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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Liu, Bingcai; Sohngen, Brent; Baker, Justin S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312846&r= |
| By: | Wang, Ying; Woodward, Richard T.; Liu, Jingyue |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312705&r= |
| By: | Haqiqi, Iman; Aqababaei, Monireh |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312777&r= |
| By: | Carmen Cantuarias; Jeffrey Blain; Radmila Pineau |
| Abstract: | Our research project aims at raising awareness about the value of biodiversity and urban ecosystem services (UES) for the French real estate market, in the private residential housing. Public perception of the environmental risks rose sharply over the last decade. What is the perception of biodiversity and UES in the real estate market? The French Observatory of Sustainable Real Estate analyzed the priorities of employees and companies. The issue of biodiversity was considered as important as water and human rights, but well below energy, business ethics, corporate social responsibility, risk management policy, territorial development, mobility, or comfort. Using GIS data and economic evaluation, by hedonic price methods, we assess the isolated contribution of the explanatory variables of biodiversity and UES on the price of real estate. We analyze the variation of the value for three urban ecosystem services (IDEFESE Project, 2019)—flood control, proximity to green spaces and refreshment—on the price of real estate when a property changes ownership. Our modeling and mapping focus on the price of transaction (€/m2) at the communal scale from 2014 to 2019. The main variables are internal characteristics of housing (area, kind of housing, heating), external characteristics (accessibility and infrastructure, economic, social, and physical environment such as air pollution, noise), and biodiversity indicators and urban ecosystem services for the Ile-de-France region. Moreover, we compare environmental values on the enhancement of green spaces, and their impact on residential choices. These studies are very useful for real estate developers, because they enable them to promote green spaces, and municipalities to become more attractive. |
| Keywords: | environmental values; hedonic price; urban biodiversity perception; Urban ecosystem services |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_185&r= |
| By: | Chen, Luoye; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312845&r= |
| By: | Cheng, Haitao |
| Abstract: | In this study, we develop a two-country model to examine whether border carbon adjustments (BCAs) are more effective than emission tax alone in preventing carbon leakage and decreasing global emissions with endogenous assembly locations. Specifically, we explore three policy regimes: i) emission taxes alone (no BCAs), ii) emission taxes and carbon-content tariffs (partial BCAs), and iii) emission taxes, carbon-content tariffs, and tax rebates on exports (full BCAs). We find that the effectiveness of BCAs depends on whether BCAs induce assembly relocation. If assembly relocation does not occur, BCAs prevent carbon leakage and decrease global emissions. However, if BCAs induce assembly relocation, carbon leakage may occur with partial BCAs, and global emissions may be higher with full BCAs. |
| Keywords: | Abatement Investments, Border Carbon Adjustments, Carbon Leakage, Endogenous Assembly Locations, International Oligopoly |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hiasdp:hias-e-110&r= |
| By: | Cheng, Haitao |
| Abstract: | In this study, we develop a two-country model to examine whether border carbon adjustments (BCAs) are more effective than emission tax alone in preventing carbon leakage and decreasing global emissions with endogenous assembly locations. Specifically, we explore three policy regimes: i) emission taxes alone (no BCAs), ii) emission taxes and carbon-content tariffs (partial BCAs), and iii) emission taxes, carbon-content tariffs, and tax rebates on exports (full BCAs). We find that the effectiveness of BCAs depends on whether BCAs induce assembly relocation. If assembly relocation does not occur, BCAs prevent carbon leakage and decrease global emissions. However, if BCAs induce assembly relocation, carbon leakage may occur with partial BCAs, and global emissions may be higher with full BCAs. |
| Keywords: | Abatement Investments, Border Carbon Adjustments, Carbon Leakage, Endogenous Assembly Locations, International Oligopoly |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hiasdp:hias-e-111&r= |
| By: | Jenn, Alan PhD; Brown, Austin PhD |
| Abstract: | California has many aggressive climate policies, primarily aimed at individual sectors. This study explores untapped policy opportunities for interactions between sectors, specifically between the transportation and the electricity grid. As electric vehicles become more prevalent, their impact on the electricity grid is directly related to the aggregate patterns of vehicle charging. Even without vehicle-to-grid services, shifting of charging patterns can be a potentially important resource to alleviate issues such as renewable intermittency. This study compares, through modeling, projected emissions reductions from managed vs. unmanaged charging. The lion’s share of emissions reduction in the light-duty transportation sector in California will come from electrification, with a cumulative 1 billion tons of CO2 reduction through 2045. Decarbonization of the current grid leads to an additional savings of 125 million tons of CO2 over the same time-period. Potential state policies to exploit synergies between transportation electrification and grid decarbonization could reduce cumulative emissions by another 10 million tons of CO2. These policies include strategic deployment of charging infrastructure, pricing mechanisms, standardizing grid interaction protocols, and supporting grid infrastructure requirements. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Decarbonization, electric grids, electric vehicles, electric vehicle charging, emissions, carbon dioxide, policy analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2rv3h345&r= |
| By: | Michael J. Roberts; Sisi Zhang; Eleanor Yuan; James Jones; Matthias Fripp |
| Abstract: | Growth of intermittent renewable energy and climate change make it increasingly difficult to manage electricity demand variability. Transmission and centralized storage technologies can help, but are costly. An alternative to centralized storage is to make better use of shiftable demand, but it is unclear how much shiftable demand exists. A significant share of electricity demand is used for cooling and heating, and low-cost technologies exists to shift these loads. With sufficient insulation, energy used for air conditioning and space heating can be stored in ice or hot water from hours to days. In this study, we combine regional hourly demand with fine-grained weather data across the United States to estimate temperature-sensitive demand, and how much demand variability can be reduced by shifting temperature-sensitive loads within each day, with and without improved transmission. We find that approximately three quarters of within-day demand variability can be eliminated by shifting only half of temperature-sensitive demand. The variability-reducing benefits of employing available shiftable demand complement those gained from improved interregional transmission, and greatly mitigate the challenge of serving higher peaks under climate change. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.00643&r= |
| By: | Ghorbani, Khashayar; Atallah, Shadi S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312827&r= |
| By: | Ji, Yongjie; Miao, Ruiqing |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312795&r= |
| By: | Sandstrom, Kaitlynn M.A.; Lupi, Frank |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312913&r= |
| By: | Dietz, Simon; Rising, James; Stoerk, Thomas; Wagner, Gernot |
| Abstract: | Climate scientists have long emphasized the importance of climate tipping points like thawing permafrost, ice sheet disintegration, and changes in atmospheric circulation. Yet, save for a few fragmented studies, climate economics has either ignored them or represented them in highly stylized ways. We provide unified estimates of the economic impacts of all eight climate tipping points covered in the economic literature so far using a meta-analytic integrated assessment model (IAM) with a modular structure. The model includes national-level climate damages from rising temperatures and sea levels for 180 countries, calibrated on detailed econometric evidence and simulation modeling. Collectively, climate tipping points increase the social cost of carbon (SCC) by ∼25% in our main specification. The distribution is positively skewed, however. We estimate an ∼10% chance of climate tipping points more than doubling the SCC. Accordingly, climate tipping points increase global economic risk. A spatial analysis shows that they increase economic losses almost everywhere. The tipping points with the largest effects are dissociation of ocean methane hydrates and thawing permafrost. Most of our numbers are probable underestimates, given that some tipping points, tipping point interactions, and impact channels have not been covered in the literature so far; however, our method of structural meta-analysis means that future modeling of climate tipping points can be integrated with relative ease, and we present a reduced-form tipping points damage function that could be incorporated in other IAMs. |
| Keywords: | climate risk; climate tipping points; integrated assessment model; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2021–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:111807&r= |
| By: | Steuer, Sebastian; Tröger, Tobias |
| Abstract: | We study the design features of disclosure regulations that seek to trigger the green transition of the global economy and ask whether such regulatory interventions are likely to bring about sufficient market discipline to achieve socially optimal climate targets. We categorize the transparency obligations stipulated in green finance regulation as either compelling the standardized disclosure of raw data, or providing quality labels that signal desirable green characteristics of investment products based on a uniform methodology. Both categories of transparency requirements canbe imposed at activity, issuer, and portfolio level. Finance theory and empirical evidence suggest that investors may prefer "green" over "dirty" assets for both financial and non-financial reasons and may thus demand higher returns from environmentally-harmful investment opportunities. However, the market discipline that this negative cost of capital effect exerts on "dirty" issuers is potentially attenuated by countervailing investor interests and does not automatically lead to socially optimal outcomes. Mandatory disclosure obligations and their (public) enforcement can play an important role in green finance strategies. They prevent an underproduction of the standardized high-quality information that investors need in order to allocate capital according to their preferences. However, the rationale behind regulatory intervention is not equally strong for all categories and all levels of "green" disclosure obligations. Corporate governance problems and other agency conflicts in intermediated investment chains do not represent a categorical impediment for green finance strategies. However, the many forces that may prevent markets from achieving socially optimal equilibria render disclosure-centered green finance legislation a second best to more direct forms of regulatory intervention like global carbon taxation and emissions trading schemes. Inherently transnational market-based green finance concepts can play a supporting role in sustainable transition, which is particularly important as long as first-best solutions remain politically unavailable. |
| Keywords: | green finance,sustainable finance,ESG,mandatory disclosure,taxonomies,benchmarks,labels,asset pricing,market discipline,climate change,climate risk |
| JEL: | D4 D6 G1 G3 G4 K2 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:320&r= |
| By: | KERAMIDAS Kimon (European Commission - JRC); FOSSE Florian (European Commission - JRC); DIAZ VAZQUEZ Ana (European Commission - JRC); SCHADE Burkhard (European Commission - JRC); TCHUNG-MING Stephane (European Commission - JRC); WEITZEL Matthias (European Commission - JRC); VANDYCK Toon (European Commission - JRC); WOJTOWICZ Krzysztof (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This edition of the Global Energy and Climate Outlook (GECO 2020) puts its focus on analysing the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the transport sector as a whole. The transport sector has suffered the greatest slump in mobility demand of the history during the lockdown period, while the oil price has plummeted. This report explores the impacts of transport activity trends that may persist in the future from the structural changes induced by the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as of policy initiatives that may be adopted as enabling measures for low-carbon transport. While greenhouse gas emissions in this “New Normal” differ significantly compared to previous projections, the emissions gap towards a 2°C pathway is closed only by some 29%, thereby stressing the need of more ambitious collective action to maintaining global temperature change to well below 2°C. |
| Keywords: | Global Energy system, Climate Change, Transport sector, Covid-19, Green House Gas emissions, post-Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc123203&r= |
| By: | Liu, Jing; Wang, Zhan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312787&r= |
| By: | Ruiz-Tagle, Cristobal; Schueftan, Alejandra |
| Abstract: | Air pollution from wood burning is a serious problem in the developing world. In the cities of south-central Chile, households experience extremely high ambient air pollution levels due to massive combustion of wood as fuel for residential heating. To address this problem, in recent years new residential wood stoves—equipped with improved combustion technologies that are designed to be less-polluting—have replaced high-polluting ones. However, users’ behaviour in operating these improved stoves is a key factor that drives actual emissions. When users ‘choke the damper’ to extend the burning time of their wood fuel, it constrains the air flow in the wood stoves and creates a highly polluting combustion process. To address this issue, a behavioural intervention was designed to provide users with real-time feedback on their wood stoves’ air pollution emissions with the goal of ‘nudging’ them to use their stoves in a less polluting way. The intervention consists of an information sign that aligns with the wood stove’s damper lever and informs users about pollution emission levels according to the chosen setting of the wood stove’s damper. The information sign is complemented by the visit of a field assistant that explains the sign and provides an informational flyer (fridge magnet). To assess the effectiveness of this behavioural intervention a randomized controlled trial was conducted with selected households in the city of Valdivia, Chile. Results from this intervention show that households that were provided with the information sign reduced the frequency with which they used the most polluting settings of their stoves, inducing a behavioural change that results in a 10.8% reduction in residential pollution emissions. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; behavioural intervention; environment and development; field experiment; wood stoves; Springer deal |
| JEL: | C93 D90 O13 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:111527&r= |
| By: | Nordström, Jonas (AgriFood economics centre); Hammarlund, Cecilia (AgriFood economics centre) |
