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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2021‒10‒04
sixty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Liang, Yuanning; Rudik, Ivan (Cornell University); Zou, Eric Yongchen |
| Abstract: | Species extinctions and ecological degradation are accelerating to a degree unprecedented in human history. Despite such trends, causal evidence for economic drivers of biodiversity loss and effective policy responses remains sparse. Here we study the relationship between economic production and biodiversity using a novel panel dataset that contains detailed and consistently reported information on the types and quantities of wildlife at thousands of locations across the United States between 1960 and 2015. Our research design exploits well- understood sources of change to local economic output – including those induced by fiscal shocks and environmental regulations – to identify how local economic production affects biodiversity outcomes. We find that economic production re- duces the total abundance of wildlife, reduces the count of distinct species, and changes the composition of species in a local ecosystem even holding the number of species constant. Our findings point toward environmental degradation as a potential culprit in the decline of biodiversity. We show that the adverse effect of economic production is mitigated by conservation, and by advances in emission abatement technologies that were spurred by stricter pollution regulations. |
| Date: | 2021–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:qy76a&r= |
| By: | Soojin Jo (Yonsei University and Bank of Canada); Lilia Karnizova (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | CO2 emissions are commonly perceived to rise and fall with aggregate output. Yet many factors, including energy efficiency improvements, emission coefficient variations, and shifts to cleaner energy, can break the positive emissions-output relationship. To evaluate the importance of such factors, we uncover shocks that by construction reduce emissions without lowering output. These novel shocks explain a substantial fraction of emission fluctuations. We interpret these shocks as changes in the energy efficiency of consumer products, after extensive examinations of their impacts on macroeconomic and environmental indicators. Consequently, models omitting energy efficiency likely overestimate the trade-off between environmental protection and economic performance. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, energy efficiency, E-DSGE, sign restrictions. |
| JEL: | E32 Q43 Q50 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ott:wpaper:2107e&r= |
| By: | Abrell, Jan; Rausch, Sebastian; Streitberger, Clemens |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how enhanced flexibility across space, time, and a regulatory dimension affects the economic costs and CO2 emissions of integrating large shares of intermittent renewable energy from wind and solar. We develop a numerical model which resolves hourly dispatch and investment choices among heterogeneous energy technologies and natural resources in interconnected wholesale electricity markets, cross-country trade (spatial flexibility), energy storage (temporal flexibility), and tradable green quotas (regulatory flexibility). Taking the model to the data for the case of Europe's system of interconnected electricity markets, we find that the appropriate combination of flexibility can bring about substantial gains in economic efficiency, reduce costs (up to 13.8%) and lower CO2 emissions (up to 51.2%). Regulatory flexibility is necessary to realize most of the maximum possible benefits. We also find that gains from increased flexibility are unevenly distributed and that some countries incur welfare losses. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21064&r= |
| By: | Yu, Lu; Aleksandrova, Mariya |
| Abstract: | Rural communities are particularly vulnerable to weather shocks and ecosystem decline. Traditionally, farmers have adapted to climate variability and extremes through various risk management strategies, either individually or cooperatively. However, climate change amplifies the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and exacerbates environmental degradation processes. Market-based risk transfer instruments are now being developed as complements to these conventional risk management strategies to shield rural households from increasing climate risks. At present, risk transfer solutions play a central role in the global climate and development agenda. International- and regional-level initiatives such as the InsuResilience Global Partnership support vulnerable developing countries to increase their financial protection coverage through climate risk finance and insurance, including through innovative micro-level schemes such as weather index insurance. Over the last decade, index-based weather insurance has been gaining attention in the climate resilience discourse. These schemes compensate insured individuals based on a pre-defined weather index instead of individual losses, as with traditional types of insurance. Therefore, this instrument has several advantages, including greater time- and cost-effectiveness and reduced moral hazard risk. Although weather-index insurance holds great promise, there are several challenges in designing and promoting it in developing countries. First, on the demand side, there is a lack of accessibility to affordable insurance, especially for the poorest rural populations exposed to climate hazards. Second, on the supply side, insurance providers are facing an elevated risk of paying larger claims due to the increasing frequency and severity of weather extremes, while reinsurance services are often missing. Third, the ecological effects of implementing weather index microinsurance initiatives receive little attention in research and policy. Yet, protecting the environment and building ecological resilience are critical policy dimensions of climate risk management in rural regions, where the poor disproportionately depend on ecosystem goods and services for a living, as they often lack alternative livelihood strategies. Looking into the key challenges to microinsurance initiatives and drawing upon findings of a review of literature on weather index insurance and field research, this Briefing Paper derives recommendations for development cooperation, governments and insurers for an enhanced action agenda on climate risk insurance. The discussion is focused on the specific case of weather index insurance for the rural poor at the micro level. We emphasise the importance of enhancing knowledge on the potential positive and negative ecological effects of weather insurance schemes, and the need to develop a diverse set of climate risk management strategies for the poor, including social protection mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:142021&r= |
| By: | Aleksandrova, Mariya |
| Abstract: | Social protection plays a central role in achieving several of the social and environmental goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. As a result, this policy area is gaining increased recognition at the nexus of global climate change and development debates. Various social protection instruments are deemed to have the potential to increase the coping, adaptive and transformative capacities of vulnerable groups to face the impacts of climate change, facilitate a just transition to a green economy and help achieve environmental protection objectives, build intergenerational resilience and address non-economic climate impacts. Nevertheless, many developing countries that are vulnerable to climate change have underdeveloped social protection systems that are yet to be climate proofed. This can be done by incorporating climate change risks and opportunities into social protection policies, strategies and mechanisms. There is a large financing gap when it comes to increasing social protection coverage, establishing national social protection floors and mainstreaming climate risk into the sector. This necessitates substantial and additional sources of financing. This briefing paper discusses the current and future potential of the core multilateral climate funds established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in financing social protection in response to climate change. It further emphasises the importance of integrating social protection in countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to access climate finance and provides recommendations for governments, development cooperation entities and funding institutions. To date, investments through the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for integrating climate change considerations into social protection programmes, policies and mechanisms are generally lacking, even though social transfers and subsidies have often been used to implement climate change projects. Yet, these climate funds can support governments in mainstreaming climate risk into social protection-related development spheres and aligning social security sectoral objectives with national climate and environmental strategies. This, in turn, can help countries increase their capacity to tackle the social and intangible costs of climate change. This paper makes the following recommendations: Funding institutions should make explicit reference to opportunities for financing projects on social protection under their mitigation and risk management portfolios. National governments and international cooperation entities should use climate funds to invest in strengthening social protection systems, work towards improved coordination of social protection initiatives, and utilise the potential of NDCs for climate-proofing the social protection sector. Proponents of social protection should make the most of two major opportunities to boost climate action in the social protection domain: the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) and the momentum to build back better after the COVID-19 crisis. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:72021&r= |
| By: | Lehmann, Ina; Rodríguez de Francisco, Jean Carlo; Spenceley, Anna |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic is a global human health crisis that is deeply intertwined with the global biodiversity crisis. It originated when a zoonotic virus spilled over from wild animals to humans. Viruses can spread easily in disturbed ecosystems, and with increasing contact between humans and wildlife the risk of contagion grows. Conservation is crucial to reduce the risks of future pandemics, but the current pandemic also impacts on conservation in many ways. In this Briefing Paper we suggest strategies to alleviate the pandemic's adverse effects on conservation in the Global South. Many zoonoses originate there, and livelihoods are strongly dependent on natural resources. The paper considers the pandemic's overarching economic implica-tions for protected and other conserved areas, and specific ramifications for the tourism and wildlife trade sectors, which are closely related to these areas. As economies shrink, natural resources come under pressure from various sides. Financial resources are reallocated from the conservation to the health sector, countries decrease environmental protection standards to boost economic recovery, and poor people in rural regions resort to protected wild resources as a subsistence strategy. Together, these trends speed up the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services and create supportive conditions for the emergence of zoonotic disease and the undermining of livelihoods. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, nature-based tourism was a multi-billion dollar industry, and the temporary breakdown in tourism is having both positive and negative impacts on sustainable development. On the negative side, many people employed in tourism have lost their jobs and livelihoods, and a key source of funding for management of protected areas has been depleted. On the positive side, a temporary decline in tourism has given nature time to recover, and a drop in international flights has lowered global carbon emissions from air travel. The need for the industry to plan its post-COVID outlook offers a chance to promote more community-driven tourism to support inclusion of local people. Wildlife trade - a major spreader of zoonotic viruses - has been banned in response to the pandemic in some countries. Yet social safeguards for local communities dependent on protein from wild animals are still largely missing. Our recommendations to address these challenges are that conservation must remain high on the international agenda, especially in the midst of a global health crisis that could quickly repeat itself if ecosystem destruction continues at the current pace. Environmental legislation must be upheld and funding made available for sustainable livelihoods. The resurgence of nature-based tourism should be supported because of its potential to generate conservation funding and income for local communities. In the meantime, the tourism industry should work on further reducing its environmental footprint and improving community self-determination. Bans on wildlife trade need to be designed in ways that do not undermine communities' need for sources of protein. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:82021&r= |
| By: | Brandi, Clara |
| Abstract: | The European Commission unveiled the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in July 2021 as part of its "Fit for 55" climate-policy package. The European Commission had announced this trade-policy instrument under the Green Deal in 2019 as a means of implementing more ambitious climate-policy goals without energy-intensive sectors transferring their emissions abroad (carbon leakage). The CBAM proposal envisages imposing a levy on imports in certain energy-intensive European sectors that is proportional to the carbon content of the goods concerned. The proposal complements the EU's existing Emissions Trading System by requiring importers of goods purchased from especially energy-intensive sectors (steel, cement, electricity, fertiliser and aluminium) abroad to purchase carbon certificates based on emissions data from abroad. CBAM is primarily designed to promote an ambitious climate policy for the EU. However, the EU's current proposal creates the impression that it is mainly about improving domestic competitiveness at the expense of climate-policy effectiveness and development prospects.The draft legislation must now be fleshed out in detail by the EU member states and the European Parliament. In addition to addressing climate-policy effectiveness and compatibility with WTO legislation, account must also be taken of the impact on European trading partners, and, in particular, poor developing countries. Many developing countries are expected to face additional export costs as a result of the CBAM. The EU should carefully evaluate the associated disadvantages for developing countries and work towards achieving a development-friendly design of the mechanism. Corresponding improvements should be made to the CBAM in the EU's legislative process going forward: The EU must ensure that the border adjustments do not have a detrimental impact on poor countries. Least developed countries (LDCs) should be exempted from the CBAM. The EU should provide targeted support to the developing countries affected by the mechanism, for instance, by building their capacity for implementing the CBAM and for reducing carbon emissions in the sectors concerned. The EU should assist low- and middle-income partner countries with the decarbonisation of their manufacturing industries. The EU should also recycle revenue from the CBAM by deploying it primarily for climate-policy purposes abroad. The affected countries should be involved to a greater extent in future through consultations and diplomatic dialogue in the process for further developing the mechanism. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:202021&r= |
