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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Yi, Fujin; Liu, Huilin; Quan, Quan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313374&r= |
| By: | Donatella Baiardi; Maria Gaia Soana |
| Abstract: | We empirically investigate the effectiveness of environmental and energy policies, complying with legal requirements or followed voluntarily by firms, on the proenvironmental efforts of 63 listed firms in Italy in the years 2008-2019. Our research design combines macroeconomic data referring to general policies for reducing air emissions, renewable energy interventions and energy efficiency measures with analogous policies applied at firm level on voluntary basis. The empirical analysis is performed in a panel data context by means of propensity score matching with multiple treatments, which allows us to test the effectiveness of (1) macroeconomic policies on firm environmental performance; (2) microeconomic policies on firm environmental performance, and (3) the coexistence of macroeconomic and microeconomic policies on firm environmental performance. Our results show that the effectiveness of these interventions, applied either separately or jointly, depends on the type of indicator used to proxy firm environmental performance. In particular, we find that the social costs of climate change are not internalized by listed companies, and that macroeconomic interventions are an excellent tool to implement because they are effective to fight climate change where voluntary actions fail and are also complementary to voluntary actions, since they support their effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | Firm environmental performance; General policies for reducing air emissions, Renewable energy policies; Energy efficiency policies; Propensity score matching with multiple treatments; Italian listed companies. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:478&r= |
| By: | Da, Yabin; Xu, Yangyang; Yi, Fujin; McCarl, Bruce A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313371&r= |
| By: | Gather, Johanna M. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312688&r= |
| By: | Dato, Prudence (University of Basel); Krysiak, Frank C. |
| Abstract: | Green innovation is a key element in fighting climate change. But there are several challenges that need to be addressed in managing a green technology transition, both in terms of interacting market failures (environmental externality, public good nature of innovation, strategic behaviour of incumbents protecting an emission-intensive technology) and as the structure of the technology market (whether the new technology is offered by a monopolistic incumbent or whether there is some competition induced by market entrants) will evolve throughout the transition. In this paper, we investigate the question what constitutes the optimal policy at different stages of the technology transition and for different market structures. We first analyse a policy mix that can implement a first-best outcome. We show that this mix will differ between different market settings and for different stages of the technology transition. Second, we investigate the choice between a push policy (subsidy for the new technology) and a pull strategy (tax on the old technology) and show that throughout the transition, the policy should be switched, often even more than once. Overall, our results indicate that managing a green technology transition requires a sequence of different policies attuned to the state of the transition and that this sequence differs substantially for different cases, for example, different levels of environmental damage or different cost advantages of the incumbent over entrants. |
| Keywords: | Policy, Tax, Subsidy, Green Technology, Imperfect Competition, Technology Transition, Innovation, Endogenous Market Structure, Emissions, Climate Change, Environmental Economics. |
| JEL: | C60 L10 O31 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2021/08&r= |
| By: | Anwar, Ahsan; Sinha, Avik; Sharif, Arshian; Siddique, Muhammad; Irshad, Shoaib; Anwar, Waseem; Malik, Summaira |
| Abstract: | In terms of attaining the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Asian economies are considered as laggards, and one of the major problems faced by these economies is the issue of environmental degradation. For addressing this pertaining issue, a policy-level reorientation might be necessary. In this view, this study aims to explore the impact of urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, agriculture, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in 15 Asian economies over 1990-2014. The empirical evidence demonstrates that urbanization, financial development, and economic growth increase CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption reduces CO2 emissions, and the impact of agriculture is insignificant. Impulse response function and variance decomposition techniques are used to test the causality among the variables. Based on the study outcomes, a comprehensive SDG-oriented policy framework has been recommended, so that these economies can make progression towards attaining the objectives of SDG 13 and SDG 7. This study contributed to the literature by recommending this SDG-oriented policy framework, which encapsulates economic growth and its drivers. |
| Keywords: | Urbanization; Renewable Energy Consumption; Financial Development; CO2 emission; SDG |
| JEL: | Q2 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109613&r= |
| By: | Halkos, George; Tsilika, Kyriaki |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of the present study is to feature the computational practice of green policy performance measurement. Computing the progress of the green economy includes topics as indicators and measures to characterize environmental sustainability, methodological issues to indicate and present spatiotemporal patterns of resource use and pollution, computational frameworks for comparisons of environmental management among economies / economic sectors / socio-economic systems, computational techniques to define the structure, dynamics, and change in ecosystems. Results are discussed in support of green policies. |
| Keywords: | Computational Economics; Sustainability. |
| JEL: | C60 C61 C63 C80 C81 C88 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109632&r= |
| By: | Sara Eldeeb (Faculty of Management Technology, German University in Cairo); Maria do Rosario Correia (Faculty of Management Technology, German University in Cairo); Christian Richter (Faculty of Managemennt Technology, German University in Cairo) |
| Abstract: | Climate Change experienced recently wider public attention through the actions of activist groups such as extinction rebellion and the Fridays for Future movement. It seems an increasing number of people around the world is aware of climate change and its associated problems. Apart from participating in above activities, a question arises regarding what drives people to show a willingness to mitigate the effects of climate change. In this paper we investigate potential determinants for the intention to adapt to climate change and to adopt a pro-environmental behaviour. We use a Fuzzy Set qualitative comparative analysis to identify the key drivers. We find that the key drivers are awareness combined with a willingness to pay to mitigate climate change, personal responsibility and confidence in the ability to mitigate climate change. Furthermore, the key drivers for exhibiting pro-environmental behaviour are societal engagement and willingness to take action. Overall, this paper contributes to increase the understanding of key cognitive, social-psychological and behavioural factors which lead to environmental actions and provides policy-makers with a framework to support a more sustainable society. |
| Keywords: | Theory of Planned Behaviour, Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Climate Change, Pro-environmental intention and behaviour. |
| JEL: | C31 C38 C83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:guc:wpaper:53&r= |
| By: | Yu, Chengzheng; Miao, Ruiqing; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313375&r= |
| By: | Laszlo Bokor (Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary)) |
| Abstract: | I propose a simple indicator of climate-related transition risks of banks’ lending activity based on transaction-level loan data. The underlying idea is that the higher the greenhouse gas intensity of an economic activity (and so a debtor), the higher its transition risk. Recent Hungarian trends of this indicator alerts to significantly regrowing risks. |
| Keywords: | climate change, transition risk, greenhouse gas intensity, lending activity, risk indicator |
| JEL: | C43 G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mnb:opaper:2021/141&r= |
| By: | Valérie Chavez-Demoulin (University of Lausanne - School of Economics and Business Administration (HEC-Lausanne)); Eric Jondeau (University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute); Linda Mhalla (HEC Montreal - Department of Decision Sciences; University of Geneva, Geneva School of Economics and Management, Research Center for Statistics) |