| Abstract: | The increased urbanization and human population growth of recent decades have resulted in the loss of urban green spaces. One policy used to prevent the loss of urban green space is ecological compensation. Ecological compensation is the final step in the mitigation hierarchy; compensation measures should thus be a last resort, after all opportunities to implement the earlier steps of the hierarchy have been exhausted. The compensation should balance the ecological damage, aiming for a “no net loss” of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this study, we develop a simple model that can be used as tool to study the welfare effects of applying ecological compensation when green space is at risk of being exploited, both at an aggregate level for society and for different groups of individuals. Our focus is on urban green space and the value of the ecosystem service – recreation – that urban green space provides. In a case study we show how the model can be used in the planning process to evaluate the welfare effects of compensation measures at various sites within the city. The results from the case study indicate that factors such as population density and proximity to green space have a large impact on aggregate welfare from green space and on net welfare when different compensation sites are compared against each other. |
| Keywords: | Urban green space; Ecological compensation; Recreational value; Wellbeing; Utility; Welfare effects; Distributional effects |
| JEL: | D60 Q26 Q50 Q57 R52 R58 |
| Date: | 2021–08–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luagri:2021_003&r= |
| By: | Jorge A Bonilla; Alejandro Lopez-Feldman, Paula Pereda, Nathaly M. Rivera, J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle |
| Abstract: | Ambient air pollution is a major problem in many countries of the developing world. This study examines the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19-related deaths in four countries of Latin America that have been highly affected by the pandemic: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Relying on historical satellite-based measures of fine particulate matter concentrations and official vital statistics, our results suggest that an increase in long-term exposure of 1 μg/m3 of fine particles is associated with a 2.7 percent increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate. This relationship is found primarily in municipalities of metropolitan areas, where urban air pollution sources dominate, and air quality guidelines are usually exceeded. Our findings support the call for strengthening environmental policies that improve air quality in the region, as well as allocating more health care capacity and resources to those areas most affected by air pollution. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; air pollution; particulate matter; Latin |
| JEL: | I18 Q52 Q53 O13 |
| Date: | 2021–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2021wpecon23&r= |
| By: | Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marion Drut (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Federico Antonioli (University of Parma); Ružica Brečić (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Michele Donati (University of Parma); Hugo Ferrer-Pérez (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Lisa Gauvrit (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); Viet Hoang (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Kamilla Knutsen Steinnes (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (Kasetsart University - KU (THAILAND) - KU - Kasetsart University); Edward Majewski (Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] - UW - University of Warsaw); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] - UW - University of Warsaw); Konstadinos Mattas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); An Nguyen (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Jack Peerlings (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Bojan Ristic (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia); Marina Tomić Maksan (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Áron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Gunnar Vittersø (SIFO - National Institute for Consumer Research - National Institute for ConsumerResearch); Abdoul Diallo (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Abstract The carbon and land footprint of 26 certified food products – geographical indications and organic products and their conventional references are assessed. This assessment goes beyond existing literature by (1) designing a calculation method fit for the comparison between certified food and conventional production, (2) using the same calculation method and parameters for 52 products – 26 Food Quality Schemes and their reference products – to allow for a meaningful comparison, (3) transparently documenting this calculation method and opening access to the detailed results and the underlying data, and (4) providing the first assessment of the carbon and land footprint of geographical indications. The method used is Life Cycle Assessment, largely relying on the Cool Farm Tool for the impact assessment. The most common indicator of climate impact, the carbon footprint expressed per ton of product, is not significantly different between certified foods and their reference products. The only exception to this pattern are vegetal organic products, whose carbon footprint is 16% lower. This is because the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from the absence of mineral fertilizers is never fully offset by the associated lower yield. The climate impact of certified food per hectare is however 26% than their reference and their land footprint is logically 24% higher. Technical specifications directly or indirectly inducing a lower use of mineral fertilizers are a key driver of this pattern. So is yield, which depends both on terroir and farming practices. Overall, this assessment reinforces the quality policy of the European Union: promoting certified food is not inconsistent with mitigating climate change. |
| Keywords: | certified food,carbon footprint,land footprint,organic farming,geographical indications |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03265997&r= |
| By: | Tillman Gauer; Björn-Martin Kurzrock |
| Abstract: | National and international agreements aim to limit climate change and thus call for a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to nearly zero. A wide range of technologies promise to reduce the heat demand of buildings and also promote renewable energies. One of these technologies is the use of solid building structures as thermal storage, so called thermally activated building parts or TABS. Thermal simulations of such energy concept for a typical single-family house with 140 m² living space featuring a heat pump, a solar thermal collector and TABS show that the share of solar heat for heat supply can be increased, resulting in a decreased use of the heat pump and thus a lower demand of electric energy. This leads to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and lower operating costs. Furthermore, the simulations show that larger sizes of the TABS and the solar thermal collector lead to lower demand of electric energy. To secure a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and costs over the whole lifecycle of a building also production and dismantling, disposal and recycling must be considered. A Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis shows that TABS in combination with solar heat reduce LCC, expressed as present values, by app. 34%. The reductions are mainly due to the lower operating costs of the heating system. Increasing the size of south-facing solar collectors leads to asymptotically decreasing costs. For the less favourable orientations to the West and East, the optimum size of the collector is between 30 and 40 m², depending on the orientation and the size of the TABS. A minimum size of the TABS must be available, while additional TABS do not lead to further reductions. Also in an ecologic sense, the use of TABS in combination with solar heat is beneficial. The simulations in this research show that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the whole lifecycle can be reduced by 27%. Again, the reduction mainly results from the decreased demand of electric energy and only slightly higher GHG emissions from the production of the TABS. Larger collector sizes lead to asymptotically reduced GHG emissions, when south facing. In contrast, orientations to the East and West lead to increased GHG emissions as the size of the collector increases. Integrated systems of heat pumps, solar thermal collectors and TABS could also be considered for multi-family housing and other building types. Simulations of LCC and LCA offer a suited means for assessing economic and ecologic impacts of innovative buildings concepts and should be used on a wider scale, ideally in combination. |
| Keywords: | LCA; Lcc; renewable energies; TABS |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_48&r= |
| By: | Richard Jaimes |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of aggregate shocks to government spending and to the available abatement technology in an economy with a polluting intermediate goods sector and nominal rigidities. The model implies that an abatement cost shock leads to a decline in both output and consumption regardless the type of climate regulation in place. Nonetheless, it turns out that these negative responses are attenuated when environmental policy revenues are used to diminish either consumption or labor income taxes instead of rebating them via lump-sum transfers. On the other hand, the positive effects of a government spending shock on output are maximized when both prices and wages are rigid, there is a carbon tax scheme instead of a cap-and-trade system, and the expansion in public expenditures is financed through lump-sum taxation. |
| Keywords: | New Keynesian model, environmental policy, macroeconomic dynamics, and fiscal policy |
| JEL: | E32 E50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000416:019466&r= |
| By: | Anica, Sharaban T.; Elbakidze, Levan |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312881&r= |
| By: | Khalfaoui, Rabeh; Tiwari, Aviral Kumar; Khalid, Usman; Shahbaz, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This study aims to revisit the evidence of co-movement and lead-lag nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth in G7 countries over a period of two centuries by using the wavelet coherence analysis. The key findings reveal (i) a cyclical relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP per capita, which implies that during the upswing phase of business cycles, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions both grow, but the latter can be predicted using GDP as an indicator function at the 1- to 2-year scale. (ii) A time-scale bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP per capita. This implies that carbon dioxide emissions cannot be reduced without adversely affecting economic growth. Further, the finding also implies a rapid adoption of alternative clean energy sources to reduce carbon dioxide emissions without depressing economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Economic Growth, G7, Time-Frequency Analysis |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109276&r= |
| By: | Kristen Velyvis; Thomas Coen; Irina Cheban; Naomi Dorsey; Arif Mamun; Anthony D'Agostino |
| Abstract: | Millennium Challenge Corporation's $351 million Malawi Compact (2013-2018) funded the $20 million Environmental and Natural Resources Management (ENRM) Project, which aimed to reduce disruptions and increase efficiency of hydropower generation by decreasing aquatic weeds and sediment in the Shire River Basin. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:269f88dddd674f05b21a7c391d19925d&r= |
| By: | Kristen Velyvis; Anthony D'Agostino |
| Abstract: | Millennium Challenge Corporation contracted Mathematica to conduct an independent evaluation of the Environmental and Natural Resource Management (ENRM) project. This presentation summarizes our interim findings from case studies of five of the grants based on data collected through the close of the compact, and for research questions on ENRM implementation, outcomes, and sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:20772226acf34c0d900be882ec2d7ec4&r= |
| By: | Mahmood, Haider |
| Abstract: | inancial development market (FMD) may have positive or negative environmental consequences. This research investigated the effects of FMD and income on CO2 emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries during 1980-2018. We found that income had positive effect but FMD had insignificant impact on emissions in GCC panel. Then, we tested these effects in the individual country time series and found that income had positive impact in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Oman and had insignificant effect in other GCC countries in long run. Effect of FMD was positive in Oman, was negative in UAE and was insignificant in rest of GCC countries. Effect of income was positive in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait and was insignificant for other countries in short run. The effect of FMD was positive in Kuwait and was negative in UAE. We recommend UAE to expand the financial market and suggest Oman and Kuwait to have a check on the financially supported pollution-oriented activities. |
| Keywords: | financial market development, CO2 emissions, GCC |
| JEL: | Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109134&r= |
| By: | Charles Collet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascal Gastineau (AME-SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - Université Gustave Eiffel); Benoit Chèze (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Frederic Martinez (AME-DCM - Dynamiques des changements de mobilité - Université de Lyon - Université Gustave Eiffel); Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector constitutes one of the main contributors to CO2 emissions. Several incentive measures have been already proposed by economists to mitigate these emissions. But, as we all know, these tools have met with mixed success. This paper proposes the use of attribute valence framing, i.e. a description of the same object/characteristics positively or negatively, in order to reduce CO2 emissions. This so-called nudge is easier to implement than more traditional tools, such as taxation, and does not rely on the stringent assumption that individuals are fully rational. The findings from a discrete choice experiment focusing on long-distance travel choice are reported herein. Results indicate that a loss framing on CO2 emissions significantly increases the respondents' practice of pro-environmental behaviors. The framing effect is larger when applied to CO2 than to travel duration (+50% and +30% of the willingness to pay, respectively). In employing psychological constructs, it is shown that preferences are affected by individuals' psychological features (i.e. a preference for the future and environmental self-identity), and moreover that the magnitude of the framing effect depends on individuals' motivational strategies. |
| Keywords: | Framing effect,Discrete choice experiment,Pro-environmental behavior,Travelers' willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2021–08–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03321706&r= |
| By: | Shazmin Shareena Zis; Muhammad Najib Razali; Hishamuddin Mohd. Ali; Ibrahim Sipan; Nurul Hana Adi Maimun |
| Abstract: | An impervious surface generates high storm water runoff volumes which overwhelm drainage systems caused frequent urban flash flood episodes. Green roof is a highly efficient green infrastructure in reducing urban storm water runoff. Studies have agreed on most important green roof characteristics that contributed in reducing storm water runoff are substrates depth, type of vegetation, and roof slope. However, to date, no study has drawn a connection between these performances and cost that contributes to the performance. This is important as cost is the utmost barrier for green roof implementation. Therefore, this study motivates to assess cost and benefit of substrates depth, type of vegetation, and roof slope for intensive and extensive green roof. Roof slope is the utmost cost-efficient green roof characteristics for storm water runoff reduction at 1: 1.5 and 1: 2.2 for extensive and intensive green roof. Type of vegetation contributes to the highest cost for both green roofs. Substrate depth is only cost-efficient for intensive green roof at ratio 1: 1.4. This study is significant in encouraging building owner and investor to implement green roof by providing substantial evidence on it efficiencies and cost that contributes to the effectiveness. This will eventually promote the growth of green building within building sectors. |
