|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Etienne Lorang (BETA INRAE and Climate Economics Chair); Antonello Lobianco (BETA AgroParisTech); Philippe Delacote (BETA INRAE and Climate Economics Chair) |
| Abstract: | Recycling is emerging as an alternative to extraction in many industries and one of the corner stones of the circular economy. In this paper, we assess the role of paper and cardboard recycling on the forest sector, both from an economic and carbon perspective. For that purpose, we model this recycling industry within our forest sec- tor model, in order to relate it to other wood products. As the forest sector has an important potential for climate change mitigation, this model allows us to assess the effects on the resource and the carbon balance of the forest sector. We show that these results are strongly linked to the hypothesis of substitution or complementarity between recycled and wood-pulp. |
| Keywords: | Recycling, Forest sector, GHG Emissions, Bioeconomic model, |
| JEL: | Q23 Q53 Q54 L73 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.12&r= |
| By: | Carlos Garcia-Velasquez; Yvonne van der Meer |
| Abstract: | The transition to a low-carbon economy is one of the ambitions of the European Union for 2030. Biobased industries play an essential role in this transition. However, there has been an on-going discussion about the actual benefit of using biomass to produce biobased products, specifically the use of agricultural materials (e.g., corn and sugarcane). This paper presents the environmental impact assessment of 30% and 100% biobased PET (polyethylene terephthalate) production using EU biomass supply chains (e.g., sugar beet, wheat, and Miscanthus). An integral assessment between the life cycle assessment methodology and the global sensitivity assessment is presented as an early-stage support tool to propose and select supply chains that improve the environmental performance of biobased PET production. From the results, Miscanthus is the best option for the production of biobased PET: promoting EU local supply chains, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (process and land-use change), and generating lower impacts in midpoint categories related to resource depletion, ecosystem quality, and human health. This tool can help improving the environmental performance of processes that could boost the shift to a low-carbon economy. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2107.05251&r= |
| By: | Titalessy, Pisi Bethania |
| Abstract: | The problem of climate change is increasingly global and results in environmental damage due to the use of fossil energy in human activities. An increasing population will make energy consumption increase and can make things worse. Therefore, it is necessary to replace old energy with alternative energy that is more environmentally friendly and makes productivity effective and efficient. Renewable energy is pointed out as an alternative energy source that is environmentally friendly and the process is sustainable because it is always available in nature. Renewable energy is expected to increase the country's national income. This study aims to analyze the impact of renewable energy on economic growth in the Asia Pacific region as a whole. By using data from 2000-2015, panel data analysis in this study shows that Renewable Energy Consumption (REC) has a negative and significant relationship to economic growth, while renewable energy and combustible waste (CRW) has a significant and positive effect on economic growth. |
| Date: | 2021–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wn569&r= |
| By: | Peter Kjær Kruse-Andersen; Peter Birch Sørensen |
| Abstract: | We analyse the optimal design of unilateral climate policy in an open economy where the government is committed to a target for reduction of domestic CO2 emissions but where it is also concerned about carbon leakage. We highlight the importance of distinguishing between leakage at the extensive margin where firms relocate to a foreign country to avoid the domestic carbon tax, and leakage at the intensive margin where domestic firms lose world market shares to foreign competitors due to the tax. Assuming that the government cannot implement border carbon adjustments, we show that the optimal allocation can still be implemented through a combination of taxes on emissions, taxes on domestic consumption of energy and final goods, an output subsidy as well as a lump-sum location subsidy to leakage-exposed firms, subsidies to carbon capture, taxes on domestic production of fossil fuels, and a subsidy to domestic production of green energy. Simulation experiments indicate that the social welfare gain from implementing the optimal leakage-adjusted tax-subsidy scheme rather than a single uniform emissions tax could amount to 0.5 percent of national income. A location subsidy aimed at reducing leakage at the extensive margin contributes to reducing the welfare loss from leakage. |
| Keywords: | carbon leakage, optimal carbon taxation in an open economy |
| JEL: | H21 H23 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9185&r= |
| By: | Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria); Chekwube V. Madichie (Pan-Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The nexus of population dynamics and environmental degradation has been discussed widely in the extant literature. Most related studies have utilized carbon emission as a proxy of environmental quality. However, carbon emission does not capture the multidimensional nature of environmental degradation. To fill this gap, this study utilized the ecological footprint to capture environmental degradation because it is a more dynamic environmental quality measure. The paper examines the population-environmental degradation hypothesis for five populous African countries (DR Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania) using panel information from 1990-2019. The Cross-sectionally Augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) was employed to assess the relationship among the data – ecological footprint per capita (ECFP), population growth rate (POPG), population density (POPD), urban population growth rate (URBN), age structure of the population (AGES), per capita GDP growth rate (PGDP), energy consumption (ENEC), and trade openness (TRAD). The findings of the study revealed that POPG, POPD, AGES, PGDP, ENEC and TRAD increase environmental degradation. Urbanization (URBN) has no significant influence on environmental degradation in the selected African countries. The study concludes with policy prescriptions geared towards addressing population expansion and improving environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | Population dynamics, Environmental degradation, Africa |
| JEL: | C40 J11 O10 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/047&r= |
| By: | Xinyu Dou; Yilong Wang; Philippe Ciais; Fr\'ed\'eric Chevallier; Steven J. Davis; Monica Crippa; Greet Janssens-Maenhout; Diego Guizzardi; Efisio Solazzo; Feifan Yan; Da Huo; Zheng Bo; Zhu Deng; Biqing Zhu; Hengqi Wang; Qiang Zhang; Pierre Gentine; Zhu Liu |
| Abstract: | Precise and high-resolution carbon dioxide (CO2) emission data is of great importance of achieving the carbon neutrality around the world. Here we present for the first time the near-real-time Global Gridded Daily CO2 Emission Datasets (called GRACED) from fossil fuel and cement production with a global spatial-resolution of 0.1{\deg} by 0.1{\deg} and a temporal-resolution of 1-day. Gridded fossil emissions are computed for different sectors based on the daily national CO2 emissions from near real time dataset (Carbon Monitor), the spatial patterns of point source emission dataset Global Carbon Grid (GID), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) and spatiotemporal patters of satellite nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrievals. Our study on the global CO2 emissions responds to the growing and urgent need for high-quality, fine-grained near-real-time CO2 emissions estimates to support global emissions monitoring across various spatial scales. We show the spatial patterns of emission changes for power, industry, residential consumption, ground transportation, domestic and international aviation, and international shipping sectors between 2019 and 2020. This help us to give insights on the relative contributions of various sectors and provides a fast and fine-grained overview of where and when fossil CO2 emissions have decreased and rebounded in response to emergencies (e.g. COVID-19) and other disturbances of human activities than any previously published dataset. As the world recovers from the pandemic and decarbonizes its energy systems, regular updates of this dataset will allow policymakers to more closely monitor the effectiveness of climate and energy policies and quickly adapt |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2107.08586&r= |
| By: | Torben K. Mideksa |
| Abstract: | Finland introduced the planet’s first carbon tax in 1990 to experiment with, to most economists, the best policy to reverse carbon emissions. I estimate the causal effect of taxing carbon on Finnish emissions using the Synthetic Control Approach (Abadie, 2021). The results suggest that taxing carbon reduces emissions by big margins. Finnish emissions are 16% lower in 1995, 25% lower in 2000, and 30% lower in 2004 than emissions in the counterfactual consistent with carbon taxes whose value increasing by 20 fold in 1990 - 2005. The estimates suggest that the carbon tax’s abatement elasticity is about 9%. |
| JEL: | C21 C23 H23 L91 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9172&r= |
| By: | Frédéric Babonneau (ORDECSYS / EPFL - ORDECSYS / EPFL, Santiago - University Adolfo Ibanez, University of Geneva [Switzerland]); Ahmed Badran (Qatar University); Maroua Benlahrech (Qatar University); Alain Haurie (ORDECSYS / EPFL - ORDECSYS / EPFL, GERAD - Groupe d’études et de recherche en analyse des décisions - EPM - École Polytechnique de Montréal - McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada] - HEC Montréal - HEC Montréal - UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal); Maxime Schenckery (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Marc Vielle (EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an assessment of long-term climate strategies for oil- and gas-producing countries—in particular, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states—as regards the Paris Agreement goal of limiting the increase of surface air temperature to 2°C by the end of the twenty-first century. The study evaluates the possible role of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies under an international emissions trading market as a way to mitigate welfare losses. To model the strategic context, one assumes that a global cumulative emissions budget will have been allocated among different coalitions of countries—the GCC being one of them—and the existence of an international emissions trading market. A meta-game model is proposed in which deployment of CDR technologies as well as supply of emission rights are strategic variables and the payoffs are obtained from simulations of a general equilibrium model. The results of the simulations indicate that oil and gas producing countries and especially the GCC countries face a significant welfare loss risk, due to "unburnable oil" if a worldwide climate regime as recommended by the Paris Agreement is put in place. The development of CDR technologies, in particular direct air capture (DAC) alleviates somewhat this risk and offers these countries a new opportunity for exploiting their gas reserves and the carbon storage capacity offered by depleted oil and gas reservoirs. |
| Keywords: | GCC countries,Climate negotiations,Carbon dioxide removal,Financial compensation,Negative emissions,CDR technologies |
| Date: | 2021–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03260579&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation; copyright page; EU emission reduction target; Climate action agenda; high share; recovery package; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate policy; Climate change; Energy conservation; Global; Europe |
| Date: | 2021–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/124&r= |
| By: | Koutchogna Kokou Assogbavi (Larefi - Laboratoire d'analyse et de recherche en économie et finance internationales - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4); Stephane Dees (Larefi - Laboratoire d'analyse et de recherche en économie et finance internationales - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4) |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03265178&r= |
