|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (Business School, University of Aberdeen, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Africa is currently experiencing both financial and human development challenges. While several continents have advocated for financial development in order to acquire environmentally friendly machinery that produces less emissions and ensures long-term sustainability, Africa is still lagging behind the rest of the world. Similarly, Africa's human development has remained stagnant, posing a serious threat to climate change if not addressed. Building on the underpinnings of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis on the nexus between economic growth and environmental pollution, this study contributes to empirical research seeking to promote environmental sustainability as follows. First, it investigates the link between financial development, human capital development and climate change in East and Southern Africa. Second, six advanced panel techniquesare used, and they include: (1) cross-sectional dependency (CD) tests; (2) combined panel unit root tests; (3) combined panel cointegration tests; (4) panel VAR/VEC Granger causality tests and (5) combined variance decomposition analysis based on Cholesky and Generalised weights. Our finding shows that financial and human capital developments are important in reducing CO2 emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in East and Southern Africa. |
| Keywords: | Financial Development; Human Capital; East and Southern Africa; Climate Change |
| JEL: | G21 I21 I25 O55 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/042&r= |
| By: | Espoir, Delphin Kamanda; Mudiangombe, Benjamin; Bannor, Frank; Sunge, Regret; Mubenga Tshitaka, Jean-Luc |
| Abstract: | Climate change has occasioned several Earth long-term events, including extreme temperatures. In recent years, Africa was reported as part of the world's regions that experienced extreme temperatures above pre-industrial levels. Despite lower contribution to Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and global warming, Africa remains among the world regions that suffer the most from climate change. However, the impact of climatic factors of temperature and emissions on economic production in Africa has not been broadly investigated, specifically among climate regimes. In this study, we attempt for the first time to understand the heterogeneous impacts of emissions and temperature on income in Africa using panel and time-series techniques on datasets spanning the years 1995-2016. At the global level in Africa, our empirical results reveal that a 1% increase in average temperature reduces income by 1.08%, whereas a 1% rise in Co2 emissions spurs income by 0.23%. The emissions effect result implies that environmental policies specifically designed to reduce Co2 emissions in Africa as a whole may significantly impact production in the long run. Also, the result suggests that a shift from optimal temperature levels to extreme patterns deter economic growth. Despite these revelations, our extended analysis based on climate regimes indicates heterogeneous effects across countries. Considering the Paris agreement on climate, this study suggests that policymakers should emphasise country-specific policies than global climatic policies for sustained Co2 emissions reduction in Africa. |
| Keywords: | Heterogeneous effects,Temperature,Climate change,Environmental sustainability,Panel data,time-series data |
| JEL: | C32 C33 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:235479&r= |
| By: | Roberto Fazioli |
| Abstract: | Policy Makers and Financial Institutions are searching for pragmatic solutions to achieve the objectives that have been set as priorities in the so-called New Green deal. In the face of the great potential deriving from scientific innovation, the issue of the ability to attract investments in an appropriate manner for times, quantities and, also, costs arises. The attraction of investments is crucial. In the case of the NGH expoitation strategy examined here, it is possible to promote this attractiveness if: (1) the prospect of the use of Natural Gas in place of the other fossil sources is widely understood as a coherent solution to the Paris Agreements, i.e. part of the New Green Deal and (2) if it is clarified, in the audience of policy makers, how much solution of the NGH exploitation and the simultaneous sequestration of carbon dioxide in a single process is actually attributable to a primary Sustainable Energy Source. So, the new perspectives for extraction of methane from marine NGH and the simultaneous sequestration of carbon dioxide in a single process could be a very good deal for Private Finance, but policy makers have to consider it as an environmental neutral solution, as a new alternative renewable energy source. NGH exploitation could became part of the New Green Deal, part of financial actrattive strategy stemming from well pragmatically based environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy; NGH exploitation; sequestration of carbon dioxide; environmental neutrality; sustainability; New Green Deal; financial attractiveness; Green Finance; Carbon Pricing; Public and Private Investments; Natural Gas |
| Date: | 2021–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udf:wpaper:20210410&r= |
| By: | Ricardo Marques; Ana Margarida Carvalho |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a source of risk to financial stability. This article presents a quantification of the exposure of the Portuguese banking system to non-financial corporations (NFCs) sensitive to the risks arising from the transition to a low-carbon economy. The results suggest that about 60% of banks’ exposures to NFCs are in climate-policy-relevant sectors (CPRS), chiefly in the sectors dedicated to construction, transaction and use of buildings and, to a lesser extent, in sectors associated with the production and use of means of transportation and in energy-intensive industries. This article also presents a methodology for estimating direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, by sector of activity, from resident NFCs with bank financing. The calculation of carbon intensity on the basis of these estimates shows that around 60% of banks’ exposures to NFCs is below the median of this indicator. This result is consistent with the higher concentration of exposures in climate-policy-relevant sectors with lower direct GHG emissions. |
| JEL: | G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ptu:wpaper:o202101&r= |
| By: | Tudela, Fernando |
| Abstract: | Este documento se plantea como una contribución al papel de la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (RIOCC), con vistas a mejorar su eficacia y su proyección como instrumento de cooperación regional en materia de cambio climático. La nueva situación mundial, regional, nacional y local obliga a reexaminar iniciativas de cooperación como la de la RIOCC, para ponderar sus perspectivas, limitaciones y oportunidades en el contexto de los procesos para poner freno a la pandemia de COVID-19 y controlar sus consecuencias, y para promover una progresiva recuperación y transición hacia una “normalidad” alternativa, que contribuya a impulsar un desarrollo sostenible. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CARBONO, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, EVALUACION DE PROGRAMAS, INSTRUMENTOS INTERNACIONALES, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CARBON, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, PROGRAMME EVALUATION, INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENERGY RESOURCES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47000&r= |
| By: | Comello, Stephen; Reichelstein, Julia; Reichelstein, Stefan |
| Abstract: | In the intensifying public debate about limiting the harmful effects of climate change, many global corporations have recently articulated so-called 'net-zero' goals for reducing and ultimately eliminating their own greenhouse gas emissions. We first examine the details ofthe carbon reduction goals articulated by seven large firms in different industries. The individual reduction goals are shown to vary substantially in terms of specificity and scope, largely due to variations in the measurement of carbon footprints. Particular sources of variation arise from how 'gross emissions' are determined and from firms' willingness to recognize carbon credits that offset their own emissions. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emissions,corporate reporting,net-zero goals,carbon offsets |
| JEL: | Q28 Q40 M41 M48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21052&r= |
| By: | Lubos Pastor; Robert F. Stambaugh; Lucian A. Taylor |