| Keywords: | Cost; Flash flood; Green Roof; Runoff |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_4&r= |
| By: | Dennis Aldenhoff; Björn-Martin Kurzrock |
| Abstract: | Limited economic feasibility due to high investment costs and relatively small energy cost savings are seen as a major reason for low energetic refurbishment rates of the building stock in many countries. Improving economic feasibility can therefore be essential to increase refurbishment rates. Carbon tax or subsidies are possible ways to achieve this. To assess the impact and potential of these instruments, typically life cycle costing (LCC) methods are used. In this research, a typical single-family house in Germany is taken as an example that can also apply to other countries. Traditional and innovative refurbishment concepts in line with national climate goals are examined regarding their economic feasibility when accounting for the full costs of the refurbishment. The LCC of refurbishment concepts are analyzed with and without the impact of carbon tax. It is found that carbon tax reduces the amortization time of the full refurbishment costs from 55 years (w/o carbon tax) to 38-56 years for gas heating systems and 32-51 years for heat pumps (strongly depending on carbon tax after 2025). This can be improved further by earmarking carbon tax revenues from the building sector as funding grants for energetic refurbishments. Without earmarking the tax revenues, substantially shorter amortization periods can only be achieved through initially higher or steadily increasing carbon tax rates. A steady increase of the carbon tax rate, which translates into an annual growth of 3-4% in energy costs of fossil fuels, can lead to the desired steering effect. Furthermore, it allows for rather low initial carbon tax rates in 2021-2025. An increase in funding grants further shortens payback periods. While carbon taxes should be used preferably to improve economic efficiency, funding grants can reduce investment hurdles. By concentrating grants on low-income building owners, the impact on barriers to investment should be maximized. Earmarking the carbon tax revenues as funding grants can mitigate the yearly increase of carbon taxes and at the same time decrease investment hurdles. Depending on the carbon tax levels and the development of the building stock (greenhouse gas emissions, refurbishment rate), the funding grants can improve the feasibility significantly. Initial estimations have shown that already through the reinvestment of the initial carbon tax revenues of 2021 in Germany the investment costs for the full energetic refurbishment of single-family houses can be decreased by roughly 10%. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax; Earmarked tax revenues; Economic feasibility; Energetic refurbishments |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_97&r= |
| By: | Apriesnig, Jenny L.; Thompson, Jada |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312727&r= |
| By: | Ogieriakhi, Macson; Woodward, Richard T. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312816&r= |
| By: | Brenneis, Karina; Wollni, Meike |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312691&r= |
| By: | Seema Jayachandran |
| Abstract: | Reducing global poverty and addressing climate change and other environmental crises are among the most important challenges facing humanity today. This review article discusses one way in which these problems are intertwined: economic development affects the environment. I synthesize recent microempirical research on the environmental effects of economic development in low- and middle-income countries. The studies that I discuss identify the causal effects of specific aspects of economic development such as greater household purchasing power, expanded access to credit, more secure property rights, technological progress, and stronger regulatory capacity. I conclude by outlining some gaps in the literature. |
| JEL: | O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29191&r= |
| By: | Gardner, George; Johnston, Robert J. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312657&r= |
| By: | Park, Hyungho; McCarl, Bruce A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312820&r= |
| By: | Kapsalyamova, Zhanna (Asian Development Bank Institute); Mishra, Ranjeeta (Asian Development Bank Institute); Kerimray, Aiymgul (Asian Development Bank Institute); Karymshakov, Kamalbek (Asian Development Bank Institute); Azhgaliyeva, Dina (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The transition to sustainable energy requires an assessment of drivers of the use of clean and dirty fuels for cooking. Literature highlights the importance of access to modern fuel for switching from dirty fuels. Though access to cleaner fuels such as electricity promotes clean fuel use, it does not necessarily lead to a complete transition to the use of modern fuels. Households continue using traditional fuels in addition to modern fuels. We explain the choice of dirty cooking fuels even when access to electricity is provided. We use nationally representative household survey data to study the household energy use decisions in three middle-income countries, India, Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic. We discuss the role of access to natural gas, free fuel, convenience or multi-use of fuels determined by the heating system installed, built-in environment, and other socioeconomic factors in household fuel choice for cooking. The results show that access to natural gas increases the likelihood of opting for natural gas, while the availability of free fuel in rural areas and the coal-based heating system promote the use of solid fuels. |
| Keywords: | cooking fuel; fuel choices; energy access; multiple fuel use; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Zhanna Kapsalyamova |
| JEL: | Q31 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1234&r= |
| By: | Heijmans, Roweno J.R.K. (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:bf63c5db-9095-47be-b338-ab46c8bbc1aa&r= |
| By: | Bazzana, Davide; Menoncin, Francesco; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | The catastrophic events are characterized by “low frequency and high severity”. Nevertheless, during the last decades, both the frequency and the magnitude of these events have been significantly rising worldwide. In 2021, the European Commission adopted a new Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change aiming to reinforce the adaptive capacity and minimize vulnerability to the effects of climate change and natural catastrophes. In a continuous time framework over an infinite horizon, we solve in closed form the problem of a representative consumer who holds a production technology (firm) and who optimises with respect to both the intertemporal consumption and the mix between an insurance (adaptation) against the magnitude of the catastrophic losses, and an effort strategy (mitigation) aimed at reducing the frequency of such losses. The catastrophic events are modelled as a Poisson jump process. We then propose some numerical simulations calibrated to the country-specific data of the five main European economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Netherlands). Our model demonstrates that an optimal mix of mitigation/effort strategies allows to reduce the volatility of the economic growth rate, even if its level may be lowered due to the effort costs. Simulations allow us to also conclude that different countries must optimally react differently to catastrophes, which means that a one-for-all policy does not seem to be optimal. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:313283&r= |
| By: | Sarah Ottavi (EPSYLON - Dynamique des capacités humaines et des conduites de santé - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3); Sébastien Roussel (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Arielle Syssau (EPSYLON - Dynamique des capacités humaines et des conduites de santé - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3) |
| Abstract: | In this paper,the authors provide a data report that describes an original dataset named French Affective Images of Climate Change (FAICC) database. The main objective is to provide tools for CC assessment. Images are rated by a sample of non-experts according to three variables: relevance to CC, arousal, and emotional valence. The database provides for each image an identification number, the mean rating and standard deviation of ratings for relevance, arousal and valence, respectively. |
| Keywords: | climate change,emotion,French version,image database,valence,arousal,relevance ratings |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03325423&r= |
| By: | Thomas Coen; Anthony D'Agostino; Naomi Dorsey; Arif Mamun |
| Abstract: | MCC’s $351 million Malawi Compact (2013-2018) funded the $20 million Environmental and Natural Resources Management (ENRM) Project, which aimed to reduce disruptions and increase efficiency of hydropower generation by decreasing aquatic weeds and sediment in the Shire River Basin. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:2a95086fd00d4b56b1f48a905422205a&r= |
| By: | GARZON DELVAUX Pedro; RIESGO ALVAREZ Laura; GOMEZ Y PALOMA Sergio (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Africa is currently only producing about 10% of global agricultural output while estimated to possess 25% of the world’s arable land. That said, the estimated additional available agricultural land is probably lower than what is generally assumed given the trend in rising rural population density, which, in places is comparable to Asian levels. Moreover, most soils are fragile with low nutrients and organic matter concentration.A "great balancing act" is needed between the increasing and diversifying food and nutrition security (FNS) needs and the resources available. More generically, reaching FNS faces both conventional (demographics) and emerging challenges (climate change). The debate on the sustainability of agriculture requires translation into specific approached and practices. The report gathers a conventional literature review of existing publications (Peer-reviewed journals, major reports and relevant project documents). The material consulted was mostly in English with references to French documents particularly for West and Central African experiences. The key databases consulted were Scopus and Google Scholar.The challenges faced by Africa’s agriculture are very diverse considering a sustainable approach in responding to the regions’ FNS needs. As such, there is no single solution (‘silver bullet’) allowing the sector to sustainably increase its contribution to food supply. Ultimately, opting for a coherent set of approaches or more targeted agricultural practices depends on the great diversity of local contexts (environmental, institutional, seasonal, etc.) as well as characteristics and motivation of individual farmers and their communities. Collective action in the uptake of key practices has been recorded as having produced more sustainable benefits. When looking at each newly adapted practice as innovations it is essential to look towards more coherent, and more importantly, effective sustainable production systems. For FNS intervention to be sustainable, intervention would benefit from adopting a landscape framework so that the various objectives of sustainability can be coherently negotiated alongside pure FNS objectives. Considering land sharing could be particularly relevant for areas with potential agriculture frontier (e.g. Sahel countries, RDC) but also to those were forest "encroachment" is the only remaining frontier given the rising population density. Management approaches that could improve soils emerge as a prerequisite to conventional intensification. As it is the case for input-based intensification of agriculture, the results from the different management-based approaches are not universal and absolute responses cannot be derived from the cases reviewed (including the meta-analyses). Careful targeting and local adaptation remain fundamental ingredients for both improved performance and the long-term adoption of any of the principles and associated practices. A general challenge for adoption is that of timing. Any new practice or approach promoted is expected to provide at least a perceivable improvement in the objectives of farmers in the short-term, when they are generally most sensitive to. |
| Keywords: | sustainable agricultural practices |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc121035&r= |
| By: | Sylla Maldini; Andrée De Serres; Ahlem Hajjem |
| Abstract: | The limitation of the global warming caused by the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions is one of the majors stake of the XXI century. Numerous international agreements have been released toward this topic as the Earth Summit of Stockolm in 1972, the one of Rio in 1992, the Kyoto’s protocol in 1997, the Climate energy package of the European Union in 2008, the Paris Agreement in 2015 or the 2030 agenda for sustainable development of the United Nations. 15% of these GHG emissions on a global level are caused by road transportation (International energy agency, 2016). However, when an individual mooves it is the most of the time to go from a building to another building in order to enjoy the services that it offers. Thus, what is the role of the real estate in the coconstruction of the sustainable mobility? The interest of this research is to answer this question by focusing on the perception the actors of the mobility and the real estate have of this role. In fact, even if the literature is rich concerning the “real estate” and the “sustainable mobility” concepts, it is very scarce once looking for the study of these two concepts combined. In order to proceed to this research, the study of different types of materials has been made. Firstly, there has been the creative material coming from the cocreative workshop which has taken place during the 2018 edition of the Movin’On Summit. Secondly, there has been the survey distributed during the 2018 ans 2019 editions of the Movin’On Summit and during the 2019 edition of the Journées de l’Innovation (Innvation days) of the University of Quebec in Montreal School of Management (ESG UQAM). The results show on one hand that the pair “real estate-mobility” has a potential that should be better exploited, on the other hand it found a subconcious knowledge that exists toward this domain. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Real estate manager; Sustainable mobility; Sustainable Real Estate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_107&r= |
| By: | Mohajan, Haradhan |
| Abstract: | At present all nations are thinking about the circular economy (CE) in production, circulation, and consumption due to environment pollution and resource scarcity. But implementation of CE policy is yet in its infancy. The CE in the form of waste management policy that is achieved in selected developed countries of the world. China is a developing country in the East Asia. The economy of China has grown with an average 10% per annum during the last 30 years that contributes important impacts on the world economy. At the last quarter of the 20th century and beginning of the first quarter of the 21st century China becomes the largest energy user in the world, as the country rapidly becomes the largest exporter in the world. To produce essential commodities according to the global demand the country mainly depends on coal and fossil fuel to create electricity, consequently it emits maximum CO2. Recently, China has faced various harmful odd situations, such as environmental degradation, human health and social problems due to huge population, and source scarcity for the huge production, rapid continuous unplanned urbanization, and growing economy. Thinking for future sustainable economy and human welfare of the country, China is attracted by the CE. The country has taken various attempts to implement CE at the three levels at a time, namely micro, meso and macro levels. |