| By: | Emanoel Alfred; Joseph Qamara |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the extent to which strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is implemented in Tanzania and whether its implementation is in line with generally practised procedures/criteria. Out of 17 completed SEA, eight cases were purposively selected and assessed by applying an analytical framework that incorporates commonly accepted SEA criteria, which require SEA to be integrated, sustainability-led, stakeholder-driven, inclusive, as well as accountable and transparent. The study finds that the SEAs are not completely consistent or inconsistent with any of the five ideal criteria. |
| Keywords: | Strategic environmental assessment, Strategic planning, Sustainable development, Tanzania, Environment |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-111&r= |
| By: | Griffon Emose (Managing Director of Kontiki Capital Ltd (KCL)) |
| Abstract: | Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, environmental damage, and other social challenges. However, their public finances unlikely cover necessary expense for sustainable development and the gap tends to increase given the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic. This report highlights a potential for sustainability bonds in Pacific SIDS (PSIDS) to fill in the financing gap, by leveraging private sector participation to finance climate resilient investment in the PSIDS. Aside from the bonds issuance itself, the paper provides three general recommendations as follows: (1) a blended finance structure is beneficial given the underdeveloped capital market and small pool of public and private funding; (2) to achieve a desirable target in bond issuance, a private placement could be pursued by direct negotiation with targeted financial institutions, while public offering can be issued through underwritten offerings, best effort offerings, and auctions; (3) country that are willing to issue the sustainability bonds should details their bond framework, in addition to the terms sheet and conditions to binding the bond in financing sustainable projects. The paper concludes that both sovereign and corporate issuance of sustainability bonds are feasible in PSIDS, which is well supported by two case: Fiji Sovereign Green Bond and Seychelles Blue Bond. |
| Keywords: | : Climate Finance, Environmental and Social Risk, Financial Institutions |
| JEL: | F65 G20 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/21/09&r= |
| By: | Marion Leroutier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation is crucial to tackle climate change. Yet, empirically little is known on the effectiveness of economic instruments in the power sector. This paper examines the impact of the UK Carbon Price Support (CPS), a carbon tax implemented in the UK power sector in 2013. Compared to a synthetic control unit built from other European countries, emissions from the UK power sector declined by 26 percent on an average year between 2013 and 2017. Bounds on the effects of potential UK confounding policies and several placebo tests suggest that the carbon tax caused at least 80% of this decrease. Three mechanisms are highlighted: a decrease in emissions at the intensive margin; the closure of some high-emission plants at the extensive margin; and a higher probability of closure than in the synthetic UK for plants at risk of closure due to European air quality regulations. This paper shows that a carbon tax on electricity generation can lead to successful decarbonisation. |
| Keywords: | Synthetic control method,Synthetic control method carbon tax,Electricity generation,Carbon tax |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03265636&r= |
| By: | Shr, Yau-Huo (Jimmy); Zhang, Wendong |
| Abstract: | Discrete choice experiments have been extensively used to value environmental quality; however, some important attributes may be often omitted due to design challenges. In the case of agricultural water pollution, overlooking downstream water quality benefits could lead to biased estimates and misinterpretations of local water quality attributes presented in the choice experiments. Using a split-sample design and a statewide survey of Iowa residents, we provide the first systematic evaluation of how households’ willingness-to-pay for water quality change when downstream water quality benefits, hypoxic zone reduction in our case, are omitted. We find that omitting non-local water quality attributes significantly reduces the total economic value of nutrient reduction programs but does not bias the marginal willingness-to-pay for local water quality attributes. We also find suggestive evidence showing that such omission, in line with the theoretical prediction, only changes the preferences of respondents who are aware of the downstream impacts of local water quality improvement plans. In addition, our results show that providing information on the non-local water quality benefits of nutrient reduction makes respondents less informed about the water quality issues more likely to support the water quality improvement plans. |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202101010800001067&r= |
| By: | Mingyuan Chen; Dakshina De Silva; Aurelie Slechten |
| Abstract: | Using BoardEx (2000{2017), we create a dynamic network connecting firms and board directors for the United States. We use the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory to measure environmental performance at the director and rm-level. We examine how a candidate's environmental performance and networks affect director appointments. This allows us to endogenize the effect of directors' environmental experience when studying the impact on firms' chemical releases. We show that firms are likely to appoint influential directors with good environmental records and similar characteristics. Further, boards with good environmental performance and with diverse environmental backgrounds improve firms' environmental performance. |
| Keywords: | Network Formation, Firm Organization, Toxic Release, Board of directors |
| JEL: | D85 L21 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:332157256&r= |
| By: | Julia Edigareva; Tatiana Khimich; Oleg Antonov; Jesus Gonzalez |
| Abstract: | The authors of the study conduct a legal analysis of the concept of energy security. Energy is vital for sustainable development, and sustainability is not only at the heart of development, but also economic, environmental, social and military policies. To ensure the sustainability of the policy, 'security' seems to be a mandatory goal to achieve. The article critically assesses the change in the energy paradigm. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.16117&r= |
| By: | Randal K. Quarles |
| Date: | 2021–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:92895&r= |
| By: | Emilia Luoma; Mirka Laurila-Pant; Elias Altarriba; Inari Helle; Lena Granhag; Maiju Lehtiniemi; Greta Sr\.ebalien\.e; Sergej Olenin; Annukka Lehikoinen |
| Abstract: | Biofouling of ships causes major environmental and economic consequences all over the world. In addition, biofouling management of ship hulls causes both social, environmental and economic risks that should all be considered reaching well-balanced decisions. In addition, each case is unique and thus optimal management strategy must be considered case-specifically. We produced a novel decision support tool using Bayesian networks to promote the comprehensive understanding about the complex biofouling management issue in the Baltic Sea and to identify potential management options and their consequences. The tool compares the biofouling management strategies in relation to NIS (non-indigenous species) introduction risk, eco-toxicological risk due to biocidal coating, carbon dioxide emissions resulting from fuel consumption and costs related to fuel consumption, in-water cleaning and coating. According to the results, the optimal biofouling management strategy would consist of a biocidal-free coating with regular in-water cleaning and with devices collecting the material. However, the best biocidal-free coating type and the optimal in-water cleaning interval varies and depends e.g. on the operational profile of the ship. The decision support tool can increase the multi-perspective understanding about the issue and support the implementation of the optimal biofouling management strategies in the Baltic Sea. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2107.06810&r= |
| By: | Sara Balestri; Raul Caruso |
| Abstract: | This research work provides new evidence about the effect of vulnerability to natural hazards on the likelihood of communal violence, by disentangling regional-specific pathways. We focus on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Southern/South-Eastern Asia (S-SEA) for the period 1995-2016, being these regions particularly exposed to climate effects and dominantly characterized by rain-fed and climate-sensitive agriculture. Relying on the ND-GAIN Vulnerability Index as multidimensional measure of propensity of human societies to be negatively impacted by climate change, we found robust evidence that greater vulnerability is conducive to a higher risk of communal violence. This result is consistent across the regions, and it remarks the fragility of SSA where levels of vulnerability are higher than those observed in S-SEA, on average. Overall, results suggest that policy efforts aimed at reducing vulnerability to natural hazards are powerful tools not only to make societies more resilient, but also more peaceful. |
| JEL: | D74 O13 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dis:wpaper:dis2103&r= |
| By: | Patrick Martin (Environmental law specialist and Consultan, Macroeconomic and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP); Zeinab Elbeltagy (Consultant, Macroeconomic and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP); Zenathan Hasannudin; Masato Abe (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, UNESCAP) |
| Abstract: | Considering the significant effect financial institutions (FIs) have on society and the environment, they have a crucial role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and addressing climate change concerns. Not surprisingly, there is a growing interest in how FIs manage the environmental and social (E&S) risks emanating from their activities. While studying the ‘Innovative Climate Finance Mechanisms for Financial Institutions’, we conducted a survey to investigate the factors affecting FIs’ E&S performance in 11 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper outlines the survey findings and provides insights into the factors affecting E&S performance of FIs. The paper identifies that awareness of E&S risks in the region is growing but from a low base and that E&S risks are increasingly integrated into risk management analysis and reporting frameworks. The paper demonstrates that although some FIs have made significant progress, considerable variation still exists among countries and institutions, and considerable work is still needed to improve E&S performance of FIs in the region. The paper highlights that although policy reforms and engagement can, over time, influence E&S performance of FIs, a lack of management support and institutional capacity remain significant constraints. The paper can assist policymakers in understanding the factors affecting E&S performance of FIs and in distilling the policy options needed to help them better integrate E&S risks into their operations |
| Keywords: | Financial institutions, Climate Finance, Environmental and Social Risk paper |
| JEL: | F65 G23 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/21/01&r= |
| By: | Francesca Mazzoni (University of Ferrara [Ferrara]) |
| Abstract: | The transition of Italian industrial clusters towards more circular and sustainable models of production could lead to substantial environmental, economic and societal benefits. The aim of this paper is to analyse which specific types of eco-innovations could lead to the implementation of circular economy in industrial clusters. The paper intends to do so not only performing a theoretical analysis but also exploring the case study of the Prato textile industrial cluster that, through the introduction of different circular and symbiotic measures has been able to significantly reduce its environmental impact and at the same time thrive and succeed. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,eco-innovation,industrial symbiosis,industrial clusters |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03271849&r= |
| By: | Patricia Crifo (X-DEP-ECO - Département d'Économie de l'École Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique); Yann Kervinio (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emile Quinet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech) |
| Abstract: | The ecological emergency calls for a marked reorientation of public and private investments away from harmful activities towards more environmentally-friendly ones. Green finance can contribute to this, provided that it uses tools that adequately account for environmental impacts in the evaluation of investments. In this article, we discuss how socioeconomic calculus, currently used for the evaluation of investment projects by the State and its operators in France, can be useful for private actors willing to integrate the environmental impacts of their investments to a degree consistent with the collective ambition in this area. We highlight the interest of designing specific and measurable environmental targets, which legitimize and operationalize our collective ambition in the face of today's environmental challenges. |