| By: | Richard Berner; Robert Engle; Hyeyoon Jung |
| Abstract: | Climate change could impose systemic risks upon the financial sector, either via disruptions in economic activity resulting from the physical impacts of climate change or changes in policies as the economy transitions to a less carbon-intensive environment. We develop a stress testing procedure to test the resilience of financial institutions to climate-related risks. Specifically, we introduce a measure called CRISK, systemic climate risk, which is the expected capital shortfall of a financial institution in a climate stress scenario. We use the measure to study the climate-related risk exposure of large global banks in the collapse of fossil-fuel prices in 2020. |
| Keywords: | climate risk; financial stability; stress testing |
| JEL: | Q54 C53 G20 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:93069&r= |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to highlight some issues and proffer solutions that can make sustainable finance become sustainable. I present some solutions that can help to make sustainable finance become sustainable. One, there should be greater focus on how some aspect of finance can contribute to sustainability. Two, light-touch regulation may be needed to grow the relatively small sustainable finance sector. Three, there is need to adopt a bottom-up approach to grow the sustainable finance sector. Four, voluntary ESG disclosures and related sustainability reporting should be encouraged. Five, shortterm financial instruments can complement long term instruments in sustainable financing. |
| Keywords: | finance, sustainability, financial institutions, financial instruments, green finance, green bonds, light-touch regulation, bottom-up approach, sustainability reporting, sustainable development, ESG. |
| JEL: | G21 O31 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109924&r= |
| By: | Jens Gudmundsson (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Jens Leth Hougaard (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | In river systems, costly upstream pollution abatement creates downstream welfare gains. Absent adequate agreement on how to share the gains, upstream regions lack incentives to reduce pollution levels. We develop a model that makes explicit the impact of water quality on production benefits and suggest a solution for sharing the gains of optimal pollution abatement, namely the Shapley value of an underlying convex cooperative game. We provide a decentralized implementation through a smart contract to automate negotiations and payments. In effect, it ensures a socially optimal agreement supported by fair compensations to regions that turn to cleaner production from those that pollute. |
| Keywords: | River pollution, Decentralized mechanism, Shapley value, Water quality, Smart contracts |
| JEL: | C7 D47 D62 Q52 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2021_07&r= |
| By: | Malerba, Daniele |
| Abstract: | To avoid catastrophic effects on natural and human systems, bold action needs to be taken rapidly to mitigate climate change. Despite this urgency, the currently implemented and planned climate mitigation policies are not sufficient to meet the global targets set in Paris in 2015. One reason for their current inadequate rollout is their perceived negative distributional effects: by increasing the price of goods, climate mitigation policies may increase both poverty and inequality. In addition, they may disrupt labour markets and increase unemployment, especially in sectors and areas dependent on fossil fuels. As a result, public protests in many countries have so far blocked or delayed the implementation of climate policies. New avenues of research, discussed in this Briefing Paper, are turning the tide. First, it has been shown that carbon pricing may not be regressive in developing countries, contrary to the evidence in advanced economies. In a similar positive direction, findings from global-level and cross-country studies assessing the effects of climate mitigation policies on labour markets estimate that reaching climate goals will actually generate a small net increase in jobs. Nonetheless, the price effect of carbon pricing and the impact on the labour market of climate policies will both create losers: increases in prices would worsen poverty as lower-income households would need to pay more to purchase the same goods; similarly, specific countries, sectors, areas and workers (such as low-skilled ones) will witness job disruption or loss. Second, social protection policies can be implemented to compensate households and workers negatively affected by climate policies and to address negative distributional effects. Compensation for higher prices can be achieved through the use of cash transfers to households, which can be funded by revenues from climate policies such as carbon taxes. Full compensation can be achieved by using only a small share (about 30%-50% according to case studies) of the tax revenues generated. The remaining share could be used for other purposes, such as climate-friendly investments. Similarly, when looking at labour market effects, social protection, especially labour market policies such as retraining and unemployment relief, become critical in addressing the needs of negatively affected workers. Clearly, the achievement of environmental and social goals need not be mutually exclusive. With appropriate policy mixes, both poverty and environmental degradation can be reduced. This policy implication needs to be communicated more widely to increase the acceptance of climate polices. This is partially already achieved by recent plans such as the European Green Deal. From a research and policy perspective, more studies in developing countries are needed, including evidence on non-market climate policies and extending beyond the short-term effect of higher prices on the purchasing power of households. Finally, international cooperation can play an important role in policy coordination, financing and building social protection systems in lower-income countries. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:32021&r= |
| By: | Per Espen Stoknes; Iulie Aslaksen; Ulrich Goluke; Jørgen Randers; Per Arild Garnåsjordet (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | The global energy transition from fossil to low-carbon energy challenges the future of the Norwegian petroleum sector, a major factor in the country’s economy, now facing financial climate risk and longterm declining demand, particularly for gas to the EU. What energy policies can assist the transition into a low-carbon society? We explore three investment scenarios for the Norwegian offshore energy sector from 2020 to 2070: 1) Business as usual, 2) Increasing cash-flow by harvesting existing petroleum fields and cutting investments (Harvest-and-Exit), or 3) Rebuilding with green offshore energy investments. In a new economic model, we compare impacts on key macro- and sectoreconomic variables. We find that investing moderately in green offshore energy production can reverse the extra job decline that a quicker phase-out of petroleum investments would incur. The impacts on the Norwegian sovereign wealth fund - Government Pension Fund Global - and on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita are insignificant to 2050 and positive by 2070. The simulated investments and economic results can be compared with observations to constitute forward-looking indicators of Norway's energy transitioning. |
| Keywords: | Green transition; Energy; Petroleum; Offshore wind |
| JEL: | Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:958&r= |
| By: | Koch, Svea; Keijzer, Niels |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal conveys the EU's ambition to adjust and "green" its economic growth trajectory and become climate-neutral by 2050, as part of its contribution to the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. While being ambitiously pursued within the Union's own borders, the Green Deal also has strong external ramifications, as the EU leaves a tremendous ecological footprint in other parts of the world. The EU has referred to this "external dimension" of the Green Deal without further defining it, and appears to primarily understand it as a reflection of the internal strategies and as a call for the EU's partner countries to follow a sustainable recovery trajectory similar to its own. A number of proposed EU domestic strategies (e.g. biodiversity, blue economy or farm-to-fork) contain chapters on global aspects, yet the EU seems to follow a predominantly sectoral logic to implementing the external dimension of the Green Deal. This approach has certain shortcomings. For one, it creates uncertainty for partner countries on how to adapt to the EU's new rules, regulations and standards, and the extent of EU support for adjusting to this. It also creates a vacuum for member state engagement by means of their economy, finance, climate and foreign policies. Last but not least, it lacks clear governance mechanisms to address potentially conflicting policy objectives and to strive for greater coherence of domestic and external EU policies. Ultimately, the EU needs to define the different external dimensions of the Green Deal and promote an integrated approach. Whereas this applies universally to all partner countries of the EU, we focus in particular on developing countries in this paper. We consider these dimensions to be (1) promoting the Green Deal in bilateral and regional cooperation, (2) ensuring coherence and addressing negative spillovers, both in trade and domestic policies and (3) the EU's global leadership in multilateral fora. Combining those three dimensions and governing them across EU institutions and member states allows for the external response to become an integral part of the EU Green Deal. Such an integrated approach allows the EU to claim leadership vis-à-vis other global powers, make credible commitments in multilateral fora for successful "green diplomacy", and use its market and regulatory power to transform itself and others. In its bilateral relationships, the EU needs to strike a "deal" in the true sense of the word: together formulating and "owning" cooperation agendas that are clear in terms of what is in it for the EU's partners and how the EU will cushion the potential negative adjustment costs of partners. Overall, the EU needs to avoid a "projectisation" of the external dimension of the Green Deal and clarify how the different Commission services and member states aim to work together to deliver the Green Deal, including through its various external policy areas, of which development is just one. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:132021&r= |
| By: | Pauline Lecole (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The 2014 CAP introduced the Small Farmers Scheme (SFS), offering small farms the option of an unconditional annual lump-sum payment per farm replacing the standard first pillar direct payments. This paper assesses the acceptability in France of an extended version of the 2014 SFS for the post-2020 CAP: it includes conditions on farmers' environmental efforts and on salaried employment. The results of a discrete choice experiment conducted at the scale of France with 608 farmers receiving less than 15,000€ in first pillar payments show that an SFS with an environmental certification prerequisite is attractive to French small farmers, notably in the market gardening sector. We provide simulated results of the uptake rate and budgetary impacts of different SFS scenarii on the population of non-retired French farmers based on the last agricultural census.. |
| Keywords: | CAP,small farms,Discrete choice experiments |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03349120&r= |
| By: | Krieger, Bastian; Zipperer, Vera |
| Abstract: | Green public procurement has gained high political priority and is argued to be an effective demand-side policy to trigger environmental innovations. Its implementation usually takes the form of environmental award selection criteria in public procurement tenders. However, there is no direct or broad empirical evidence on its innovation impact. There are even doubts about its effectiveness as an innovation policy tool, as it does not require innovations as part of its contracts and might only influence the selection of awardees in public procurement tenders. We construct a novel firm-level dataset to investigate the effect of winning green public procurement awards on firms' introduction of environmental innovations. Employing cross-sectional difference-in-differences methods, we find that winning green public procurement awards increases a firm's probability of introducing more environmentally friendly products on average by 20 percentage points. We show that this effect is driven by small and medium-sized firms and is not significant for larger firms. There is no significant effect on the introduction of more environmentally friendly processes. |
| Keywords: | Green Public Procurement,Environmental Innovation,Demand Pull |
| JEL: | H57 O38 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21071&r= |
| By: | Nicolo Barbieri; Davide Consoli; Lorenzo Napolitano; Francois Perruchas; Emanuele Pugliese; Angelica Sbardella |
| Abstract: | The goal of the paper is to elaborate an empirical overview of green technological development in European regions. This is a timely pursuit considering the ambitious commitments stipulated in the recent European Green Deal to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Our analysis is organised in three steps. First, we map the geographical distribution of innovative activities in Europe and profile regions in terms of technological capabilities. Second, we elaborate a metric to identify regions' green innovation potential. Third, we check whether possessing comparative advantage in specific technological domains is associated with a region's capacity to develop green technologies. |