| Keywords: | 3R Principle, China, Circular Economy, Economic Sustainability, Environmental Problems |
| JEL: | D62 I3 I31 O1 |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109281&r= |
| By: | Arun, Thankom; Girardone, Claudia; Piserà, Stefano |
| Abstract: | We explore the most relevant forces impacting the shift towards more ESG-related strategies in emerging markets. These include the challenges of climate change, social inequalities, and stakeholder-oriented corporate governance. We focus on banks’ role in BRICS countries that are the biggest and fastest growing emerging markets economies over 2009-2020. We also discuss how the ESG agenda has been pushed by the United Nations (UN) and by regulators. Our evidence shows that banks’ specific adoption of international sustainability frameworks and agreements such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) are significant drivers of ESG engagement. Moreover, we find that a stronger ESG regulatory approach enhances banks’ sustainability practices in BRICS countries, especially for those that have lower average ESG scores. Two main implications can be drawn from our study: (i) banks should be encouraged to adopt international frameworks which provide universal minimum standards for corporate responsibility; and (ii) to improve the overall ESG information environment, mandatory disclosure rules should be introduced at country level. |
| Keywords: | ESG Ratings; Environmental, Social and Governance Performance; Emerging Markets; BRICS Countries; Sustainable Practices Regulation |
| Date: | 2021–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esy:uefcwp:30947&r= |
| By: | Okko Outinen (Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790, Helsinki, Finland); Sarah Bailey (Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada); Katja Broeg (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany); Joël Chasse; Stacey Clarke; Rémi Daigle; Stephan Gollasch; Jenni Kakkonen; Maiju Lehtiniemi; Monika Normant-Saremba; Dawson Ogilvie; Frederique Viard (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UM - Université de Montpellier - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to mitigate the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) via ships' ballast water and sediments. The BWM Convention has set regulations for ships to utilise exceptions and exemptions from ballast water management under specific circumstances. This study evaluated local and regional case studies to provide clarity for situations, where ships could be excepted or exempted from ballast water management without risking recipient locations to new introductions of HAOP. Ships may be excepted from ballast water management if all ballasting operations are conducted in the same location (Regulation A-3.5 of the BWM Convention). The same location case study determined whether the entire Vuosaari harbour (Helsinki, Finland) should be considered as the same location based on salinity and composition of HAOP between the two harbour terminals. The Vuosaari harbour case study revealed mismatching occurrences of HAOP between the harbour terminals, supporting the recommendation that exceptions based on the same location concept should be limited to the smallest feasible areas within a harbour. The other case studies evaluated whether ballast water exemptions could be granted for ships using two existing risk assessment (RA) methods (Joint Harmonised Procedure [JHP] and Same Risk Area [SRA]), consistent with Regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention. The JHP method compares salinity and presence of target species (TS) between donor and recipient ports to indicate the introduction risk (high or low) attributed to transferring unmanaged ballast water. The SRA method uses a biophysical model to determine whether HAOP could naturally disperse between ports, regardless of their transportation in ballast water. The results of the JHP case study for the Baltic Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean determined that over 97 % of shipping routes within these regions resulted in a high-risk indication. The one route assessed in the Gulf of Maine, North America also resulted in a high-risk outcome. The SRA assessment resulted in an overall weak connectivity between all ports assessed within the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, indicating that a SRA-based exemption would not be appropriate for the entire study area. In summary, exceptions and exemptions should not be considered as common alternatives for ballast water management. The availability of recent and detailed species occurrence data was considered the most important factor to conduct a successful and reliable RA. SRA models should include biological factors that influence larval dispersal and recruitment potential (e.g., pelagic larval duration, settlement period) to provide a more realistic estimation of natural dispersal. |
| Date: | 2021–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03321948&r= |
| By: | Cornish, Brian; Miao, Ruiqing |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312863&r= |
| By: | Benjamin Rontard (Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí); Catherine Leining (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | The provision of industrial free allocation can be one of the most technically challenging and politically fraught elements of designing an emissions trading system (ETS). In the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS), the primary rationales for industrial free allocation have been to mitigate the risk of emissions leakage to other jurisdictions and avoid economic regrets from losing domestic production that would be viable if other jurisdictions adopted more ambitious climate change policies. Since 2010, emissions-intensive and trade-exposed (EITE) industrial producers have received free allocation on an output basis at two levels of assistance (90 per cent and 60 per cent) without an absolute limit. In 2020, major reform legislation introduced default phase-out pathways over 2021–2050 for industrial free allocation, with the potential for future activity-specific adjustment. The government has signalled it will consider broader changes post-2021 to avoid overallocation while still mitigating the risk of emissions leakage overseas. To help inform future policy making on these issues, this paper examines conceptual design issues for free allocation in an ETS, describes the regime for industrial free allocation in the NZ ETS, and provides comparative analysis with three other systems. It then identifies a range of options for further reform: changing the eligibility criteria, changing the calculation methodology, substituting alternative measures, or accepting and managing emissions leakage. Further research will be needed to evaluate the merits of these options. More fundamentally, the government should consider whether the public and private benefits of maintaining and improving industrial free allocation are worth the cost and complexity in the evolving international and domestic contexts. Ultimately, any future provision of industrial free allocation should be used to assist – and not block – the transition to an economy that rewards low-emission innovation. |
| Keywords: | Emissions trading, free allocation, industry, climate change mitigation |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:21_13&r= |
| By: | Mahmood, Haider; Tanveer, Muhamamd; Ahmad, Abdul-Rahim; Furqan, Maham |
| Abstract: | The rule of law and control of corruption would play an effective role in managing CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The present research has explored this issue in Pakistan controlling economic growth during 1996-2019. Further, the unit root and cointegration tests are used. We found the long and short-run relationships in the model. Economic growth has a positive effect on CO2 emissions. The rule of law could not impact in the long run and negatively impacts in the short run. Hence, improving law and order conditions would reduce CO2 emissions in the short run, and further improvements in the rule of law could have pleasant long-run environmental effects. The control of corruption has a positive impact on CO2 emissions in the long run. However, the short-run effects of control of corruption with first and second lags are found negative. |
| Keywords: | The rule of law, control of corruption, economic growth, CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | E2 E21 O43 |
| Date: | 2021–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109250&r= |
| By: | Regina Zeitner; Marion Peyinghaus |
| Abstract: | Climate change is inevitable: storms, floods, heat islands in inner cities are consequences that the real estate industry is already facing today. However, the outlook for the future is not all gloomy. Scientists have calculated that investments in climate protection are worthwhile. In addi-tion, a change in society is emerging. New needs are emerging and customers expect climate-friendly living and working. It is therefore time to see climate change not only as a threat, but also as an opportunity to generate new products and access additional customer groups. To analyze the opportunities and risks of climate change on the real estate industry, the Competence Center Process Management Real Estate (CC PMRE) together with HTW Berlin and cctm real estate & infrastructure AG from Basel conducted the market analysis PMRE Monitor 2021: Climate. Change. Chance. 219 experts from the real estate industry and 140 students of real es-tate business courses from Germany participated in the study. Due to the particular relevance of climate change for future generations, students from international backgrounds were also surveyed. A total of 51 students from foreign colleges or universities with different specializations participated in the market analysis. The results of the study confirm that climate protection pays off in the real estate industry. Residential tenants are quite prepared to pay a premium for climate-neutral living. A rent increase of around 5.1% is accepted. There are also opportunities in terms of value appreciation. On aver-age, properties with climate protection aspects can achieve value increases of 8.6%. On the other hand, climate change also harbors risks. The participants in the study expect value losses of around 20.5% due to a poor CO2 balance or a climate risk situation. The article shows in detail which characteristics of a property lead to increases or also decreases in value and therefore demonstrates which climate protection measures real estate actors must take today. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Rent increase; Stranded Assets; Value increase |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_164&r= |
| By: | Roberto Fazioli; Francesca Pantaleone |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors affecting Hydrogen and CCUS policies, taking into considerations Fossil Fuel Consumption, Oil Reserves, Debt/GDP Ratio, Trilemma Index and other variables with respect to OECD countries. STATA 17 has been used for the analysis. Results confirmed the hypothesis that countries with big fossil fuel consumption and oil reserves are investing in Blue Hydrogen and CCUS towards a “zero-carbon-emission†perspective. Moreover, countries with good Debt/GDP ratio are most favorable to Green policies by raising their Public Debt, since Foreign Direct Investments are negatively correlated with those kinds of policies. Blue Hydrogen combined with CO2 capture seems to be the most favorable policy in the short-term. Future research should exploit Green Finance policy decisions criteria on Green and Blue Hydrogen. |
| Keywords: | blue; green; hydrogen; CCS; green finance |
| Date: | 2021–09–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udf:wpaper:20210510&r= |
| By: | Van, Tien Linh Cao; Barthelmes, Lukas; Gnann, Till; Speth, Daniel; Kagerbauer, Martin |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles (EVs) can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. Therefore, the German government has defined various measures and targets to promote the diffusion of EVs. However, factors influencing the market diffusion of EVs as well as interdependencies between policy measures and vehicle diffusion are often unclear and hence, diffusion simulations are probably inaccurate. At the same time, a precise simulation of EV diffusion is a relevant parameter in travel demand models building the base for transportation planning. This paper addresses the gaps in current market diffusion models for EVs with a particular focus on environmental effects as additional influencing factors of the market diffusion. Results will be drawn for the German car market with a market diffusion simulation until 2050. The market diffusion model ALADIN is applied and energy prices are extended by a CO2 price to improve the consideration of environmental factors in the market diffusion modelling. The effectiveness of environmental policy measures is assessed in scenarios with three different CO2 prices and their impact on the diffusion of EVs. The results show that the market diffusion is highly dependent on the evolution of external factors. A CO2 price of at least 150 €/t of CO2 by 2030 can have a significant impact on the market diffusion of EVs and may as well lead to changes in the drive mix for both, electric and conventional drives within the German passenger car fleet. The German government's target of seven to ten million EVs registered by 2030 seems in general achievable, if currently adopted purchase bonuses and expected cost degression for EVs also take effect. Until 2050, we find large effects with CO2 prices up to 500 €/t, yet limited growth in market share above that threshold. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s052021&r= |
| By: | Soh, Moonwon; Wade, Tara |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312840&r= |
| By: | Kurkalova, Lyubov A.; Hashemi Beni, Leila; Liang, Chyi-Lyi |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312715&r= |
| By: | Gulati, Kajal; Hobbs, Andrew |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312779&r= |
| By: | Merrey, D. J.; Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Namara, R.; McCornick, P. G. |
| Keywords: | Irrigated farming; Investment; Smallholders; Farmer managed irrigation systems; Sustainable agriculture; Rural economics; Business models; Innovation; Technology; Water management; Groundwater; Pumps; Water resources; Institutions; Farmer-led irrigation; Policies |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050163&r= |
| By: | Kristen Velyvis; Thomas Coen; Irina Cheban; Naomi Dorsey; Arif Mamun |
| Abstract: | MCC contracted Mathematica to conduct an independent evaluation of the Environmental and Natural Resource Management (ENRM) project. This volume presents interim findings from case studies of five of the grants based on data collected through the close of the compact. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:07c35e466e314984944b4b2f43ebd28b&r= |
| By: | Zhong, Jia; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312797&r= |
| By: | Thomas Worschech; Thomas Lützkendorf |