| Abstract: | With climate change accelerating, the frequency of climate disasters is expected to increase in the decades to come. There is ongoing debate as to how different climatic regions will be affected by such an acceleration. In this paper, we describe a model for predicting the frequency of climate disasters and the severity of the resulting number of deaths. The frequency of disasters is described as a Poisson process driven by aggregate CO2 emissions. The severity of disasters is described using a generalized Pareto distribution driven by the trend in regional real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. We predict the death toll for different types of climate disasters based on the projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the population, the regional real GDP per capita, and aggregate CO2 emissions in the "sustainable" and "business-as-usual" baseline scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Climate disasters, Death toll, Frequency and severity |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2163&r= |
| By: | Perez Martinez, Jorge; Hernandez-Gil, Felix; Peña, Daniel |
| Abstract: | The relationship between the implantation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), agreed at the United Nations is studied using regression models based on indicators on the SDG achievement and on the ICT adoption. The 17 SDG and their specific indicators are analyzed paying special tension to the European countries. Results shows a high positive association between the general SDG achievement and the ICT adoption. The aspects that benefit most clearly from digitization are those related to social and economic progress, including those such as poverty reduction, health care, quality of education and industry improvement. However, the study also shows that digitalization is associated to a poor achievement in areas related to the natural environmental preservation and climate change fight, including among them those related to electronic waste and greenhouse gas emissions. This is probably mostly due to the indirect effects. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals,Information and Communication Technologies,Inclusive Internet Index,European Union |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb21:238047&r= |
| By: | Michael J. Roberts (University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Department of Economics, University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization, University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program); Sisi Zhang (University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Department of Economics); Eleanor Yuan (University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Department of Economics); James Jones (Northern Virginia Electric Cooperative); Matthias Fripp (University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawai‘i) |
| Abstract: | Growth of intermittent renewable energy and climate change make it increasingly difficult to manage electricity demand variability. Transmission and centralized storage technologies can help, but are costly. An alternative to centralized storage is to make better use of shiftable demand, but it is unclear how much shiftable demand exists. A significant share of electricity demand is used for cooling and heating, and low-cost technologies exists to shift these loads. With sufficient insulation, energy used for air conditioning and space heating can be stored in ice or hot water from hours to days. In this study, we combine regional hourly demand with fine-grained weather data across the United States to estimate temperature-sensitive demand, and how much demand variability can be reduced by shifting temperature-sensitive loads within each day, with and without improved transmission. We find that approximately three quarters of within-day demand variability can be eliminated by shifting only half of temperature-sensitive demand. The variability-reducing benefits of employing available shiftable demand complement those gained from improved interregional transmission, and greatly mitigate the challenge of serving higher peaks under climate change. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2021-3&r= |
| By: | Hughes, Megan N.; Reeling, Carson; Ma, Meilin |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313381&r= |
| By: | Sears, James M. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312833&r= |
| By: | Massimo Mariani; Alessandra Caragnano; Francesco d'Ercole; Marianna Zito; Paola Amoruso |
| Abstract: | Across the years, environmental consequences deriving from climate change and disruptive natural catastrophes are taking the lead in the governments’ agenda in order to mitigate the effect of environmental degradation. In this framework, the so called “climate risk” and its implication on financial markets are, basically, the object of a huge analysis and increasing interest of financial market players and in particular academics and practitioners has paid deep attention to the climate change implication on real estate market, conceived as one of the most affected from climate risk. In this scenario, this work aims at exploring the relationship between the volatility in weather-related patterns across the time and its implication in real estate returns, taking into account the existing gap between national real estate markets. The ambitious goals of this research are to provide a contribution to the existing literature on the hot debate towards the aforementioned relation and its implication on an investor perspective and to evaluate practices which allow to consider differences in that impact across different time horizons. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Climate Risk; natural disaster; real estate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_100&r= |
| By: | Gardner, George |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312656&r= |
| By: | Unfried, Kerstin (University of Göttingen); Kis-Katos, Krisztina (University of Goettingen); Poser, Tilman (University of Göttingen) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and the increasing demand of water intensify the global water cycle, altering the distribution of water in space and time. This is expected to result in wet areas getting wetter and dry areas getting drier (Pan et al., 2015). As water is key to life, water scarcity is likely to provoke conflict. Using grid-cell data for Africa and central America over the years of 2002 to 2017, we establish a causal empirical link between the likelihood of local conflict and water mass declines. We measure water mass anomalies based on changes in Earth's gravity field recorded by GRACE and link them to social conflict events recorded in the SCAD data. To account for potential endogeneity in the demand for water, we instrument water mass change by the interaction of the number of drought months per year with yearly global average temperature changes. Our results show that a one standard deviation decrease in local water mass that follows from droughts and an intensifying water cycle more than triple the local likelihood of social conflict. Access to groundwater and surface water helps to mitigate these effects substantially. Water demand factors contribute to a quicker depletion of water mass in case of drought shocks, but do not intensify the link between water decline and conflict itself. |
| Keywords: | social conflict, water scarcity, climate change |
| JEL: | D74 Q25 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14707&r= |
| By: | Waris, Idrees; Hameed, Irfan |
| Abstract: | Government and private sectors of Pakistan have witnessed a huge gap in the demand and supply of energy, encouraging companies to introduce energy efficient products into the market. This led to boost in the demand of energy efficient home appliances. Energy efficient home appliances are the important sources of energy saving and help to reduce carbon emissions into the environment. The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical framework of consumers’ purchase intention of energy efficient home appliances. Four important constructs of purchase intention have been added into the theory of planned behavior such as consumers’ knowledge of eco-labels, green trust, environmental concern and functional values. Purposive sampling technique has been used to assess data collected by a questionnaire survey. The Partial Least Square (SEM) was employed to analyze hypothesized model. The findings of the study reveal that consumers’ knowledge of eco-labels, environmental concern and perceived consumer effectiveness are the important predictor of purchase intention. However, the positive relationship between green trust and products’ functional value is insignificant. It is believed that consumers’ are skeptical about products’ functional benefits. Therefore, marketers should focus on developing green trust related to products’ attributes. Moreover, the results of the study would be helpful in understanding consumers’ behavior towards the purchase of green products in developing markets. |
| Keywords: | Eco-labels, green trust, Environmental concern, perceived consumer effectiveness and purchase intention |
| JEL: | M31 |