| Abstract: | L'urgence écologique appelle à une réorientation marquée des investissements publics et privés des activités défavorables vers des activités plus favorables à l'environnement. La finance verte peut y contribuer, pourvu qu'elle se dote d'outils susceptibles d'intégrer dans une juste mesure les impacts environnementaux dans l'évaluation des investissements. Dans cet article, nous discutons comment le calcul socioéconomique, actuellement employé pour l'évaluation des projets d'investissement de l'État et ses opérateurs, peut constituer un outil utile aux acteurs privés désireux d'intégrer les impacts environnementaux de leurs investissements dans une mesure cohérente avec l'ambition collective en la matière. Nous y mettons en évidence l'intérêt de disposer d'objectifs environnementaux spécifiques et mesurables, qui légitiment et traduisent de manière opérationnelle notre ambition collective face aux défis écologiques actuels. |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03270118&r= |
| By: | Vita, Gibran |
| Abstract: | The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is the most influential trade agreement, signed by the governments of USA, Canada and Mexico in 1992. It came into effect the 1st of January of 1994 promising economic growth and better employment opportunities to reduce Mexican emigration. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), a civil resistance movement against capitalist neo-liberalism, protested the agreement, warning that it would feed social inequalities and threaten indigenous rights, autonomy, land access and use of natural resources. The Zapatistas feared the NAFTA would reinforce a master-servant relationship where Mexican human and natural resources are displaced, undermined or employed for the benefit of USA-CAN. In this paper we use Multiregional Input-Output Analysis based on the EORA model to examine changes in the carbon, land material, water and employment footprints in Mexico derived from the NAFTA agreement. We pay particular attention to the fairness of the resource exchange between USA and Mexico. We find all the consumption-based footprints grew between the period of 1990-2015. The carbon footprint increased by 50%, land by 32%, material by 46% and water by 566%. Territorial based employment rose by 7% and consumption based employment by 14%. Consumption of land and water considerably sped up after NAFTA. Remarkably, the land footprint doubled between 1994 and 2003, whereas GDP only increased by 20%. After that peak, the changes in land footprints retracted and stabilized at a 32% yearly increase until 2015, which corresponded to a 65% increase in GDP. Carbon intensity per unit of GDP has noticeably decreased after the NAFTA, nevertheless rising consumption heavily drives carbon emissions, eating-up efficiency gains. We confirm that the unequal trade has increased after the NAFTA, with surpluses for carbon, materials and more heavily for labour -meaning Mexico has become a net source for these resources. Not so for land and water, where Mexico remains a net consumer (2) We confirm that a large portion of the increases in Mexico’s carbon, material and water are destined to satisfy USA-CAN consumption. (3) We confirm a master-servant dynamic where the employment embodied in trade leaves Mexico with a 73% surplus -a net supplier of labor among NAFTA partners. |
| Date: | 2021–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:kc9ef&r= |
| By: | Anita Mukherjee; Nicholas J. Sanders |
| Abstract: | Correctional facilities commonly lack climate control, producing a setting absent endogenous responses to hot weather like avoidance, adjustment, and mitigation. We study daily weather variation across the state of Mississippi, and show that high temperatures increase intense violence among the incarcerated. Days with unsafe heat index levels shift both the intensive and extensive margins of violence, raising daily violent interactions by 20%, and the probability of any violence by 18%. Our setting cleanly identifies the effect of heat on violence, and highlights previously unobserved social costs of current facility infrastructure. Rising global temperatures could substantially increase violence absent adjustment. |
| JEL: | I1 K38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28987&r= |
| By: | Armin Falk; Peter Andre; Teodora Boneva; Felix Chopra |
| Abstract: | We document individual willingness to fight climate change and its behavioral determinants in a large representative sample of US adults. Willingness to fight climate change – as measured through an incentivized donation decision – is highly heterogeneous across the population. Individual beliefs about social norms, economic preferences such as patience and altruism, as well as universal moral values positively predict climate preferences. Moreover, we document systematic misperceptions of prevalent social norms. Respondents vastly underestimate the prevalence of climate- friendly behaviors and norms among their fellow citizens. Providing respondents with correct information causally raises individual willingness to fight climate change as well as individual support for climate policies. The effects are strongest for individuals who are skeptical about the existence and threat of global warming. |
| JEL: | D64 D83 D91 Q51 Z13 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9175&r= |
| By: | Ojo/Roedl, Marianne |
| Abstract: | The implications of COVID developments for monetary policy will certainly extend beyond the increased use of digital platforms and payments. The current environment is also focused on smart green techniques and green initiatives aimed at promoting a transition to a net zero based carbon emissions economy. During the onset of the pandemic, it was initially thought that carbon emissions would fall drastically – given the impact of the pandemic, not only on the airlines industry, but also as a result of “Stay at Home” measures imposed by jurisdictions, which even made it illegal to drive to certain places, where purposes for doing so were unjustified. However, the pandemic has also witnessed unprecedented levels in digital subscriptions, online sales and marketing – also fueled through digital payments and the use of digital platforms and distributed ledger technologies in facilitating cashless payments – cash, namely bank notes and coins, also being considered to be a medium of COVID transmission. Coupled with attributes such speed, convenience and ease, the need for financial inclusion has also become an objective in facilitating the era of innovative digital means of payments. As well as considering the current implications of measures that have been instigated to address the impacts of the pandemic, drawing from past and current lessons from selected jurisdictions, this paper also considers why the transition to a net zero carbon economy may prove more challenging than may first appear. However, jurisdictional differences and historical developments will play a part in determining how sustainable certain implemented policies and measures are – as well as in facilitating a transition to normality. |
| Keywords: | EU Green Deal; sustainable finance, interest rates; inflation; pandemic asset purchase program (PEPP); APP asset purchase program; longer term financing operations; transition risks; financial stability; CBDCs |
| JEL: | E5 G21 G28 G3 G38 K2 |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108844&r= |
| By: | Mohammad Masud Alam |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the significant factors contributing to environmental awareness among individuals living in the urban area of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Ordered Probit(OPM) estimation is applied on the value of ten measures of individual environmental concern. The estimated results of OPM reveal the dominance of higher education, higher income, and full-employment status on environmental concern and environmentally responsible behavior. Younger and more educated respondents tended to be more knowledgeable and concerned than older and less educated respondents. The marginal effect of household size, middle-income level income, and part-time employment status of the survey respondents played a less significant role in the degree of environmental awareness. Findings also validate the "age hypothesis" proposed by Van Liere and Dunlap (1980), and the gender effect reveals an insignificant role in determining the degree of environmental concern. Environmental awareness among urban individuals with higher income increased linearly with environmental awareness programs which may have significant policy importance, such as environmental awareness programs for old-aged and less-educated individuals, and may lead to increased taxation on higher income groups to mitigate city areas' pollution problems. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2107.08342&r= |
| By: | Park, R. Jisung (University of California, Los Angeles); Pankratz, Nora (UCLA); Behrer, A. Patrick (Stanford University) |
| Abstract: | Using data covering the universe of injury claims from the nation's largest worker's compensation system (2001-2018), we explore the relationship between temperature and workplace safety and its implications for labor market inequality. Hotter temperature increases workplace injuries significantly, causing approximately 20,000 injuries per year. The effects persist in both outdoor and indoor settings (e.g. manufacturing, warehousing), and for injury types ostensibly unrelated to temperature (e.g. falling from heights), consistent with cognitive or cost-related channels. The risks are substantially larger for men versus women; for younger versus older workers; and for workers at the lower end of the income distribution, suggesting that accounting for workplace heat exposure may exacerbate total compensation inequality. We document a decline in the heat-sensitivity of injuries over the study period, suggesting significant scope for adaptation using existing technologies. |
| Keywords: | inequality, labor, workplace safety, temperature, climate change, adaptation |
| JEL: | J20 J32 I18 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14560&r= |
| By: | SCHROECKER Doris; WILLE Angelo; SENTIS Pauline; TUEBKE Alexander (European Commission - JRC); HERNANDEZ GUEVARA Hector (European Commission - JRC); GRASSANO Nicola (European Commission - JRC); DIODATO Dario (European Commission - JRC); COMPANO Ramon (European Commission - JRC); CSEFALVAY Zoltan; GEORGAKAKI Aliki (European Commission - JRC); LETOUT Simon (European Commission - JRC); PASIMENI Francesco (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This first pilot ‘industrial technology prospect report’ aims to provide an insight into the state of play on R&I in low-carbon industry technologies, which are key for emissions reductions in energy-intensive industries, such as steel, cement and chemicals, covered by the upcoming EU low-carbon industrial alliance20. It concentrates on the maturity of relevant technologies and their potential to help industry reach the EU climate targets. It provides an overview of relevant production costs in industrial sectors, potential cost reductions through new technology and insights into current public and private sector R&D investment and related patenting developments. The report also provides a snapshot of green R&I development and patents in EU regions. This report is the outcome of a model of cooperation between services that will help to provide a strong evidence base to inform future roadmaps supporting R&I in industrial ecosystems and alliances. The approach will be further developed in other areas through and greater involvement of the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) in analysing the territorial dimension of R&I. the exploitation of existing analytical capacities, targeted use of Horizon Europe results and greater involvement of the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) in analysing the territorial dimension of R&I. |
| Keywords: | Energy Intensive Industries, Research & Development, Innovation, Technology Roadmap |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc125684&r= |
| By: | Abel Kinyondo; Chris Huggins |
| Abstract: | This study examines the interaction between formalization of the artisanal and small-scale mining subsector and the regulation of negative environmental impacts in Tanzania. Formalization generally seeks to move the artisanal and small-scale mining subsector to legal status. Using documents, reviews, and interviews with key informants, the study suggests that there is generally no automatic connection between formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining and improvement of environmental protection in Tanzania. |