| Keywords: | Green Technology; European regions; Economic Fitness and Complexity. |
| Date: | 2021–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2021/31&r= |
| By: | Brandi, Clara |
| Abstract: | Am 14. Juli 2021 hat die EU-Kommission den CO2-Grenzausgleichsmechanismus (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM) als Teil ihres klimapolitischen Fit-for-55-Pakets vorgestellt. Die EU-Kommission hatte dieses handelspolitische Instrument 2019 im Rahmen des Green Deals angekündigt, um ambitioniertere klimapolitische Ziele umsetzen zu können, ohne dass energieintensive Sektoren ihre Emissionen ins Ausland verlagern (Carbon Leakage). Die CBAM-Vorlage sieht vor, Einfuhren in bestimmten energieintensiven EU-Sektoren mit einer zum CO2-Gehalt proportionalen Abgabe zu belasten: Der CBAM-Entwurf erweitert das bestehende EU-Emissionshandelssystem dahingehend, dass Importeure für im Ausland erworbene Güter aus besonders energieintensiven Sektoren (Stahl, Zement, Strom, Dünger und Aluminium) zum Kauf von CO2-Zertifikaten auf Basis von Emissionsdaten aus dem Ausland verpflichtet werden. Der CBAM soll vor allem eine ambitionierte Klimapolitik der EU befördern. Doch die aktuelle EU-Vorlage erweckt den Eindruck, dass es in erster Linie um die Verbesserung der heimischen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit geht - auf Kosten klimapolitischer Effektivität und auch auf Kosten einer entwicklungspolitischen Perspektive. Die Gesetzesvorlage muss nun im Detail durch die EU-Mitgliedstaaten und das Europäische Parlament ausbuchstabiert werden. Dabei müssen neben der klimapolitischen Effektivität und der Vereinbarkeit mit WTO-Recht die Auswirkungen auf die europäischen Handelspartner und insbesondere auch die armen Entwicklungsländer berücksichtigt werden. Für viele Entwicklungsländer sind infolge des CBAM zusätzliche Exportkosten zu erwarten. Die EU sollte die damit verbundenen Nachteile für Entwicklungsländer sorgfältig bewerten und auf eine entwicklungsfreundliche Ausgestaltung des CBAM hinwirken. Der CBAM sollte im weiteren Gesetzgebungsverfahren der EU entsprechend nachgebessert werden. Die EU muss sicherstellen, dass arme Länder nicht negativ vom CO2-Grenzausgleich belastet werden. Least developed Countries (LDCs) sollten vom CBAM ausgenommen bleiben. Die EU sollte die vom CBAM betroffenen Entwicklungsländer gezielt unterstützen, z. B. durch Kapazitätsaufbau in Bezug auf die Umsetzung des CBAM und Möglichkeiten der CO2-Minderung in den betroffenen Sektoren. Die EU sollte Partnerländer mit niedrigen und mittleren Einkommen bei der Dekarbonisierung ihrer Fertigungsindustrien unterstützen. Die EU sollte die Einnahmen des CO2-Grenzausgleichs im Sinne eines revenue recyclings überwiegend für klimapolitische Zwecke im Ausland verausgaben. Bei der Weiterentwicklung des CBAM sollten die betroffenen Länder durch Konsultationen und diplomatischen Austausch zukünftig stärker eingebunden werden. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:52021&r= |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jessica Coria (Unknown) |
| Abstract: | We propose informational spillovers as a new rationale for the use of multiple policy instruments to mitigate a single externality. We investigate the design of a pollution standard when the firms' abatement costs are unknown and emissions are taxed. A firm might abate pollution beyond what is required by the standard by equalizing its marginal abatement costs to the tax rate, thereby revealing information about its abatement cost. We analyze how a regulator can take advantage of this information to design the standard. In a dynamic setting,the regulator relaxes the initial standard in order to induce more information revelation, which would allow her to set a standard closer to the first best in the future. Updating standards, though, generates a ratchet effect since a lowcost firm might strategically hide its cost by abating no more than required by the standard. We characterize the optimal standard and its update across time depending on the firm's abatement strategy. We illustrate our theoretical results with the case of NOx regulation in Sweden. We find evidence that the firms that pay the NOx tax experience more frequent standard updates and more stringent revisions than those who are exempted. |
| Keywords: | Policy overlap,Multi-governance,Ratchet effect,Asymmetric information,Tax,Environmental policy,Pollution |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03352820&r= |
| By: | Fredriksson, Gustav; Landis, Florian; Rausch, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the distributional impacts from (i) harmonizing prices for carbon dioxide emissions across sectors and EU countries and (ii) using alternative rules for carbon revenue distribution. We develop a numerical multi-country multi-sector general equilibrium model of the EU-27 economy which resolves household income deciles, based on micro-survey data on expenditure and income, and markets for fossil fuels, electricity, and (EU-wide and national) tradeable emissions rights. We find that carbon price harmonization yields efficiency gains at the EU level. The distributional effects between countries vary and depend largely on the redistribution of carbon revenues. Based on the rules currently in place in Phase IV of the EU ETS, efficiency gains flow disproportionately to low-income countries. Within-country incidence is progressive or neutral for most countries when revenue redistribution is ignored, and is not much affected by carbon price harmonization. Per-capita-based revenue redistribution rules lead to strong progressive outcomes and yield gains for low-income households. Evaluating different policy options using a social welfare function that incorporates inequality aversion suggests that there is no trade-off between efficiency and equity in harmonizing carbon prices in the EU economy. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing,Carbon market integration,EU climate policy,Distributional impacts,Cost effectiveness,Computable general equilibrium,Household heterogeneity |
| JEL: | C68 H23 Q43 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21067&r= |
| By: | Abrell, Jan; Kosch, Mirjam |
| Abstract: | Electricity generation based on renewable energy (RE) sources such as wind and solar replace the most expensive generators that often rely on fossil fuels. In response to RE promotion, wholesale electricity prices and carbon emissions are therefore expected to decrease. In interconnected electricity systems, this so-called merit- order effect stimulates a change in electricity trade ows. Therefore, conventional generation and prices in neighboring countries are also likely to decrease. The impact of these trade reactions on carbon offsets is ambiguous and depends on installed generation and interconnector capacities. Moreover, the cross-border merit-order effect causes opposing effects on consumers and producers: Generators' profits decline, while consumers benefit from lower electricity costs and an increase in the consumer surplus. Using a rich data set of hourly technology-specific generation and wholesale market price data for ten central European countries, we estimate the domestic and cross-border impacts of German RE for the years 2015 to 2020. We find that German RE generation offset 79 to 113 MtCO2 per year. The major emission effect took place in Germany (64 - 99 MtCO2). The average cost of emission offset of 212 to 321e/t were almost entirely borne by German market participants. Neighboring countries do not bear costs, but a significant shift from producer to consumer rents is observed. |
| Keywords: | Renewable promotion,Electricity prices,Merit-order effect,Cross-border impacts,Carbon emissions |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21068&r= |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2) |
| Abstract: | Faced with the catastrophic effects expected from global warming, many proposals have been made to develop a Green New Deal. Jeremy Rifkin presents a complete and optimistic dossier on the possibilities of finding quick solutions. With the help of public institutions, the tipping point for the transition to a higher profitability of non-carbon energies is set for 2028. The aim is to combine the new performance of solar and wind energy with a plan to use the digital industry to optimise the electrical potential of cars, buildings, agriculture, transport and industry. A "New Green Deal" was proposed in February 2019 to the US Senate. It would aim to produce 100% of the United States' electricity from clean, renewable sources and to increase the country's energy efficiency. This will result in "locked assets" in oil and gas fields. Rifkin is therefore urging financiers to invest in clean energy right away. |
| Abstract: | Face aux effets catastrophiques attendus par le réchauffement climatique, de nombreuses propositions ont été faites pour développer un New Deal vert. Jeremy Rifkin présente un dossier complet et optimiste quant aux possibilités de trouver des solutions rapides. Avec l'aide des institutions publiques, le point de bascule du passage à une rentabilité supérieure des énergies non carbonées est établi pour 2028. Il s'agit d'allier les nouvelles performances de l'énergie solaire et éolienne à l'application d'un plan conduisant à utiliser l'industrie digitale pour optimiser le potentiel électrique des voitures, des bâtiments, de l'agriculture, des transports et de l'industrie. Un « New Green Deal » a été proposé en février 2019 au Sénat américain. Il s'agirait de produire 100% de l'électricité des Etats-Unis avec des sources renouvelables et propres et d'augmenter l'efficacité énergétique nationale. Il en résultera des « actifs bloqués » des champs pétrolières ou gazeux. Rifkin incite alors les financiers à investir tout de suite dans les énergies propres. |
| Keywords: | New Green deal,locked assets,oil,gas,solar energy,wind energy,global warming,digital industry |
| Date: | 2020–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03350874&r= |
| By: | Margaux Lapierre (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Douadia Bougherara (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Sauquet (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | One of the factors that discourages farmers from enrolling in agro-environmental schemes (AES) is the uncertainty of the costs and benefits associated with the adoption of the new practices. In this study, we distinguish between the "internal uncertainty" that is related to the characteristics of the farmer and his/her parcels and "external uncertainty", which is related to the occurrence of external events. We propose three innovations to better account for uncertainty in AES design and test their attractiveness through a choice experiment. We find that proposing contracts that allow suspending the conditions of the contract for one year enhances participation. |
| Keywords: | Agri-environmental Measures,Uncertainty,Flexibility,Choice Experiment,Herbicides,Cover Crops,Winegrowing |
| Date: | 2021–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03349026&r= |
| By: | Margaux Lapierre (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Douadia Bougherara (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Sauquet (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | One of the factors that discourages farmers from enrolling in agro-environmental schemes (AES) is the uncertainty of the costs and benefits associated with the adoption of the new practices. In this study, we distinguish between the "internal uncertainty" that is related to the characteristics of the farmer and his/her parcels and "external uncertainty", which is related to the occurrence of external events. We propose three innovations to better account for uncertainty in AES design and test their attractiveness through a choice experiment. We find that proposing contracts that allow suspending the conditions of the contract for one year enhances participation. |
| Keywords: | Agri-environmental Measures,Uncertainty,Flexibility,Choice Experiment,Herbicides,Cover Crops,Winegrowing |
| Date: | 2021–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03349026&r= |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Nnanna, Joseph |
| Abstract: | This study assesses how globalization modulates the effect of governance on CO2 emissions in sub-Saharan African countries. The empirical evidence is based on Generalized Method of Moments. The minimum level (or negative threshold) of FDI required for it to interact with political stability and contribute towards the green economy is 45% of GDP, while 90% of GDP is the maximum level (or positive threshold) required for trade to complement “voice & accountability” in mitigating CO2 emissions. 76 % of GDP and 80 % of GDP are respectively negative trade thresholds for government effectiveness and economic governance. The corresponding negative trade thresholds for the rule of law, corruption-control and institutional governance are respectively, 230% of GDP, 63.5% of GDP and 106.5% of GDP. Actionable openness policy thresholds are provided to inform policy makers on how governance interacts with globalization to promote the green economy. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109905&r= |
| By: | Justin Tyndall (University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Department of Economics, University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization) |
| Abstract: | Global sea level rise is a known consequence of climate change. As predictions of sea level rise have grown in magnitude and certainty, coastal real estate assets face an increasing climate risk. I use a complete data set of repeated home sales from Long Island in New York State to estimate the appreciation discount caused by the threat of sea level rise. The repeat sale methodology allows for time-invariant, unobserved property characteristics to be controlled for. Between 2000 and 2017, I find that residential properties that were exposed to future sea level rise experienced an annual price appreciation rate of roughly one percentage point below unexposed properties. I provide numerous robustness checks to con rm this result. I also find evidence of demand spillovers by estimating an appreciation premium for properties that are near the coast but are relatively safe from sea level rise. |
| Keywords: | Transportation; Safety; Health; Traffic Fatalities; Externalities |
| JEL: | G10 R30 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2021-2r&r= |