| Date: | 2019–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109612&r= |
| By: | Jean Pisani-Ferry (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | For all the long-term benefits of urgently addressing climate change, economic policymakers must plan for a challenging transition to carbon neutrality. Pretending that the costs will be trivial is dangerous. Estimates by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of the United Nations indicate that emergency action is indispensable to limit catastrophic climate disruption. Because of the magnitude of the efforts involved and the pace of the transformation implied, the accelerated transition to a carbon-neutral economy is bound to have serious, immediate economic implications, warns Pisani-Ferry. Some equipment will lose economic value. Some plants will have to close. Employees will have to be reallocated to other occupations. Investment will have to increase, to repair or rebuild infrastructure and the capital stock. He argues that so far policymakers have not addressed these implications in a systematic manner. It is high time policymakers realize that climate policy is also macroeconomic policy and design transition strategies now. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:pbrief:pb21-20&r= |
| By: | Agarwala, M.; Burke, M.; Klusak, P.; Mohaddes, K.; Volz, U.; Zenghelis, D. |
| Abstract: | Both the physical and transition-related impacts of climate change pose substantial macroeconomic risks. Yet, markets still lack credible estimates of how climate change will affect debt sustainability, sovereign creditworthiness, and the public finances of major economies. We present a taxonomy for tracing the physical and transition impacts of climate change through to impacts on sovereign risk. We then apply the taxonomy to the UK's potential transition to net zero. Meeting internationally agreed climate targets will require an unprecedented structural transformation of the global economy over the next two or three decades. The changing landscape of risks warrants new risk management and hedging strategies to contain climate risk and minimise the impact of asset stranding and asset devaluation. Yet, conditional on action being taken early, the opportunities from managing a net zero transition would substantially outweigh the costs. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign debt, climate change, net zero, transition risk, productivity |
| Date: | 2021–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2163&r= |
| By: | Quintana Ashwell, Nicolas E. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312905&r= |
| By: | Patricia Crifo (X-DEP-ECO - Département d'Économie de l'École Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique); Yann Kervinio (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emile Quinet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech) |
| Abstract: | The ecological emergency calls for a marked reorientation of public and private investments away from harmful activities towards more environmentally-friendly ones. Green finance can contribute to this, provided that it uses tools that adequately account for environmental impacts in the evaluation of investments. In this article, we discuss how socioeconomic calculus, currently used for the evaluation of investment projects by the State and its operators in France, can be useful for private actors willing to integrate the environmental impacts of their investments to a degree consistent with the collective ambition in this area. We highlight the interest of designing specific and measurable environmental targets, which legitimize and operationalize our collective ambition in the face of today's environmental challenges. |
| Abstract: | L'urgence écologique appelle à une réorientation marquée des investissements publics et privés des activités défavorables vers des activités plus favorables à l'environnement. La finance verte peut y contribuer, pourvu qu'elle se dote d'outils susceptibles d'intégrer dans une juste mesure les impacts environnementaux dans l'évaluation des investissements. Dans cet article, nous discutons comment le calcul socioéconomique, actuellement employé pour l'évaluation des projets d'investissement de l'État et ses opérateurs, peut constituer un outil utile aux acteurs privés désireux d'intégrer les impacts environnementaux de leurs investissements dans une mesure cohérente avec l'ambition collective en la matière. Nous y mettons en évidence l'intérêt de disposer d'objectifs environnementaux spécifiques et mesurables, qui légitiment et traduisent de manière opérationnelle notre ambition collective face aux défis écologiques actuels. |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03270118&r= |
| By: | Amro ElShurafa; Hatem Alatawi; Salaheddine Soummane; Frank Felder (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy (RE) technologies are viewed as a critical means of reducing power sector-related emissions. Using mixed-integer optimization, we evaluate the extent to which renewable energy reduces carbon emissions in the Saudi power sector. |
| Keywords: | Energy Mix |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2021-dp08&r= |
| By: | Lee, Seunghyun |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312861&r= |
| By: | Apriesnig, Jenny L.; Thompson, Jada |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313369&r= |
| By: | Ruslan Rakhmatullin (European Commission - JRC); Fatime Barbara Hegyi (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The European Union recognises the role of various forms of transnational and cross-organisational collaborative efforts in speeding up the transition towards a green, climate neutral and digital Europe, as well as making European industry more resilient and competitive. Various forms of collaboration and cooperation are increasingly considered and promoted as the answer to a range of challenges.The focus of this paper is on thematic smart specialisation (S3) partnerships included in The Partnerships for SDGs online platform, which is the United Nations' global registry of voluntary commitments and multi-stakeholder partnerships, facilitating global engagement of all stakeholders in support of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.By exploring thematic S3 partnerships as an example of such interregional collaborative arrangements, this paper explores the extent to which these activities are able to contribute to the attainment of the Global Goals. This research supports the view that in order to track regions' contribution to SDGs and assess its impact, European policymakers should continue building in ways to collect consistently information about the extent to which various policy local/regional/national initiatives contribute to specific goals. |
| Keywords: | smart specialisation, s3, sustainable development goals, sdg-s, united nations, interregional collaboration, research and innovation, policy assessment, policy design |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc125210&r= |
| By: | Tanaka, Shinsuke (Tufts University); Teshima, Kensuke (ITAM, Mexico); Verhoogen, Eric (Columbia University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of a tightening of the U.S. air-quality standard for lead in 2009 on the relocation of battery recycling to Mexico and on infant health in Mexico. In the U.S., airborne lead dropped sharply near affected plants, most of which were battery-recycling plants. Exports of used batteries to Mexico rose markedly. In Mexico, production increased at battery-recycling plants, relative to comparable industries, and birth outcomes deteriorated within two miles of those plants, relative to areas slightly farther away. The case provides a salient example of a pollution-haven effect between a developed and a developing country. |
| Keywords: | pollution-haven hypothesis, environmental regulation, infant health |
| JEL: | F18 Q56 O15 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14664&r= |
| By: | Pinchbeck, Edward W.; Roth, Sefi; Szumilo, Nikodem; Vanino, Enrico |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the housing market to examine the costs of indoor air pollution. We focus on radon, a common indoor air pollutant which is the leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. For identification, we exploit a natural experiment whereby a risk map update in England induces exogenous variation in published pollution risk levels. We find a significant negative relationship between changes in published pollution risk levels and residential property prices. Interestingly, we do not find a symmetric effect for decreasing risk. We also show that the update of the risk map led higher socio-economic groups (SEGs) to move away from affected areas, attracting lower SEG residents via lower prices. Finally, we develop a new theoretical framework to account for preference based sorting, which allows us to calculate that the average willingness to pay to avoid the risk of indoor air pollution is 1.6% of a property price. |
| Keywords: | indoor air pollution; neighbourhood sorting; house prices; risk information; radon |
| JEL: | R21 Q53 H23 |
| Date: | 2021–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:111853&r= |