| Keywords: | Formalization, Small-scale mining, Coordination incentives, Environmental enforcement, Tanzania, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-119&r= |
| By: | Asante, Felix Ankomah; Bawakyillenuo, Simon |
| Abstract: | Ghana’s rising population, coupled with erratic weather patterns and soil nutrient deficiencies, pose a significant challenge to food crop production. In responding to universal calls for actions to end poverty, the Government of Ghana (GoG) launched the flagship Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) program in 2017. PFJ is designed to promote on-farm productivity through the intensification of fertilizer subsidies and adoption of improved seeds of targeted crops, thereby enabling job creation in agriculture and other interrelated sectors. Implemented by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), the PFJ program works in concert with other existing agricultural programs and policies to achieve the universal goal of ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition by promoting efficient and sustainable intensification and climate-proofing of agriculture by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal 2). |
| Keywords: | GHANA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; farms; agricultural extension; postharvest losses; crops; yields; seed; fertilizers; subsidies; crop production; jobs; food security; households; surveys |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:57&r= |
| By: | Sauter, Verena; Speth, Daniel; Plötz, Patrick; Signer, Tim |
| Abstract: | Facing climate change, The European Union has set ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. Within Europe, heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) account for a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector and therefore plays a central role in achieving the climate targets. A potential solution to reduce GHG emissions is the use of battery electric vehicles (BEV). However, the limited range of BEV requires a European public fast-charging network to ensure widespread deployment of BEV. Here, European road freight transport flows are modelled based on the publicly available European Transport policy Information System (ETISplus) dataset. The resulting truck flows serve as input for a charging infrastructure network model. Potential charging stations are located using a coverage-oriented approach and sized according to a queuing model such that an average waiting time of five minutes is guaranteed at each location. Our results show that for a share of 15% BEV in HDV stock and a dense network with charging locations every 50 km, a total of 4,067 charging points at 1,640 locations are required by 2030. In contrast, with a share of 5% BEV and charging locations every 100 km, 1,715 charging points are needed at 812 locations. Our findings provide insights for the design of a public fastcharging network in Europe and thus supports the planning of future infrastructure projects. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s022021&r= |
| By: | Navarro, Adoracion M.; Reyes, Celia M.; Francisco, Kris A. |
| Abstract: | This common country assessment update for the Philippines underpins the sustainable development partnership framework for the Philippines and the United Nations (UN). Taking off from the analysis of the national baseline on sustainable development goals (SDGs) and progress in the SDGs, this report employs UN’s approach of framing the sustainable development outcomes under three pillars, namely, people, prosperity and planet, and peace. The report dissects the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) impacts and trajectories of the sustainable development outcomes under each pillar. COVID-19 impacts are anticipated to result in a regression in human development capacities and opportunities. These are also expected to thwart economic prosperity, change consumption behavior, and affect the environment. Delays in peacekeeping activities and fiscal resources realignments might also affect the communities that are trying to recover from violence and armed conflicts, especially in Mindanao. To mitigate further regression in development, the report recommends the following, among others: for the people pillar, governance improvements in areas such as social welfare programs delivery to vulnerable groups; for the prosperity and planet pillar, science-based policy strategies that will consider the current problems exposed by the pandemic, as well as incorporate the timeliness of the policy responses; and for the peace pillar, the continued cooperation between the national government and the Bangsamoro government in ensuring that the recently gained peace dividends are protected and stakeholders do not slide back on their commitments. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | United Nations, COVID-19, SDGs, human development, prosperity and planet, peace, people |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-06&r= |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-Garcia; Sandy Dall'Erba; William C. Ridley |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of extreme weather events on the local tax revenue across Colombian municipalities. We follow a two-step approach to evaluate to what extent a municipality's tax revenue depends on natural disasters taking place both locally and in its trade partners. In the first step, we estimate a gravity model of bilateral trade and construct a trade flow matrix allowing us to measure the strength of the economic relationships between cities. To do so, we build a novel dataset describing the inter-city trade flows for road transported goods in Colombia for the period 2015–2019. In the second step, we use spatial models to estimate the externalities of extreme weather events. Our results reveal that natural disasters in the destination cities increase the tax revenue in the origin city. We provide evidence of the capacity of trade to mitigate the negative effects of natural disasters. **** RESUMEN: Este artículo estudia el impacto de los eventos climáticos extremos en los ingresos fiscales locales en los municipios colombianos. Seguimos un enfoque de dos pasos para evaluar en qué medida los ingresos fiscales de un municipio dependen de los desastres naturales que ocurren tanto a nivel local como en sus socios comerciales. En el primer paso, estimamos un modelo gravitacional de comercio bilateral y construimos una matriz de flujo comercial que nos permite medir la fuerza de las relaciones económicas entre ciudades. Para hacerlo, creamos una nueva base de datos que describe los flujos comerciales entre ciudades de bienes transportados por carretera en Colombia para el período 2015-2019. En el segundo paso, utilizamos modelos espaciales para estimar las externalidades de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. Nuestros resultados revelan que los desastres naturales en las ciudades de destino aumentan los ingresos fiscales en la ciudad de origen. Este documento aporta evidencia de la capacidad del comercio para mitigar los efectos negativos de los desastres naturales. |
| Keywords: | Tax revenue, natural disasters, gravity, externalities, ingresos fiscales, desastres naturales, modelo gravitacional, externalidades |
| JEL: | H0 H71 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:region:299&r= |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-Garcia; Sandy Dall?Erba; William C. Ridley |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of extreme weather events on the local tax revenue across Colombian municipalities. We follow a two-step approach to evaluate to what extent a municipality's tax revenue depends on natural disasters taking place both locally and in its trade partners. In the first step, we estimate a gravity model of bilateral trade and construct a trade flow matrix allowing us to measure the strength of the economic relationships between cities. To do so, we build a novel dataset describing the inter-city trade flows for road transported goods in Colombia for the period 2015–2019. In the second step, we use spatial models to estimate the externalities of extreme weather events. Our results reveal that natural disasters in the destination cities increase the tax revenue in the origin city. We provide evidence of the capacity of trade to mitigate the negative effects of natural disasters. **** RESUMEN: Este artículo estudia el impacto de los eventos climáticos extremos en los ingresos fiscales locales en los municipios colombianos. Seguimos un enfoque de dos pasos para evaluar en qué medida los ingresos fiscales de un municipio dependen de los desastres naturales que ocurren tanto a nivel local como en sus socios comerciales. En el primer paso, estimamos un modelo gravitacional de comercio bilateral y construimos una matriz de flujo comercial que nos permite medir la fuerza de las relaciones económicas entre ciudades. Para hacerlo, creamos una nueva base de datos que describe los flujos comerciales entre ciudades de bienes transportados por carretera en Colombia para el período 2015-2019. En el segundo paso, utilizamos modelos espaciales para estimar las externalidades de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. Nuestros resultados revelan que los desastres naturales en las ciudades de destino aumentan los ingresos fiscales en la ciudad de origen. Este documento aporta evidencia de la capacidad del comercio para mitigar los efectos negativos de los desastres naturales. |
| Keywords: | Tax revenue, natural disasters, gravity, externalities, ingresos fiscales, desastres naturales, modelo gravitacional, externalidades |
| JEL: | H0 H71 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:019386&r= |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Sweta C. Saxena (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | Asia and the Pacific is facing its worst economic contraction at least since the 1970s due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequent economic weakness is likely to set back the region’s socio-economic progress and is predicted to push a significant number of people into unemployment and poverty while increasing inequality. Although slowdown in economic activities has provided some breathing space to the environment, such a benefit could turn out to be temporary. The region faces a difficult path to recovery, due to deepened existing vulnerabilities that include weak economic conditions and other exogenous shocks. These challenging times call for unprecedented relief and stimulus policies and offer an opportunity for countries to align their socio-economic policies with the 2030 Agenda to ensure a more inclusive, greener and more resilient future. Such policies include increasing investments in Sustainable Development Goals and strengthening governance to improve investment efficiency. Climate resilience should be built into investment projects. Regulatory changes could catalyze such efforts to “build forward better”. Partnership with local, national and international stakeholders is critical for Governments to support this development transition. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb115&r= |
| By: | Mubenga-Tshitaka, Jean-Luc; Gelo, Dambala; Dikgang, Johane; Mwamba, Muteba |
| Abstract: | Recent scientific literature shows that in many developing countries, variability in rainfall and temperature in growing season has distortional effects on agricultural output, especially when the variability is high. At what degree or threshold are these variabilities harmful to agricultural output in certain regions of Africa? In this study, we answer this research question using a dynamic panel threshold model on a panel dataset of East African countries for the period 1961 to 2016. We incorporate climate variables disaggregated into growing and non-growing seasons like in Abraha-Kahsay and Hansen (2016). The empirical results indicate that growing rainfall variability has significant effects on agricultural output. More specifically, we found a significant negative effect from rainfall variability in spring and summer, when precipitation exceeds thresholds of -0.533ml and -0.902ml respectively. We found no significant effect in fall. In the case of growing-season temperature variability, we found no significant effects. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | adaptation policy, climate change, Eastern Africa, Dynamic panel threshold |
| JEL: | Q10 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108721&r= |