| Abstract: | Green assets delivered high returns in recent years. This performance reflects unexpectedly strong increases in environmental concerns, not high expected returns. German green bonds outperformed their higher-yielding non-green twins as the "greenium" widened, and U.S. green stocks outperformed brown as climate concerns strengthened. To show the latter, we construct a theoretically motivated green factor—a return spread between environmentally friendly and unfriendly stocks—and find that its positive performance disappears without climate-concern shocks. The factor lags those shocks, curiously, by about a month. A theory-driven two-factor model featuring the green factor explains much of the recent underperformance of value stocks. |
| JEL: | G12 G14 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28940&r= |
| By: | Driss Ezzine de Blas (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | How can we design conservation and development projects that produce lasting changes? How can we increase their effectiveness and legitimacy? The classical economic incentives of environmental policies (certification, sustainable forest management, payments for environmental services, green loans, etc.) are effective in the short term, but their environmental performance is not necessarily guaranteed in the long term. However, when the intrinsic motivations of beneficiaries are activated, these beneficiaries take greater ownership of the objectives of actions: they demonstrate more lasting behavioural change. Recent research combining behavioural economics and social psychology, conducted for such projects, is opening a rich and complementary avenue to mobilise this latent human potential. Considering intrinsic motivations implies recognising the importance of the psychological dimension of any action. Research and development decision-makers and donors can and ensure their calls for projects incorporate methods to identify and activate these motivations. |
| Keywords: | Incentive,motivation,value system,psychology,human behaviour,psychological factor,payments for ecosystem services,agriculture,conservation,environment,biodiversity,forest,theory of change,development policy,Tropical zone,Southeast Asia,Latin America,Africa,Madagascar,Mediterranean |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-03261909&r= |
| By: | Niven Winchester (School of Economics, Auckland University of Technology); Dominic White (School of Economics, Auckland University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents Version 1.0 of the Climate PoLicy ANalysis (C-PLAN) model and presents results for the model’s baseline and a policy scenario. The C-PLAN model is a global, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model tailored to the economic and emissions characteristics of New Zealand. Distinguishing features in the model include methane-reducing technologies for livestock, bioheat from forestry residues, and explicit representation of output-based allocations of emissions permits. The model was built for New Zealand Climate Change Commission (CCC) to inform policy advice provided to the government. The computer code for the model and instructions for reproducing results used by the CCC are publicly available. It is hoped that the C-PLAN model will assist transparency in setting climate policies, help build capacity for climate policy analysis, and ultimately set the foundations for future climate policy initiatives in New Zealand and other countries. |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation; Computable general equilibrium; Replication; Transparency |
| JEL: | C68 Q40 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aut:wpaper:202104&r= |
| By: | Zenghelis, Dimitri |
| Abstract: | The global economy is facing an unprecedented challenge, with the risk of a protracted depression following the response to COVID-19. In 2014, I argued here that macroeconomic conditions made it a relatively favorable time to kick-start investments in a resource-efficient, low carbon economy. Yet the opportunity was, for the most part, squandered. Failure to utilize active fiscal policy contributed to growing private indebtedness, limited productivity and wage growth and widened inequality helping erode trust in institutions. All the while, greenhouse gas emissions continued to rise. This time, there are grounds for optimism that a more coordinated response toward generating an ambitious transition to net zero emissions might contribute to a strong, sustainable, and resilient recovery. This article is categorized under: Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation. |
| Keywords: | Covid; economy; invest; policy; recovery; sustainable; ES/R009708/1 |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110936&r= |
| By: | Hirose, Kosuke; Ishihara, Akifumi; Matsumura, Toshihiro |
| Abstract: | We investigate polluter lobbying against near-zero emission targets in a monopoly market. To this end, we compare three typical environmental policies---an emission cap regulation that restricts total emissions, an emission intensity regulation that restricts emissions per output unit, and an emission tax. We presume a policy to be most robust to lobbying when a lesser strict emission target (i.e., an increase in the targeted emission level) imposed by the government to the industry increases the firms' profit least significantly among the three policies. We find that the emission tax is the most robust in the presence of lobbying if the government aims for a net-zero emission society. However, the emission tax is the least robust if the emission target is loose or the government is weak against lobbying. |
| Keywords: | net-zero emission industry, emission cap, emission intensity, emission tax, emission equivalence, profit ranking |
| JEL: | L13 L51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108380&r= |
| By: | Ilicic, Joanna; Crespi, Maria Giulia; Bertolini, Tommaso; Ignaciuk, Ada |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a methodology for public expenditure review and analysis for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the agricultural sector. It outlines the basic methodological concepts, including the classification of public expenditures in the context of their links to climate change adaptation and mitigation. It also illustrates how such analysis can usefully contribute to policy decision making to better achieve the climate change adaptation and mitigation goals using the case study of Uganda. The proposed classification allows for analysing the level and the composition of public expenditures that influence adaptation capacity of the sector to climate change, and actions that increase or decrease greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in agriculture. This, in turn, allows for assessing whether the sector is stimulated in a way that allows achieving a country’s climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives and form a basis for further evaluation of the effectiveness of individual measures in reaching these objectives. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2021–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:312206&r= |
| By: | Bondarev, Anton; Dato, Prudence (University of Basel); Krysiak, Frank C. |
| Abstract: | The transition to a green technology is central to environmental policy. During such a transition, technology and market structure often change simultaneously, as firms developing the new technology enter the market of incumbents supplying the old one. This leads to the questions how technological change and market changes interact and at which stage of the technology transition incumbents or newcomers are more likely to drive the technology transition. We advance a model that describes this co-evolution of technology and market. Our results show that this co-evolution induces substantial market failures. The transition might be blocked by an incumbent protecting the old technology and, even if it is not, emissions decline less rapidly than in the social optimum. Furthermore, incentives change during the transition: At the beginning, entrants can be crucial to start the transition, but, later on, the incumbent will usually become the driving force. When this switch occurs depends on the propensity of the new technology to attract new customers and on the possible speed of technological development. Our results have implications for environmental policy, as they indicate that supporting small new- comers might be desirable at the beginning but can be detrimental at later stages of a technology transition. |
| Keywords: | Green Technology, Innovation, Imperfect Competition, Endogenous Market Structure, Technology Transition, Emissions, Climate Change |