| By: | Diego Ferraro; Daniela Blanco; Sebasti\'an Pessah; Rodrigo Castro |
| Abstract: | Agricultural systems experience land-use changes that are driven by population growth and intensification of technological inputs. This results in land-use and cover change (LUCC) dynamics representing a complex landscape transformation process. In order to study the LUCC process we developed a spatially explicit agent-based model in the form of a Cellular Automata implemented with the Cell-DEVS formalism. The resulting model called AgroDEVS is used for predicting LUCC dynamics along with their associated economic and environmental changes. AgroDEVS is structured using behavioral rules and functions representing a) crop yields, b) weather conditions, c) economic profit, d) farmer preferences, e) technology level adoption and f) natural resources consumption based on embodied energy accounting. Using data from a typical location of the Pampa region (Argentina) for the 1988-2015 period, simulation exercises showed that the economic goals were achieved, on average, each 6 out of 10 years, but the environmental thresholds were only achieved in 1.9 out of 10 years. In a set of 50-years simulations, LUCC patterns quickly converge towards the most profitable crop sequences, with no noticeable tradeoff between the economic and environmental conditions. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.01031&r= |
| By: | Roy, Tirthankar |
| Abstract: | Theories of economic growth based on Western Europe are inadequate when applied to India because the two areas are incommensurate in their geographies and their resources. Because its initial conditions were different from those in, say, Europe and North America, India could arrive at economic growth only by solving different problems—preeminent among them being reliable access to clean water. The actions taken by the state, scientists, and society since 1880 in India weakened the chains that linked water insecurity, low yield, mass mortality, and caste-biased mortality but at the inevitable cost of ecological stress. In a tropical-monsoon climate, where well-being and the environment were constantly in flux, asking deprived individuals to consume less or cooperate more was not necessarily the best response to water problems. Science and capitalism provided better solutions. This article explores the interaction between water, environmental change, and economic change in India since the end of the nineteenth century. A struggle to mitigate poverty and inequality in access to water, a condition that the tropical-monsoon climate made almost universal, delivered economic growth and demographic transition in colonial India (1858–1947) and postcolonial India. At the same time, ensuring the fair distribution of a vital resource like water led to its overexploitation. The “tragedy of the commons” notion that Hardin advanced is not an accurate representation of this syndrome (see below).1 |
| JEL: | N55 |
| Date: | 2021–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:109207&r= |
| By: | Ohnishi, Kazuhiro |
| Abstract: | This paper examines a mixed Cournot duopoly model comprising a private firm and a partially privatized public firm to reassess the effect of an increase in ambient charges, and demonstrates that the result of this study is about the same as that obtained from private Cournot duopoly competition. |
| Keywords: | ambient charge; Cournot duopoly; environmental regulation; partial privatization; pollution |
| JEL: | C72 D21 L33 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109592&r= |
| By: | Mahmood, Haider |
| Abstract: | Purpose: A level of education may change the energy consumption habits of people. Further, economic growth may also demand cleaner energy consumption for better environmental quality. This research explores the impacts of education and economic growth on the renewable energy consumption of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This research utilizes the unit root test of Dickey & Fuller (1981), cointegration test of Pesaran et al. (2001), and bound testing values of Kripfganz & Schneider (2020). Main Findings: Income and secondary education increase Renewable Energy Consumption (REC) in the long and short run. Primary education reduces REC in the long run, and the lag of primary education has a positive effect on REC. Implication: This research recommends to increase the level of education to promote renewable energy consumption for a cleaner environment. Novelty: Educational level and renewable energy consumption nexus have not been investigated in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we claim an empirical contribution. |
| Keywords: | Level of Education, Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Consumption, Cointegration |
| JEL: | Q29 |
| Date: | 2020–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109141&r= |
| By: | Shenghao Feng; Xiujian Peng; Philip Adams |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the energy and economic implications of China's carbon neutrality path over the period of 2020 to 2060. We use a recursive dynamic CGE model, CHIANGEM-E, to conduct the analysis. Notable advancements from the original CHINAGEM model include: 1) detailed energy sector disaggregation, 2) a new electricity generation nesting structure, and 3) carbon capture and storage (CCS) mechanisms. Our simulation shows that to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060, China needs change its energy consumption structure significantly. Coal and gas consumption will decline dramatically while the demand for renewable energy, especially demand for solar and wind energy will increase considerably. However, the negative effects of the dramatic carbon emission reduction on China's macro economy is limited. In particular, by 2060 real GDP will be 1.36 percent lower in carbon neutrality scenario (CNS) than in the base case scenario. The carbon price level will be 1614 CNY per tonne of carbon dioxide in 2060 in CNS. The substantial changes in China's energy structure imply significant changes to its fossil fuel imports. China's import demand for coal, crude oil and gas will all fall sharply. By 2060, China's imports of coal and gas will be more than 60% lower and its oil imports will be around 50% lower than their respective base-case levels. |
| Keywords: | Carbon neutrality, economic implication, energy consumption, China, CGE |
| JEL: | C68 Q4 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-318&r= |
| By: | Donatella Baiardi |
| Abstract: | To answer this question, this paper reviews the huge and growing body of empirical literature on climate change awareness, and summarizes insights emerging from a critical review of about 140 papers. In particular, this survey provides (i) a historical overview of climate change awareness worldwide, (ii) a guide to the most widely used datasets, with a peculiar attention to the question wording employed to measuring climate change awareness when the analysis is performed at individual level; (iii) a detailed review of the main socio-economic and climatological determinants of climate change awareness, such as age, gender, education, political values, experience of extreme weather conditions, social and institutional trust and the stage of development of the country where people live; and (iv) a summary of the main implications of these findings in terms of public policy responses. |
| Keywords: | climate change awareness, individual perceptions, question wording, socio-economic determinants; policy implications |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:477&r= |
| By: | Zhong, Jia; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313352&r= |
| By: | Prateek Bansal; Rubal Dua; Rico Krueger; Daniel Graham (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | India has the world’s third highest carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, after China and the United States. The transportation sector is the third largest contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in India, accounting for roughly 11% of all carbon dioxide emissions in 2016. Road transport accounts for around 94% of the total carbon dioxide emissions of the transportation sector. |
| Keywords: | Aviation consumption, Aviation oil demand, Crude oil, Diesel |
| Date: | 2021–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2021-dp13&r= |
| By: | Kovacs, Kent; Rider, Shelby |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313336&r= |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Omang O. Messono (University of Dschang , Cameroon); Keyanfe T. J. Guttemberg (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this article is to analyze the effect of the political empowerment of women on vulnerability to climate change in 169 countries for the period 1995-2017. The empirical evidence which is based on panel fixed effects regressions shows that: i) the political empowerment of women as well as its components (i.e. civil liberties of women, participation of women in civil society and participation of women in political debates) reduce vulnerability to climate change. ii) The underlying effect is most pronounced in upper middle income, Latin American, small and fragile countries. iii) Public spending on education, the effectiveness of governance and education are the real transmission channels through which vulnerability to climate change is affected by women’s political empowerment. The findings are robust to alternative estimation methods such as the Tobit, the dynamic fixed effects, and the generalized method of moments regressions. Policy implications are discussed, inter alia, the need for sampled countries to encourage women's political empowerment in order to reduce risks linked to climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change; vulnerability; political empowerment |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:21/001&r= |