| Abstract: | An essential task for residential property companies to maintain their long-term viability is to secure the future rentability/marketability of their buildings. In this context, the property and real estate industry is currently facing the challenges of a dynamically changing environment (megatrends such climate change, shift in social values, further development of political framework conditions). On top of that, they should and want to assume more responsibility for the environment and society to contribute to sustainable development. Both tasks are closely interlinked. The question that arises is which current and future requirements for location and building characteristics result from a changing environment and which instruments companies should use to control the further development of their building stocks? Dealing with the requirements arising from megatrends, in particular the derived opportunities and risks, plays a decisive role in the management of institutional building stocks (portfolio). Instruments for portfolio analysis and portfolio management that link location and building characteristics with rental success provide one approach. These traditional instruments for managing the development of building stocks, however, have so far not - or only inadequately - taken sustainability aspects and changing user requirements into consideration. The paper describes a concept that supports the advancement of portfolio analysis methods, which integrates, in addition to traditional aspects, those characteristics of a building that may influence the (risk) assessment of the building in the future and have not or only inadequately been considered in traditional analyses. In particular, the paper presents and discusses the interdependencies between the dimensions 'environment' / 'location' / 'building' on the one hand and 'location' / 'building' on the other hand. In addition, interdepencies within the individual dimensions are analyzed and modeled. Thus, the predictable consequences of climate change (climate risks) at the respective location lead to increased demands on technical quality of the buildings, in terms of resilience of the buildings' construction to the consequences of climate change as well as on the quality of summer thermal protection. At the same time, the increase in the relative importance of these characteristics is taken into account in the aggregate assessment of the dimension 'building characteristic'. In Addition, indicators (KPI's) are identified that are directly related to sustainable development goals (SDGs). The paper describes a model for integrating sustainability aspects into portfolio & risk analysis of building stocks, visualized by a two-dimensional matrix which can capture the required level of complexity by introducing additional sub-dimensions into the analysis. The model intents to improve the transparency of the opportunity - risk profile of buildings, considering a changing environment and changing user requirements for location & building characteristics. By modelling the correlation between the impact of the respective megatrend and the underlying building assessment, the model can support portfolio managers of residential property and real estate companies in their work. In addition, the dynamic approach of the model enables to adapt to a changing market environment and a changing demand, which could result from changing stakeholder preferences. The results of a dynamic analysis can serve as an early warning indicator and build the basis for recommendations for action on the portfolio strategy. |
| Keywords: | assessment model; Portfolio Management; Risk Analysis; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_15&r= |
| By: | Paolo Delle Site; André de Palma; Samarth Ghoslya (CY Cergy Paris Université, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | Peer-to-peer ridesharing, where drivers are also travellers, can alleviate congestion and emissions that plague cities by increasing vehicle occupancy. We propose a socially optimal ridesharing scheme, where a social planner matches passengers and drivers in a way that minimizes travel costs (travel time and fuel) plus environmental costs. The contribution helps in computing the socially optimal ridesharing schemes for networks of any topology within a static framework of route choice with exogenously fixed travel times. A linear programming problem is formulated to compute the optimal matchings. Existence, integrality and uniqueness properties are investigated. The social planner receives a payment from passengers and rewards drivers for the higher costs they bear. Passengers and drivers never incur a loss because travelling alone remains always an option, but matchings may need to be subsidised. The socially optimal matching solution without environmental costs is proved to satisfy the stability property according to which no pair of passenger and driver prefers each other to any of the current partners. In the Sioux Falls network, when 20% of individuals are willing to rideshare, with 80% of passengers travelling by car and 20% by public transport, 17.37% optimally do so, resulting in a 7.05% decrease in CO2 emissions on the all-travel-alone scenario. |
| Keywords: | environment, matching stability, optimization, ridesharing, socially optimal matching |
| JEL: | C78 R40 R48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2021-17&r= |
| By: | Leonhardt, Heidi; Braito, Michael; Uehleke, Reinhard |
| Abstract: | Increasing farmers' acceptance and adoption of environmentally beneficial farming practices is essential for mitigating negative impacts of agriculture. To support adoption through policy, it is necessary to understand which types of farms or farmers do or do not (yet) apply such practices. However, farmers are not a homogeneous group and their behavior is subject to a complex array of structural, socioeconomic, and socio-psychological influences. Reducing this complexity, farmer typologies or archetypes are useful tools for understanding differing motivations for the uptake of sustainable farming practices. Previous investigations of the role of farmer archetypes in farmers' adoption of environmentally beneficial farming practices rely on either purely qualitative or purely quantitative methods in data collection, typology creation, and hypothesis testing. Our study combines both approaches by classifying survey respondents into farmer types based on a previous Q methodological study. We then use these farmer types in a two-part regression model that aims to explain participation in agri-environmental schemes and the level of scheme participation. To control for farm structural factors, we additionally link our questionnaire data to secondary data from the farm accountancy data network. Results indicate that in Austria, agri-environmental schemes are attractive to all types of farmers, but the level of participation in these schemes differs between archetypes: Profitability-oriented farmers participate less, and nature-oriented farmers participate more than other types. This suggests that monetary compensations for sustainable farming practices are not perceived as sufficient by certain groups of farmers, and policy makers need to consider additional kinds of incentives. |
| Keywords: | Farmer typology,farmer archetypes,agri-environmental schemes,Q methodology,farmer behavior |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 C23 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:forlwp:272021&r= |
| By: | Kovacs, Kent; Rider, Shelby |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Econometrics/Stats |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312626&r= |
| By: | Tschötschel, Robin (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | Perceptions of climate politics often align with individual political leaning and associated media consumption patterns, pointing to a need for a fine-grained understanding of how the media integrate climate change with political identities. This study presents an in-depth qualitative analysis of political identity portrayals from 229 articles published in six German and US news outlets during May-July 2019. The results show that the outlets consumed by left- and right-leaning audiences emphasise oppositional identity portrayals, portraying features that are likely to trigger a negative response towards political identities typically op-posed by their recipients. The outlets with a more balanced or centrist audience offer a wider array of identity portrayals and emphasise policy questions over fundamental beliefs. Observed patterns differ considerably between Germany and the US, reflecting political and media system differences. The results add to understanding how the media contribute to political polarisation and consensus-building regarding climate change. |
| Date: | 2021–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:r5zdc&r= |
| By: | Black, Michael A.; Woodward, Richard T. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312922&r= |
| By: | Cameron-Harp, Micah V.; Hendricks, Nathan P. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312825&r= |
| By: | Ha, Sang Su; Min, Doohong; Dahlke, Garland |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Agribusiness, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312869&r= |
| By: | Lahiani, Amine; Mefteh-Wali, Salma; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Vo, Xuan Vinh |
| Abstract: | In order to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, as defined in the Paris climate agreement, the United States, the second-largest greenhouse gas emitter, must intensify its use of zero-carbon sources such as renewable energy. In this paper, we use the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) model to investigate the influence of financial development on renewable energy consumption in the U.S. from 1975Q1 to 2019Q4. More precisely, three measures of financial development are considered: the overall financial development, bank-based financial development, and stock-based financial development indices. The model is augmented to control for the effects of real oil prices, real GDP, and trade openness. The empirical results show evidence of a long-run asymmetric effect of overall and stock-based financial development measures. Positive and negative changes in financial development measures dictate renewable energy consumption. In the short run, only negative changes of overall and stock-based financial development measures significantly impact renewable energy consumption. The latter impact is contemporaneously positive and negative at the one-lagged period. Renewable energy consumption does not react to a short-run change in bank-based financial development. Our empirical findings possess important policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption, USA |
| JEL: | Q4 |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109446&r= |
| By: | Franz Fuerst; Yana Akhtyrska |
| Abstract: | The commercial real estate sector contributes a sizable share to greenhouse gas emissions from the built environment due to its structural characteristics. The existence of an energy efficiency gap (EEG) between potential cost-effective measures and the actions being undertaken by the property industry has been subject to debate in the extant literature. Proponents of the EEG point to principal-agent problems, regulatory and technological risk and uncertainty over future energy prices as important drivers. Despite government-led efforts to decarbonise the sector through incentivisation of energy efficiency retrofits, evidence has emerged that a simple “fix and forget” approach will not suffice for large air-conditioned properties with complex systems and numerous stakeholders involved. Specifically, several studies have found that there is relatively little correlation between the proven energy efficiency of a building in operation and its energy performance certificate. This study tests if US office buildings with proactive energy management practices 1) consume less energy and, as a result, 2) command higher rental premia. Hence, the suggested study sets out to first survey and classify the efficiency of operational practices of a building, which past studies have not taken into account. These components can be found in the existing LEED dataset and include the frequency of commissioning and implementation of capital measures to upgrade energy efficiency equipment, the presence of building automation systems and advanced metering infrastructure. These measures are then analysed with a difference-in-difference approach and more advanced techniques. The results of this analysis will be valuable to policymakers, particularly in the UK and other European countries that are about to embark on an ambitious net zero carbon policy for commercial and domestic buildings. Information on achieved rents, as available from the CompStak database, is regressed on the constructed operational efficiency variable while controlling for a number of confounding variables. The insights shed light onto the potential financial returns to these measures in the office sector. |
| Keywords: | Energy Consumption; Green Buildings; Office Buildings; Proactive Energy Management |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_124&r= |
| By: | Haqiqi, Iman; Bahalou Horeh, Marziyeh |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Health Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312776&r= |
| By: | Zhang, Wei; Wen, Yuanyuan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312892&r= |
| By: | Ajanaku, Bolarinwa A.; Collins, Alan R. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312623&r= |
| By: | Pauline Castaing (CERDI - Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche en Droit de l'Immatériel - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - Université Paris-Saclay); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03270461&r= |
| By: | Jenn, Alan; Brown, Austin |
| Abstract: | California has goals of achieving 100% renewable energy by 2045 and 100% zero-emission vehicle sales by 2035. Electric vehicles will introduce significant new demand for electricity at the same time the state’s electricity grid is incorporating more intermittent energy sources, raising concerns about grid reliability. However, the flexibility of electric vehicle charging provides a potentially powerful asset in mitigating the challenges of a renewable energybased electricity grid. Smart charging—adapting electric vehicle charging based on the conditions of the power system and the needs of the vehicle user—can take advantage of this flexibility by charging vehicles when renewable energy is readily available. Researchers at UC Davis simulated 100% electric vehicle adoption and a 100% renewable energy-powered electricity grid by 2045 in California. They then compared a scenario of regular electric vehicle charging behavior with a scenario of advanced, flexible, smart charging under which charging is aligned with renewable energy availability, to understand how smart vehicle charging could benefit the electricity grid. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5rf8b4hz&r= |
| By: | Matsushima, Hiroshi; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312770&r= |
| By: | Snehalkumar (Neil); S. Gaikwad; Shankar Iyer; Dalton Lunga; Yu-Ru Lin |
| Abstract: | Humanitarian challenges, including natural disasters, food insecurity, climate change, racial and gender violence, environmental crises, the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, human rights violations, and forced displacements, disproportionately impact vulnerable communities worldwide. According to UN OCHA, 235 million people will require humanitarian assistance in 20211 . Despite these growing perils, there remains a notable paucity of data science research to scientifically inform equitable public policy decisions for improving the livelihood of at-risk populations. Scattered data science efforts exist to address these challenges, but they remain isolated from practice and prone to algorithmic harms concerning lack of privacy, fairness, interpretability, accountability, transparency, and ethics. Biases in data-driven methods carry the risk of amplifying inequalities in high-stakes policy decisions that impact the livelihood of millions of people. Consequently, proclaimed benefits of data-driven innovations remain inaccessible to policymakers, practitioners, and marginalized communities at the core of humanitarian actions and global development. To help fill this gap, we propose the Data-driven Humanitarian Mapping Research Program, which focuses on developing novel data science methodologies that harness human-machine intelligence for high-stakes public policy and resilience planning. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.00435&r= |
| By: | Samuel Simon |
| Abstract: | Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are a critical first step toward making healthcare and quality measurement more patient-centered. |