| JEL: | C60 L10 O31 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2021/07&r= |
| By: | Guillaume Gruère; Makiko Shigemitsu |
| Abstract: | Measuring policy progress on agriculture and water policies is essential to help decision makers identify necessary policy changes and understand how further progress may be achieved to improve agricultural water management. A thorough review of existing evaluations of agriculture and water policies suggests three types of progress to be measured: policy design, policy implementation capacity and policy results. The quality and robustness of these measures of policy progress depends upon three main factors. First, assessment of policy design requires matching policy alignment with cross cutting objectives or with a reference text. Second, assessment of progress in implementation capacity requires gauging evolution towards predefined capacity needs or identified governance gaps. Third, evaluation of policy results requires clearly defined objectives, timelines and scales for assessments. Seven practical options are identified for applying these principles to agriculture and water policies, illustrated by applying them to assessing progress in the sustainable management of water for irrigation under climate change and in controlling diffuse nutrient pollution. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural policy, Policy evaluation, Reform process, Water policy, Water pollution, Water risks, Water scarcity |
| JEL: | Q18 Q25 Q28 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:162-en&r= |
| By: | Sulser, Timothy; Wiebe, Keith D.; Dunston, Shahnila; Cenacchi, Nicola; Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Mason-D’Croz, Daniel; Robertson, Richard D.; Willenbockel, Dirk; Rosegrant, Mark W. |
| Abstract: | This report assesses the cost of adaptation to climate change across a range of future climate scenarios and investment options. We focus on offsetting climate change impacts on hunger through investment in agricultural research, water management, and rural infrastructure in developing countries. We link climate, crop, water, and economic models to (1) analyze scenarios of future change in the agriculture sector to 2050 and (2) assess trade-offs for these investments across key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for poverty, hunger, and water. Our reference projections show that climate change slows progress toward eliminating hunger, with an additional 78 million people facing chronic hunger in 2050 relative to a no-climate-change future, over half of them in Africa south of the Sahara. Increased investments can offset these impacts. Achieving this would require that annual investment in international agricultural research increase from US$1.62 billion to US$2.77 billion per year between 2015 and 2050. Additional water and infrastructure investments are estimated to be more expensive than agricultural R&D at about US$12.7 billion and US$10.8 billion per year, respectively, but these address key gaps to support transformation toward food system resiliency. Findings on ranges of costs and trade-offs and complementarities across SDGs will help policymakers make better-informed choices between alternative investment strategies. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; agrifood systems; climate change; agriculture; food systems; investment; costs; hunger; food security |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:9780896294165&r= |
| By: | Marc Baudry (EconomiX (Université Paris Nanterre)); Anouk Faure (EconomiX (Université Paris Nanterre) & Chaire Economie du Climat (PSL)) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the nature of technological progress in six manufacturing industries covered under the EU-ETS, plus the power sector, and its effect on carbon price formation using marginal abatement cost curves. We adopt a technological frontier framework that we calibrate to input and output data at the plant level from 2013 to 2017, with a directional distance function approach. Our results reveal that most of the time, technological progress resulted in inflating baseline emissions, despite decreasing the carbon intensity of production. In our sample industries, technological progress therefore leads to increase abatement efforts, raising the equilibrium price of carbon. |
| Keywords: | SEQE, Changement Technologique, Production, Analyse Empirique, |
| JEL: | D24 L6 O33 Q58 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.10&r= |
| By: | Guanyu Lu (Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.); Makoto Sugino (Faculty of Literature and Social Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, 990-8560, Japan); Toshi H. Arimura (Faculty of Political Science and Economics & Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management (RIEEM), Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.); Tetsuya Horie (Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan) |
| Abstract: | To accomplish the goal of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction, the Japanese Business Federation (JBF) has implemented the voluntary action plan (VAP), a unique feature of which does not penalize industrial firms or organizations, even if they fail to meet the CO2 emissions or energy consumption reduction goals. This study evaluates the role of VAP in emission reduction by analyzing highly disaggregated data from 1980 to 2015 of approximately 400 sectors using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. The results indicate that the increase in CO2 emissions among Japanese industries is mainly caused by the increase in indirect CO2 emissions. Moreover, the energy consumption structure has progressively shifted from fossil fuels to electricity. The decomposition analysis highlights two key points. (1) The VAP is ineffective in reducing emissions in sectors with low market concentration. (2) The energy intensity target of the VAP does not lead to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions. Thus, this study concludes that the contribution of the VAP in reducing CO2 emissions is limited. Evidence from our research suggests three directions for future policy design and implications. |
| Keywords: | Voluntary action plan, Decomposition analysis, Japan |
| JEL: | Q53 Q40 L16 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:21021&r= |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Destek, Mehmet Akif; Dong, Kangyin; Jiao, Zhilun |
| Abstract: | Financial development has been widely proved to be a key driver of economic growth; however, its environmental impact is still inconclusive, especially for G-7 countries (i.e. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United State (US)). This paper, therefore, investigates the time-varying impact of financial development on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for G-7 countries over a long historical period. The study analyzes historical data from 1870 to 2014 for each country using bootstrap time-varying co-integration (TVC) and bootstrap rolling window estimation approaches. In addition, the polynomial trends of the estimated parameters are obtained to observe the relationship between financial development and carbon emissions. The empirical findings reveal that the impact of financial development on CO2 emissions over a long history is M-shaped in Canada, Japan, and the US; inverted N-shaped in France, Italy, and the UK; and inverted M-shaped (W-shaped) in Germany. This empirical evidence opens new directions for policy makers to design comprehensive economic policy for using the financial sector as an economic tool to keep environmental quality at sustainable levels. |
| Keywords: | Financial Development; CO2 Emissions; Non-linear Analysis; Time-varying Co-integration (TVC); G-7 |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108375&r= |
| By: | Francesca Larosa (Department of Economics, University Of Venice CÃ Foscari Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change); Nadia Ameli (University College of London); Jamie Rickman (University College of London); Sumit Kothari (University College of London) |
| Abstract: | The financial system is a key tool to enable the shift towards a climate-smart economy: by reallocating capital to low-carbon assets, it internalizes the climate externality. However, the financial sector operates as an ecosystem of evolving agents continuously shaping the outcomes they jointly generate. Hence, the consequences of global warming and the climate impacts are potentially amplified by the micro and meso dynamics of agents interacting with each other and with technologies and institutions in the space they operate. In this working paper, we present a concise but exhaustive review about complex networks models and methods applied to climate finance. We show where networks can overcome the limitations of standard economic models in both macroprudential regulation and capital allocation. We present the main challenges ahead and we discuss the importance of a renewed research-policy dialogue to advance the discipline. |