| By: | Declerck, Francis (ESSEC Research Center, ESSEC Business School); Indjehagopian, Jean-Pierre (ESSEC Research Center, ESSEC Business School); Lantz, Frédéric (IFP School) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at explaining the major drivers of biodiesel market prices by examining agricultural resource prices and gasoil prices for automotive fuels in the context of the EU environmental policy. The EU policy has enhanced biodiesel production since 2006. Biodiesel prices are impacted by the EU policy as well as rapeseed and oil prices which have fluctuated a lot over the last decade. An econometric analysis was performed using monthly data from November 2006 to January 2016. However, tests for structural breaks show several changes in price behavior. This leads us to estimate a regime-switching model which reveals two main regimes for the biodiesel price pattern. When oil prices are high, biodiesel, rapeseed and diesel oil prices are related, mainly driven by oil prices. When oil prices are low, biodiesel prices are mostly related to rapeseed prices according to EU regulations requiring the blending of biodiesel and gasoil. |
| Keywords: | biofuel; oil market; structural changes; switching regime model |
| JEL: | O13 Q16 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2020–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:essewp:dr-20003&r= |
| By: | Nelson, Katherine; Sander, Bjoern Ole; Yen, Bui Tan |
| Abstract: | The agriculture sector contributes significantly to national greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Rice is a major contributor to methane emissions in Asia and many countries have recognized the potential to reduce emissions by including rice in their nationally determined contributions. This guide serves to bridge the gap in knowledge on developing and implementing action plans to achieve the ambitious targets to reduce emissions in rice. With a focus on Vietnam, this guide describes methods and tools for research organizations to support national governments to plan, finance, and implement mitigation actions in the rice sector. |
| Date: | 2021–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8mzcj&r= |
| By: | Don Fullerton; Shan He |
| Abstract: | Circular Economy literature recommends longer lasting products, in order to reduce pollution from extraction, production, and disposal. Our economic analysis finds conditions where consumers choose lives that are too short – a “durability gap”. Then policies targeting durability raise welfare. While externalities are corrected by Pigovian taxes that ignore durability, raising the output tax nonetheless induces consumers to pay more for goods that last longer. Second, if the tax is suboptimal, a durability mandate raises welfare. Third, internalities have ambiguous effects. Fourth, a social discount rate less than private discount rate is the strongest case for policy to favor durability. |
| Keywords: | Pigovian taxes, first-best policy, externalities, internalities |
| JEL: | H21 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9171&r= |
| By: | Kim, HyeJin; Peterson, Garry; Cheung, William; Ferrier, Simon; Alkemade, Rob; Arneth, Almut; Kuiper, Jan; Okayasu, Sana; Pereira, Laura M.; Acosta, Lilibeth A. |
| Abstract: | The expert group on scenarios and models of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services initiated the development of the Nature Futures Framework for developing scenarios of positive futures for nature, to help inform assessments of policy options. This new scenarios and modelling Framework seeks to open up diversity and plurality of perspectives by differentiating three main value perspectives on nature – Nature for Nature (intrinsic values of nature), Nature for Society (instrumental values) and Nature as Culture (relational values). This paper describes how the Nature Futures Framework can be applied in modelling to support policy processes by identifying key interventions for change in realizing a diversity of desirable futures. First, the paper introduces and elaborates on key building blocks of the framework for developing qualitative scenarios and translating them into quantitative scenarios: i) multiple value perspectives on nature and the Nature Futures frontier representing diverse preferences, ii) incorporating mutual and key feedbacks of social-ecological systems in Nature Futures scenarios, and iii) indicators describing the evolution of social-ecological systems with complementary knowledge and data. This paper then presents three possible application approaches to modelling Nature Futures scenarios to support the i) review, ii) implementation and iii) design phases of policy processes. The main objective of this paper is to facilitate the integration of the relational values of nature in models, through improved indicators and other forms of evidence, and to strengthen modelled linkages across biodiversity, ecosystems, nature’s contributions to people, and quality of life to identify science- and knowledge-based interventions and to enhance ecological understanding for achieving sustainable futures. The paper aims at stimulating the development of new scenarios and models based on this new framework by a wide community of modelers, and the testing and possible further development of the framework, particularly in the context of future IPBES assessments. |
| Date: | 2021–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:93sqp&r= |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A. |
| Abstract: | Waste management issues have been hounding both urban and rural communities for decades. The passing of Republic Act 9003, or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, was meant to ensure the protection of public health and environment while encouraging resource conservation and recovery and public cooperation and responsibility. Among its critical provisions were the formal devolution of waste management to local levels, including forced closure of illegal dumpsites, investment on facilities, and reduction and proper treatment of solid wastes. This study looked into the implementation of the law in both the national and subnational levels through a desk review, conduct of case studies in selected areas, and processing of available quantitative data. Results showed varying implementation templates across study sites reflecting different enabling mechanisms and replicable initiatives. Documented best practices include the legal waste facility transition of the Payatas dumpsite in Quezon City and the organization of its informal economy; the clustering of waste management service of Teresa, Rizal and its province-wide incentive mechanism and partnership with construction companies; the market linkages for revenue generation; and the strong partnership between the local government unit (LGU) and civil service organizations in San Fernando, Pampanga. The overly simplistic transfer of responsibility to LGUs have largely resulted in two decades of mediocre policy grounding. Common avenues for improvement were also identified, including the need to fast track transition timelines; augment national and local government complementation; invest on appropriate technologies and facilities; and sustain public and private sector engagements. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | solid waste management, ecological integrity, sanitary landfill, open dumpsite, material recovery |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-02&r= |
| By: | Ge-zhi Wu; Daming You |
| Abstract: | In order to explore the relationship between corporate green technological innovation and the risk of stock price crash, First, we analyzed the data of listed companies in China from 2008 to 2018, and constructed indicators for the quantity and quality of corporate green technology innovation. The study found that the quantity of green technology innovation is not related to the risk of stock price crash, while the quality of green technology innovation is negatively related to the risk of stock price crash. Secondly, we further studied the impact of corporate ownership on the relationship between the quality of green technological innovation and the risk of stock price crash, and found that in non-state-owned enterprises, the quality of green technological innovation is negatively correlated with the risk of stock price collapse, while in state-owned enterprises, the quality of green technological innovation is positively correlated with the risk of stock price collapse. Furthermore, we studied the mediating effect of the number of negative news reports in the media of listed companies on the relationship between the quality of corporate green technology innovation and the stock price crash.Finally, we conducted a DID regression by using the impact of exogenous policy shocks on the quality of green technology innovation, and the main results passed the robustness test. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.16177&r= |
| By: | Arthur Charpentier; Molly James; Hani Ali |
| Abstract: | The economic consequences of drought episodes are increasingly important, although they are often difficult to apprehend in part because of the complexity of the underlying mechanisms. In this article, we will study one of the consequences of drought, namely the risk of subsidence (or more specifically clay shrinkage induced subsidence), for which insurance has been mandatory in France for several decades. Using data obtained from several insurers, representing about a quarter of the household insurance market, over the past twenty years, we propose some statistical models to predict the frequency but also the intensity of these droughts, for insurers, showing that climate change will have probably major economic consequences on this risk. But even if we use more advanced models than standard regression-type models (here random forests to capture non linearity and cross effects), it is still difficult to predict the economic cost of subsidence claims, even if all geophysical and climatic information is available. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2107.07668&r= |
| By: | Guido Merzoni; Federico Trombetta |
| Abstract: | We study the implications of state dependent costs of policy mismatch in political agency models where politicians have reputational concerns and "good" politicians share the same objectives with the voters. We find that state-dependent costs can increase the set of parameters where pandering is an equilibrium strategy. Indeed, in our model, pandering can arise even without office rents. Moreover, we show that voters do not necessarily prefer biased politicians to be in favour of the policy that produces the cheapest expected cost of mismatch. We discuss the implications of those results for populism, environmental policies and the equilibrium incentives to over- or under-provide lockdowns or other mitigation measures. |
| JEL: | D72 D78 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dis:wpaper:dis2102&r= |
| By: | Zhenqian Huang (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific); Sweta C. Saxena (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | Asia and the Pacific is facing its worst economic contraction at least since the 1970s due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequent economic weakness is likely to set back the region’s socio-economic progress and is predicted to push a significant number of people into unemployment and poverty while increasing inequality. Although slowdown in economic activities has provided some breathing space to the environment, such a benefit could turn out to be temporary. The region faces a difficult path to recovery, due to deepened existing vulnerabilities that include weak economic conditions and other exogenous shocks. These challenging times call for unprecedented relief and stimulus policies and offer an opportunity for countries to align their socio-economic policies with the 2030 Agenda to ensure a more inclusive, greener and more resilient future. Such policies include increasing investments in Sustainable Development Goals and strengthening governance to improve investment efficiency. Climate resilience should be built into investment projects. Regulatory changes could catalyze such efforts to “build forward better”. Partnership with local, national and international stakeholders is critical for Governments to support this development transition. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb114&r= |
| By: | Rosellon, Maureen Ane, D. |
| Abstract: | Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained attention globally as countries pursue the use of alternative technologies that reduce harmful emissions, climate-related effects and reliance on the use of fossil fuels. In the Philippines, policies and programs in support of the EV industry have been implemented, while a pending legislation awaits enactment. In an attempt to contribute insights to the policy discussion on EVs, the study examines the EV industry in the Philippines, current regulations, and challenges faced by the industry. The study finds strengths and opportunities in the EV industry, which include positive industry outlook and prospects for manufacturing in the supply chain. It also identifies weaknesses and threats related to technology utilization and competition. The study also presents recommendations to take advantage of the industry's potentials. <p>Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, clean technology, clean energy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-15&r= |