| By: | Soojin Jo (Yonsei University and Bank of Canada); Lilia Karnizova (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | This Appendix provides additional information and analyses related to our paper Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emission Fluctuations.'' Section 1 explains the data sources and transformations. Section 2 covers a variety of robustness checks conducted for our baseline VAR results. Section 3 reports the results related to the analysis of emissions and energy consumption by the energy-use sector. Specifically, section 3.1 demonstrates the impact of VAR estimation and model uncertainty on the inference from distributed lag models (DLMs). Section 3.2 reports the responses of energy consumption by sector to a negative correlation (NC) shock. Section 4 lays out a full description of the multi-sector E-DSGE explained in section 3.1 of our main text. Finally, section 5 includes additional results on the implications of weather extremes for our interpretation of NC shocks as changes in the energy efficiency of consumer products. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, energy efficiency, E-DSGE, sign restrictions. |
| JEL: | E32 Q43 Q50 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ott:wpaper:2108e&r= |
| By: | Schoderer, Mirja; Dombrowsky, Ines |
| Abstract: | This Briefing Paper presents one of six analyses of cross-sectoral coordination challenges that were conducted as part of the STEER research project and on which separate Briefing Papers are available. The extraction of minerals and metals comes with a large water footprint, both in terms of water needed for extraction itself and in terms of wastewater discharge and the potential pollution of water resources. Thus, coordination between the mining and water sectors is key. A number of instruments to that end have been devised, which aim to mitigate the negative impacts of mining on water resources and on water-resource dependent communities. Among these are environmental impact assessments (EIAs), stakeholder involvement within these processes and within river basin management, and payment schemes that incentivise wastewater treatment at the mine. Whether and how these instruments are implemented depends on the national, provincial and local context, since each instrument involves a number of preconditions. Assessing the effectiveness of these instruments thus requires a sound analysis of the governance system within which they operate. In this Briefing Paper, we focus on Mongolia as an example case study and look at stakeholder involvement and incentivising wastewater treatment as two key strategies to increase coordination. We assess how these strategies are translated into policies and how they are implemented on the ground in two adjacent river basins. In doing so, we pay particular attention to the human and financial capacities of lower-level administrative entities, as well as to the availability of water-related information, as essential prerequisites for effective natural resource governance. We find that the Mongolian governance system stipulates the implementation of stakeholder involvement through multiple processes, most importantly through River Basin Multi-Stakeholder Platforms (RB-MSPs) and community consultation within the EIA procedure. In practice, however, the RB-MSP in the study area has yet to diversify its membership from mostly lower-level administrative staff, and community consultations rarely take place. In terms of incentivising wastewater treatment, Mongolia passed amendments to its Water Pollution Fee Law in summer 2019 and is now working on implementation guidelines. Challenges here relate to the collection of data for a baseline on water quality and to guarantees for adequate sampling and analysis. This is tied to the limited human and financial capacity of lower-level administrative entities, which struggle to access or evaluate relevant data. We recommend that: * the diversity of stakeholders in RB-MSPs is increased to better include the private sector and civil society, with sensitivity to differences in socioeconomic standing to ensure equitable access to and deliberation within the platform; * the enacting of public consultations as part of EIAs is ensured and governmental procedures (i.e. mining licensing and approval of EIAs) are made more transparent and accountable; * public availability of water data is increased; * the Water Pollution Fee Law is implemented swiftly to provide incentives for the treatment of mining wastewater before discharge; * funding and institutional capacity development for lower-level administrative bodies are increased and funding for RB-MSPs is provided to enable them to fulfill their mandates. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:202020&r= |
| By: | Alexis Tantet (LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - X - École polytechnique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Philippe Drobinski (LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - X - École polytechnique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | The viability of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE)-investment strategies depends on the response of dispatchable producers to satisfy the net load. We lack a simple research tool with sufficient complexity to represent major phenomena associated with the response of dispatchable producers to the integration of high shares of VRE and their impact on system costs. We develop a minimization of the system cost allowing one to quantify and decompose the system value of VRE depending on an aggregate dispatchable production. Defining the variable cost of the dispatchable generation as quadratic with a coefficient depending on macroeconomic factors such as the cost of greenhouse gas emissions leads to the simplest version of the model. In the absence of curtailment, and for particular parameter values, this version is equivalent to a mean-variance problem. We apply this model to France with solar and wind capacities distributed over the administrative regions of metropolitan France. In this case, ignoring the wholesale price effect and variability has a relatively small impact on optimal investments, but leads to largely underestimating the system total cost and overestimating the system marginal cost. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy,variability,energy mix,system cost,mean-variance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03350191&r= |
| By: | Boucekkine, R.; Fabbri, G.; Federico, S.; Gozzi, F. |
| Abstract: | This work targets the class of spatiotemporal problems with free riding under natural (pollution, epidemics...etc) diffusion and spatial externalities. Such a class brings to study a family of differential games in continuous time and space. In the fundamental pollution free riding problem we develop a strategy to solve completely the associated game contributing to the associated debate on environmental federalism. We depart from the preexisting literature in several respects. First, instead of assuming ad hoc pollution diffusion schemes across space, we consider a realistic spatiotemporal law of motion for pollution (diffusion and advection). Second, we tackle spatiotemporal non-cooperative (and cooperative) differential games instead of static games in the related literature. Precisely, we consider a circle partitioned into several states where a local authority decides autonomously about its investment, production and depollution strategies over time knowing that investment/production generates pollution, and pollution is transboundary. The time horizon is innite. Third, we allow for a rich set of geographic heterogeneities across states while the literature assumes identical states. We solve analytically the induced non-cooperative differential game under decentralization and fully characterize the resulting long-term spatial distributions. In particular, we prove that there exist a Perfect Markov Equilibrium, unique among the class of the affine feedbacks. We further provide with full exploration of the free riding problem, reected in the so-called border effects. Finally, we explore how geographic discrepancies (the most elementary being the asymmetry of players) affect the shape of the border effects. We check in particular that our model is consistent with the set of stylized facts put forward by the related empirical literature. |
| Keywords: | SPATIAL EXTERNALITIES;SPATIAL DIFFUSION;DIFFERENTIAL GAMES IN CONTINUOUS TIME AND SPACE;INFINITE DIMENSIONAL OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEMS;ENVIRONMENTAL FEDERALISM |
| JEL: | Q53 R12 O13 C72 C61 O44 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2021-04&r= |
| By: | Jonas Van der Slycken; Brent Bleys (-) |
| Abstract: | Scholars have long had difficulties when dealing with cross-time and cross-boundary issues in the ISEW and GPI. As a result, different views exist on how to account for impacts of climate change that are shifted in time and space. This study puts forward a “2.0 methodology” that deals with cross-time and cross-boundary issues in an application to Belgium as a first step to calculate economic welfare in a standardized way for the EU-15 countries. In doing so, we address time and boundary issues by calculating two welfare measures with distinct time and boundary perspectives and introduce a number of improvements to the methodology. Experiential welfare looks at welfare that is currently experienced within domestic borders, whereas the benefits and costs of present activities also include the welfare impacts that are shifted in time and space. The former construct only registers present ecological costs within borders and does not include capital changes, while the latter includes capital changes and ecological cost-shifting. We find that both welfare and GDP improved in Belgium between 1995 and 2018. Yet, we also observe an important divergence: experiential welfare per capita and the benefits and costs of present activities improved by respectively 15% and 18%, while GDP per capita grew by 30%. As we find that for Belgium substantial ecological costs are being shifted in time and space, we suggest to move forward with the latter construct as it tracks these costs in its methodological framework. Furthermore, we also propose to look beyond the aggregate welfare level and adopt a disaggregated and dashboard-like approach to evaluate economic performance in detail. |
| Keywords: | Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), costshifting, beyond GDP, postgrowth |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:21/1026&r= |
| By: | Mads Greaker; Lars Lindholt (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Extraordinarily high returns in a sector based on the extraction of a natural resource can be referred to as resource rents. This study uses the National Accounts and the definitions of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting to calculate the resource rents in Norwegian aquaculture in the period 1984-2020. If we know the remuneration of all input factors such as capital, labour and technology except the remuneration of the aquacultural services, the resource rent will appear as the difference between the value of output and the remuneration of all other input factors. We argue that we are to a large extent able to separate other input factors from aquacultural services. We perform various sensitivity analysis as introducing higher rates of return, applying alternative wage costs and by treating the stock of fish as real capital. A robust conclusion is that there has been a significant resource rent in aquaculture since 2000 and that it has risen markedly since 2012. In the period 2016-2020 it has averaged 18-20 billion NOK. |
| Keywords: | Resource rent; aquaculture; National Accounts; System of Environmental-Economic Accounting |
| JEL: | Q22 L11 E22 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:962&r= |
| By: | Alba Aguión (Universidade de Vigo); Elena Ojea (Universidade de Vigo); Lucía García-Flórez; Teresa Cruz (Universidade de Évora); Joxe Mikel Garmendia; Dominique Davoult (AD2M - Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin - SBR - Station biologique de Roscoff - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Henrique Queiroga (Universidade de Aveiro); Antonella Rivera; José Luis Acuña-Fernández (Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo]); Gonzalo Macho (Universidade de Vigo) |
| Abstract: | The lack of effective governance is a major concern in small-scale fisheries. The implementation of governance that encompasses the three pillars of sustainability (social, economic, and ecological) is still a worldwide challenge. We examined nine stalked barnacle fisheries ( Pollicipes pollicipes ) across Southwest Europe to better understand the relationship between governance elements and sustainability. Our results show that nested spatial scales of management, the access structure, co-management, and fisher's participation in monitoring and surveillance promote sustainability. However, it is not the mere presence of these elements but their level of implementation that drives sustainability. Efforts should be placed in the accomplishment of a minimum combination of local scales of management, access rights through individual quotas, instructive-consultative co-management and functional participation. Surpassing this threshold in future governance structures will start to adequately promote social, economic and ecologically sustainability in small-scale fisheries. |
| Keywords: | Co-management,Governance,Small-scale fisheries,Sustainability |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03349982&r= |
| By: | Dai Yamawaki (Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | The present study examines the transformation of Russian energy policy ad its performance after market transition. On the basis of historical policy review, it reveals that environmental conservation in energy industry has been repeatedly specified in Russian energy policy after the 1990s whilst its focus has still descended to quantitative expansion of hydrocarbons. In this context, this paper explains this situation from the perspective of coordination mechanism such as market and government. Despite a series of liberal policies during market transition, it becomes clear that Russian energy market has not been completely liberalised in terms of price and privatisation and retained control of the government, whilst the process of energy policy formation and implementation has been highly politicised, especially since the 2000s. This paper also derives some characteristics of Russia in those circumstances, such as an existence of strong state monopoly, recognition of energy as public goods, and environmental incompatibility with the existing growth model, which are raised as propositions given to Russian energy policy and challenges to be overcome for its future sustainable growth. |
| Keywords: | Russia, energy policy, market, government, transition |
| JEL: | P28 P52 Q32 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kyo:wpaper:1066&r= |