| Keywords: | patient reported outcome measures, performance measures, environmental scan |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:2b85b2849a3240079e2d7b98a5098da2&r= |
| By: | Jianfei Li; Ioulia Ossokina; Theo Arentze |
| Abstract: | With the increasing need for urban green space in urban area to improve the climate adaptation of cities, the spatial planning of residential land-use faces new challenges. Therefore, land-use allocation models offer a useful tool to shed light on the trade-offs and generate suitable solutions for housing allocation problems. A critical prerequisite for housing allocation models is, however, that the value-function is specified such that it accurately represents buyers’ willingness-to-pay for dwelling and location characteristics in the housing market. Hedonic price analysis is the predominant method to estimate willingness-to-pay values based on housing transaction data. Due to high correlations between spatial factors, however, the ability to identify the parameters of spatial factors involved in such value functions is limited. The objective of this study is to apply an alternative method to accurately measure households’ preferences of housing location and its neighborhood characteristics that is based on a stated choice experiment. In this paper, we present the results of a stated choice experiment that we developed for this purpose. The population consists of homeowners (households) in middle-sized to large-sized cities in the Netherlands. The experiment consists of two parts to measure preferences for neighborhood characteristics and for accessibility of urban amenities respectively. The price of the dwelling is an attribute in both experiments so that a single discrete choice model can be estimated based on the pooled data from the two experiments. The experiments are implemented in an on-line survey and data is collected for a large national sample of homeowners in the Netherlands. This study will provide quantitative insight into homeowners’ preferences (willingness to pay) regarding spatial characteristics of a dwelling. By doing this, we obtain an empirically estimated housing land-use allocation model. This model offers a tool to municipalities and housing developers to optimize urban housing development taking into account financial, climate, and social objectives (match demand and supply of housing). In the paper, we describe the design of the experiments, the data collection, the results of a loglikelihood estimation and we show how the estimation results can be used to specify a state-of-the-art housing allocation model. |
| Keywords: | housing preferences; neighborhood environment; Stated Choice Experiment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_78&r= |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sinha, Avik; Raghutla, Chandrashekar; Vo, Xuan Vinh |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to literature by divulging the nature of scale and technique effects on renewable energy consumption, considering foreign direct investment (FDI) and financial development as considerable factors of renewable energy demand. The data for 39 countries over the period of 2000-2019 is used for empirical analysis. In doing so, second generation methodological approaches are applied to decompose scale and technique effects. The empirical results show the presence of cointegration between the model parameters, in the presence of cross-sectional dependence and structural breaks. Further, financial development is positively linked with renewable energy consumption. Foreign direct investment and renewable energy demand are positively linked. Composition effect has negative effect on renewable energy consumption. Economic growth and fossil fuel consumption have positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Long run estimation results indicate that renewable energy-FDI and renewable energy-financial development associations are U-shaped. It indicates that the scale effects exerted by FDI and financial development are overridden by technique and composition effects, and hence, the demand for renewable energy and consequential renewable energy consumption rises with the progression of economic growth. Based on this, policy suggestions are provided for these nations to ascertain sustainable development through bringing forth transformations in the energy policies. |
| Keywords: | Scale and Technique Effects, Financial Development, Foreign Direct Investment, Renewable Energy Consumption |
| JEL: | Q4 |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109125&r= |
| By: | Nordin, Martin (AgriFood economics centre) |
| Abstract: | This study uses Swedish data to examine if the availability of nearby manure is an important determinant of organic uptake. We calculate farms’ N balance of manure (animals production of N relative to N use in crop and forage production) and use coordinates to aggregate neighbors’ N balances. In plain districts, we find that a standard deviation change in the within-1km N balance of manure increases the probability of being organic with 11%. A smaller impact is found for other districts and for the within-2-3km N balance of manure. Thus, our findings suggest that a further expansion of organic farming relies, partly, on an expansion of livestock production. Paradoxically, however, to alleviate the environmental impact of agriculture − the goal of organic production − livestock production is, preferably, reduced. |
| Keywords: | organic farming; manure; N availability; regional analysis |
| JEL: | N50 |
| Date: | 2021–02–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luagri:2021_001&r= |
| By: | Laura Gabrielli; Aurora Ruggeri; Massimiliano Scarpa |
| Abstract: | In order to plan and manage low-carbon investments in wide real estate assets, thereby meeting the European energy efficiency requirements recently presented in EU Directive 2018/844, a methodological change in both research and practice is now necessary. Since a sharp increase in retrofit rates of large building stocks is going to be promoted, new strategic approaches should take into consideration building portfolios as a whole, overcoming the single-building perspective, so that to identify the level of energy retrofit leading to the overall maximum benefit. In this contribution, a decision support system is developed for the automatic assessment of both the monetary and non-monetary benefits produced by a retrofit investment, and determine the optimal efficiency program over a large building stock. The core idea is to consider the energy enhancement as an optimization issue and identify the configuration of retrofit design that brings to the greatest possible benefit, by balancing conflicting objectives, and within several constraints. As far as the monetary benefit is concerned, we estimate the savings produced by the investment over a life-cycle perspective. Among the non-monetary values, we first consider the environmental benefit in terms of avoided CO2 emissions. We also assess the value of the improved indoor comfort and the value of the safeguard of the building, when the energy efficiency is also intended as a measure to protect the heritage. To this end, a set of different and interdisciplinary techniques has been employed, such as parametric energy modelling, neural network analysis, economic and financial feasibility assessment, calculation of thermal comfort indexes (Fanger), multi-criteria approaches (Analytic Hierarchy Process), and multi-objective constrained optimization analysis. Among the results of this research, the extreme flexibility in comparing countless design scenarios and the simplicity of application of the model developed are the most important contributions obtained. The effectiveness of the decision-making tool was then verified through the implementation on a case study of an interesting and heterogeneous portfolio of buildings located in Northern Italy. |
| Keywords: | automatic assessment; building stock; low carbon investment; Neural network analysis |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_126&r= |
| By: | Juan Wang; Gamze Dane; Harry Timmermans |
| Abstract: | Car commuters contribute significantly to carbon emissions and seem largely insensitive to dedicated modal shift transportation policy initiatives. Therefore, integrated policies that target multiple life domains may be more effective. In this study, we investigate commuters’ preferences for carsharing facilitating neighborhoods as well as their potential travel behaviors shift if they move to such neighborhoods. This policy, combining real estate, sustainable planning and transportation, aims to reduce neighborhoods parking needs and therefore parking facilities. In compensation, residents are provided convenient access to shared vehicles against lower costs and a better living environment, reflected in more green space or safer children playing areas or larger flats. To examine the potential interest in moving to such neighborhoods, a stated choice experiment is designed that systematically varies attributes of carsharing facilitating neighborhoods to elicit the utility of a carsharing facilitating neighborhood for commuters with a particular socio-demographic profile and commuting behavior. In total, 369 valid responses from commuters who currently live in urban areas in The Netherlands were gathered for the analysis. To derive the utility of carsharing facilitating neighborhoods of a particular profile, a mixed logit model is estimated. Results indicate that the utility of a carsharing facilitating neighborhood primarily depends on carsharing cost, housing costs and housing size. The utility varies with socio-demographic characteristics, such as living city, educational level, monthly income, work status and commuting behavior, measured in terms of private car ownership, carsharing subscription, commuting mode and commuting time. Regarding shifts in travel mode, 25.5% of the respondents stated that they would reduce private car ownership if they would live in a carsharing facilitating neighborhood. 32.8% of the respondents stated that they would use shared vehicles in such neighborhoods for travelling to the office, and 18.7% stated they would use them to access transit. These results can help real estate developers and policy makers understanding how to develop appealing carsharing facilitating neighbourhoods for targeted commuters groups. |
| Keywords: | Carsharing facilitating neighborhoods; Commuting; mixed logit model; Stated Choice Experiment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_10&r= |
| By: | van Koppen, Barbara (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Magombeyi, Manuel S. (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Jacobs-Mata, Inga (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Molose, V.; Phasha, K.; Bophela, T.; Modiba, I.; White, M. |
| Abstract: | The African Water Facility, together with the Water Research Commission, South Africa, as its implementing agent, supported the demonstration project Operationalizing community-led Multiple Use water Services (MUS) in South Africa. As knowledge broker and research partner in this project, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) analyzed processes and impacts at the local level, where the nongovernmental organization Tsogang Water and Sanitation demonstrated community-led MUS in six diverse rural communities in two of the poorest districts of South Africa, Sekhukhune and Vhembe districts - Ga Mokgotho, Ga Moela and Phiring in the Sekhukhune District Municipality, and Tshakhuma, Khalavha and Ha Gumbu in Vhembe District Municipality. In conventional water infrastructure projects, external state and non-state agencies plan, diagnose, design and prioritize solutions, mobilize funding, and implement the procurement of materials, recruitment of workers and construction. However, this MUS project facilitated decision-making by communities, and provided technical and institutional advice and capacity development. Based on IWMI’s evidence, tools and manuals, the project team organized learning alliances and policy dialogues from municipal to national level on the replication of community-led MUS by water services authorities; government departments of water, agriculture, and others; employment generation programs; climate and disaster management; and corporate social responsibility initiatives. This working paper reports on the local findings of Ga Mokgotho and Ga Moela villages, which had completed construction works. The paper presents an in-depth analysis from the preproject situation to each of the steps of the participatory process, and highlights the resulting benefits of more water, more reliable and sustainable supplies, and multiple benefits, including a 60% and 76% increase in the value of irrigated produce in Ga Mokgotho and Ga Moela, respectively. Women were the sole irrigation manager in 68% and 60% of the households in Ga Mokgotho and Ga Moela, respectively. The user satisfaction survey highlighted communities’ unanimous preference of the participatory process, capacity development and ownership compared to conventional approaches. |
| Keywords: | Multiple use water services; Community management; Water supply; Communal irrigation systems; Participatory approaches; Innovation; Access and benefit-sharing; Water availability; Water demand; Integrated management; Water resources; Water management; Water storage; Infrastructure; Pumps; Wells; Boreholes; Maintenance; Geohydrology; Groundwater; Water distribution; Water use; Domestic water; Livestock; Irrigated farming; Financing; Water users; Households; Livelihoods; Income; Women's participation; Capacity building; State intervention; Nongovernmental organizations; Rural areas; Villages |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050123&r= |
| By: | Daniel Piazolo |
| Abstract: | The real estate investment markets have opportunities to tackle climate change. Of the various approaches to reducing greenhouse gases, increasing energy efficiency is one of the most promising options. The real estate sector is responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions in the EU. In 2018, the European Commission set the target of a 32.5% energy saving relative to the base year 1990 by the year 2030. In the real estate sector, a challenge is connected to the long amortization periods until savings from modernization measures cover the additional resources required. Many real estate investors shy away from high modernization costs, especially for older buildings. 75% of buildings in Europe are energy inefficient and most (75%-90%) of today's buildings will still be in use in 2050. Real Estate investments in higher energy efficiency are often seen as risky. Therefore, one strategy to achieve the EU energy savings target is to create more transparency about the risks and returns of property modernization and the risks of “stranded” assets. Various EU funded initiatives offer benchmark possibilities for efficiency aspects within the real estate sector. Two of the EU-wide available initiatives are: DEEP (De-Risking Energy Efficiency Platform) is an open-source initiative to up-scale energy efficiency investments in Europe. The DEEP platform contains data about financial performance (i.e. payback time of the investment and savings) of about 7,800 building renovation projects. The main objective of the platform is to collect sufficient data in order to provide the users with statistically significant values to understand the riskiness of energy efficiency projects. CREMM (Carbon Risk Real Estate Monitor) aims to assess the risks associated with poor energy efficiency and high emissions at the individual property level, making it possible to develop strategies for portfolio decarbonisation. This contribution examines the strengths and weaknesses of the various real estate benchmark approaches focusing on the risk aspects of energy efficiency within the EU. These databases can be useful tools to collect and compare data about energy efficiency projects and thereby enable capacity building in various European countries. In theory the databases, funded by the EU research program Horizon 2020, can provide evidence of the actual performance of energy efficiency projects, thus supporting the risk evaluation of investments. However, if there is no commercial company behind these databases, there is the danger that the benchmark data is not kept up to date when the research projects have ended and that the quality of the data might be questionable. The contribution examines the value-added of the different concepts. Since energy saving in real estate is of considerable importance in the EU's efforts, a critical assessment of the validity of the various approaches is highly relevant. |