| Keywords: | Complex networks, climate finance, complexity economics, energy transition, climate change |
| JEL: | F21 F64 F65 O13 O16 P18 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:19&r= |
| By: | Mari Luomi; Fatih Yilmaz; Thamir Al Shehri; Nicholas Howarth (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | The circular carbon economy (CCE) approach, developed during Saudi Arabia’s G20 Presidency and endorsed by G20 leaders and energy ministers, can be used as a framework for holistic assessments of all available energy and emission management technologies within the confines of a global carbon budget. KAPSARC’s Circular Carbon Economy Index project, launched in 2021, will develop a composite indicator (index) that measures and tracks country performance and potential on various dimensions of the CCE to support related policy discussions and planning. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency, Capital Expenditure, CO2 emissions, Econometrics |
| Date: | 2021–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:mpaper:ks--2021-mp01&r= |
| By: | Stetter, Christian; Sauer, Johannes |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:312074&r= |
| By: | J. Isaac Miller (Department of Economics, University of Missouri); William A. Brock (Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison) |
| Abstract: | Assessments of decreases in economic damages from climate change mitigation typically rely on climate output from computationally expensive pre-computed runs of general circulation models under a handful of scenarios with discretely varying targets, such as the four representative concentration pathways for CO2 and other anthropogenically emitted gases. Although such analyses are valuable in informing scientists and policymakers about massive multilateral mitigation goals, we add to the literature by considering potential outcomes from more modest policy changes that may not be represented by any well-known concentration pathway. Specifically, we construct computationally efficient Quasi-representative Concentration Pathways (QCPs) to leverage concentration pathways of existing peer-reviewed scenarios. Computational efficiency allows for bootstrapping to assess uncertainty. We illustrate our methodology by considering the impact on the relative risk of mortality from heat stress in London from the United Kingdom's net zero emissions goal. More than half of our interval estimate for the business-as-usual scenario covers an annual risk at least that of a COVID-19-like mortality event by 2100. Success of the UK's policy alone would do little to mitigate the risk. |
| Keywords: | representative scenario building, econometric model of climate change, nonparametric regression, economic damages, heat stress mortality |
| JEL: | C33 C51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2105&r= |
| By: | Anouk Faure; Marc Baudry |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the nature of technological progress in six manufacturing industries covered under the EU-ETS, plus the power sector, and its effect on carbon price formation using marginal abatement cost curves. We adopt a technological frontier framework, which we calibrate to input and output data at the plant level from 2013 to 2017, with a directional distance function approach. Our results reveal that most of the time, technological progress resulted in inflating baseline emissions, despite decreasing the carbon intensity of production. In our sample industries, technological progress therefore leads to increase abatement efforts, raising the equilibrium price of carbon. |
| Keywords: | Directed technological change, frontier analysis, EU-ETS |
| JEL: | Q55 O33 D24 L6 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2021-18&r= |
| By: | Chabé-Ferret, Sylvain; Reynaud, Arnaud; Tène, Eva |
| Abstract: | The nitrogen cycle is one of the most disrupted geo-chemical cycles on earth. Human activity, mainly through intensive farming, releases nitrogen by-products such as nitrates and ammonium into the environment where they have wide ranging impacts on human health, biodiversity and climate change. One of the earliest and most ambitious regulations of nitrogen use in the world is the EU Nitrate Directive, which not only sets limitations on the amount and timing of nitrogen application but also makes the adoption of modern nitrogen management tools mandatory in an effort to enhance nitrogen use efficiency. We leverage the geographical and temporal variation in the implementation of the Nitrate Directive in France to estimate its causal effects on water quality, biodiversity and farmers’ practices, productivity and profits in a Difference In Difference (DID) framework. We modify the DID estimator to account for the existence of diffusion effects along river streams, leveraging recent developments in the analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials over a network of interrelated units. This is a methodological extension that can be of interest for similar applications. We find that the EU Nitrate Directive reduced the concentration of nitrates in surface water by 1.23 milligrams per liter: a decrease of 8%. We find a clear dose-response relationship, with higher impacts where more of the upstream area is covered by the Directive. We also find that other biochemical indicators, as well as biodiversity, as measured by the number of fish and fish species, also improved as a result of the Directive. We also find that the Directive managed to improve farmers’ nitrogen use efficiency and productivity and did not decrease their profits. These findings are consistent with the Porter hypothesis. Finally, we show that not accounting for diffusion effects biases downwards the estimate of the effect of the Directive obtained with a classical DID estimator and the more recent geographic discontinuity estimator. |
| Keywords: | Policy Evaluation ; Diffusion Effects ; Water Pollution |
| JEL: | D04 D80 Q01 Q25 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:125765&r= |
| By: | Andre, Peter (University of Bonn); Boneva, Teodora (University of Bonn); Chopra, Felix (University of Bonn); Falk, Armin (briq, University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | We document individual willingness to fight climate change and its behavioral determinants in a large representative sample of US adults. Willingness to fight climate change – as measured through an incentivized donation decision – is highly heterogeneous across the population. Individual beliefs about social norms, economic preferences such as patience and altruism, as well as universal moral values positively predict climate preferences. Moreover, we document systematic misperceptions of prevalent social norms. Respondents vastly underestimate the prevalence of climate-friendly behaviors and norms among their fellow citizens. Providing respondents with correct information causally raises individual willingness to fight climate change as well as individual support for climate policies. The effects are strongest for individuals who are skeptical about the existence and threat of global warming. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate behavior, climate policies, social norms, economic preferences, moral values, beliefs, survey experiments |
| JEL: | D64 D83 D91 Q51 Z13 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14518&r= |
| By: | Peter Andre (University of Bonn); Teodora Boneva (University of Bonn); Felix Chopra (University of Bonn); Armin Falk (briq, University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | We document individual willingness to fight climate change and its behavioral determinants in a large representative sample of US adults. Willingness to fight climate change – as measured through an incentivized donation decision – is highly heterogeneous across the population. Individual beliefs about social norms, economic preferences such as patience and altruism, as well as universal moral values positively predict climate preferences. Moreover, we document systematic misperceptions of prevalent social norms. Respondents vastly underestimate the prevalence of climate- friendly behaviors and norms among their fellow citizens. Providing respondents with correct information causally raises individual willingness to fight climate change as well as individual support for climate policies. The effects are strongest for individuals who are skeptical about the existence and threat of global warming. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, climate behavior, climate policies, social norms, economic preferences, moral values, beliefs, survey experiments |