| By: | Koch, Anne; Kuhnt, Jana |
| Abstract: | Unter dem Leitgedanken 'Leave no one behind' hat sich die Weltgemeinschaft mit der Agenda 2030 zum Ziel gesetzt, die Lebensbedingungen armer und marginalisierter Bevölkerungsgruppen zu verbessern. Zu ihnen gehören in vielen Fällen auch Geflüchtete und Migrant*innen. Um Fortschritte in der Umsetzung der Agenda 2030 sichtbar zu machen, wurde ein strukturierter Prozess aufgesetzt. Hierfür sind die Ziele nachhaltiger Entwicklung (Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs) maßgebend. Die gesonderte Berücksichtigung von Geflüchteten und Migrant*innen in dieser Fortschrittsüberprüfung war von Anfang an vorgesehen. Dies stellt jedoch hohe Anforderungen an die Datenverfügbarkeit: Um im strukturierten Überprüfungsprozess der SDGs Veränderungen in der Lebenssituation migrantischer Bevölkerungsgruppen nachvollziehbar zu machen, bedarf es nach Migrationsstatus aufgeschlüsselte Daten. Diese Aufschlüsselung ermöglicht es, Rückschlüsse auf das Wohlergehen der Geflüchteten und Migrant*innen zu ziehen. Ziel 17.18 der Agenda 2030 fordert explizit die differenzierte Berücksichtigung dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe in den personenbezogenen SDGs sowie den hierfür notwendigen Kapazitätsausbau im Bereich der Datenerhebung. Zensusdaten, Daten aus nationalen Verwaltungsregistern und Stichprobenerhebungen stellen mögliche Quellen zur Erreichung dieser Zielsetzung dar; allerdings unterscheiden sich diese Datensätze hinsichtlich ihrer Reichweite und Fähigkeit, verschiedene Arten von Informationen zu erfassen und bilden jeweils nur einen Teil der Realität ab. Fünf Jahre nach Verabschiedung der SDGs ist die Bilanz daher ernüchternd: Nach wie vor fehlen in den meisten Ländern nach Migrationsstatus disaggregierte Daten. Damit wächst die Gefahr, dass sich bestehende Benachteiligungen verstetigen oder verstärken. Im Kontext ihres umfassenden Engagements für die Umsetzung der SDGs sollte sich die Bundesregierung dafür einsetzen, dass Geflüchtete und Migrant*innen im Follow-Up- und Review-Prozess der Agenda 2030 systematisch berücksichtigt werden. Für die von der VN ausgerufene 'Dekade der Umsetzung' leiten sich hieraus folgende Empfehlungen ab: * Harmonisierung von Migrationsdefinitionen: Bei der Datenerhebung sollten die von der VN-Statistikkommission empfohlenen Definitionen verwendet werden. * Unterstützung der Datenerhebung: Die personellen und finanziellen Kapazitäten der nationalen Statistikbehörden in Partnerländern sollten systematisch gestärkt werden. * Stärkung von Synergien: Zwischen migrationsspezifischen Datenzentren und übergeordneten, eng mit dem SDG-Prozess verbundenen Dateninitiativen sollten Brücken geschlagen werden. * Ausbau von Migrationsexpertise im SDG-Prozess: Um Veränderungen in der Lebenssituation von Migrant*innen und Geflüchteten stärker zu berücksichtigen, sollte Migrationsexpertise systematischer als bisher in die Vorbereitung der SDG-Reviews eingebunden werden. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:82020&r= |
| By: | Nicolas Berman (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Mathieu Couttenier (ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raphaël Soubeyran (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Global food demand is rising, pushed by growing world population and dietary changes in developing countries. This encourages farmers to increase crop production which, in turn, increases worldwide demand for agricultural land and the pressure on tropical forests. With a possible doubling of world food demand by 2050, this pressure is not likely to decrease in the next decades. While the impact of food demand on deforestation has been pushed forward in the medias, rigorous evidence using large-N data estimating the causal impact of crop price variations on deforestation remains scarce. Here, we quantify this impact over the twenty first century using high resolution annual forest loss data across the tropics, combined with information about crop-specific agricultural suitability and annual international commodity prices. We find a sizeable impact of price variations on deforestation: crop price variations are estimated to have contributed to 35% of the total predicted deforestation in the tropics over the period 2001-2018. We also highlight that the degree of openness to international trade and level of economic development are first-order local characteristics to explain the magnitude of the impact of crop prices on deforestation. |
| Date: | 2021–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03352884&r= |
| By: | Nicolas Berman (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Mathieu Couttenier (ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raphaël Soubeyran (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Global food demand is rising, pushed by growing world population and dietary changes in developing countries. This encourages farmers to increase crop production which, in turn, increases worldwide demand for agricultural land and the pressure on tropical forests. With a possible doubling of world food demand by 2050, this pressure is not likely to decrease in the next decades. While the impact of food demand on deforestation has been pushed forward in the medias, rigorous evidence using large-N data estimating the causal impact of crop price variations on deforestation remains scarce. Here, we quantify this impact over the twenty first century using high resolution annual forest loss data across the tropics, combined with information about crop-specific agricultural suitability and annual international commodity prices. We find a sizeable impact of price variations on deforestation: crop price variations are estimated to have contributed to 35% of the total predicted deforestation in the tropics over the period 2001-2018. We also highlight that the degree of openness to international trade and level of economic development are first-order local characteristics to explain the magnitude of the impact of crop prices on deforestation. |
| Date: | 2021–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03352884&r= |
| By: | Malerba, Daniele |
| Abstract: | Um katastrophale Folgen für Mensch und Natur zu vermeiden, sind entschlossene Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels erforderlich. Trotz dieser Dringlichkeit reichen die derzeit umgesetzten und geplanten Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels nicht aus, um die 2015 in Paris festgelegten globalen Ziele zu erreichen. Ein Grund für die derzeit unzureichende Umsetzung sind die wahrgenommenen negativen Verteilungseffekte. Durch die Verteuerung von Gütern können Klimaschutzmaßnahmen sowohl die Armut als auch die Ungleichheit steigern. Darüber hinaus können sie zu Störungen auf Arbeitsmärkten und mehr Arbeitslosigkeit führen, insbesondere in Sektoren und Gebieten, die von fossilen Brennstoffen abhängig sind. Infolgedessen haben öffentliche Proteste in vielen Ländern die Umsetzung der Klimapolitik bisher blockiert oder verzögert. Neue Forschungsansätze, die in dieser Analyse und Stellungnahme erörtert werden, sorgen langsam für eine Trendwen-de. Erstens hat sich gezeigt, dass eine CO2-Bepreisung in Entwicklungsländern im Gegensatz zu den hochentwickelten Volkswirtschaften nicht regressiv wirken muss. In eine ähnlich positive Richtung gehen Studien, wonach das Erreichen der Klimaziele zu einem geringen Nettozuwachs an Arbeitsplätzen führen wird. Dennoch werden sowohl der Effekt der CO2-Bepreisung als auch die Auswirkungen der Klimapolitik auf Arbeitsmärkte Verlierer*innen hervorbringen: Preiser-höhungen würden die Armut verschärfen, da einkommensschwächere Haushalte mehr Geld für die gleichen Güter aus-geben müssten; ebenso werden bestimmte Länder, Sektoren, Gebiete und Arbeitnehmer*innen (z. B. Geringqualifizierte) von Arbeitsplatzverlusten oder -störungen betroffen sein. Zweitens können Haushalte und Arbeitnehmer*innen, die von der Klimapolitik beeinträchtigt sind, im Rahmen von Maßnahmen zur sozialen Sicherung entschädigt werden, um negative Verteilungseffekte abzufedern. Höhere Preise können auch durch Geldtransfers an Haushalte kompensiert werden, die nur durch einen Teil der Einnahmen aus klima-politischen Maßnahmen wie einer Kohlenstoffsteuer finanziert werden können. Ähnlich verhält es sich mit Arbeits-markteffekten: Maßnahmen zur sozialen Absicherung, insbesondere arbeitsmarktpolitische Maßnahmen wie Umschu-lungen und Arbeitslosenunterstützung, können deutlich dazu beitragen, die Bedürfnisse der negativ betroffenen Arbeit-nehmer*innen zu erfüllen. Es ist klar, dass ökologische und soziale Ziele sich nicht gegenseitig ausschließen müssen. Mit einem geeigneten Policy-Mix lassen sich sowohl Armut als auch Umweltzerstörung reduzieren. Diese politischen Auswirkungen müssen allerdings breiter kommuniziert werden, um die Akzeptanz von Klimapolitiken zu erhöhen. Dies wird teilweise bereits durch aktuelle Pläne wie den europäischen Green Deal erreicht. Aus Sicht der Forschung und Politik sind mehr Studien in Entwicklungsländern erforderlich, die auch Erkenntnisse über nicht-marktbezogene klimapolitische Maßnahmen her-vorbringen und über den kurzfristigen Effekt höherer Preise auf die Kaufkraft der Haushalte hinausgehen. Nicht zuletzt kann die internationale Zusammenarbeit eine wichtige Rolle bei der politischen Koordinierung, der Finanzierung und dem Aufbau von sozialen Sicherungssystemen in Ländern mit niedrigem Einkommen spielen. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:12021&r= |
| By: | Pascale Bazoche (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nicolas Guinet (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sylvaine Poret (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sabrina Teyssier (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | A widespread transition towards diets based on plant proteins as substitutes for animal proteins would contribute to food system sustainability. Such changes in consumer food choices can be fostered by public policy. We conducted an online experiment to test whether providing consumers with information regarding the negative consequences of meat consumption on the environment or health increases the substitution of animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins. The consumers had to make three meal selections, the first without exposure to information and the latter two after exposure to environmental or health information. One group of consumers served as the control and received no information. The results show that half of the consumers chose meals with animal proteins in all three cases. The information intervention had a limited impact on the average consumer. However, a latent class analysis shows that the information intervention impacted a sub-sample of the consumers. Information policy does not appear to be sufficient for altering consumer behaviour regarding the consumption of animal proteins. |
| Abstract: | Une transition généralisée vers des régimes alimentaires basés sur les protéines végétales comme substituts des protéines animales contribuerait à la durabilité du système alimentaire. De tels changements dans les choix alimentaires des consommateurs peuvent être encouragés par les politiques publiques. Nous avons mené une expérimentation en ligne pour tester si l'information des consommateurs sur les conséquences négatives de la consommation de viande sur l'envi- ronnement ou la santé augmente la substitution des protéines d'origine animale par des protéines d'origine végétale. Les consommateurs devaient faire trois choix de repas, le premier sans exposition à l'information et les deux derniers après exposition à l'information environnementale ou sanitaire. Un groupe de consommateurs a servi de témoin et n'a reçu aucune information. Les résultats montrent que la moitié des consommateurs ont choisi des repas à base de protéines animales dans les trois cas. L'apport d'information a eu un impact limité sur le consommateur moyen. Cependant, une analyse de classe latente montre que l'intervention informationnelle a eu un impact sur un sous-échantillon de consommateurs. La politique d'information n'apparaît pas suffisante pour modifier le comportement des consommateurs vis-à-vis de la consommation de protéines animales. |
| Keywords: | Experiment,Information,Food consumption,Alternative proteins,Environment,Health,Expérience,Consommation alimentaire,Protéines alternatives,Environnement,Santé |
| Date: | 2021–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03350356&r= |
| By: | Brendan Coleman (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Viet Nam’s sustained economic development is driving increasing demand for electricity with generation capacity predicted to nearly double over the next decade. With the majority of economic hydropower resources utilised, delays in coal power pipelines, and increasing energy insecurity, Viet Nam has pivoted its electricity sector development plans to further prioritize the deployment of wind and solar generation. A clean energy transition such as this can deliver multiple social and economic benefits related to cost reductions, improved energy security, and public health.This working paper was prepared to support least-cost energy sector planning in Viet Nam particularly for the upcoming Viet Nam Energy Outlook 2021 (VEO21) being prepared in partnership between Viet Nam’s Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) and the Danish Energy Agency (DEA). This working paper discusses the use of discounting in energy models and the potential impact discount rate selection may have on a model’s cost-optimised technology selections. The paper also analyses the clean energy finance environment in Viet Nam to identify opportunities for policy levers to reduce the prevailing cost of capital and how these cost implications can be tested in the VEO21 modelling exercise. The main outputs of this working paper are two sets of model inputs, an estimate for an appropriate social discount rate and secondly a set of high and low financial hurdle rates for renewable energy technologies for use in sensitivity or scenario analysis. |
| Keywords: | Clean Energy, Cost of Capital, Discount Rates, Energy Planning, Hurdle Rates, Viet Nam |
| JEL: | O21 Q01 Q48 G18 |
| Date: | 2021–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:181-en&r= |