| By: | Hadziomerspahic, Amila |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312835&r= |
| By: | Ajanaku, Bolarinwa A.; Collins, Alan R. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313378&r= |
| By: | Lehmann, Paul; Reutter, Felix; Tafarte, Philip |
| Abstract: | The deployment of onshore wind power is an important means to mitigate climate change. However, wind turbines also produce local disamenities to residents living next to them, mainly due to noise emissions and visual effects. Our paper analyzes how the presence of local disamenities affects the socially optimal siting of onshore wind power. The analysis builds on a spatial optimization model using geographical information system (GIS) data for Germany. Our results indicate a major spatial trade-off between the goals of minimizing electricity generation and disamenity costs. Considering disamenity costs substantially alters - and in fact dominates - the socially optimal spatial allocation of wind power deployment. This is because in Germany a) the spatial correlation between generation costs and disamenity costs is only moderately positive, and b) disamenity costs exhibit a larger spatial heterogeneity than the generation costs. These results are robust to variations in the level and slope of the disamenity cost function that we assume for the modeling. Our findings emphasize the importance of supplementing support schemes for wind power deployment with approaches that address local disamenties, e.g., compensation payments to local residents or minimum settlement distances. |
| Keywords: | Externality,Germany,renewable energy,spatial optimization,wind power |
| JEL: | D62 Q42 Q51 Q53 R14 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:42021&r= |
| By: | Gregory Howard; Wendong Zhang (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); Adriana Valcu-Lisman; Philip W. Gassman (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | Using a survey of 430 farmer respondents in the Boone and North Raccoon River watersheds in Iowa, we examine the impacts of three program innovations-reverse auctions, spatially targeted payments, and higher offered payments-on agricultural water conservation program efficiency and participation by farmers. We combine farmer responses to a discrete choice experiment offering voluntary conservation contracts with township-level estimates of per-acre nitrogen reductions from each practice derived from the process-based ecohydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Using a random-parameters logit model, we show that both cost-reducing and benefit-boosting interventions reduce costs per projected pound of nitrogen removed from the watershed for each practice and thus are more cost-effective than the prevailing current cost-share programs. However, we find that these interventions can reduce participation by 20%-60%. Furthermore, we find cover crop contracts are far more cost-effective than no-till/strip-till and split N application contracts. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-wp622&r= |
| By: | Winikoff, Justin |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312724&r= |
| By: | Snehalkumar (Neil); S. Gaikwad; Shankar Iyer; Dalton Lunga; Elizabeth Bondi |
| Abstract: | Humanitarian challenges, including natural disasters, food insecurity, climate change, racial and gender violence, environmental crises, the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, human rights violations, and forced displacements, disproportionately impact vulnerable communities worldwide. According to UN OCHA, 235 million people will require humanitarian assistance in 20211 . Despite these growing perils, there remains a notable paucity of data science research to scientifically inform equitable public policy decisions for improving the livelihood of at-risk populations. Scattered data science efforts exist to address these challenges, but they remain isolated from practice and prone to algorithmic harms concerning lack of privacy, fairness, interpretability, accountability, transparency, and ethics. Biases in data-driven methods carry the risk of amplifying inequalities in high-stakes policy decisions that impact the livelihood of millions of people. Consequently, proclaimed benefits of data-driven innovations remain inaccessible to policymakers, practitioners, and marginalized communities at the core of humanitarian actions and global development. To help fill this gap, we propose the Data-driven Humanitarian Mapping Research Program, which focuses on developing novel data science methodologies that harness human-machine intelligence for high-stakes public policy and resilience planning. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.00100&r= |
| By: | Ufer, Danielle; Ortega, David L.; Wolf, Christopher A.; Swanson, Janice; McKendree, Melissa G. S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313353&r= |
| By: | Amoah, Philip (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Gebrezgabher, Solomie (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Drechsel, Pay (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Abstract: | Wastewater-fed aquaculture has a long history, especially in Asia. This report examines three empirical cases of integrated wastewater treatment and aquaculture production. From an aquaculture entrepreneur’s perspective, the combination of fish farming and wastewater treatment in common waste stabilization ponds allows significant savings on capital (pond infrastructure) and running costs (wastewater supporting fish feed). On the other hand, the treatment plant owner will have the benefit of a partner taking over plant maintenance. Given the importance of food safety and related perceptions, the report is focusing on innovative business models where the marketed fish is not in direct contact with the treated wastewater, but only the brood stock or fish feed. The financial analysis of the presented systems shows profitable options for the fish farmer, operational and in part capital cost recovery for the treatment plant, and as the treatment plant operators can stop charging households a sanitation fee, eventually a triple-win situation for both partners and the served community. |
| Keywords: | Resource recovery; Resource management; Water reuse; Wastewater aquaculture; Business models; Sustainability; Developing countries; Wastewater treatment; Fishery production; Integrated systems; Infrastructure; Treatment plants; Stabilization ponds; Public-private partnerships; Nongovernmental organizations; Markets; Fisheries value chains; Financial analysis; Circular economy; Cost recovery; Fish feeding; Nutrients; Food safety; Water quality; Public health; Risk assessment; Socioeconomic impact; Environmental impact; Case studies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:rerere:h050557&r= |
| By: | Rafael Wildauer (Department of International Business and Economics, University of Greenwich); Stuart Leitch (University of Greenwich); Jakob Kapeller (Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the potential of a European net wealth tax to raise substantial revenues while supporting the economy and the consensus on climate action. To achieve this, household survey data from the European Central Bank (covering 22 EU countries) are analysed. To address the problem of under-reporting of wealth at the top of the distribution in survey data, a Pareto distribution is fitted to the right tail of the data and used to create an amended data set which also represents these missing rich, whose wealth goes unreported. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ico:wpaper:129&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The G20 Rome guidelines for the future of tourism identifies key issues and opportunities to rethink and reshape tourism policy in response to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. It presents guidelines for action that are informed by the need to a) restore confidence and enable recovery, b) learn from the experience of the pandemic, and c) prioritise a sustainable development agenda in guiding future tourism. They are based around seven interrelated policy areas: i) safe mobility, ii) crisis management; iii) resilience; iv) inclusiveness; v) green transformation; vi) digital transition; and vii) investment and infrastructure. The G20 Rome guidelines were endorsed in the Rome Communiqué of the 2021 G20 Tourism Ministers’ meeting. |
| Keywords: | COVID19, crisis management, digital transition, green transformation, inclusiveness, infrastructure, investment, pandemic, resilience, sustainable tourism, tourism, travel mobility |