| JEL: | D64 D83 D91 Q51 Z13 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:101&r= |
| By: | Sumaila, U. Rashid; Walsh, Melissa; Hoareau, Kelly; Cox, Anthony; Teh, Louise; Abdallah, Patrízia; Akpalu, Wisdom; Anna, Zuzy; Benzaken, Dominique; Crona, Beatrice; Fitzgerald, Timothy; Heaps, Louise; Issifu, Ibrahim; Karousakis, Katia; Lange, Glenn Marie; Leland, Amanda; Miller, Dana; Sack, Karen; Shahnaz, Durreen; Thiele, Torsten; Vestergaard, Niels; Yagi, Nobuyuki; Zhang, Junjie |
| Abstract: | The ocean, which regulates climate and supports vital ecosystem services, is crucial to our Earth system and livelihoods. Yet, it is threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. A healthy ocean that supports a sustainable ocean economy requires adequate financing vehicles that generate, invest, align, and account for financial capital to achieve sustained ocean health and governance. However, the current finance gap is large; we identify key barriers to financing a sustainable ocean economy and suggest how to mitigate them, to incentivize the kind of public and private investments needed for topnotch science and management in support of a sustainable ocean economy. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2021–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110928&r= |
| By: | John M. Crespi (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); Kristine Tidgren |
| Abstract: | Executive Summary The Growing Climate Solutions Act of 2021 has wide bipartisan and industry support and yet has had little discussion in either the popular press or academic discussion of carbon markets. Although seemingly straightforward, the bill creates the necessary steps toward establishing an agricultural carbon market and may in hindsight be viewed as an essential step in such a market's viability. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-pb33&r= |
| By: | Simpson, Katherine; Hanley, Nick; Armsworth, Paul; de Vries, Frans; Dallimer, Martin |
| Abstract: | Most programmes which incentivise the supply of public goods such as biodiversity conservation on private land in Europe are financed through the public purse. However, new ideas for how to fund biodiversity conservation are urgently needed, given recent reviews of the poor state of global biodiversity. In this paper, we investigate the use of private funding for biodiversity conservation through an offset market. The environmental objective is to increase some measure of biodiversity in a region (“net gain”) despite the loss of land for new housing. Farmers create biodiversity credits by changing their land management, then sell these credits to housebuilders who are required to more-than offset the impacts of new house building on a specific indicator of biodiversity. Combining an economic model of market operation with an ecological model linking land management to bird populations, we examine the operation, costs and biodiversity impacts of such a (hypothetical) market as the target level of net gain is increased. A general result is established for the impacts on price and quantity in the offset market as the net gain target is make more ambitious. For a case study site in Scotland, we find that as the net gain target is increased, the number of offsets traded in equilibrium falls, as does the market clearing offset price. Changes in the spatial pattern of gains and losses in our biodiversity index also occur as the net gain target is raised. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:312052&r= |
| By: | Björk, Lisa (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Vierth, Inge (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | Modal shift within the freight transport sector has been promoted by policy makers as one of the means to achieving climate and environmental targets for several decades. The European Union has also had modal split objectives in place since 2011. In the Green Deal the ambition of shifting freight away from road transports is repeated. Even though the literature on mode choice is well established, there is less consensus about the volume of freight with potential to shift and, more importantly, the actual contribution of modal shift to achieving environmental and climate objectives. Based on a literature review to determine the potential of freight modal shifts within different segments in Sweden, this paper discuss the underlying assumptions explaining how freight modal shift is interpreted both as a political means to achieving overarching policy objectives and as a policy objective in itself. |
| Keywords: | Freight modal shift; Policy instrument; Transport; Climate; Environment; Impact; Economics |
| JEL: | R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2021–06–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2021_005&r= |
| By: | Marie-Theres Schickfus von; Marie-Theres von Schickfus |
| Abstract: | The tightening of climate policies may cause technologies based on fossil fuels to lose value compared to “green” technologies. For firms with significant fossil-based knowledge, this implies that their firm (market) value is at risk. This technological risk is also relevant for financial market actors, in particular institutional investors following long-term investment strategies. Measuring technological knowledge using patent data at the firm level, this paper uses a dynamic patent count data model and explores whether institutional investors address technological transition risk via engagement activities. Despite robust evidence for a positive influence of institutional investors on overall innovation, no evidence can be found that institutional ownership is associated with a change in the direction of innovation. |
| Keywords: | Green innovation, climate policy, green finance, climate risk, institutional investors |
| JEL: | Q55 G23 O34 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_356&r= |
| By: | Ben McWilliams; Georg Zachmann |
| Abstract: | The authors wish to thank Natalia Fabra, Pedro Linares, Jörn Richstein and Oliver Sartor for helpful comments. Many of the technologies that can help the European Union become a net-zero emissions economy by 2050 have been shown to work but are not yet commercially competitive with incumbent fossil-fuel technologies. There is not enough private investment to drive the deployment of new low-carbon alternatives. This is primarily because carbon prices are... |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:43579&r= |
| By: | Guojun He (Assistant Professor, Department of Economics , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Technology.Author-Email: gjhe@ust.hk); Tong Liu (Research Assistant Professor, Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Technology.Author-Email: tongliu@ust.hk); Maigeng Zhou (Affiliate Professor, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington Technology.Author-Email: maigengzhou@126.com) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural straw burning significantly increases air pollution and cardiorespiratory mortality. A 10 ugm3 increase in PM2.5 increases monthly mortality by 3.25%. Middle-aged and old people are particularly vulnerable to straw burning pollution. Subsidizing straw recycling can bring about significant health benefits. |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hku:briefs:202151&r= |
| By: | Abrell, Jan; Kosch, Mirjam |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how optimal renewable energy (RE) support (RES) policies need to be adjusted to account for carbon prices. We show theoretically and empirically that changing carbon prices requires adjusting RE production subsidies due to two different motives: First, RE premiums need to be reduced to reflect the carbon value embedded in the market price. Second, RE premiums and feed-in tariffs need to be adjusted once a fuel switch away from coal towards gas power occurs. This adjustment is necessary to account for changes in the marginal external benefit of RE. For the case of the UK, we estimate the optimal RE subsidies and their adjustments due to a fuel switch. Furthermore, we use numerical simulations to analyze the impact of varying carbon prices on optimal RES. We show that the necessary adjustment due to a fuel switch is empirically rather small, whereas RE premiums must be phased out with increasing carbon prices due to the increasing reflection of the carbon cost in the electricity market price. Finally, a fuel switch increases solar-induced abatement, whereas it wind-induced abatement is rather invariant to a fuel switch. Yet, the differentiation of RE subsidies between wind and solar power is modest. |