| By: | Aniruddh Mohan; Shayak Sengupta; Parth Vaishnav; Rahul Tongia; Asim Ahmed; Ines L. Azevedo |
| Abstract: | Unabated coal power in India must be phased out by mid-century to achieve global climate targets under the Paris Agreement. Here we estimate the costs of hybrid power plants - lithium-ion battery storage with wind and solar PV - to replace coal generation. We design least cost mixes of these technologies to supply baseload and load-following generation profiles in three Indian states - Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu. Our analysis shows that availability of low cost capital, solar PV installation costs of $ |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2107.04928&r= |
| By: | Guo, Xingtong; Lee, Kyumin; Wang, Zhe; Liu, Shichao |
| Abstract: | Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings aim to offer a sustainable and healthy built environment. Previous studies have shown mixed and inconsistent results on whether occupants in LEED-certified buildings are more satisfying than in non-LEED-certified counterparts. Those studies usually based on surveys or questionnaires for commercial buildings were limited by sample size and pre-defined question structures. Since most people stay longer at home during the COVID-19 pandemic and the trend might continue in the post-pandemic era, assessing the satisfaction with LEED-certified residential buildings benefits future environmental design and certification system development. In this work, we propose a natural language processing-based approach for such assessment. The study collected 16,761 online reviews on 260 LEED-certified apartments and 180 non-LEED-certified-apartments from social media, then applied topic modeling and sentiment analysis to evaluate occupants’ satisfaction. Based on topic modeling, we categorized online comments into three topic clusters, 1) location and transportation, 2) running cost, and 3) health and wellbeing. The subsequent sentiment analysis has shown a statistically significant but small or negligible enhancement in the satisfaction occurring in LEED-certified apartments compared to non-LEED-certified ones concerning all the three topic clusters. The “significant but small or negligible uptick” has also been found in online star rating and indoor environmental satisfaction. The only exception with a large effect size is lighting that is significantly more satisfying in LEED-certified apartments. Nevertheless, the statistical significance in online star rating disappears when it is normalized by rent price and property house value. |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8q4zt&r= |
| By: | Thierry Caquet (CODIR - Collège de Direction - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mohamed Naaim (AQUA - Département AQUA - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Eric Rigolot (URFM - Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nicolas Eckert (UR ETGR (ETNA) - Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Denis Allard (BioSP - Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Erdlenbruch (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jeanne Garric (UR Riverly - RiverLy - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Gohin (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Michel Lang (UR Riverly - RiverLy - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stephan Marette (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jeanne-Marie Membré (SECALIM - Sécurité des Aliments - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christian Mougin (ECOSYS - Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Arnaud Reynaud (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Rodolphe Sabatier (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | INRAE, à travers son ancrage local et national, sa visibilité à l'international et sa très bonne couverture thématique, dispose des atouts essentiels pour aborder toutes les dimensions des risques naturels, alimentaires et environnementaux et d'un réel potentiel pour apporter une contribution significative à l'analyse systémique et à la compréhension des risques, le renforcement de la gouvernance, la gestion intégrée des risques et l'augmentation de la résilience des territoires. Ceci a conduit INRAE, en 2019, à engager une réflexion prospective interdisciplinaire dont le présent document constitue le rapport de synthèse. Les travaux ont été organisés selon trois axes thématiques (risques d'origine climatique et biotique ; risques alimentaires ; risques environnementaux), deux axes méthodologiques (modélisation quantitative des risques ; approches économiques des risques) et deux axes transversaux impliquant des démarches interdisciplinaires (liens entre santé de l'environnement et santé humaine ; approches multi-risques). Les recommandations issues du rapport portent sur les priorités scientifiques dans le domaine des risques et sur les modalités de programmation et d'animation de cette thématique. |
| Date: | 2021–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03267088&r= |
| By: | Julien Jacob; Eve-Angéline Lambert; Mathieu Lefebvre; Sarah Van Driessche |
| Abstract: | We experimentally investigate the impact of information disclosure on managing collective harms that are caused jointly by a group of liable agents. Subjects interact in a public bad setting and must choose ex ante how much to contribute in order to reduce the probability of causing a common damage. If a damage occurs, subjects bear a part of the loss according to the liability-sharing rule in force.We consider two existing rules: a per capita rule and a proportional rule. Our aim is to analyze the relative impact of information disclosure under each rule. We show that information disclosure increases contributions only under a per capita rule. This result challenges the classical results regarding the positive effects of information disclosure, since we show that this impact may depend upon the legal context. We also show that while a proportional rule leads to higher contributions than a per capita one, the positive effect of disclosure on a per capita rule makes it as efficient as a proportional rule without information disclosure. |
| Keywords: | Information disclosure; Collective harms; Environmental Regulation; Liability Sharing Rules; Public Bads; Multiple Tortfeasors. |
| JEL: | C92 H41 K13 K32 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2021-30&r= |
| By: | Thorne, James H.; Boynton, Ryan M.; Hollander, Allan D.; Whitney, Jason P.; Shapiro, Kristen D. |
| Abstract: | Catastrophic wildfires over the past five years (2015-2020) have caused damage to the Caltrans road network in 81 separate wildfire events, leading to expenditures of over $590,000,000 to repair highway assets. To reduce the risk of further wildfire damage and to improve public safety, particularly for disadvantaged communities, Caltrans has engaged in assessing the priority locations for vegetation treatment within the lands it owns called the Right of Way (ROW). A 2019 analysis provided a map showing the top 17% of vulnerabilities in the road network, representing both the risk of wildfire and to disadvantaged communities that might need to use the transportation network as means of evacuation. This UC Davis research project was designed to support efforts within Caltrans in conducting a wildfire vulnerability risk assessment for fuels reduction in the ROW to protect Caltrans’ infrastructure and travelers. The project involved four components: 1) conducting a rigorous peer review of the 2019 GIS-based study commissioned by Caltrans; 2) collecting and assessing the outputs of several climate change, fire, and other models currently developed or under development for California, as well as future climate projections; 3) developing a framework for the use of the prioritized segment model with other data further identify priority areas for fuels and risk reduction; and 4) interviews with Caltrans staff on opportunities and obstacles to increasing the pace and scale of vegetation treatments. The results contribute to infrastructure risk assessments, can be used to prioritize areas for treatment, to create a tracking system of areas treated and risk lowered over multiple years, and to engage local governments and wildfire fighting units to coordinate landscape fire risk reductions. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Life Sciences, Wildfire, Vegetation Management, Priority Treatment Areas, Right of Way, California |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4723h7j8&r= |
| By: | Mark Meyer (GWS - Institute of Economic Structures Research); Martin Distelkamp (GWS - Institute of Economic Structures Research); Dr. Christian Lutz (GWS - Institute of Economic Structures Research) |
| Abstract: | Zur Begutachtung der Entwicklung der deutschen Bioökonomie unter internationalen Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten wurden im Forschungskonsortium SYMOBIO verschiedene prototypische Methoden zur Berechnung sogenannter Fußabdruck-Indikatoren entwickelt. Die Anwendung dieser Methoden ermöglicht eine Berichterstattung über die global ausgelösten Umweltinanspruchnahmen durch Produktionsaktivitäten der deutsche Bioökonomie sowie durch die heimische Endnachfrage nach Erzeugnissen der Bioökonomie. Neben weiteren Forschungsoutputs des SYMOBIO-Konsortiums wurden erste Ergebnisse entsprechender Berechnungen veröffentlicht. Fußabdrücke werden für THG-Emissionen, Wasser, Landnutzung sowie für Wertschöpfung und Beschäftigung ausgewiesen. Für eine mögliche Verstetigung des Bioökonomie-Monitorings (BÖM) stellen sich Fragen nach der passenden Datenbasis ebenso wie nach einer möglichen Verbesserung der Methode der Fußabdruckberechnung. Die internationale Forschung zu Fußabdruckberechnungen der Bioökonomie befindet sich aktuell ebenso in einer dynamischen Entwicklung wie die multi-regionalen Input-Output(MRIO)-Datensätze, die die Basis dieser Berechnungen sind. Parallel zu den bisherigen Arbeiten in SYMOBIO haben sich die Umweltökonomische Gesamtrechnungen (UGR) des Statistischen Bundesamtes mit dem Thema der Auslandseffekte von Ernährungsgütern auseinandergesetzt und auch THG-Fußabdrücke berechnet. Im Folgenden werden diese Entwicklungen als Überblick aktuell verfügbarer Daten und Methoden zusammengefasst, um zukünftige Optionen für ein verstetigtes BÖM identifizieren zu können. Exemplarisch werden hierzu die methodischen Grundlagen und die in der Anwendung zu beachtenden statistischen Herausforderungen für folgende Fußabdruck-Indikatoren zusammengefasst: • Emissionen von Treibhausgasen, • Inanspruchnahme biotischer Rohstoffe, • Landnutzung für Ernährungsgüter. Die Vorgehensweise basiert dabei auf einer Gegenüberstellung der im SYMOBIO-Projekt entwickelten Methoden mit thematisch vergleichbaren Berichterstattungen. Hierzu werden zunächst die inhaltlichen, methodischen und empirischen Grundlagen der im Projekt SYMOBIO angewandten Berechnungsmethoden vorgestellt. Im Anschluss folgen aktuelle Entwicklungen bei den MRIO-Datensätzen und bei der Berechnung von Fußabdrücken sowie ein Überblick zu thematisch verwandten Berichterstattungsaktivitäten des Statistischen Bundesamts. Den Abschluss bildet eine Zusammenfassung möglicher Ansatzpunkte für eine Verzahnung der Arbeiten in Rahmen des Monitorings der Bioökonomie mit Arbeiten der UGR. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability; Bioeconomy; Environment and Trade; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Material Footprint; Input-Output Models |
| JEL: | C67 C82 Q17 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gws:dpaper:21-3&r= |
| By: | Braswell, Anna; Leyk, Stefan; Connor, Dylan; Uhl, Johannes |
