extraction of groundwater. Authorities are confronted with mediating between the competing interests of different water using sectors, such as irrigation, urban water supply and tourism, and non-consumptive uses, such as the environment. Despite recurring requests by scholars and commitments by policy-makers to strengthen cross-sectoral and cross-level coordination to address these trade-offs, coordination deficits remain in the Mediterranean, but also in many other parts of the world. This Briefing Paper examines coordination and implementation challenges between the water and agricultural sectors in relation to water quantity in the context of WFD implementation in the Guadalquivir river basin, southern Spain. These have been identified as: (i) the lack of revision of water rights after the implementation of drip irrigation, (ii) weaknesses in monitoring water use and closing illegal wells, and (iii) limited cross-sectoral exchange during participatory processes. These challenges are interlinked by the underlying difficulty of imposing unpopular decisions against the will of powerful actors in the agricultural sector. To address these challenges, we suggest various coordination instruments based on incentives, voluntary cooperation, persuasion and information exchange. In particular, we recommend the following: * Increase financial and human resources for the revision of water rights, monitoring of water use and closure of illegal wells. * Facilitate cooperative processes to achieve a multisectoral consensus on how and where water rights will be reduced. * Provide incentives for irrigation communities to further strengthen self-control of groundwater use among members. * Strengthen cross-sectoral exchange among stakeholders within participatory processes, especially between environmental and agricultural interest groups and improve communication with citizens. * Use more comprehensive and inclusive ways of providing information in the context of river basin planning. However, since the identified challenges are systemic and relate to fundamental distributional questions, there are limits to the potential of coordination instruments. Thus, a clear indication of political will is also needed. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:182020&r= |
| By: | Michele Fioretti (Département d'économie); Jorge Tamayo (Harvard Business School) |
| Abstract: | Renewable generation creates a tradeoff between current and future energy production as generators produce energy by releasing previously stored resources. Studying the Colombian market, we find that diversified firms strategically substitute fossil fuels for hydropower before droughts. This substitution mitigates the surge in market prices due to the lower hydropower capacity available during dry periods. Diversification can increase prices, instead, if it results from mergers steepening a firm’s residual demand. Thus, integrating production technologies within firms can smooth the clean-energy transition by offsetting higher prices during scarcity periods if the unaffected technologies help store renewables more than exercise market power. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition; Renewables; Hydropower generation; Diversified production technologies; Energy storage; Wholesale electricity markets |
| JEL: | L25 Q21 D47 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/1qif9fqehq930ovnr511k1el4f&r= |
| By: | Müngersdorff, Maximilian; Stoffel, Tim |
| Abstract: | Public procurement expenditures of European Union (EU) member states are enormous, accounting for approximately 14 per cent of value creation in the EU. In many European countries, municipalities are responsible for a large share of these expenditures, as is the case in Germany. By integrating sustainability criteria in tenders for goods, works and services, municipalities can significantly contribute to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. Sustainable public procurement (SPP) practices are, however, the exception rather than the rule. While environmental criteria are increasingly considered, social standards have thus far been considered far less in public tenders. Thus, we analysed what could be done to support the implementation of Socially Responsible Public Procurement (SRPP) practices in German municipalities. Our empirical evidence shows that there is no gold standard for implementing SRPP in municipal contexts. Figure 1 presents a map with different entry points from which practitioners and policy-makers may embark on fitting pathways. We recommend measures in the following three dimensions. Regulatory dimension Regulations and their 'translation' for administrative bodies should be ambitious and clear. The regulatory framework on the municipal level should clearly specify how SPP is introduced and implemented, especially by defining concrete SPP goals and translating goals and policies for civil servants. Institutional dimension The basis for effective SPP measures is a strategic procurement organisation. Municipal stakeholders may take action in three areas to make procurement organisation more strategic. First, decision-makers can attach a higher value to procurement as an instrument to realise the strategic goals of the municipality. Second, a huge variety of procurement instruments is applicable to support this value shift. Third, due to the decentralised procurement structures in municipalities, coordination and communication between departments and persons should be streamlined, or municipal procurement should become more centralised. Individual dimension Information and capacity building should be offered to all stakeholders. In order to adjust regulatory and institutional conditions for effective SRPP implementation, support from administration and political decision-makers on all levels is a prerequisite. Providing customised information and offering capacity building can raise the level of support. In this regard, SRPP is most likely to be achieved when specific staff is assigned responsibility for its implementation. Based on insights from German municipalities, this paper outlines further success factors and underlying triggers to utilise public procurement in the transformation towards sustainability. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:132020&r= |