| Keywords: | Renewable promotion,Carbon pricing,Electricity generation |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21048&r= |
| By: | Aguilar Revelo, Lorena |
| Abstract: | Esta publicación recomienda acciones para permitirles a los mecanismos para el adelanto de las mujeres avanzar en la integración de la perspectiva de género en los instrumentos de política pública, así como en las acciones de implementación frente al cambio climático, para que, como entes rectores y/o gestores de la implementación de las políticas públicas en favor de la igualdad de género y la autonomía de las mujeres, puedan involucrarse de manera más activa y ejercer un rol de liderazgo transformador en los procesos de respuesta relacionados con el cambio climático tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional. El objetivo es asegurar que la igualdad de género y la autonomía de todas las mujeres y las niñas, en su diversidad, sean priorizadas y abordadas de forma integral en el contexto de las acciones sobre cambio climático llevadas a cabo a nivel nacional y regional; y se asegure la plena participación de las mujeres como actoras climáticas, que desarrollan su capacidad de resiliencia y la de sus comunidades para alcanzar la Agenda 2030 y los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, GENERO, MUJERES, ADELANTO DE LA MUJER, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, PARTICIPACION POLITICA, ACCESO A LA INFORMACION, RENDICION DE CUENTAS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, ORGANIZACIONES FEMENINAS, MOVILIZACION DE RECURSOS, TOMA DE DECISIONES, CLIMATE CHANGE, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GENDER, WOMEN, WOMEN'S ADVANCEMENT, GENDER EQUALITY, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCOUNTABILITY, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS, RESOURCES MOBILIZATION, DECISION-MAKING |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col040:46996&r= |
| By: | Ignaciuk, Ada; Maggio, Giuseppe; Sitko, Nicholas J. |
| Abstract: | This working paper analyses the financial cost and benefit of adopting two different bundles of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices, which are tailored for the diverse conditions that prevail in southern Malawi. The results show the integration of CSA practices, including soil conservation, agroforestry, and livestock diversification, into conventional maize-legume and maize monocrop systems is profitable for farmers. Moreover, the profitability of these systems increases under extreme weather conditions that occur with increasing frequency in the region. However, the upfront costs and cost variability associated with the adoption of these CSA scenarios is high relative to conventional practices. In addition, while the Net Present Value is positive for the CSA scenarios, the monetary returns are small and are spread over a long investment period. These factors act as significant barriers to adopting CSA practices. Supporting farmers through climate financing or other mechanisms to make long-term private investment in CSA, based on the public benefits these investments generate for the environment, is critical for achieving widespread adoption. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:312207&r= |
| By: | Eder, Andreas |
| Abstract: | This article provides a generalization of the materials balance-based production model introduced by Coelli et al. (2007). Based on this, some new environmental efficiency (EE) measures are presented. The Coelli et al. (2007) EE measure and its extension by Rødseth (2016) produce biased efficiency estimates if the material flow coefficients (MFCs) are heterogeneous across decision-making units and non-discretionary. Furthermore, the Coelli et al. (2007) measure fails to reward emission reductions by emission control. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper proposes production models which allow for heterogeneous MFCs reflecting differences of external environmental factors or non-controllable heterogeneities in inputs and outputs, and which properly take into account emission abatement activities. Based on this, we provide new EE measures and decompose them into i) a part reflecting emission control efficiency (ECE), ii) a part measuring material input efficiency (MIE), and iii) a part reflecting the efficient allocation between material and non-material inputs (environmental allocative efficiency, EAE). The approach is illustrated by an empirical application to arable farming in Austria utilizing data from 90 farms for the year 2011. Soil erosion is considered an undesirable output and land a material input. The average EE, ECE, MIE, and EAE are 0.53, 0.96, 0.69, and 0.79, respectively. The results indicate that actual output can be potentially achieved with 47% less soil loss. Most of the potential to improve EE is due to differences in MIE and EAE. Removing inefficiencies in the implementation of existing, subsidized erosion controls allows soil loss to be reduced by 4%. |
| Keywords: | Emission-generating technologies,Materials balance condition,Weak-G disposability,Data envelopment analysis,Non-discretionary factors,Soil erosion,Crop farms |
| JEL: | C61 D24 Q12 Q15 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:inwedp:dp752021&r= |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice A; Odhiambo, Nicholas M |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to assess the nexus between governance and renewable energy consumption in sub-Saharan Africa. The focus is on 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with data from 1996 to 2016. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions. It is apparent from the findings that political and institutional governance are negatively related to the consumption of renewable energy in the sampled countries. The unexpected findings are clarified and policy implications are discussed in the light of sustainable development goals. This study extends the extant literature by assessing how political governance (consisting of political stability and ?voice & accountability?) and institutional governance (entailing the rule of law and corruption-control) affect the consumption of renewable energy in sub Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:27524&r= |
| By: | Roberto Roson (Department of Economics, University Of Venice CÃ Foscari; Loyola Andalusia University; GREEN Bocconi University Milan); Camille Van der Vorst (Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a simulation exercise undertaken with a newly available regional general equilibrium model for the Spanish region of Andalusia. The exercise is intended to assess the structural adjustment processes and impacts on the Andalusian economy directly induced by the dramatic fall in tourism expenditure which occurred in the year 2020, due to the prevention measures implemented because of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also undertake a preliminary evaluation of the impact on some environmental indicators, such as greenhouse gases emissions and air pollutants. The key insight emerging from our analysis is that the COVID crumbling of tourism demand generates very relevant distributional consequences. |
| Keywords: | Tourism, Andalusia, regional economics, CGE models, COVID-19, economic impact, environmental impact |
| JEL: | C68 D58 Q51 R13 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:18&r= |
| By: | Dowds, Jonathan; McRae, Glenn |
| Abstract: | Climate adaptation is now a well-documented need in the transportation sector, and there are strong conceptual frameworks for the adaptation process. Since climate adaptation is an emerging field, the pathways for developing the skills and competencies for adaptation careers are not well established. This white paper assesses the workforce development needs and current training opportunities related to transportation-sector climate adaptation. To do so, training needs were examined and opportunities identified by state and regional transportation agencies; training needs of aspiring and early-career climate adaptation professionals were cataloged; and a scan was completed of the educational opportunities in climate adaptation currently offered by universities in the United States. There is evidence of convergence on the areas of content knowledge, technical expertise, and soft skills that form the core competencies necessary to support climate adaptation within the transportation sector. These core competencies are in climate science, adaptation strategies, communication, and selection of adaptation measures/decision making under uncertainty. While these competencies need to be broadly distributed throughout transportation agencies, the relative emphasis placed on each competency will vary across agency functions and job responsibilities. The increased value placed on adaptation-related expertise by state departments of transportation and regional transportation agencies, as well as the emergence of new educational and training opportunities in climate adaptation available in higher education and professional organizations, is indicative of the potential for rapid growth in this area. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Climate adaptation, workforce development, training, extreme weather |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7pm1d8cn&r= |