| By: | Camille Laville (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | In 2018, 1,300 people were killed and 300,000 displaced as a result of herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. These tensions threaten the already weakened security, economic development and food security in Western Africa. Indeed, cross-border transhumance of herders during the dry season is an important economic activity recognized by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This practice is also an important adaptation strategy to climate change for Sahelian States that have developed a comparative advantage in producing and exporting livestock. However, the establishment of a harmonized legal framework surrounding this practice is hampered by coordination failures between Coastal States (primary receivers of livestock flows) and the Sahelian States (primary providers of livestock flows). The growth of the Nigerian agricultural sector through the expansion of agricultural land threatens the last open pastures and transhumance corridors. Indeed, Nigeria faces a scarcity of arable land for a growing rural population. Is competition for the remaining Nigerian grassland a factor of violence between nomadic herders from Niger and Nigerian farmers? Recent empirical evidence suggests that climate-induced migration of herders to nearby agricultural areas (short transhumance) is associated with a higher risk of herder-farmer conflict for the remaining pastoral resources. However, no analysis has been made on the case of lengthy and costly transhumance. This article analyses the security implications of cross-border transhumance between Niger and Nigeria at the scale of 0.5x0.5 degree cells between 2006 and 2016. Using spatial panel techniques and satellite data on land cover, it questions the importance of grassland grabbing strategies as a cause of the recent herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. The obtained results hardly coincide with the idea that transhumant herders from Niger enter into conflict with Nigerian farmers over the grabbing of the last grazing resources. Ultimately, the economy of Sahelian countries, which depends on livestock trade, is threatened by a political instrumentalization of herder-farmer conflicts through the rhetoric of "invaders against farmers." |
| Abstract: | Pour l'année 2018, le bilan estimé des affrontements entre éleveurs et agriculteurs au Nigéria est de 1 300 victimes et 300 000 personnes déplacées. Ces tensions menacent la stabilité, le développement économique et la sécurité alimentaire déjà affaiblis en Afrique de l'Ouest. En effet, la transhumance transfrontalière des éleveurs pendant la saison sèche est une activité économique dont l'importance régionale est reconnue par la Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO). Cette pratique relève également d'une stratégie d'adaptation au changement climatique essentielle pour les États sahéliens qui ont développé un avantage comparatif dans la production et l'exportation de bétail avec leurs voisins. Cependant, la mise en place d'un cadre juridique harmonisé autour de cette pratique est entravée par des problèmes de coordination entre les États côtiers (principaux destinataires des flux de bétail) et les États sahéliens (principaux fournisseurs de flux de bétail). La croissance du secteur agricole nigérian par l'expansion des terres agricoles menace les derniers pâturages ouverts et les couloirs de transhumance. En effet, le Nigéria est confronté à une pénurie de terres arables pour une population rurale croissante. La concurrence pour les derniers pâturages nigérians est-elle un facteur de violence entre les éleveurs nomades du Niger et les agriculteurs nigérians ? Des preuves empiriques récentes suggèrent que la migration des éleveurs induite par le climat dans les zones agricoles voisines (courte transhumance) est associée à un risque plus élevé de conflit éleveur-agriculteur pour les ressources pastorales restantes. Cependant, aucune analyse n'a été faite sur la question de l'accès aux pâturages lors de transhumances longues et coûteuses. Cet article analyse les implications sécuritaires de la transhumance transfrontalière entre le Niger et le Nigéria à l'échelle de cellules de 0,5x0,5 degrés entre 2006 et 2016. En utilisant des techniques de panel spatial et des données satellitaires sur la couverture terrestre, il questionne l'importance des stratégies d'accaparement des prairies comme une cause des récents conflits éleveurs-agriculteurs au Nigéria. Les résultats obtenus coïncident peu avec l'idée que les éleveurs transhumants depuis le Niger entrent en conflits avec les agriculteurs Nigérian pour l'accaparement des dernières ressources en pâturage. In fine, l'économie des pays sahéliens liée au commerce du bétail est menacée par l'instrumentalisation politique du conflit entre éleveurs et agriculteurs passant par l'utilisation de la rhétorique "envahisseurs versus agriculteurs". |
| Keywords: | Niger,Nigeria,Climate change,Agriculture,Migration |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03350202&r= |
| By: | Randall Wigle, Istvan Kery (Wilfrid Laurier University) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wlu:lcerpa:bm0128&r= |
| By: | Arnault Pachot (IP - Institut Pascal - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - INP Clermont Auvergne - Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Adélaïde Albouy-Kissi; Benjamin Albouy-Kissi; Frédéric Chausse |
| Abstract: | We present a recommendation system to help rebuild sustainable production systems. Our multi-objective system synergizes the public and private actors of a territory. From know-how proximities in the Product Space, we suggest productive jumps for companies in a territory that consider the expectations of companies not only in terms of diversification but also in terms of the expectations of local authorities who are anxious to build sustainable production systems. We formalize a multi-stakeholder recommendation that is applied to the sustainability of a territorial economy and we propose the following new objectives to consider: (i) Economic growth, based on the concept of territorial economic complexity; (ii) Productive resilience, defined rigorously from the theory of dynamic systems; (iii) Food security and more generally basic necessities from an original approach based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; (iv) The need to develop greener productions that respect the environment. The recommendation system that we propose incorporates territorial policy as a weighting of objectives. This "configuration" acts directly on the system to influence the recommended productive jumps. Each objective is defined to be computed directly from open data available for most countries without requiring external data. |
| Keywords: | Multi-Objective Recommender Systems,Supply-chain resilience,Sustainable production system |
| Date: | 2021–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03349092&r= |
| By: | Nesje, Frikk |
| Abstract: | This paper studies whether saving behavior reveals socially relevant intertemporal preferences. I decompose the present generation's preference for the next into its dynastic and cross-dynastic components. If people are concerned about sustainability or if their descendants move or marry, then they might assign welfare weights on other dynasties. With such cross-dynastic intergenerational altruism, saving for one's descendants benefits present members of other dynasties. These preference externalities imply that socially relevant intertemporal preferences cannot be inferred from saving behavior. The external effect of present saving decreases over time. This means that intertemporal preferences inferred from saving behavior are time-inconsistent. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational altruism,Social discounting,Time-inconsistency,Declining discount rates,Generalized consumption Euler equations,Interdependent utility,Isolation paradox,Climate change |
| JEL: | D64 D71 H43 Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:242961&r= |
| By: | Friedrich, Christoph; Feser, Daniel |
| Abstract: | A growing number of economic geography scholars have discussed the spatial dimensions of sustainability innovation in socio-technical systems to overcome societal, economic, and ecological problems. This research usually focuses on businesses in the knowledge economy and success factors. However, sustainability innovation involves the collaboration of upstreaming process stages and open innovation processes with a broad range of different actors. Innovation intermediaries, such as universities and research institutes, are needed to support and accelerate the transfer of knowledge. Nevertheless, little is known about the influence of the cognitive and institutional diversity of actors on the configuration of knowledge bases required for sustainability innovation. This article presents insights from 16 semi-structured expert interviews conducted in a regional innovation system (RIS) in East Germany. We investigate four innovation intermediaries in the region of Eberswalde in cooperation with the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development. The analytical framework links the concept of differentiated knowledge bases to sustainability transitions and sustainability-oriented knowledge transfer. Our results show that, first, in the Eberswalde region, the relevant actors involved in regional knowledge transfer predominantly focus on synthetic knowledge bases, such as experience-based knowledge of local area settings. Second, symbolic knowledge bases are crucial and often prerequisites for intermediary organizations to recombine knowledge bases and support the capability to innovate in regional knowledge transfer. Symbolic knowledge contains, in particular, the ability to translate scientific findings to a language that can be understood by the various actors in knowledge transfer. Third, organizational innovation complements social innovation to support innovation on a systemic level and foster change processes. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge bases,system innovation,knowledge transfer,innovation intermediation,sustainability transition |
| JEL: | D02 D80 O12 P48 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:430&r= |
| By: | Janus, Heiner; Marschall, Paul; Öhler, Hannes |
| Abstract: | Trägt die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (EZ) zu Entwicklung bei? Wenn ja, unter welchen Bedingungen und in welchem Umfang? Diese Fragen sind so alt wie die Entwicklungspolitik selbst. Sie werden seither in der Wissenschaft und der Politik kontrovers diskutiert. Zwei aktuelle Trends rücken Fragen zur Wirksamkeit wieder ganz oben auf die politische Agenda. Erstens wollen EZ-Akteur*innen ihren Beitrag zu den Nachhaltigkeitszielen (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) verstehen und verbessern. Zweitens zweifeln rechtspopulistische Parteien die Relevanz von EZ grundsätzlich an. Dies führt zu Druck auf die Geber, die Wirksamkeit der EZ besser zu belegen. Seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre bemühen sich Geberländer, ihre Verpflichtungen im Rahmen der globalen Wirksamkeitsagenda (u.a. Eigenverantwortlichkeit stärken und Anpassung an Ländersysteme) zu erfüllen. Parallel dazu hat die Forschung neue Einsichten zu Makro-Effekten, Geberbürokratien und Wirkungsevaluierung gesammelt. Allerdings ist die Wirksamkeits-Debatte dabei zunehmend kleinteilig und fragmentiert geworden. Diese Analyse und Stellungnahme gibt einen Überblick über diese Diskussionen und schlägt einen integrativen Ansatz zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von EZ vor. Wir argumentieren, dass nur eine integrierte Perspektive den neuen Anforderungen gerecht wird und beantworten kann: warum, wann und wie EZ wirkt. In der Regel arbeiten politische Entscheidungsträger*innen und Forscher*innen in einer oder mehreren von vier (oft unverbundenen) Communities: 1) zu den Makroeffekten der EZ; 2) zu den globalen Wirksamkeitsprinzipien der EZ; 3) zur Struktur und den Instrumenten von EZ-Organisationen; 4) zu den Auswirkungen einzelner Vorhaben. Die erste Community vergleicht die Auswirkungen von EZ zwischen den Ländern, insbesondere im Hinblick auf Wirtschaftswachstum oder andere Entwicklungsindikatoren. Unlängst wurde diese Analyse auf subnationale Ebenen und Akteure*innen ausgeweitet, die Entwicklungsfinanzierung nicht nach den Richtlinien für die staatliche EZ (ODA) melden. Die zweite Community setzt sich für die Förderung globaler Wirksamkeitsprinzipien ein, auf die sich die "traditionellen" Geber und Partnerländer einigten. Fünf Grundsätze der EZ-Wirksamkeit wurden in der Pariser Erklärung (2005) verankert. In der Folge wurde 2011 wurde die Globale Partnerschaft für effektive EZ (GPEDC) ins Leben gerufen. Die dritte Community befasst sich mit dem Management von Entwicklungsorganisationen. Diese setzen zunehmend ergebnisbasierte Management-Instrumente zur Steuerung des Portfolios, zur Rechenschaftslegung, zum Wissensaufbau und zur Kommunikation ein. Die vierte Community konzentriert sich auf Entwicklungsmaßnahmen und die Wirksamkeit einzelner Entwicklungsprojekte. Hier gibt es eine Verlagerung hin zu rigoroseren Methoden bei der Bewertung von Projektwirkungen und einer Zusammenführung von Erkenntnissen durch systematische Untersuchungen. Unserer Analyse zufolge kann ein integrativer Ansatz zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von EZ über die vier Communities hinweg helfen Synergien zu nutzen und unbeabsichtigte Folgen zu vermeiden. Darüber hinaus kann eine integrierte Perspektive den Beitrag der EZ für die Erreichung der SDGs im Vergleich zu anderen Politikfeldern verdeutlichen und dazu beitragen, die Wirkungen der EZ in der Öffentlichkeit besser zu kommunizieren. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:112020&r= |