| JEL: | Z38 L83 |
| Date: | 2021–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaab:2021/03-en&r= |
| By: | Beatty, Timothy; Smith, Sarah |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312829&r= |
| By: | Martinez Flores, Fernanda; Milusheva, Sveta; Reichert, Arndt R. |
| Abstract: | Migration is one of the channels West African populations can use to adjust to the negative impacts of climate change. Using novel geo-referenced and high-frequency data, this study investigates the extent to which soil moisture anomalies drive international migration decisions within the region and toward Europe. The findings show that drier soil conditions decrease (rather than increase) the probability to migrate. A standard deviation decrease in soil moisture leads to a 2 percentage point drop in the probability to migrate, equivalent to a 25 percent decrease in the number of migrants. This effect is concentrated during the crop-growing season, and likely driven by financial constraints. The effect is only seen for areas that are in the middle of the income distribution, with no impact on the poorest or richest areas of a country, suggesting that the former were constrained to start and the latter can address those financial constraints. |
| Keywords: | West Africa,climate change,migration,agriculture |
| JEL: | F22 O13 O15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:910&r= |
| By: | Delzeit, Ruth; Heimann, Tobias; Schünemann, Franziska; Söder, Mareike |
| Abstract: | The goal of this technical paper is to present in a transparent way a detailed description of the DART-BIO model - the bioeconomy and land use version of the DART model. Key feature of the DART-BIO model is the explicit representation of the vegetable oil industry and the biofuel sector. The paper describes the construction and aggregation of the database used for the DART-BIO model. Further the theoretical structure of the model is elaborated. Thereby, crucial assumptions, elasticities and parameters embedded in the model are presented. |
| Keywords: | CGE model,bioeconomy,climate policy,land use |
| JEL: | C68 Q16 Q24 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2195&r= |
| By: | Elinder, Mikael (Department of Economics, Uppsala University); Hu, Xiao (Department of Forest Economics and Center for Environmental and Resource Economics (CERE)); Liang, Che-Yuan (Institute for Housing and Urban Research (IBF) and Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Water is an increasingly scarce resource. It is often distributed such that consumers do not face any marginal cost of consumption, creating a common pool problem. For instance, tenants in multi-family buildings can often consume both hot and cold water at zero marginal cost. Using high-frequency data over many years, we analyze how the introduction of apartment-level metering and billing (IMB) affects hot water consumption. We find that introducing a marginal cost, reflecting the market price, decreases consumption drastically by 26%. Hence, price interventions can curb free-riding behavior and help the conservation of cheap but precious resources. Our results also show that heavy water users in the top consumption quartile account for 72% of the reduction. Moreover, cost-benefit calculations indicate that IMB for hot water is a cost-effective policy tool for reducing water and energy consumption. |
| Keywords: | esidential water consumption; Water conservation; Common pool problem; Free-riding; Individual metering and billing |
| JEL: | D12 Q21 Q25 Q28 |
| Date: | 2021–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1402&r= |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-García; Sandy Dall?Erba |
| Abstract: | Extreme rainfall events are expected to become more frequent and more intense in the future. Because their mitigation is a challenge and their cost to human life is large, this paper studies the impact of preemptive investment against natural disasters on the future occurrence of landslides and the losses associated with it. Based on a panel of 746 Colombian municipalities with medium and high risk of landslides and an instrumental variable approach, we find that preemptive public investment can reduce the number of landslides, the number of people who die, are injured, or disappear after a landslide, as well as the number of people affected. However, we do not find any effect on the number of houses destroyed. The results reveal that local governments focus their preventive measures on saving the lives and the physical integrity of their citizens, but they pay less attention to the direct market losses of natural disasters. These results are relevant in the presence of imperfect private insurance markets and increased informal settlements. **** RESUMEN: Se espera que los eventos de lluvias extremas sean más frecuentes e intensos en el futuro. Debido a que su mitigación es un desafío y su costo para la vida humana es alto, este documento estudia el impacto de la inversión en prevención contra desastres naturales en la ocurrencia futura de deslizamientos de tierra y las pérdidas asociadas a los mismos. Con base en un panel de 746 municipios colombianos con riesgo medio y alto de deslizamientos de tierra y un enfoque de variable instrumental, encontramos que la inversión pública en prevención puede reducir la frecuencia de los deslizamientos de tierra, la cantidad de personas que mueren, resultan heridas o desaparecen después de un deslizamiento de tierra, así como el número de personas afectadas. Sin embargo, no encontramos ningún efecto sobre el número de viviendas destruidas. Los resultados revelan que los gobiernos locales enfocan sus medidas preventivas en salvar la vida y la integridad física de sus ciudadanos, pero prestan menos atención a las pérdidas de activos como consecuencia de los desastres naturales. Estos resultados son relevantes en presencia de mercados de seguros privados imperfectos y un aumento de asentamientos informales. |
| Keywords: | Landslides, preemptive investment, disaster risk reduction, natural disasters, deslizamientos de tierra, inversión en prevención, reducción del riesgo de desastres naturales, desastres naturales |
| JEL: | H1 H4 H5 C26 D6 |
| Date: | 2021–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:019551&r= |
| By: | Song, Chuling; Liu, Yu-li |
| Abstract: | Recent empirical research has indicated that the perceived risk in e-commerce affects the consumer's purchase intention. Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model, this study explores the effects of environmental stimuli on the consumer's perceived risk and purchase intention within a live-streaming shopping context. Through a sample of 341 valid users, we found that 1) perceived risk has a negative effect on the consumer's purchase intention; 2) the streamer's credibility partially mediates the relationship between perceived risk and purchase intention; and 3) the interactivity is positively associated with purchase intention. These results provide possible insights into how environmental stimuli in the context of live-streaming shopping affect the consumer's perceived risk and purchase intention. |
| Keywords: | live streaming,perceived risk,purchase intention,credibility,media richness |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb21:238054&r= |
| By: | Jaller, Miguel |
| Abstract: | California has set goals for transitioning the freight sector to near-zero-emission and zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). California offers several incentive programs to encourage adoption of ZEVs, but purchase decisions are driven by complex factors beyond simple purchase price. Understanding the behaviors and attitudes of freight stakeholders toward ZEVs can inform the design of more effective incentive programs to meet California’s goals. Researchers at the University of California, Davis deployed a stated-preference survey of fleet and carrier companies to collect information about vehicle purchase preferences and how they might be influenced by various incentive programs. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Behavior, Forecasting, Freight transportation, Incentives, Market penetration, Surveys, Travel demand, Trucks, Zero emission vehicles |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0p14c77j&r= |
| By: | Nikiema, Josiane (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Tanoh-Nguessan, R.; Abiola, F.; Cofie, Olufunke O. (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Abstract: | Based on primary data from fecal sludge (FS) treatment plants in three West African urban regions (Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Greater Accra in Ghana, and Grand Nokoué in Benin), FS collection and treatment patterns were analyzed to identify possible scenarios for resource recovery (RR) through FS co-composting. FS collection was analyzed for up to 7 years, in part per day, month and season, as well as FS characteristics to understand peak flows, FS qualities and related variations to plan for appropriate RR technology and capacities. Overall, the FS volumes collected by vacuum trucks were not significantly affected by the calendar days, months or seasons. Commonly assumed increases during rainy months were, for example, only recorded in Ouagadougou. FS composition appeared highly variable with a pronounced difference in total solids between FS collected from households versus institutional sources, likely indicating that institutions are served more frequently. The analyzed treatment plants appear to be exploited beyond their capacity. RR for reuse can turn sludge disposal from a cost into a source of revenue with co-benefits for farmers and the environment, thereby reducing the pressure on tipping fees. The probability of the added co-compost production being financially viable on its own was estimated for all the study sites, indicating an earliest breakeven point after 5 to 8 years. |