| Keywords: | Benchmark; Carbon Risk; Energy Efficiency; platform |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_76&r= |
| By: | Aglasan, Serkan; Rejesus, Roderick M. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312769&r= |
| By: | Elmar Zozmann; Mirjam Helena Eerma; Dylan Manning; Gro Lill {\O}kland; Citlali Rodriguez del Angel; Paul E. Seifert; Johanna Winkler; Alfredo Zamora Blaumann; Leonard G\"oke; Mario Kendziorski; Christian von Hirschhausen |
| Abstract: | The paper provides energy system-wide estimates of the effects sufficiency measures in different sectors can have on energy supply and system costs. In distinction to energy efficiency, we define sufficiency as behavioral changes to reduce useful energy without significantly reducing utility, for example by adjusting thermostats. By reducing demand, sufficiency measures are a potentially decisive but seldomly considered factor to support the transformation towards a decarbonized energy system. Therefore, this paper addresses the following question: What is the potential of sufficiency measures and what is their impacts on the supply side of a 100% renewable energy system? For this purpose, an extensive literature review is conducted to obtain estimates for the effects of different sufficiency measures on final energy demand in Germany. Afterwards, the impact of these measures on the supply side and system costs is quantified using a bottom-up planning model of a renewable energy system. Results indicate that final energy could be reduced by up to 20.5% and as a result cost reduction between 11.3% to 25.6% are conceivable. The greatest potential for sufficiency measures was identified in the heating sector. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.00453&r= |
| By: | Jörgensen, Christian (AgriFood economics centre) |
| Abstract: | This paper adds to the scarce literature on the empirical economic evaluation of the costs and the effect from stimulating environmentally friendly production by public procurement. Green public procurement (GPP) is increasingly promoted as a policy tool to increase environmentally friendly production by both the European Commission and individual EU member states. Action has not at least been called for to increase the area of organically farmed land through the consumption of organic food. This study evaluates with detailed data the budgetary costs and potential limitations associated with stimulating an input in primary production with the consumption of final goods. By decomposing food consumption into different food categories, we found that both the cost and the effect from GPP critically depends on which food items procurers choose to buy. Additionally, we found that the prospect of stimulating organically farmed land by GPP inversely depends on yield growth as less farmland is needed to produce organic food as yields per hectare increase. Finally, our study illustrates that the leakage of funds from public procurement to domestic organic farmers hampers the cost effectiveness of GPP. |
| Keywords: | Public procurement; organic food; price transmission |
| JEL: | H57 Q02 Q11 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luagri:2021_002&r= |
| By: | Liang, Yanlong |
| Abstract: | Crumb rubber modifier (CRM) produced from waste tires has been used in pavement engineering for more than half a century. This recycling methodology improves sustainable development because of environmental benefits of recycling scrap tires and because of improved performance of pavement materials when the recycled tire rubber is used as modifier in asphalt binders. This application improves both rutting and cracking resistance of asphalt pavement when an appropriate design is followed. Adding the CRM to asphalt binders leads to modification of binder properties, including rheological properties and aging resistance. This modification alters pavement performance in-service. Previous studies found that rubber-modified binders had better aging resistance than their base binders. However, the mechanism of rubber modification on aging resistance was not well understood. This study aimed to explore this mechanism for rubber-modified binders. This study also evaluated the performance-related properties of dense-graded asphalt mixes using smaller quantities of CRM than are used in current applications, and their expected performance in different structural applications. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, asphalt binders, crumb rubber, hardening, hot asphalt mix, pavement engineering, recycled tires |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9890w5mg&r= |
| By: | Banhoro, Y.; Debevec, Liza (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Abstract: | Le Burkina Faso, pays enclave d'Afrique de l'Ouest, est confronte au defi de la penurie d'eau. Le pays s'est engage dans des reformes liees a l'eau, conformement a l’evolution a l’echelle mondiale en matiere de gestion des ressources en eau, et met en oeuvre la GIRE depuis le debut des annees 2000. Ce document passe en revue l’ensemble de la legislation passee et actuelle sur l'eau au Burkina Faso, en mettant particulierement l'accent sur l'approvisionnement en eau potable et les associations d’usagers de l'eau en milieu rural. Le document traite des lois et reglements adoptes entre 1960 et 2014, avec un suivi supplementaire en 2019 pour inclure tout nouveau texte. Il aborde les questions liees a la participation des usagers et a l'inclusion des femmes dans les processus decisionnels de l'approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural. |
| Keywords: | Water supply; Drinking water; Infrastructure; International waters; Water resources; Water management; Water quality; Water use; Water demand; Water power; Water availability; Legislation; Regulations; Rural areas; Periurban areas; Water governance; Water scarcity; Gender; Water user associations; Participatory approaches; Decision making |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h049718&r= |
| By: | Jones, Benjamin; Acuña, Francisco; Rodríguez, Víctor |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta la primera parte de un estudio que comprende dos informes. El objetivo del estudio es contribuir al análisis y la discusión de dos temas claves interrelacionados que tendrán repercusiones en la minería de los países andinos en un futuro muy próximo: primero, los cambios en los patrones de demanda y uso del cobre y el litio a nivel mundial y en los países de la región andina, así como las consecuencias del despliegue global de las tecnologías para la transición energética y, segundo, las cadenas globales de valor del litio para la producción de baterías de iones de litio para vehículos eléctricos, incluido un esfuerzo por evaluar las potencialidades de escalamiento en los países andinos. En este primer informe se presenta un análisis de los mercados del cobre y el litio, enfocado principalmente en la región conformada por la Argentina, Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), Chile y el Perú. Además de abordar las perspectivas relacionadas con su oferta y su demanda actual y futura, se identifican los principales factores de cambio en el mediano y largo plazo. También se analiza cómo influirán en estos mercados la gestión minera sostenible, junto con otras tendencias actuales. |
| Keywords: | COBRE, METALES, BATERIAS AL LITIO, MERCADOS, OFERTA Y DEMANDA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, VALOR, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, PRODUCTIVIDAD, REGION ANDINA, COPPER, METALS, LITHIUM CELLS, MARKETS, SUPPLY AND DEMAND, MINING INDUSTRY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, VALUE, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, PRODUCTIVITY, ANDEAN REGION |
| Date: | 2021–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47136&r= |
| By: | Antonio Bodini (University of Parma); Sara Chiussi (University of Parma); Michele Donati (University of Parma); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Áron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Liesbeth Dries (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Dubravka Ćorić (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Lisa Gauvrit (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); Efthimia Tsakiridou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Edward Majewski (SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Bojan Ristic (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia); Zaklina Stojanovic (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia); Jose Maria Gil Roig (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (KU - Kasetsart University); Nguyễn Quỳnh An (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Filippo Arfini (University of Parma) |
| Abstract: | Abstract Water Footprint (WF, henceforth) is an indicator of water consumption and has taken ground to assess the impact of agricultural production processes over freshwater. The focus of this study was contrasting non-conventional, certified products with identical products obtained through conventional production schemes (REF, henceforth) using WF as a measure of their pressure on water resources. The aim was to the show whether products that are certified as Food Quality Schemes (FQS, henceforth) could also incorporate the lower impact on water among their quality features. To perform this comparison, we analysed 23 products selected among Organic, PDO and PGI as FQS, and their conventional counterparts. By restricting the domain of analysis to the on-farm phase of the production chain, we obtained that that no significant differences emerged between the FQS and REF products. However, if the impact is measured per unit area rather than per unit product, FQS showed a significant reduction in water demand. |
| Keywords: | agricultural production,crop water requirement,evapotranspiration,irrigation,yield,water footprint |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03267194&r= |
| By: | SPEKREIJSE Jurjen; VIKLA Kaisa; VIS Martijn; BOYSEN-URBAN Kirsten (European Commission - JRC); PHILIPPIDIS George; M'BAREK Robert (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report aims to contribute to a better understanding of bio-based chemicals, plastics and pharmaceuticals in comparison to its fossil-based technologies, selecting representative value chains for each of the categories. This information is also needed to feed forward-looking modelling tools with aggregated data, which serves as a starting point for simulating different medium- to long-term development pathways for bio-based innovations. The selection of representative chemicals (organic chemicals that are not polymers) includes three widely produced compounds succinic acid, acetic acid, and propylene glycol. Polyethylene (PET) and polyurethane (PUR) were chosen to represent the bio-based plastics sector. Finally, levulinic acid and lactic acid were selected to represent bio-based pharmaceuticals. |
| Keywords: | Bio-based industry, green deal, chemicals, bioeconomy, value chains |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc124141&r= |
| By: | Zhaojun Wang; Amanda M. Countryman; James J. Corbett; Mandana Saebi |
| Abstract: | The Ballast Water Management Convention can decrease the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens, yet the Convention increases shipping costs and causes subsequent economic impacts. This paper examines whether the Convention generates disproportionate invasion risk reduction results and economic impacts on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Risk reduction is estimated with an invasion risk assessment model based on a higher-order network, and the effects of the regulation on national economies and trade are estimated with an integrated shipping cost and computable general equilibrium modeling framework. Then we use the Lorenz curve to examine if the regulation generates risk or economic inequality among regions. Risk reduction ratios of all regions (except Singapore) are above 99%, which proves the effectiveness of the Convention. The Gini coefficient of 0.66 shows the inequality in risk changes relative to income levels among regions, but risk reductions across all nations vary without particularly high risks for SIDS and LDCs than for large economies. Similarly, we reveal inequality in economic impacts relative to income levels (the Gini coefficient is 0.58), but there is no evidence that SIDS and LDCs are disproportionately impacted compared to more developed regions. Most changes in GDP, real exports, and real imports of studied regions are minor (smaller than 0.1%). However, there are more noteworthy changes for select sectors and trade partners including Togo, Bangladesh, and Dominican Republic, whose exports may decrease for textiles and metal and chemicals. We conclude the Convention decreases biological invasion risk and does not generate disproportionate negative impacts on SIDS and LDCs. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2108.13315&r= |
| By: | van Koppen, Barbara (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Molose, V.; Phasha, K.; Bophela, T.; Modiba, I.; White, M.; Magombeyi, Manuel S.; Jacobs-Mata, Inga |
| Abstract: | The African Water Facility, together with the Water Research Commission, South Africa, as its implementing agent, supported the demonstration project Operationalizing community-led Multiple Use water Services (MUS) in South Africa. As knowledge broker and research partner in this project, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) analyzed processes and impacts at the local level, where the nongovernmental organization Tsogang Water and Sanitation demonstrated community-led MUS in six diverse rural communities in two of the poorest districts of South Africa, Sekhukhune and Vhembe districts - Ga Mokgotho, Ga Moela and Phiring in the Sekhukhune District Municipality, and Tshakhuma, Khalavha and Ha Gumbu in Vhembe District Municipality. In conventional water infrastructure projects, external state or non-state agencies plan, diagnose, design and prioritize solutions, mobilize funding, and implement the procurement of materials, recruitment of workers and construction. However, this MUS project facilitated decision-making by communities, and provided technical and institutional advice and capacity development. Based on IWMI’s evidence, tools and manuals, the project team organized learning alliances and policy dialogues from municipal to national level on the replication of community-led MUS by water services authorities; government departments of water, agriculture, and others; employment generation programs; climate and disaster management; and corporate social responsibility initiatives. This working paper synthesizes the lessons learned about the six steps of the community-led MUS process in all six communities. The step-wise process appeared to be welcome and effective across the board. The duration of the process and the costs of facilitation, technical and institutional capacity development, and engineering advice and quality control were comparable to conventional approaches. However, the respective responsibilities of the government and communities, also in longer-term co-management arrangements, depended on the type of infrastructure. Some communities were supported to improve their communal self supply systems. In other communities, the process enabled an extension of the reticulation of borehole systems owned, operated and maintained by municipalities. Almost all households used water supplies at homesteads for multiple purposes, underscoring synergies in cross-sectoral collaboration between the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and irrigation sectors. |