| By: | Schütze, Nora; Thiel, Andreas; Paneque, Pilar; Vargas, Jesús; Vidaurre, Rodrigo |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta uno de los seis análisis realizados sobre los retos que plantea la coordinación intersectorial. Los análisis forman parte del proyecto de investigación STEER y se han publicado en distintos informes. La Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA) de la Unión Europea (UE) exige a los Estados miembros que garanticen el buen estado de todas las masas de aguas para el año 2027. Los países mediterráneos, como España, se enfrentan a problemas graves asociados a la cantidad de agua, razón por la cual uno de los retos principales para lograr el buen estado del agua es mantener los caudales ecológicos y reducir la sobreextracción de aguas subterráneas. Las autoridades competentes deben mediar entre los conflictos de interés de los distintos sectores que utilizan el agua, tales como el riego, el abastecimiento urbano y el uso turístico y la conservación del medio ambiente. Pese a las reiteradas peticiones de la comunidad académica y a los compromisos de la clase política de mejorar la coordinación entre los distintos sectores y escalas para abordar este tipo de negociaciones, sigue faltando coordinación. Este documento analiza los retos de coordinación y ejecución entre la demanda y el uso del agua para fines agrarios y demás usos del agua, en aplicación de la DMA en la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir, en el sur de España. Se han identificado los siguientes retos: (I) falta de revisión de las concesiones tras la puesta en marcha del riego por goteo, (ii) debilidades del sistema de control del uso del agua y cierre de pozos ilegales, y (iii) escaso intercambio intersectorial durante los procesos participativos. Estos retos están entrelazados por la dificultad subyacente de imponer decisiones impopulares contra los intereses de actores poderosos del sector agrícola. Para superarlos, se sugieren diversos instrumentos de coordinación basados en incentivos, cooperación voluntaria, persuasión e intercambio de información. En concreto, recomendamos las siguientes medidas: * Aumentar los recursos humanos y económicos para revisar las concesiones otorgadas, controlar el uso del agua y el cierre de pozos ilegales. * Facilitar procesos cooperativos para alcanzar un consenso multisectorial que permita establecer cómo y dónde se reducirán los derechos concesionales. * Ofrecer incentivos a las comunidades de regantes para promover el autocontrol del consumo de aguas subterráneas entre sus miembros. * Reforzar el intercambio entre las partes interesadas de los distintos sectores mediante procesos participativos, especialmente entre los grupos de interés de los sectores de la agricultura y el medio ambiente, y mejorar la comunicación con la ciudadanía. * Utilizar medios de información más inclusivos e integrales en el contexto de la planificación hidrológica. Sin embargo, dado que los retos señalados son sistémicos y afectan a cuestiones distributivas fundamentales, el potencial de los instrumentos de coordinación puede verse limitado. Por tanto, también es necesario que haya una señal clara de la existencia de voluntad política. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:232020&r= |
| By: | Zoccal, Geovana |
| Abstract: | Dreieckskooperation (DEK) gibt es als Kooperationsmechanismus seit etwa 40 Jahren. Die erste implizite Erwähnung fand sie 1978 im Aktionsplan der Vereinten Nationen zur Förderung und Umsetzung der technischen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Entwicklungsländern, dem Aktionsplan von Buenos Aires (BAPA). In Reaktion auf die zunehmende Komplexität der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und zur Überwindung des Nord-Süd-Gefälles zielt DEK darauf ab, (i) die Beziehungen zwischen DAC-Gebern und Schwellenländern zu fördern, (ii) die Kapazitäten der Geberländer des Südens in der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zu stärken und (iii) die internationale Entwicklung zu fördern. Seit 1978 ist DEK breiter, dynamischer und flexibler geworden, hat sich die Zahl der beteiligten Projekte und Akteure erhöht und sind verschiedene Prozesse und Ansätze (z.B. Süd-Süd-Süd-Kooperationen), einschließlich erweiterter Partnerschaftsstrategien, einbezogen. Sie gilt heute als Schlüssel zur Aufteilung der Kosten, Verantwortlichkeiten und Lösungen bei der Umsetzung der Agenda 2030 und der Ziele der nachhaltigen Entwicklung (SDGs). DEK wird 73 Mal im Ergebnisdokument der Zweiten Hochrangigen UN-Konferenz über Süd-Süd-Kooperation (BAPA+40) erwähnt, die im März 2019 in Buenos Aires stattfand. Es handelte sich nicht länger um ein Nischenthema. Ihr wurde in einem international vereinbarten Dokument Bedeutung beigemessen und sie wurde breit diskutiert, wodurch sie zu einem Instrument des entwicklungspolitischen Dialogs auf politischer Ebene wurde. Offizielle, verifizierte und vergleichbare Daten über DEK fehlen oft. Dennoch werfen viele Studien und Berichte Licht auf diesen Mechanismus. Dieses Briefing basiert auf mehr als 30 Tiefeninterviews mit beteiligten Akteuren sowie auf der Analyse von Dokumenten und Daten. Es macht drei Empfehlungen, wie DEK als Kooperationsmechanismus für alle Geber und als Unterstützungsmechanismus für die Agenda 2030 vorangebracht werden kann: Geber sollten (1) ein Universalkonzept vermeiden; (2) Dreieckskooperationen in bestehende Verfahren der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit integrieren, z.B. als Komponente finanzieller und technischer Projekte; und (3) DEK besser in die Debatte um Multi-Akteurs-Partnerschaft (MAP) einbringen, in denen Akteure aus mindestens drei unterschiedlichen Sektoren organisierter und langfristiger Form zusammenarbeiten. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development goals,Dreieckskooperation (DEK) |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:102020&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The protracted pandemic and two tropical storms have hit Honduras hard. Despite authorities’ responses, these shocks continue to weigh on activity; reconstruction needs are high while the outlook remains uncertain. The authorities plan to rebuild a more climate-resilient economy, given Honduras’ vulnerabilities to climate change. Presidential elections are scheduled for November 2021. |
| Date: | 2021–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/207&r= |
| By: | Claude Crampes (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yassine Lefouili (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the trade-offs associated with the digitalization of the energy sector. Arguing that digitalization has both bright and dark sides, we study the extent to which it can help make energy systems efficient and sustainable. We first discuss how digitalization affects the responsiveness of demand, and explore its implications for spot pricing, load shedding, and priority service. In particular, we highlight the conditions under which digital technologies that allow demand to be more responsive to supply are likely to be used. We then turn to the way digitalization can contribute to the decarbonization of the energy sector, and discuss the promises and limitations of artificial intelligence in this area. Finally, we contend that policymakers should pay special attention to the privacy concerns raised by the digitalization of the energy sector and the cyberattacks that it enables. |
| Keywords: | Digitalisation,Dynamic pricing,Electricity,Artificial Intelligence |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03352748&r= |
| By: | Alexandre Gohin (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | L'objectif général de cette étude est de quantifier économiquement différents scénarios prospectifs d'évolution des systèmes agricoles en lien avec la reconquête de la qualité de l'eau, sur les deux bassins versants du Couesnon et de la Haute Rance. Si la problématique de la qualité de l'eau n'est pas nouvelle, les impacts économiques n'ont pas été souvent quantifiés, tant en Bretagne que pour les deux territoires d'étude. Nous proposons de mesurer ces impacts économiques sur les exploitations agricoles et plus largement sur les filières agricoles avec le calcul des emplois directs (dans les exploitations), indirects (dans les entreprises amont et aval) et induits (dans les autres entreprises). Une première partie fournit un état de l'art des modélisations économiques développées pour étudier cette complexe problématique. Les notions d'emplois directs, indirects et induits y sont explicitées. La deuxième partie liste les données économiques disponibles sur les deux bassins d'étude. Cette disponibilité nous conduit à porter l'effort sur les prédominantes exploitations laitières. La troisième partie décrit tout d'abord le modèle microéconomique développé qui explique les pratiques et motivations économiques de ces exploitations. Les résultats statistiques montrent que leurs achats d'intrants sont sensibles aux incitations économiques, avec par exemple plus d'achats d'aliments concentrés quand le prix du lait augmente. Au contraire leurs décisions d'assolement réagissent très peu. Est ensuite présenté le modèle macroéconomique qui capture les relations économiques entre les agriculteurs et les autres acteurs des territoires et permet de mesurer les conséquences de changement de pratiques sur les revenus, emplois directs et induits. La quatrième partie fournit et analyse les résultats économiques des scénarios d'évolution des systèmes agricoles tels que définis par les acteurs des territoires. Tous les scénarios conduisent à des augmentations des revenus agricoles des exploitations laitières directement concernées. Quelles que soient les hypothèses de calcul, le scénario intensification de la production laitière conduit toujours au plus fort impact sur ces revenus. Par cet effet de création de richesse, tous les scénarios conduisent à des créations d'emploi, surtout induits dans les secteurs non agricoles et agroalimentaires. En revanche, les scénarios de changements de pratique agricole vers plus des systèmes moins ‘intensifs' en intrants achetés conduisent à des pertes d'emploi dans les industries agroalimentaires, à l'amont et l'aval. De même, ces scénarios conduisent à une dégradation des bilans des minéraux dans les autresterritoires bretons. Cette étude mesure donc des tensions entre des objectifs économiques et des objectifs environnementaux locaux (qualité de l'eau) et globaux (émissions de gaz à effet de serre). |
| Keywords: | Environnement,Agriculture,Emplois |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03331840&r= |
| By: | Abreu I.; Mesias F. J.; Ramajo; J |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes the development of an index to assess rural development based on a set of 25 demographic, economic, environmental, and social welfare indicators previously selected through a Delphi approach. Three widely accepted aggregation methods were then tested: a mixed arithmetic/geometric mean without weightings for each indicator; a weighted arithmetic mean using the weights previously generated by the Delphi panel and an aggregation through Principal Component Analysis. These three methodologies were later applied to 9 Portuguese NUTS III regions, and the results were presented to a group of experts in rural development who indicated which of the three forms of aggregation best measured the levels of rural development of the different territories. Finally, it was concluded that the unweighted arithmetic/geometric mean was the most accurate methodology for aggregating indicators to create a Rural Development Index. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.12568&r= |
| By: | Breuer, Anita; Leininger, Julia; Brosbøl, Kirsten; Belly-Le Guilloux, Léna; König-Reis, Saionara; Sefa, Bora |
| Abstract: | Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs. As representatives of the people, parliaments should play a key role in localising the 2030 Agenda and holding governments accountable to their commitments. Over recent years, some progress has been made in enabling parliaments around the world to fulfil their accountability functions. Most notably, almost half of the countries that presented Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) between 2016 and 2019 reported that capacity-building events took place to inform members of parliament about the SDGs, and parliaments are being increasingly consulted by governments in the process of preparing the VNRs. However, in addition to a lack of awareness about the 2030 Agenda, several factors constrain parliaments' SDG accountability function. In many countries, parliamentarians lack access to the data needed to assess governments' SDG performance, and only few governments have committed to regularly report on SDG progress beyond the VNRs. Furthermore, only in a quarter of countries has responsibility for the SDGs been clearly assigned within the structures of parliament itself. In addition, thus far, parliaments have only been weakly involved in processes of localising the SDGs through the adoption of national SDG implementation strategies and the development of national priority goals and indicators. In general, legislatures' ability to hold governments accountable has decreased amidst recent autocratisation trends. Good practices to overcome these obstacles include the use of digital tools to increase the transparency of governments' fiscal behaviour vis-à-vis parliament and the creation of discursive formats to foster parliament-government dialogues about sustainability transformation. Peer learning will play an important role in disseminating information about such empowering practices among parliamentarians worldwide. More importantly, however, national governments need to recognise parliaments as critical actors in the SDG process. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, peer pressure by the international community, pressure by independent media and NGOs, and the support of UN agencies will be necessary to strengthen the role of parliaments in promoting SDG accountability. Parliaments themselves should seek to establish dedicated SDG committees with formal powers to undertake in-depth examinations of government action as well as legislation. This will also contribute to the continuity of parliamentary SDG activities beyond electoral cycles. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:152021&r= |
| By: | Krings, Katharina; Schwab, Jakob |
| Abstract: | While blockchain technology (BT) has gained a great deal of publicity for its use in cryptocurrencies, another area of BT application has emerged away from the public eye, namely supply chains. Due to the increasing fragmentation and globalisation of supply chains in recent years, many products have to pass through countless production steps worldwide (from raw material extraction to the point of sale). Ensuring the quality and sustainability of production in preceding steps is a major challenge for many firms and thus, ultimately, also for the consumer. BT offers potential for achieving significant progress on this front. Put simply, the blockchain makes it possible to verify data decentralised within a network, store it in a tamper-proof and traceable format and make it accessible to all members of a network. The potential benefits of BT lie firstly with the consumer, who is able to trace the origin of products, which makes sustainable purchases easier. Secondly, BT enables producers to automate parts of their supply chains and to verify cost effectively the quality and origin of their products. Thirdly, there are hopes that BT could make supply chains more inclusive for small and medium-sized suppliers, especially in developing countries. BT also offers a means of more easily creating confidence in intermediate goods supplied, thereby dismantling barriers to entry. Taken together, BT could thus help to make consumption and production more environmentally friendly, socially equitable and inclusive, and thereby foster sustainable development. So far, pilot projects have received investment primarily from very large companies. Both the firms and their consumers can now audit a number of products in real time for manufacturing method and origin. While BT can securely store and chain together the inputted data, it cannot yet guarantee the accuracy of that data. This remaining challenge regarding the digital-analogue link could be addressed through links with other technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). However, independent analogue audits are still the only means in most cases of checking compliance with labour, environmental, animal-welfare and other relevant standards. Consequently, the use of BT offers substantial potential benefits for sectors in which the digital-analogue link can be effectively bridged, such as the food and high-quality commodities sectors. Small-scale suppliers in developing countries also frequently lack the digital education, equipment and infrastructure needed in order to deploy BT. This is where national and international development policy is needed to leverage the benefits of BT solutions for inclusive production. General technological standards can also help to counteract the monopolisation of technological developments by multinational concerns. In this way, policy-makers could help to harmonise the interests of consumers and producers with those of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the supply chain. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:22021&r= |