| Keywords: | Resource recovery; Resource management; Reuse; Faecal sludge; Waste treatment; Solid wastes; Treatment plants; Composting; Logistics; Economic analysis; Waste management; Waste collection; Sewerage; Recycling; Waste disposal; Sludge dewatering; Anaerobic treatment; Septic tanks; Sanitation; Technology; Maintenance; Public-private partnerships; Investment; Business models; Cost recovery; Production costs; Operating costs; Marketing; Cost benefit analysis; Land use; Urban areas; Households |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:rerere:h049802&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems”, funded by the European Union, through its work stream on social impact measurement, endeavours to: 1) explore current social impact measurement practices among social and solidarity economy organisations; 2) identify the methodologies best suited to capture the social benefits of the social and solidarity economy; and 3) understand what policy initiatives can be used to foster a social impact measurement culture and practice in the social and solidarity economy.After discussing the origins and drivers of social impact measurement, this paper examines existing methodologies developed at the local, national and international level and finally reviews how these are being implemented in the social and solidarity economy. It takes stock of the policy mapping exercise conducted by the OECD, which draws on responses to an online survey and on the stakeholder consultations conducted in Brazil, Canada, India, Korea, Mexico and the United States. |
| Keywords: | local development, policy ecosystem, social economy, social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, social impact, social innovation |
| JEL: | L31 L33 |
| Date: | 2021–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/05-en&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Social innovations have proven to be valuable in identifying, designing and implementing new solutions to social and environmental problems. The recent COVID-19 outbreak has put a spotlight on the potential of social innovation as a resilience mechanism, including for local development. This paper presents a preliminary framework for analysing social innovation ecosystems at the local level. It can help policy makers to better understand the different concepts around social innovation, and to develop policies to support social innovation and its implementation. The first section considers the features of social innovation and the benefits it can bring. The second section provides an analytical framework for social innovation at the local level. The final section sets a number of guidelines that support the implementation of social innovation ecosystems at local level, including examples of specific policy instruments. |
| Keywords: | local ecosystem, measurement of social innovation, social economy, social entrepreneurship, social innovation |
| JEL: | O35 L30 L31 D04 I3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2021/06-en&r= |
| By: | Klaus Zahn |
| Abstract: | "Modern Architecture" and "Modern Urbanism" are increasingly proving to be old, outdated and obsolete. The European city of short distances, which is still popular, beautiful and attractive today, has all too often been transformed with brutal radicalism into a functionally divided, car-oriented city of long distances, which not only harms our environment, but also our health. The mere "re-framing" of this non-sustainable planning ideology cannot solve the very damage and problems it has caused, certainly not in a sustainable and human way. The most important question is: Why and for what purpose do we develop and build cities? What is the goal and purpose of our projects? What is the meaning of urban planning and real estate development? This paper identifies the need for change in the school and practice of urban planning and real estate development. It is intended to promote discussion and lead to a “new” paradigm that considers timeless and ubiquitous principles of beautiful cities that sustain life on earth. |
| Keywords: | Meaning; Modern Architecture and City Planning; Sense; Sustainable Urban Development |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_207&r= |
| By: | Johnston, David; Onder, Yasin Kursat; Rahman, Habibur; Ulubasoglu, Mehmet |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates and quantifies the wellbeing effects of the 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires, the deadliest wildfire event in Australia's known history. Using subjective wellbeing data from a nationally representative longitudinal study and adopting an individual fixed-effects approach, our results identify a significant reduction in life satisfaction for individuals residing in close proximity of the wildfires. The negative wellbeing effect is valued at A$52,300 per annum; corresponding to 80% of the average annual income of a full-time employed adult. The satisfaction domain most negatively affected is how safe the person feels, and the group most affected are people with low social support. A delayed adverse mental health effect is also identified. |
| Keywords: | Wildfires, georeferencing, life satisfaction |
| JEL: | I18 I31 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109652&r= |
| By: | Lee, Jiwon; Schulz, Lee |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Agribusiness, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312669&r= |
| By: | Axenbeck, Janna; Niebel, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Although information and communication technologies (ICT) consume energy themselves, they are considered to have the potential to improve overall energy efficiency within economic sectors. While previous empirical evidence is based on aggregated data, this is the first large-scale empirical study on the relationship between ICT and energy efficiency at the firm level. For this purpose, we employ administrative panel data on 28,734 manufacturing firms from German Statistical Offices of the Federation and the Federal States collected between 2009 and 2017. Using software capital intensity as an indicator for the firm-level degree of digitalization, we analyze whether an increase thereof relates to energy efficiency improvements. Results confirm the statistically significant negative link between software capital and energy use. However, the relationship is highly inelastic and does not suggest economic relevance. Therefore, we conclude that effects of ICT on energy use are not large enough to substantially improve energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Digitalization,ICT,Firm Level,Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb21:238007&r= |
| By: | Julien GUYOT; Sébastien ROUILLON |
| Abstract: | This paper extends the analysis initiated by Rouillon (2020) of the externality caused by the accumulation of space debris. In addition to the rate of launches, satellite operators make design choices concerning the durability of their satellites. Focusing on the long-term equilibrium of the orbital environment, we com-pare two typical management regimes. The physico-economic equilibrium occurs under open-access to the orbit. The optimal policy maximizes the present value profit of the space sector. We then investigate which set of economic instruments can be used to regulate space activity in order to implement a socially optimal outcome. We show that the combination of a launch tax and a residence time charge can provide the right incentives. Finally, we give two extensions, dealing with de-orbit maneuvers and large debris removal. All results are illustrated based on a numerical application using a realistic calibration. |
| Keywords: | Space economics; Orbital debris; Sustainability |
| JEL: | L1 L9 Q2 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-16&r= |
| By: | Gustavo Ferro |