| By: | Federica Natalia Rosati; Luisa Moretto; Jacques Teller |
| Abstract: | The literature is increasingly approaching the participation of households in the delivery of urban services through the lens of co-production. However, there has been no in-depth exploration of the relationship between incremental changes in the urban fabric (urban typologies and morphologies) and the forms of adaptations of co-produced water and sanitation services (WSS). The paper draws on three planned neighbourhoods in Hanoi to examine these incremental changes by considering the transformation of the neighbourhood at different scales and the consequent evolution of the sociotechnical arrangements for the delivery of water and sanitation services. By exploring forms of reconfiguration of the built environment and embedded water infrastructures, the paper outlines the possibility of an alternate reading of service co-production initiatives as incremental spatial practices, with an emphasis on the role of technology in allowing transformation processes. |
| Keywords: | co-production; Hanoi; incremental infrastructures; urban transformation; Water and sanitation services |
| Date: | 2020–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/314020&r= |
| By: | Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz; Paige Kirby; Kadambote Sachin |
| Abstract: | This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework for results by development co-operation actors in Samoa. The study offers an introduction to Samoa’s progress in mainstreaming the SDGs in national policy making, as well as in monitoring the SDG targets and indicators. It then focuses on the experiences of development co-operation partners in aligning their country-level programmes and frameworks with the SDGs, and identifies enabling factors, drivers and obstacles that contribute to SDG alignment and monitoring in Samoa. The study concludes with recommendations for both the government and its development partners to increase the collective use of the SDG framework and improve policy coherence, effectiveness and sustainable impact of all development efforts. |
| Keywords: | 2030 agenda, adaptive management, aggregation, data, development co-operation, development effectiveness, evidence-based, harmonisation, impact, Pacific, performance measurement, results, results framework, results-based management, SDGs, SIDS, small-island developing states, standard indicators, statistics |
| JEL: | O19 O20 O21 Z18 |
| Date: | 2021–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:100-en&r= |
| By: | Adenaeuer, Lucie; Breen, James; Hayden, Anne |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:312061&r= |
| By: | Kim, Hyejung |
| Abstract: | This document presents the climate adaptation technologies applied in cities in the Republic of Korea and their implications for Latin American cities. This case study sets forth the implications to be considered when Latin American cities use technologies as part of efforts to adapt to climate change. Firstly, national and local institutional environments need to be reformed by aligning them with national and regional climate-related policies as well as international initiatives. Secondly, since cities are where adaptation challenges must be faced, support for local governments needs to be enhanced by encouraging them to experiment with new adaptation technologies and transfer them to other cities. Finally, digitalization is one of the essential conditions for enabling adaptation technologies to work effectively. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, CIUDADES, NUEVAS TECNOLOGIAS, INVESTIGACION Y DESARROLLO, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, TECNOLOGIA DE LA INFORMACION, TECNOLOGIA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, CLIMATE CHANGE, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, CITIES, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2021–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46992&r= |
| By: | Circella, Giovanni; Jaller, Miguel; Sun, Ran; Qian, Xiaodong; Alemi, Farzad |
| Abstract: | This study helps understand how the anticipated emergence of autonomous vehicles will affect various aspects of society and transportation, including travel demand, vehicle miles traveled, energy consumption, and emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. The study begins with a literature review on connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology for light-duty vehicles, the factors likely to affect CAV adoption, expected impacts of CAVs, and approaches to modeling these impacts. The study then uses a set of modifications in the California Statewide Travel Demand Model (CSTDM) to simulate the following scenarios for the deployment of passenger light-duty CAVs in California by 2050: (0) Baseline (no automation); (1) Private CAV; (2) Private CAV + Pricing; (3) Private CAV + Zero emission vehicles (ZEV); (4) Shared CAV; (5) Shared CAV + Pricing; (6) Shared CAV + ZEV. The modified CSTDM is used to forecast travel demand and mode share for each scenario, and this output is used in combination with the emission factors from the EMission FACtor model (EMFAC) and Vision model to calculate energy consumption and criteria pollutant emissions. The modeling results indicate that the mode shares of public transit and in-state air travel will likely sharply decrease, while total vehicle miles traveled and emissions will likely increase, due to the relative convenience of CAVs. The study also reveals limitations in models like the CSTDM that primarily use sociodemographic factors and job/residence location as inputs for the simulation of activity participation and tour patterns, without accounting for some of the disruptive effects of CAVs. The study results also show that total vehicle miles traveled and vehicle hours traveled could be substantially impacted by a modification in future auto travel costs. This means that the eventual implementation of pricing strategies and congestion pricing policies, together with policies that support the deployment of shared and electric CAVs, could help curb tailpipe pollutant emissions in future scenarios, though they may not be able to completely offset the increases in travel demand and road congestion that might result from CAV deployment. Such policies should be considered to counteract and mitigate some of the undesirable impacts of CAVs on society and on the environment. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Connected and Automated Vehicles, Travel Demand, Vehicle Miles Traveled, Emission Impacts, Mode Share, Future Scenarios, CSTDM |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0qf4k22c&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This policy paper catalogues tools and techniques used by public actors such as national development banks and green investment banks to mitigate project-level risks and attract private investment in infrastructure. The paper updates the dataset underlying the 2018 "Progress Update on Approaches to Mobilising Institutional Investment for Sustainable Infrastructure", to provide an expanded typology of de-risking instruments and highlight several novel approaches for mobilising institutional investment. The analysis provides development banks and other public financial institutions a nuanced view of options for targeted mobilisation efforts. |
| Keywords: | de-risking, financial innovation, green, green growth, infrastructure, institutional innovation, public sector, risk |
| Date: | 2021–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:28-en&r= |
| By: | Pérez, Gabriel; Sánchez, Ricardo J. |