| Abstract: | Current estimates of U.S. property at risk of coastal hazards and sea level rise (SLR) are stag-gering, evaluated at over a trillion U.S. dollars. Despite being enormous in the aggregate, po-tential losses due to SLR depend on mitigation, adaptation, and exposure and are highly uneven in their distribution across coastal cities. We provide the first analysis of how changes in expo-sure (how and when) have unfolded over more than a century of coastal urban development in the United States. We do so by leveraging new historical settlement layers from the Historical Settlement Data Compilation for the U.S. (HISDAC-US) to examine building patterns within and between the SLR zones of the conterminous United States since the early twentieth century. Our analysis reveals that SLR zones developed faster and continue to have higher structure density than non-coastal, urban and inland areas, patterns which are particularly prominent in locations affected by hurricanes. However, density levels in historically less-developed coastal areas are now quickly converging on early-settled SLR zones, many of which have reached building saturation. These “saturation effects” suggest that adaptation polices targeting existing buildings and developed areas are likely to grow in importance relative to the protection of previously undeveloped land. |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:j4k3e&r= |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Taoufik Yatribi (ENA - Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès); Yamna Erraach (INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Feliu López-I-Gelats (UVicUCC - Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya [Manresa, Spain]); Judit Manuel (UVicUCC - Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya [Manresa, Spain]); Ivana Radic (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sandrine Costa (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Fatima El Hadad-Gauthier (CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Keywords: | Mediterranean region,agricultural waste,olive chain,multi-actor approach,bioeconomy,circular economy |
| Date: | 2021–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03275085&r= |
| By: | \"Ozge Sahin; Karoline Bax; Sandra Paterlini; Claudia Czado |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores measure companies' activities concerning sustainability and societal impact and are organized on three pillars: Environmental (E-), Social (S-), and Governance (G-). Different approaches have been proposed to compute ESG scores for companies, which typically rely on the aggregation of many and different sources of information. These complementary non-financial ESG scores should provide information about the ESG performance and risks of different companies. However, the extent of missing information makes the reliability of ESG scores questionable. To account for the missing information in the underlying ESG pillars, we introduce a new pillar, the so-called Missing (M-) pillar, and propose an optimization approach to compute new ESG (ESGM) scores, which should also be related to the company riskiness. As a result, the ESGM scores allow for incorporating the extent of missing information and establishing some meaningful relationship with respect to the riskiness of the companies under consideration. Interesting insights into the current limitations of ESG scoring methodology are discussed. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.15466&r= |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Kayser (IBBK Fachgruppe Biogas GmbH); Michael Köttner (IBBK Fachgruppe Biogas GmbH); Hugo de Vries (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques) |
| Keywords: | business models,adaption,innovation,biogas sector,Germany |
| Date: | 2021–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03275132&r= |
| By: | Quentin Couix (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03226587&r= |
| By: | Peter Tankov; Laura Tinsi |
| Abstract: | We consider a sequential decision making process, such as renewable energy trading or electrical production scheduling, whose outcome depends on the future realization of a random factor, such as a meteorological variable. We assume that the decision maker disposes of a dynamically updated probabilistic forecast (predictive distribution) of the random factor. We propose several stochastic models for the evolution of the probabilistic forecast, and show how these models may be calibrated from ensemble forecasts, commonly provided by weather centers. We then show how these stochastic models can be used to determine optimal decision making strategies depending on the forecast updates. Applications to wind energy trading are given. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2106.16047&r= |
| By: | Carlos, Ann M.; Feir, Donna; Redish, Angela |
| Abstract: | Abundant land and strong property rights are conventionally viewed as key factors underpinning US economic development success. This view relies on the "Pristine Myth" of an empty undeveloped land. But the abundant land of North America was already made productive and was the recognized territory of sovereign Indigenous Nations. We demonstrate that the development of strong property rights for European/American settlers was mirrored by the attenuation and increasing disregard of Indigenous property rights and that the dearth of discussion of the dispossession of Indigenous nations results in a misunderstanding of some of the core themes of US economic history. |
| Keywords: | indigenous peoples,development of the American economy,Institutions |
| JEL: | N40 N41 N50 N51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qucehw:202104&r= |
| By: | Butter, Katja; Ohlmeyer, Martin |
| Abstract: | Verschiedene Hölzer und Holzwerkstoffe werden aufgrund zahlreicher vorteilhafter Eigenschaften als Bauprodukt in Gebäuden verwendet. Als potenzielle Emissionsquelle können sie damit, wie auch andere im Innenraum verbaute Bauprodukte, eine Auswirkung auf die Innenraumluftqualität haben. Aus diesem Grund ist ein Verständnis der Emissionen holzhaltiger Produkte von Bedeutung. Daher wird in folgender Abhandlung das Emissionsverhalten von Vollhölzern sowie daraus hergestellten Holzwerkstoffen dargestellt. Dabei werden die wesentlichen flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC) und deren flächenspezifischen Emissionsraten aufgezeigt sowie die das Emissionsverhalten beeinflussenden Faktoren erörtert. Zudem wird die zeitliche Dynamik der Emissionen beleuchtet, die zur Folge hat, dass die Emissionsraten immer nur eine Momentaufnahme zu einem bestimmten Messzeitpunkt darstellen. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung der einzelnen Holzprodukte bezüglich ihres Emissionsverhaltens wird damit ermöglicht. Hingegen erlaubt dies nicht zwingend, den tatsächlichen Beitrag der Holzproduktemissionen auf die VOC-Konzentrationen im Innenraum zu beurteilen. Dies wird entscheidend von der realen Einbausituation des Produktes sowie den Materialinteraktionen und klimatischen Gegebenheiten innerhalb des Raumes bedingt. |
| Keywords: | flüchtige organische Verbindungen (VOC),Emissionsraten,Vollholz,Holzwerkstoffe,volatile organic compounds (VOC),emission rates,solid wood,engineered wood |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:86&r= |
| By: | Amandeep Kaur; Ranjan Kumar Mohanty; Lekha S. Chakraborty; Divy Rangan |
| Abstract: | Using panel data models, we analyze the flypaper effects--whether intergovernmental fiscal transfers or states' own income determine expenditure commitments--on ecological fiscal spending in India. The econometric results show that the unconditional fiscal transfers, rather than the states' own income, determine ecological expenditure in the forestry sector at subnational levels in India. The results hold when the models are controlled for ecological outcomes and demographic variables. |
| Keywords: | Intergovernmental Transfers; Flypaper Effect; Public Expenditures; Forestry Sector |
| JEL: | E6 H5 H7 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_990&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | aggregate emission saving; D. cost effectiveness; copyright page; electric vehicle ownership; one-off registration tax; Tax incentives; VAT exemptions; Greenhouse gas emissions; Income; Global |
| Date: | 2021–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/105&r= |
| By: | Tomas Plėta (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University); Manuela Tvaronavičienė (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania); Silvia Casa (Daugavpils University); Konstantin Agafonov (Mykolas Romeris University) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the paper is to analyze the vulnerabilities of Critical Energy Infrastructures' systems in the event of cyber-attack. The global tendency of cyber-attacks puts Critical Energy Infrastructures on one of the first places for targets. Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) has become an increasingly relevant topic in the global industrial environment, as the consequences of cyber-attacks toward ICS can result in physical disruption and loss of human lives. The analysis presented in the paper will take into consideration three different case scenarios of cyber-attacks to Critical Energy Infrastructures, and will evaluate the outcomes and the tactics used by the organizations' response and recovery. |
| Keywords: | critical infrastructure,management,cyber-attack,energy security,cybersecurity |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03271856&r= |
| By: | Wellenreuther, Claudia; Wolf, André; Zander, Nils |
| Abstract: | This paper conducts a meta-analysis of the estimated costs of producing Polylactic Acid (PLA). Cost contributions of specific inputs and process stages are identified through a production chain perspective. By applying the Monte Carlo technique, uncertainties in current estimates are reflected, both regarding technological input requirements and the development of input prices. Moreover, results are compared between two scenarios differing in feedstock choice: production from corn grain and from corn stover. The results stress the specific importance of capital costs, energy, and the biological feedstocks as cost components. Nevertheless, the Monte Carlo simulations point out that the current state of knowledge is still subject to a high degree of uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | Life Cycle Cost Analysis,bio-based plastics,PLA,plastic feedstocks,Monte Carlo Simulation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwirp:197&r= |
| By: | Massimiliano Mazzanti (University of Ferrara [Ferrara]); Matteo Mazzarano (University of Ferrara [Ferrara]); Andrea Pronti (University of Ferrara [Ferrara]); Marco Quatrosi (University of Ferrara [Ferrara]) |
| Abstract: | The European Union faced several crises in the last twenty years that destabilized its macroeconomic equilibrium and development capacity. Standard economic methodologies were capable of neither predicting nor completely solving these crises through appropriate investments. To understand the overall development performance, the well-known Human Development Index (HDI) is the most widely deployed conceptual framework. In this article, we look at the components of welfare dynamics in the EU by examining socioeconomic performance. Through a 'beyond gross domestic product (GDP)' * The research is conceptually related to the activities of the European Topic Centre on Waste, materials and the Green Economy (ETC WMGE, European Environment Agency). It is also within the research activities of the 2018-2022 UNIFE project on Circular economy, Innovations and SMEs funded by MIUR Italian ministry under the 'Departments of excellence' programme, and the activities of the related CERCIS research centre on Circular Economy, Innovation and SMEs. |
| Keywords: | fiscal policies,public investments,wellbeing,EU |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03271858&r= |
| By: | Héloïse Berkowitz (LEST - Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Michael Grothe-Hammer (NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Meta-organizations are crucial devices to tackle grand challenges. Yet, by bringing together different organizations, with potentially diverging views on these grand challenges, meta-organizations need to cope with the emergence of contradictory underlying social orders. Do contradictory orders affect meta-organizations' ability to govern grand challenges and if so, how? This article investigates these essential questions by focusing on the evolution and intermeshing of social orders within international governance meta-organizations. Focusing on the International Whaling Commission and the grand challenge of whale conservation, we show how over time incompatible social orders between the meta-organization and its members emerge, evolve and clash. As our study shows, this clash of social orders ultimately removes the ‘decidability' of certain social orders at the meta-organizational level. We define decidability as the possibility for actors to reach collective decisions about changing an existing social order that falls under a collective's mandate. We argue that maintaining decidability is a key condition for grand challenges' governance success while the emergence of ‘non-decidability' of controversial social orders can lead to substantial failure. We contribute to both the emerging literature on grand challenges and organization theory. |
| Keywords: | social order,meta-organization,grand challenge,governance,marine ecosystem,decidability |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03271137&r= |
| By: | Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Calizo, Sylwyn C. Jr. |