| By: | Koch, Anne; Kuhnt, Jana |
| Abstract: | With the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its guiding principle 'Leave no one behind', the international community has set itself the goal of improving the living conditions of poor and marginalised groups. In many cases, these groups include migrants and refugees. A sophisticated review process has been set up to monitor the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Here, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play a decisive role. Migrants and refugees were explicitly included from the outset. However, this creates additional data requirements: Data disaggregated by migratory status is necessary to capture changes in the living conditions of migrant population groups within the structured review and follow up process of the SDGs. This disaggregation allows to draw conclusions about the well-being of migrants and refugees. SDG 17.18 explicitly calls for the differentiated consideration of this population group in the SDGs, where relevant, and the necessary building up of capacities for data collection and analysis. Census data, data from national administrative registers and sample surveys are possible data sources to achieve this objective. These data sets, however, differ in their scope and extent to which they capture different types of information. Hence, each represents only a partial reality. Five years after the adoption of the SDGs, the balance sheet is sobering: Data disaggregated by migratory status are still lacking in most countries. As a result, there is a growing danger that existing disadvantages will become more permanent or more pronounced. In line with its overarching commitment to the implementation of the SDGs, the German government should work to ensure that migrants and refugees are systematically taken into account in the follow-up and review of the 2030 Agenda. For the remaining period until 2030 - touted as the Decade of Action and Delivery - the following recommendations are derived: * Harmonise migration definitions: Data collections should apply definitions and methods recommended by the UN Statistical Commission. * Support data collection: The personnel and financial capacities of the national statistical authorities in partner countries should be systematically strengthened. * Strengthen synergies: Bridges should be built between migration-specific data initiatives and thematically broader data initiatives that are closely linked to the SDG process. * Expand migration expertise in the SDG review process: Migration expertise should be more systematically integrated into the SDG review process than has been the case to date in order to take greater account of changes in the living conditions of migrants and refugees. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:112020&r= |
| By: | Chen, Xuan; Hu, Wuyang; Qing, Ping; Li, Jian |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Agricultural and Food Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:314010&r= |
| By: | Zaat, Sara |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:bineur:qt03n5v0t6&r= |
| By: | Lindström, Hanna (a The Department of Economics at Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden) |
| Abstract: | Increasing the production of organic food is becoming an important environmental target for many governments, and consumer demand for organic food is pivotal in reaching these targets. This paper studies consumer demand for organic and conventional milk, using weekly scanner data from the Swedish retail market for the years 2011–2017. Own- and cross-price elasticities of demand are estimated using a quadratic almost ideal demand system. While previous studies on this topic show that demand for organic milk is commonly more price elastic than for its conventional alternative, this paper complements previous literature by (i) studying a market with relatively small organic price premiums, (ii) using a highly representative sample of retailers, and (iii) differentiating between private labels and brands. Results show that demand for organic milk is relatively elastic, despite relatively small organic price premiums in the Swedish milk market. Results also show that demand for branded products is, generally, less elastic compared to private label products, suggesting that consumers have strong preferences for traditional, regional brands. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy analysis; Organic food policy; Demand system analysis |
| JEL: | D12 Q11 Q18 |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:hfiwps:0021&r= |
| By: | Lindström, Hanna (Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | Increasing the production of organic food is becoming an important environmental target for many governments, and consumer demand for organic food is pivotal in reaching these targets. This paper studies consumer demand for organic and conventional milk, using weekly scanner data from the Swedish retail market for the years 2011–2017. Own- and cross-price elasticities of demand are estimated using a quadratic almost ideal demand system. While previous studies on this topic show that demand for organic milk is commonly more price elastic than for its conventional alternative, this paper complements previous literature by (i) studying a market with relatively small organic price premiums, (ii) using a highly representative sample of retailers, and (iii) differentiating between private labels and brands. Results show that demand for organic milk is relatively elastic, despite relatively small organic price premiums in the Swedish milk market. Results also show that demand for branded products is, generally, less elastic compared to private label products, suggesting that consumers have strong preferences for traditional, regional brands. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy analysis; Organic food policy; Demand system analysis |