| Abstract: | Abstract: This essay tries to synthesize a recent discussion on circular economics, aiming to clarify the concept, its relationship with the notion of “decoupling”, and how technology, business, and economic policy influence it. In essence, circular economy means turning waste into something valuable. The concept encompasses some previous notions, such as bioeconomy. Technology of Fourth Industrial Revolution helps to decoupling growth from resource use. The reach of decoupling is disparate between growth optimistic and growth pessimistic thinkers. Business models comprehended in circular economy vary from eliminating waste, maximizing use extension of capital and durable consumption goods, until recovering materials and energy from process and products, turning goods into services by sharing, and replacing property by lease or pay-per-use models. Policies to induce or incentivize circular economy includes fiscal incentives through taxation and subsidization, command and control measures, and voluntary coordination efforts at the international level. / Resumen: Este ensayo procura sintetizar una discusión reciente sobre la economía circular, apuntando a clarificar ese concepto, su relación con la noción de “desacople” y cómo es influenciada por la tecnología, los negocios y la política pública. En esencia, la economía circular significa tornar desperdicios en algo valioso. El concepto abarca y supera algunas nociones previas como bioeconomía. La tecnología de la Cuarta Revolución Industrial aporta al desacople entre el crecimiento y los recursos. El alcance del desacople enfrenta a los optimistas con los pesimistas del crecimiento. Los modelos circulares de negocios incluyen eliminar desperdicio, maximizar la vida útil de los bienes durables, recuperar materiales y energía de procesos y productos, transformar bienes en servicios a través de su uso compartido y reemplazar su propiedad por alquiler o pago por el uso. Las políticas para inducir o incentivar la economía circular incluyen medidas fiscales, regulatorias y esfuerzos internacionales de coordinación voluntaria. |
| Keywords: | Circular economy, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Business, Public policy |
| JEL: | Q20 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cem:doctra:809&r= |
| By: | Okhunjanov, Botir B. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312848&r= |
| By: | Spalding, Ashley |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312896&r= |
| By: | Al-Qahtani, Maleeha Mohammed Zaaf; Alkhateeb, Tarek Tawfik Yousef; Mahmood, Haider; Abdalla, Manal Abdalla Zahed; Mawad, Ghada Shihata Ebrahim; Alkhatib, Maha Ahmed Hussein |
| Abstract: | Women empowerment may be utilized for sustainable development by using hidden un-utilized potential of the country. The present research is estimated the perception-based level of managerial, academic, economic, political and social women empowerment from a well-structured questionnaire. The Cronbach Alpha test is corroborated the reliability of each item in the hypothesized women empowerment dimension. We corroborate the satisfactory level of women empowerment in all hypothesized dimensions as per perception of the respondents. The highest average score is found for social women empowerment. It means that social women empowerment played a greatest role among others to empower the Saudi women. The second rank is achieved by academic women empowerment and the third position is for economic empowerment. Thus, economic empowerment and academic empowerment are playing their significant role in empowering the Saudi women. The lowest average mean is found for political empowerment. Hence, political domain need attention to provide women rights in political participation and processes. |
| Keywords: | Women empowerment, Managerial, Economic, Social, Political, Academic |
| JEL: | I00 |
| Date: | 2020–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109447&r= |
| By: | Shabnam, Nourin; Guven, Cahit; Ulubasoglu, Mehmet |
| Abstract: | We study the education outcomes of the 1974–1975 Bangladesh famine on early-life survivors using the 1991 Bangladesh microcensus data. We find that famine adversely affected the survivor children in areas that experienced higher rice prices relative to labour wage. In addition, children living in wealthy households in famine-stricken areas had better education outcomes than children with no famine exposure at all. We also find that, surprisingly, exposure to double catastrophe (i.e., concurrent famine and flood) in early life had weaker effects than exposure to single catastrophe. We show that disaster-alleviation mechanisms worked better in districts affected by double disasters. |
| Keywords: | The 1974–1975 Bangladesh Famine; Food Access; Early Life Malnutrition; Education Outcomes; Double Catastrophe |
| JEL: | I15 I25 J13 J24 |
| Date: | 2021–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109653&r= |
| By: | Muriuki, James M.; Hudson, Michael D. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:313387&r= |
| By: | Annamari Kiviaho; Saija Toivonen |
| Abstract: | Urban shrinkage is a significant challenge in many countries across the globe. However, it is a serious challenge, especially in European countries. For instance, it has been estimated that one-fifth of European cities have experienced population loss between 1990 and 2010. Urban shrinkage will cause significant problems for the local real estate market, such as decreasing real estate prices and values, the decay of buildings, segregation, increasing vacant and abandoned properties. Uncertain value development of the local estates can drive the total economic base of the city at risk. In addition, the current unsustainable real estate market development causes many negative consequences that can have far-reaching implications for the future development of the real estate market. Our research focuses on future real estate market development in shrinking cities, aiming to identify and explain the future consequences of the forces of change affecting the local real estate market. First, the forces of change such as megatrends, trends, wild cards, driving forces, and weak signals were identified by utilizing the Environmental scanning method. Second, the future consequences of the forces for change were analysed by utilizing the future wheel method. This method is mainly used in future research to reveal primary, secondary, and tertiary consequences of trends, events, or emerging issues. The results of our research are useful for several parties operating in the real estate market, such as urban planners, real estate investors and owners. |
| Keywords: | Futures research; Real Estate Market; Urban Shrinkage; Value development |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_192&r= |
| By: | Pongspikul, Tayatorn |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312763&r= |
| By: | Binkert, Eva; Flaig, Merlin; Frucht, Lukas; Grävingholt, Jörn; König, Jannis; Kuhnt, Jana; Lendle, Philipp; Muhumad, Abdirahman A.; Potinius, Katharina |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia is the second largest refugee-hosting country in Africa; it accommodates around 700,000 refugees, mostly from neighbouring countries. Humanitarian and development actors are increasingly highlighting the local integration of refugees as a durable solution to protracted refugee situations. Hosting states are called upon to include refugees in their national public services, rather than to sustain a parallel (humanitarian) system, and to empower refugees to secure their own livelihoods as part of the local community. The international community has endorsed this idea by adopting the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) and vowing financial support. Ethiopia is one of the pilot countries implementing this framework. However, the execution of the ambitious approach faces many challenges. This paper focusses on the role of local governments within the CRRF implementation process; they have not yet been the focus of attention even though sustainable solutions largely depend on them. Results show that the CRRF implementation process has slowed down considerably in the past years, mostly remaining on a project base. Shifting political priorities, a lack of leadership and coordination at the national level as well as the unclear role and low capacities of local governments are major barriers to the local integration of refugees. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:212021&r= |
| By: | Wongpiyabovorn, Oranuch |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Marketing, Agricultural Finance and Management |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312628&r= |
| By: | Loukas Balafoutas (University of Innsbruck, Department of Public Finance); Marco Faravelli (University of Queensland, School of Economics); Roman Sheremeta (Case Western University, Weatherhead School of Management, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We conduct a field experiment on conflict in swimming pools. When all lanes are occupied, an actor joins the least crowded lane and asks one of the swimmers to move to another lane. The lane represents a contested scarce resource. We vary the actor’s valuation (high and low) for the good through the message they deliver. Also, we take advantage of the natural variation in the number of swimmers to proxy for their valuation. Consistent with theoretical predictions, a swimmer’s propensity to engage in conflict increases in scarcity (incentive effect) and decreases in the actor’s valuation (discouragement effect). We complement the results with survey evidence. |
| Keywords: | conflict; conflict resolution; field experiment |
| JEL: | C72 C93 D74 D91 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chu:wpaper:21-16&r= |