| By: | Germeshausen, Robert; Heim, Sven; Wagner, Ulrich J. |
| Abstract: | Successful decarbonization of the electricity sector hinges on the support of the public, which is at risk when electricity generation emits local externalities. This paper estimates the impact of wind turbine deployment on granular measures of revealed preferences for renewable electricity in product and political markets. We address endogenous siting of turbines with a novel IV approach that exploits quasi-experimental variation in profitability. We find that nearby wind turbines significantly reduce citizens' support, but this effect quickly fades with distance from the site. Our results shed light on how distance requirements and financial participation could enhance support for renewables. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy,Wind power,Public support,Elections,Externalities |
| JEL: | D12 D72 Q42 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21074&r= |
| By: | Kabir Dasgupta (NZ Work Research Institute, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law at AUT University); Keshar Ghimire (Business and Economics Department, University of Cincinnati, Blue Ash College, Ohio); Alexander Plum (NZ Work Research Institute, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law at AUT University) |
| Keywords: | Clean Slate; Court Charges data; Monthly Tax Records; Conviction; Employment; Earnings; Difference-in-Differences; Tripledifference |
| JEL: | C21 J08 K14 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aut:wpaper:202106&r= |
| By: | Sujata, Uwe (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Weyh, Antje (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Lenhardt, Julian |
| Abstract: | "Die Automobilindustrie steht vor großen Herausforderungen. Neben den enormen konjunkturellen Problemen, die durch die Corona-Pandemie entstanden sind, müssen sich die Automobilhersteller auf große strukturelle Veränderungen einstellen. Durch die umweltpolitischen Vorgaben der EU sind Automobilhersteller dazu angehalten, umweltfreundlichere Autos zu produzieren. Die meisten deutschen Automobilhersteller verfolgen in diesem Zusammenhang die Herstellung batterieelektrischer Fahrzeuge, die zumindest während des Fahrbetriebes keine CO2-Emissionen haben. Im Zuge der Umstellung verändert sich nicht nur die Antriebsart, sondern das gesamte Fahrzeug, was gleichzeitig neue und veränderte Produktionsabläufe und Zuliefererstrukturen nach sich zieht. Da Fahrzeuge mit reinem Elektroantrieb eine geringere Komplexität aufweisen und weniger Teile als Verbrennerfahrzeuge benötigen, sinkt der Personalbedarf je hergestelltem Fahrzeug. Entscheidend für den weiteren Personalbedarf ist, wie schnell die Umstellung in den Automobilwerken erfolgt und wie sich die Nachfrage nach Elektrofahrzeugen entwickeln wird. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den möglichen Zukunftsaussichten der sächsischen Automobilindustrie hinsichtlich der vollständigen oder teilweisen Umstellung der Werke vor Ort auf batterieelektrische Fahrzeuge. Dabei erfolgt nicht nur die Betrachtung der Kernbranche, es werden auch Zuliefererbranchen berücksichtigt. Gut die Hälfte der Beschäftigten, die in Sachsen im oder für den Fahrzeugbau tätig sind, arbeiten in Wirtschaftszweigen, die entweder von der Umstellung profitieren können oder in denen zukünftig Risiken z. B. hinsichtlich Umsatz und Beschäftigung bestehen. Die anderen 50 Prozent sind in Bereichen tätig, in denen sich durch die Umstellung entweder keine oder nur geringe Veränderungen ergeben oder in denen sich Chancen und Risiken etwa die Waage halten. Auch zeigen Wirtschaftszweige, denen im Zuge der Umstellung auf Elektromobilität Chancen zugeschrieben werden, eine bessere Beschäftigungsentwicklung in den vergangenen zwölf Jahren als Branchen, die nach unserer Daten- und Literaturanalyse mit Risiken rechnen müssen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Sachsen ; Zwickau ; Elektromobilität ; Auswirkungen ; Automobilindustrie ; Automobilindustrie ; Beschäftigungseffekte ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Elektrotechnik ; Kraftfahrzeug ; Produktionsumstellung ; sektorale Verteilung ; Strukturwandel ; Volkswagenwerk ; Wertschöpfung ; Zulieferer ; Sachsen ; 2007-2019 |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabrsa:202001&r= |
| By: | Shakeel, Sabahat; Karim, Emadul |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this research study is to analyze the factors that affect the consumer buying behavior for organic and non-organic cosmetics. Therefore, this study is further divided into two sub research. One research studies the factors that affect consumer buying behavior for organic cosmetics whereas the other research assesses factors that impact consumer buying behavior for non-organic cosmetics. Most factors that affect both organic and non-organic cosmetics are the same, but some are different considering the variation between the two types of cosmetics under consideration. Consumer buying behavior is a topic of significant importance to marketers and to businesses as well. It is crucial to understand how consumer buying behavior functions. This research study was conducted through the collection of both primary and secondary data. Primary data was gathered through questionnaires whereas the secondary data was gathered mainly for the literature review through various sources which were mostly available on the web such as online published articles, books, and online journals. The primary data collected was fed into the SPSS software to run various tests. The hypotheses stated at the beginning of the research were tested. The results showed that not all hypotheses were accepted in both the studies. Recommendations have been suggested for each independent variable at the end of the study for consideration. |
| Keywords: | Consumer Buying Behavior; Organic Cosmetics; Non-Organic Cosmetics; Brand Name; Health Consciousness; Environmental Consciousness; Attractiveness Consciousness; Store Environment; Product Price Product Quality and Product Promotion. |
| JEL: | M31 Q02 |
| Date: | 2019–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109973&r= |
| By: | Stuart-Hill, Sabine; Lukat, Evelyn; Pringle, Catherine; Pahl-Wostl, Claudia |
| Abstract: | Diese Veröffentlichung stellt eine von sechs Analysen sektorenübergreifender Herausforderungen für Wasser-Governance dar, die als Teil des STEER-Forschungsprojekts durchgeführt wurden und deren Resultate in separaten Analysen und Stellungnahmen vorliegen. Südafrikas Wassergesetzgebung ist international anerkannt für ihre ambitionierte Umsetzung des integrierten Wasserressourcenmanagements (IWRM). IWRM ist ein Konzept, das entwickelt wurde, um komplexe Herausforderungen im Bereich Wasser anzugehen, indem es die Beziehungen zwischen Land und Wasser berücksichtigt und den Wissensstand für andere Wasser nutzende Sektoren und Akteur*innen erweitert. Die Beteiligung von und Koordination zwischen Interessensvertreter*innen, Schlüsselaspekte des IWRM, stehen im Gegensatz zu einem hierarchischen Führungsstil, wie er von den meisten Regierungen praktiziert wird. Wir sehen drei Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung von IWRM in Südafrika: Erstens, ein duales Governance-System: Die Landschaft der für das Einzugsgebietsmanagement relevanten südafrikanischen Organisationen besteht aus Organisationen des westlichen Governance- und des traditionellen Governance-Systems. Das westliche Governance-System umfasst Organisationen wie das Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS), das mit der Bewirtschaftung der Wasserressourcen beauftragt ist, und das Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, das sich mit der traditionellen Führung in verschiedenen Fragen einschließlich des Landmanagements abstimmt. Gegenwärtig arbeiten diese Organisationen in Land-Wasser-Fragen nicht im erforderlichen Maße zusammen. Zweitens, eine mangelnde Umsetzung der Wassergesetzgebung: Das südafrikanische Wassergesetz von 1998 sieht Behörden für Einzugsgebietsmanagement (Catchment Management Agencies, CMAs) als Netzwerk-Governance-Strukturen vor, die die Einzugsgebiete auf lokaler Ebene bewirtschaften und alle Wassernutzer*innen einbeziehen sollen. Doch nach über 20 Jahren sind diese Strukturen nicht umgesetzt worden. Dies ist auf einen Konflikt von Governance-Stilen zwischen den Stakeholder integrierenden CMAs und dem expertengesteuerten, hierarchischen DWS zurückzuführen. Drittens, Konflikt zwischen Governance-Stilen: In Ermangelung einer CMA haben sich im uMngeni-Einzugsgebiet mehrere informelle oder nicht gesetzlich verankerte Netzwerk-Governance-Strukturen entwickelt (z.B. Foren für Einzugsgebietsmanagement und die uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership). In einigen Fällen befinden sich Repräsentant*innen dieser Strukturen und Regierungsvertreter*innen im Konflikt über unterschiedliche Ansätze des Wissensmanagements und der Entscheidungsfindung; diese Unterschiede wurzeln in ihrem jeweiligen Governance-Stil. In den vergangenen Jahren hat das DWS einen Prozess zur Erarbeitung der formal notwendigen Strategie des Einzugsgebietsmanagements eingeleitet, der von den Stakeholdern verlangt, sich zu beteiligen und ihre Bedürfnisse zu formulieren. Dieser Prozess könnte zu einem vermittelnden Instrument für Konflikte zwischen den Akteur*innen werden. Wir machen folgende Vorschläge: 1. Um IWRM umzusetzen ist die Integration der traditionellen Führungsebene in Planungsprozesse auf kulturell sensible Weise von entscheidender Bedeutung. 2. Netzwerkstrukturen - von der Regierung gestaltet oder selbst organisiert - können das zur Umsetzung von IWRM erforderliche Sozialkapital auf lokaler und regionaler Ebene schaffen. 3. Um zwischen vorhandenem hierarchischen und Netzwerk-Governance-Wissen zu vermitteln, sollten Managementstrategien auf einem hybriden Governance-Stil beruhen. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:202020&r= |
| By: | Breuer, Anita; Leininger, Julia; König-Reis, Saionara |
| Abstract: | Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong, accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions and mechanisms to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs. Given their legal mandates, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can play a key role in the implementation and follow-up of the SDGs. However, so far, this role has been scarcely acknowledged by governments in their Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.International practice shows that NHRIs play a more active role in providing information for SDG implementation than indicated in the VNRs. For instance, they collect and provide data and build capacities of national institutions. However, NHRIs are rarely represented in national bodies established to oversee SDG implementation. Yet, their ability to support the SDG process increases when they collaborate with the government, get information about SDG policy planning and receive the opportunity to demand explanations about "why" certain policies are adopted and "how" they shall contribute to successful SDG implementation. It is important to note, though, that preconditions for NHRI engagement vary considerably according to country contexts. To strengthen national horizontal accountability in general, and to ensure a human-rights-based approach in implementing the SDGs across all sectors of development, it will be important to: Establish NHRIs that are compliant with the Paris Principles. The pace of progress for establishing NHRIs is too slow. Currently, only half of all countries will achieve SDG indicator 16.a.1 (Existence of independent NHRIs in compliance with the Paris Principles) by 2030. The UN and other international organisations should assist gov-ernments in establishing institutions to be in conformity with the Paris Principles and to enable their effective and independent operation. Ensure an independent voice for NHRIs. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, fundamental freedoms need to be protected. This allows non-state actors and independent state oversight agencies such as NHRIs to criticise government action and demand human rights in SDG implementation. This will also contribute to the direct implementation of SDG target 16.10 on the protection of fundamental freedoms. Enable the participation of NHRIs in national SDG oversight bodies. As a first step, it is necessary that NHRIs themselves raise awareness of their relevant role for better accountability of governments' SDG implementation among national stakeholders. National governments should include NHRIs in the national SDG infrastructure by ensuring their representation in national SDG oversight bodies or government advisory committees. Improve VNR reporting. Governments should make sure to adequately reflect in VNR reporting the role played by NHRIs and assess what they can contribute to national SDG implementation and monitoring. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:162021&r= |
| By: | Nakamura, Ryota; Yao, Ying |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the causal effects of restricting cigarette availability on purchasing patterns. We design a research strategy that enables the estimation by leveraging the impact of an unforeseen discontinuation of products because of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. We analyze nationally representative home scanner data in Japan and find that making certain products unavailable leads smokers to switch to products with less tar and nicotine and purchase 32 percent fewer cigarettes per month. As a result, the total amount of tar and nicotine in purchased cigarettes has decreased by 43 and 30 percentage points, respectively. Such effects persist over the years. |
| Keywords: | Tobacco consumption, Supply restriction, Product availability, Natural experiment, Japan |
| JEL: | D12 I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hiasdp:hias-e-108&r= |