| JEL: | D12 Q11 Q18 |
| Date: | 2021–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:0998&r= |
| By: | Balie, Jean; Valera, Harold Glenn A.; Narayanan Gopalakrishnan, Badri; Pede, Valerien O. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313939&r= |
| By: | Zoccal, Geovana |
| Abstract: | Triangular cooperation (TriCo) has existed as a cooperation mechanism for about 40 years. The first implicit reference was made to it in 1978 in the United Nations Plan of Action for Promoting and Implementing Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries, the Buenos Aires Plan of Action (BAPA). Reacting to the increased complexity of international development cooperation, and going beyond the North-South divide, TriCo aims to (i) foster relations between DAC donors and emerging economies, (ii) strengthen southern providers' capacity in international cooperation for development and (iii) promote international development. Since 1978, TriCo has become broader, more dynamic and flexible, has increased the number of projects and stakeholders involved, and incorporated different processes and approaches (e.g. South-South-South cooperation), including larger partnership strategies. It is now perceived of as key to the sharing of costs, responsibilities and solutions in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). TriCo was mentioned 73 times in the outcome document of the Second High-level UN Conference on South-South Cooperation (BAPA+40), held in Buenos Aires in March 2019. No longer was it a niche topic. It was afforded significance and broadly discussed in an internationally agreed document, thereby becoming a tool for development dialogue at policy level. fOfficial, verified and comparable data on TriCo are often lacking. Yet, many studies and reports shed light on this mechanism. This Briefing Paper is based on more than 30 in-depth interviews with stakeholders, and on analysis of documents and data. It makes three recommendations on ways to advance TriCo as a cooperation mechanism for all donors, and as a support mechanism for the 2030 Agenda: (1) avoid a 'one-size-fits-all' approach; (2) integrate triangular cooperation into existing practices of development cooperation, e.g. as a component of financial and technical projects; and (3) better connect with the debate around multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs), in which stakeholders from at least three different sectors work together through an organised, and long-term engagement. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:142020&r= |
| By: | Pedro Cango (Facultad de Ciencias Socio-Ambientales, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam); Jesus Ramos-Martin (Departament d'Economia i d'Història Econòmica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); Fander Falconí (Departamento de Desarrollo y Ambiente, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) |
| Abstract: | El objetivo central de esta investigación es examinar las repercusiones del modelo de desarrollo orientado hacia la exportación de productos primarios y alimentos en los ámbitos económicos, ambientales y nutricionales en los países sudamericanos, en el período comprendido entre 1986-2018. La investigación indica que, lejos del supuesto de la economía convencional de la independencia entre oferta y demanda como fenómenos económicos, la especialización productiva externa condiciona el consumo interno, lo cual es un resultado no esperado del modelo primario exportador. Se corrobora esta afirmación por la acentuación de la pérdida de autosuficiencia alimentaria en algunos productos en el período analizado (mayores importaciones en relación con el consumo de alimentos) y por la casi invariante concentración alimentaria en pocos productos, lo que agrava las distorsiones nutricionales. Los resultados cuestionan la supuesta libre elección del consumidor, pues aparece condicionada por los determinantes productivos y por los patrones culturales asociados al consumo, además del nivel de renta. |
| Keywords: | Intercambio calórico desigual, autosuficiencia alimentaria, nutrición, dieta |
| JEL: | F14 O13 O54 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aub:uhewps:2021_02&r= |
| By: | BALDONI Edoardo (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this report is to estimate the capitalization of different Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies into rental prices and value of land in the EU. We use FADN data at regional level for the period 1989–2016 and apply a dynamic panel approach (GMM estimator) to estimate the capitalization effect of coupled direct payments (CDP), decoupled direct payments (DDP) and rural development measures at EU level. The estimated results suggest the short-run (long-run) capitalization rate of DDP to be between 9.1% and 46.2% (11% and 55%). The heterogeneous DDP models appear to have a lower capitalization rate by between 34% and 37% in the short-run and between 41% and 45% in the long-run as compared to the flat-rate models. The capitalization rate of CDPs is estimated to be around 6% in the short-run and 7% in the long-run. Rural development measures are generally found not to affect land rental prices. Regarding the capitalization estimates for land values, they are not robust and consistent across estimated models. The estimates suggest that only DDPs may cause statistically significant capitalization effects into land values: a capitalization rate between 28.8% and 32.1% in the short-run and between 154% and 164% in the long-run. |
| Keywords: | CAP, subsidies |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc125220&r= |
| By: | Adélie Ranville (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management, USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Anne-Lorene Vernay (GEM - Grenoble Ecole de Management) |
| Date: | 2021–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemwpa:halshs-03356278&r= |
| By: | Diouf, Seynabou. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995145991902676&r= |