| Abstract: | As several countries have reduced tariff rates, other forms of regulatory measures that impact on trade have proliferated. These regulations, collectively known as nontariff measures (NTMs), can be imposed on imports and exports. Using descriptive indicators, NTMs could be measured with coverage ratios, frequency indices, and prevalence scores. Across the different government agencies, it has been found that the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources both implement the most number of NTMs with 422 and 103 NTMs, respectively. Moreover, both agricultural goods and manufactured goods have been shown to be highly regulated at 92.2 percent and 93.9 percent, respectively, albeit agricultural goods have a higher prevalence score (19.8) compared to manufacture goods (8.9). |
| Keywords: | trade, nontariff measures, Philippines, NTMs, prevalence scores, agricultural goods, manufactured goods, DENR, DA |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2020-03&r= |
| By: | Bargayo, Serge Jude B.; Go, Gerard L. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze water demand among households in Carcar City, an urban city in southern Cebu that experienced an unparalleled population and economic growth after its cityhood in 2007. This situation put pressure on the Carcar Water District (CWD), the major water provider in the city, to expand its service capacity. Policy implications for water demand management are drawn from the findings of this study. Hard and soft mechanisms that can be jointly undertaken by the water district and the local government unit are recommended to better manage water demand in Carcar City. |
| Keywords: | , household water, water demand, water demand management, Carcar City, Cebu |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2018_vol__45_no__1d&r= |
| By: | Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Amare, Mulubrhan; Berhane, Guush; Betemariam, Ermias |
| Abstract: | Lack of accurate information about soil nutrient requirements coupled with limited access to appropriate fertilizers could lead to mismatch between soil nutrient requirements and fertilizer applications. Such anomalies and mismatches are likely to have important implications for agricultural productivity. In this paper we use experimental (spectral soil analysis) data from Ethiopia to examine farmers’ response to soil nutrient deficiencies and its implications for yield responses. We find that farmers’ response to macronutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) deficiencies is not always consistent with agronomic recommendations. For instance, we find that farmers in our sample are applying nitrogen fertilizers to soils lacking phosphorus, potentially due to lack of information on soil nutrient deficiencies or lack of access to appropriate fertilizers in rural markets. On the other hand, farmers respond to perceivably poor-quality soils and acidic soils by applying higher amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers per unit of land. We further show that such mismatches between fertilizer applications and soil macronutrient requirements are potentially yield-reducing. Those farmers matching their soil nutrient requirements and fertilizer application are likely to enjoy additional yield gains and the vice versa. Marginal yield responses associated with nitrogen (phosphorus) application increases with soil nitrogen (phosphorus) deficiency. Similarly, we find that farmers’ response to acidic soils is not yield-enhancing. These findings suggest that such mismatches may explain heterogeneities in marginal returns to chemical fertilizers and the observed low adoption rates of chemical fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa. As such, these findings have important implications for improving input management practices and fertilizer diffusion strategies. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; nutrient deficiency; fertilizers; fertilizer application; soil deficiencies; soil; yields; mismatch; spectral soil analysis |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2031&r= |
| By: | François Gardes (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Celine Bonnet (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les travaux consacrés à l'amélioration des relations commerciales et contractuelles entre les producteurs, transformateurs et distributeurs ont fait émerger le souhait d'une évolution du cadre législatif relatif au seuil de revente à perte et à l'encadrement des promotions sur les denrées alimentaires dans le but de lutter contre la déflation des prix et d'assurer une juste répartition de la valeur sur l'ensemble de la chaîne de commercialisation . A l'issue des États généraux de l'alimentation, le Gouvernement a notamment annoncé un relèvement du seuil de revente à perte de 10 % et un encadrement des promotions sur les denrées alimentaires. Ces mesures ont été adoptées à titre expérimental pour une durée de deux ans par l'ordonnance 2018-1128 du 12 décembre 2018. Conformément à l'article 4 de l'ordonnance, le rapport évalue les mesures expérimentales de relèvement du seuil de revente à perte et d'encadrement des promotions pour les denrées et certains produits alimentaires. |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03282101&r= |
| By: | François Gardes (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Celine Bonnet (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les travaux consacrés à l'amélioration des relations commerciales et contractuelles entre les producteurs, transformateurs et distributeurs ont fait émerger le souhait d'une évolution du cadre législatif relatif au seuil de revente à perte et à l'encadrement des promotions sur les denrées alimentaires dans le but de lutter contre la déflation des prix et d'assurer une juste répartition de la valeur sur l'ensemble de la chaîne de commercialisation . A l'issue des États généraux de l'alimentation, le Gouvernement a notamment annoncé un relèvement du seuil de revente à perte de 10 % et un encadrement des promotions sur les denrées alimentaires. Ces mesures ont été adoptées à titre expérimental pour une durée de deux ans par l'ordonnance 2018-1128 du 12 décembre 2018. Conformément à l'article 4 de l'ordonnance, le rapport évalue les mesures expérimentales de relèvement du seuil de revente à perte et d'encadrement des promotions pour les denrées et certains produits alimentaires. |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03282101&r= |
| By: | Shahrin, Sumona; Krupnik, Timothy J.; Aravindakshan, Sreejith; Groot, Jeroen |
| Abstract: | The expanded use of surface water for irrigation, intensified farm management, and double cropping have been highlighted by the Government of Bangladesh as policy priorities and development imperatives in the coastal region. A deltaic country, Bangladesh has a dense network of interconnected rivers and over 230 tributaries flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Most farmers cultivate rice during the summer monsoon. In the subsequent winter season that is characterized by low amounts of rainfall, many farmers do not irrigate despite available surface water resources in naturally flowing canal systems. Rather, they tend to fallow their fields or grow pulses without intensive management practices. Use of available water resources for irrigation, intensified farm management, and double cropping are relatively rare. The reasons for this ‘ironic’ situation are complex. They involve challenges with soil and water salinity, lack of infrastructure and market integration, and farmers’ generally low investment capacity and aversion to risk, among others. Most studies in the coastal region have focused on addressing these issues from a biophysical or agronomic standpoint, or by using econometric approaches to examine farmers’ interest in intensified crop management and the use of irrigation. Considering agronomic management, there are many approaches that have been deemed as technologically feasible. Less information is however available on how different kinds of farmers perceive and approach these complex issues. Similarly, the relevance for policy and development initiatives in coastal Bangladesh is relatively under-researched. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze farmers’ perceptions of their predominant farming systems and explore corresponding constraints and perceptions of the use of surface water as a means to intensify farm management. |
| Keywords: | BANGLADESH, SOUTH ASIA, ASIA, models, crop improvement, farmers, agricultural development, irrigation, farming systems |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:csispn:18&r= |
| By: | Marielle Brunette; Marc Hanewinkel |
| Abstract: | Les risques naturels menacent les écosystèmes forestiers, et cette menace s’accentue sous l’effet du changement climatique. La question de l’assurance forestière devient alors centrale. Dans le secteur forestier, l’assurance peut être de deux types. Les propriétaires forestiers peuvent souscrire un contrat d’assurance auprès d’un assureur pour se couvrir contre les dommages imputables aux risques naturels (assurance financière) et en même temps, la forêt fournit une protection contre les risques naturels aux populations exposées (assurance naturelle). Cet article présente ces deux formes d’assurance, leurs interactions et propose des exemples dans un contexte forestier. Nous montrons que les deux concepts sont bien définis et utilisés en économie de la forêt, mais que leurs relations sont encore peu analysées. Nous mettons en évidence des questionnements qui pourraient favoriser ou conduire à cette analyse. |
| Keywords: | assurance, forêt, risques/aléas naturels. |
| JEL: | G22 Q23 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2021-28&r= |
| By: | Ramos, Luther D. |
| Abstract: | This paper provides recommendations to shape suitable and appropriate legal, regulatory, and policy responses to emerging trends in the global electricity sector characterized by high levels of distributed energy resources (DERs). It reviews the existing Philippine legal and regulatory framework relating to DERs especially for distributed generation, micro or minigrid systems, and energy storage. It aims to determine if the country’s current regulatory framework can promote innovation and adequately support the integration of DERs by optimizing its benefits and minimizing potential disruptions in its deployment. Existing literature on international responses to advancements in the deployment of DERs were examined to identify risks and mistakes, lessons learned, and best practices to adapt to emerging trends in the sector. Based on the analysis, this paper formulates guiding principles and legal, regulatory, and policy responses to foster an environment where the potentials of DERs are maximized. |
| Keywords: | energy, regulatory framework, distributed energy resources, Philippine legal and regulatory framework |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2017_vol__44_no__2d&r= |
| By: | Fischer, Andreas; Fluchs, Sarah |
| Abstract: | Im Kern des Urteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichts lag die Generationengerechtigkeit: Die Kosten des Klimaschutzes sollen nicht hauptsächlich zukünftigen Generationen aufgebürdet werden. Ein Blick auf die volkswirtschaftliche Kosteneffizienz unterstreicht, dass stärkere kurzfristige Ambitionen rational und notwendig für eine effektive Erreichung der Klimaziele sind. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:462021&r= |
| By: | Adrien Fabre (ETHZ ZURICH CHE - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Bénédicte Apouey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Douenne (UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam]); Jean-Michel Fourniau (IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - PRES Université Paris-Est); Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-François Laslier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Solène Tournus (MSHPN - Maison des sciences de l'Homme Paris Nord - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | We conduct surveys on both participants in the French Citizens Convention for Climate (CCC) and the general public. By comparing the answers of the randomly drawn citizens with those of the general population on identical questions, we assess the representativity of the CCC, study the evolution of the citizens' opinions, and document the perceptions of the CCC. The CCC appeared broadly representative of the French population. Although, the CCC's Citizens seemed to have been somewhat more favorable to climate policies than the general population at the start, a majority support was found for all proposed measures but one. Despite our findings that the CCC correctly represented the population, we document widespread ignorance and mistrust towards the CCC, including a largely shared belief that it was not representative. |
| Keywords: | Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat,Climate change,Sortition,Citizens Assembly |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03265053&r= |
| By: | Leyla Jaoued-Abassi (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Date: | 2020–01–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03270071&r= |