| Keywords: | Multiple use water services; Water supply; Co-management; Guidelines; Rural communities; Communal irrigation systems; Small scale systems; Planning; Participatory approaches; Integrated management; Water resources; Water management; Water storage; Water quality; Infrastructure; Boreholes; Construction; Innovation; Technical aid; Collaboration; Costs; Financing; Institutions; Capacity building; State intervention; Nongovernmental organizations; Decision making; Climate change adaptation; Women's participation; Inclusion; Labour; Wages; Villages; Households |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050124&r= |
| By: | Thabelo Ramantswana; Tsepiso Mote |
| Abstract: | Companies over the years embarked on initiatives intended to ensure that building designs and techniques enhance office environments that also enhance productivity and attract more employees. As a result, buildings are designed in such a way that they reduce downtime and the office designs consider employees as the main users of space. Previous studies conducted have emphasised on the impact of the physical office environment on occupants, and as such, a wide range of variables must be taken into account while ensuring comfort and well-being of occupants (Haynes, 2007; Martens, 2011; Parkin, et al., 2011). The focus on the physical office environment has predominately given attention to the design of office layouts that promote comfort to the occupants (Haynes, 2008). The aim of this research is to explore the effects of workspace design and performance of employees in green buildings as compared to those in conventional offices (buildings). The work environment has been identified to influence employee satisfaction and work performance. In order to develop and provide work environments that meet the preferences of as many employees as possible, more information about user preferences and possible preference differences between different kinds of users is required. The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding concerning office users' work environment preferences. The aim is to investigate whether there are differences in the preferences of office users based on their age, gender, their mobility, and whether they work individually or with others. A mixed-method-approach was used consisting of interviews, observations and a survey. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interviews while statistical analysis was used for the survey. The analysis gives an indication that green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in most of the aspects of IEQ. By virtue of a better level of satisfaction by occupants in green buildings, there is a justification in literature that occupants’ satisfaction leads to employees productivity and perform without hesitation due to an environment that encourage pleasant workspaces. The research is limited to City of Johannesburg the findings may not apply to other areas. Further studies is needed in other areas to see if there will be similarities or differences. The paper provides useful information to developers, space planners and Human Resources in knowing some of the issues that affect employees’ productivity and the importance of green buildings. |
| Keywords: | employees' perfomance; employees' preferences; Green Buildings; workspace design |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_91&r= |
| By: | Jeoffrey Dehez (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sandrine Lyser (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03326506&r= |
| By: | Jean-Eudes Beuret (AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Ludovic Martel (UDC - Université de Corse - UPP - Université Pascal Paoli); Anne Cadoret (TELEMME - Temps, espaces, langages Europe méridionale-Méditerranée - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Frédérique Chlous (PALOC - Patrimoines locaux, Environnement et Globalisation - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université); Julie Delannoy; Marie Lesueur (AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Christelle Noirot; Hélène Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Lucille Ritschard (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UA - Université d'Angers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université); Paul Sauboua (EID Méditerranée - EID Méditerranée - Etablissement public administratif) |
| Abstract: | Nous nous intéressons ici à la gouvernance d'une catégorie d'aires marines protégées, Natura 2000 en mer, et aux déterminants de l'efficacité de la gouvernance des sites. Après avoir constitué une base de données portant sur 158 sites localisés en France métropolitaine, un échantillon de 20 sites a été l'objet d'une analyse comparative par études de cas. Nous constatons d'abord qu'un même cadre standard est décliné, en réalité, de façons différentes selon les façades, régions et sites. La diversité des situations de gouvernance est déchiffrée à partir de l'identification de quatre facteurs discriminants : l'enchevêtrement (ou non) du site dans un autre dispositif de gestion territoriale, les temporalités de la gouvernance (en amont ou en aval du document d'objectifs), les proximités locales (préexistantes ou à créer), la situation géographique du site (côtier ou au large). L'analyse porte ensuite sur ce que produit la gouvernance, selon ses caractéristiques, avec différents types de plus-values (effets directs et effets-rebonds, ressources, actions et coordinations) qui ne se révèlent effectives que sous certaines conditions. Les facteurs qui fondent l'efficacité et la qualité de la gouvernance sont finalement caractérisés, au regard des objectifs du dispositif et différentes pistes d'amélioration en sont déduites. |
| Abstract: | Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 16 juillet 2021. Les contenus de VertigO sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de Modification 4.0 International. |
| Keywords: | aires marines protégées,conservation,environnement marin,gouvernance,Natura 2000 en mer |
| Date: | 2021–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03287999&r= |
| By: | Young, Alicia M.; Riley, John M. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312826&r= |
| By: | Adam, Cohen; Susan, Shaheen |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3mg6z1wf&r= |
| By: | Acharya, Tri Dev PhD; Jenn, Alan T. PhD; Miller, Marshall R. PhD; Fulton, Lewis M. PhD |
| Abstract: | A spatial optimization model was developed for deploying, over the next two decades, hydrogen refueling stations for heavy-duty zero-emission hydrogen vehicles. The model assigns trips to vehicles by applying a routing algorithm to travel demand data derived from another model—the California Statewide Travel Demand Model (developed by the California Department of Transportation). Across a range of adoption levels of hydrogen fuel-cell truck technology, from 2020 through 2030, the results suggest that heterogeneity of travel demand may necessitate an extensive distribution of refueling stations, which may lead to low utilization of stations in the short term. To efficiently employ the capacity of stations, a certain volume of vehicle adoption must be met, and/or truck routes must be planned and committed to specific roadways. Once the number of stations reaches a threshold to meet the principal demand in affected transportation area zones, a small set of smaller “top-off” stations can be built to meet marginal excess demand. The best location of a hydrogen refueling station within a transportation area zone also depends on the criteria such as land cover, slope, and distance from gas stations, truck hubs, and the truck network. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Heavy duty trucks, fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen fuels, service stations, travel demand, spatial analysis, routing, optimization |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1mf9r7g1&r= |
| By: | Espoir, Delphin Kamanda; Sunge, Regret; Bannor, Frank |
| Abstract: | Energy transition has imposed a policy priority dilemma between economic growth and global warming mitigation. Existing studies in Africa have examined the impact of energy sources on growth but overlooked the differences across countries and regions. This study seeks to achieve two research objectives. First, it examines and compares the impact of renewable electricity consumption (REC) and nonrenewable electricity consumption (NREC) on growth in 48 African countries between 1980 and 2018. The study uses the recent panel estimators of cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and cointegration. For the short and long-run marginal effects, the Pooled Mean Group estimator is used. Second, the analysis is extended to account for the heterogeneous effects of energy among African countries in four regional economic communities (EAC, COMESA, SADC, and ECOWAS). Here, we use the random-coefficients linear regression and kernel-based regularized least squares machine learning algorithm. The findings are as follows: (1) there is cointegration amongst the variables, (2) for the entire sample, both REC and NREC have positive and significant effects on growth, but NREC has an enormous impact, (3) the marginal effects of REC and NREC differ across African regions. Given the energy transition dilemma, there is a need for public-private partnership investments to bring a balanced mix between NREC and REC. Also, the heterogeneity suggests that a one-size-fit-all policy designed to increase growth through REC may not yield the same outcome in Africa. Therefore, while policies should speak to the common global agenda, there is a need to internalise and localise the strategies in each country and/or region. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy consumption,Economic growth,Climate change,Africa |
| JEL: | O47 O55 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:238063&r= |
| By: | Demary, Vera; Plünnecke, Axel; Schaefer, Thilo |
| Abstract: | Durch Digitalisierung sind mehr Ressourcen- und Energieeffizienz, eine bessere Netzauslastung und neue Technologien und Produkte möglich, die zum Klimaschutz beitragen. Allerdings stehen viele Unternehmen vor Hemmnissen bei der Umsetzung von digitalen Lösungen, da es an Know-how fehlt. Für die Entwicklung klimafreundlicher Technologien und Produkte sind aus Sicht der Unternehmen in den kommenden fünf Jahren vor allem IT-Experten von besonderer Bedeutung. Hier bestehen aber schon heute erhebliche Engpässe, die ihren Ursprung im Bildungssystem haben. Um die Potenziale der Digitalisierung für den Klimaschutz zu nutzen, sollte die Forschung an den Schnittstellen von Digitalisierung und Klimaschutz stärker gefördert und die Digitalisierung der Bildung und die Weiterbildung an Hochschulen gestärkt werden. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:512021&r= |
| By: | Pahmeyer, Christoph; Kuhn, Till; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | In bio-economic farm models, crop choices are generally depicted as shares of land types which are aggregates of plots with similar characteristics. The ongoing process of digitalization allows access to highly detailed, spatially explicit farm data and facilitates to represent single plots instead. In our paper, we examine how different approaches to model crop choices influence the results of an arable farm in a bio-economic model. Three possible approaches are considered: ‘single plots’ with one crop per season, crop shares of land differentiated by soil type, called ‘categorized’, and crop shares on all arable land, termed ‘aggregate’. The analysis is conducted using a highly detailed, spatially explicit dataset of 8,509 arable farms located in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Our analysis indicates that the ‘aggregate’ and ‘categorized’ land endowment approaches produce similar simulation results, which however diverge from the ‘single plot’ approach. We find that on average, crop choices per farm differ by 11% between the spatially explicit ‘single plot’ and the ‘aggregate’ land endowment approach in our case study region. Total work requirements are found to be on average 10% higher in the ‘aggregate’ approach compared to the ‘single plot’ approach, while energy requirements are relatively similar (average difference of 2.2%). Among other factors, we find the difference to be highly correlated with the number of plots a farm is endowed with. For instance, the average difference in crop choices increases from the sample average of 11% to 20.8% for those farms that are endowed with less than 10 plots (~ 50% of the case study population). Differences in simulated farm profits when comparing the ‘aggregate’ land endowment approach to the ‘single plot’ approach are found to range between -306 €/ha to 434 €/ha (mean: 4.57 €/ha, median: - 9.93 €/ha, S.D.: 71.47 €/ha). Our results suggest that for bio-economic farm analyses focusing on aggregate results over a larger sample of farms, both the ‘aggregate’ and ‘categorized’ land endowment approaches are sufficiently accurate in case of similar average numbers of plots per farm as in our study. If single farm results or variability in the population are targeted, we propose to incorporate the ‘single plot’ approach in bio-economic farm analyses. The same holds for decision support systems focusing on individual farm responses to policy changes or technology adoption. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubfred:313251&r= |
| By: | Donna, Javier D.; Espin-Sanchez, Jose-A. |
| Abstract: | We investigate the efficiency of a market relative to a non-market institution—an auction relative to a quota—as allocation mechanisms in the presence of frictions. We use data from water markets in southeastern Spain and explore a specific change in the institutions to allocate water. On the one hand, frictions arose because poor farmers were liquidity constrained. On the other hand, wealthy farmers who were part of the wealthy elite were not liquidity constrained. We estimate a structural dynamic demand model under the market by taking advantage that water demand for both types of farmers is determined by the technological constraint imposed by the crop’s production function. This approach allows us to differentiate liquidity constraints from unobserved heterogeneity. We use the estimated model to compute welfare under market and non-market institutions. We show that the institutional change from markets to quotas increased efficiency for the farmers considered. |
| Keywords: | Market Efficiency, Dynamic Demand, Auctions, Quotas, Vertical Integration, Financial Markets |
| JEL: | D02 G14 L11 L13 L42 L50 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109544&r= |
| By: | Dripto Bakshi; Indraneel Dasgupta |
| Abstract: | We examine how cross-community cost or benefit spillovers, arising from the consumption of group-specific public goods, affect both inter-group conflicts over the appropriation of such goods and decentralized private provision for their production. Our model integrates production versus appropriation choices, vis-Ã -vis group-specific public goods, with their decentralized voluntary supply, against a backdrop of such cross-community consumption spillovers. Our flexible and general formulation of consumption spillovers incorporates earlier specifications as alternative special cases. We show that stronger negative (or weaker positive) consumption spillovers across communities may reduce inter-group conflict and increase aggregate income (and consumption) in society under certain conditions. Thus, stronger negative consumption spillovers may have socially beneficial consequences. We also identify conditions under which their impact will be both conflict-augmenting and income-compressing. Our general theoretical analysis offers a conceptual structure within which to organize investigation of feedback loops linking ethnic conflict and natural resource degradation in developing country contexts. |
| Keywords: | Production versus appropriation, Rent-seeking; Public good contest; Public bad; Natural resource conflict |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notcre:21/05&r= |