| Abstract: | Este informe fue preparado por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) en coordinación con la Oficina del Alto Representante para los Países Menos Desarrollados, los Países en Desarrollo sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo (UN-OHRLLS), para la reunión de revisión de medio término del Programa de Acción de Viena (VPoA) para el decenio 2014-2024 en América Latina y el Caribe. El informe se estructura del siguiente modo: en la primera parte se analiza la vinculación de los planes nacionales de desarrollo del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y del Paraguay con los objetivos definidos en la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y con los objetivos y prioridades del VPoA. La segunda parte se realiza una revisión y análisis del estado de implementación del VPoA en estos países, para luego analizar un conjunto desafíos emergentes para estos países como son el cambio climático y la innovación. En la cuarta parte, se presentan las conclusiones más significativas y se formulan recomendaciones que permitan apoyar en la elaboración del documento final para la revisión intermedia del VPoA de los países de la región latinoamericana. |
| Keywords: | PAISES EN DESARROLLO SIN LITORAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, PLANES DE DESARROLLO, TRANSPORTE, INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TRANSPORTE, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, TECNOLOGIA DE LA INFORMACION, TECNOLOGIA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, FACILITACION DEL COMERCIO, INTEGRACION ECONOMICA, COOPERACION REGIONAL, LANDLOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, ENERGY RESOURCES, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TRADE FACILITATION, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, REGIONAL COOPERATION |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col025:47041&r= |
| By: | Brad R. Humphreys; Gary A. Wagner; John C. Whitehead; Pamela Wicker |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic caused substantial economic changes. The airborne transmission of the coronavirus increased the environmental health risks associated with many activities that entailed little risk in the pre-pandemic period, including workplace risks and risks faced by consumers. While a large literature estimates local tradeoffs between money and reduced risk of negative health outcomes in many settings, little empirical evidence addresses consumer willingness to pay for reduction in environmental health risks associated with coronavirus transmission. We estimate professional sports fans’ willingness to pay (WTP) for reduced likelihood of coronavirus infection through mask and social distancing policies at games using a stated preference approach. Regression results based on a latent class logit model using survey data collected from 1,391 fans of professional sports teams in five large U.S. metropolitan areas indicate increased attendance likelihood if the venue requires masks and limits attendance to below capacity. Latent class logit models indicate significant heterogeneity in WTP across risk scenarios and sports. We characterize the types of professional sports fan as casual fans who prefer a mask requirement but are indifferent to stadium and arena capacity, rabid fans who are anti-maskers and indifferent to capacity and fans who only have a positive WTP when there is a mask requirement and low stadium/arena capacity (i.e., opportunities for the greatest amount of social distancing). Key Words: Discrete choice experiment; Stated preferences; Willingness-to-pay; Environmental health risk |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:21-05&r= |
| By: | Nieyan Cheng; Wendong Zhang (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)); Tao Xiong |
| Abstract: | Agricultural water pollution from the livestock industry is a growing concern in China and globally. As opposed to size-based regulations targeting larger facilities as in the United States, China's regulations are place-based in nature. In 2014, China classified eight urban provinces in the southeast as a Development Control Zone, which prohibits new hog facilities construction and encourages hog farms to relocate to other regions. Leveraging a novel identification strategy, synthetic difference-in-differences, and the place-based nature of China's environmental regulations, we provide one of the first systematic analyses of the impacts of the regulations on county-level hog and sow inventory. By relying on synthetic controls constructed with both county and year weights, synthetic difference-in-differences yields a more accurate and doubly robust estimate of regulations' treatment effects. Our results show that, on average, the 2014 regulations led to a 6.4% and 7.4% reduction in hog and sow inventories, respectively, from 2014 to 2017 in the treated counties in Development Control Zone provinces, mainly resulting from extensive margin changes due to the closures of existing hog farms. We also find the treatment effects vary substantially both within and across Development Control Zone provinces: wealthier urban provinces such as Zhejiang experienced greater reduction in hog and sow inventories of over 40%; and counties upstream of big cities or those designated as main hog counties saw steeper declines as well. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:21-wp619&r= |
| By: | Marek Antosiewicz; J. Rodrigo Fuentes; Piotr Lewandowski; Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we assess the distributional impact of introducing a carbon tax in Poland. We apply a two-step simulation procedure. First, we evaluate the economy-wide effects with a dynamic general equilibrium model. Second, we use a microsimulation model based on household budget survey data to assess the effects on various income groups and on inequality. We introduce a new adjustment channel related to employment changes, which is qualitatively different from price and behavioural effects, and is quantitatively important. We nd that the overall distributional effect of a carbon tax is largely driven by how the revenue is spent: distributing the revenues from a carbon tax as lump-sum transfers to households reduces income inequality, while spending the revenues on a reduction of labour taxation increases inequality. These results could be relevant for other coal-producing countries, such as South Africa, Germany, or Australia. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ioe:doctra:546&r= |
| By: | Clay, Karen (Carnegie Mellon University); Jha, Akshaya (Carnegie Mellon University); Lewis, Joshua (University of Montreal); Severnini, Edson R. (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | The passage of landmark government regulation is often the culmination of evolving social pressure and incremental policy change. During this process, firms may preemptively adjust behavior in anticipation of impending regulation, making it difficult to quantify the overall economic impact of the legislation. This study leverages newly digitized data on the operation of virtually every fossil-fuel power plant in the United States from 1938-1994 to examine the economic impacts of the 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) on the power sector. This unique long panel provides us an extended pre-regulation benchmark, allowing us to account for both anticipatory behavior by electric utilities in the years leading up to the Act's passage and reallocative effects of the CAA across plant vintages. We find that the CAA led to large and persistent decreases in output and productivity, but only for plants that opened before 1963. The timing aligns with the passage of the original 1963 CAA, which provided the federal government with the authority to "control" air pollution, sending a strong signal to firms of impending federal regulation. We provide historical evidence of anticipatory responses by utilities in the design and siting of plants that opened after 1963. We also find that the aggregate productivity losses of the CAA borne by the power sector were substantially mitigated by the reallocation of output from older less efficient power plants to newer plants. |
| Keywords: | power plants, electricity generation, total factor productivity, clean air act, air quality regulations, NAAQS |
| JEL: | K32 N52 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14494&r= |
| By: | Marc Deschamps (CRESE EA3190, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France); Bruno Jeandidier (University of Lorraine and CNRS, BETA, 21-23 rue Baron Louis, 54000 Nancy, France); Julie Mansuy (University of Lorraine and CNRS, BETA, 21-23 rue Baron Louis, 54000 Nancy, France) |
| Abstract: | While there is a fairly extensive literature on the relationship between weather and productivity, little research has focused on the impact of weather on judicial activity. The findings from the few investigations conducted arrive at different conclusions depending on the country. We contribute to this area of research by conducting the first analysis using French data. We propose an empirical analysis of the impact of outdoor temperature and rainfall levels on court decisions made in French courts of appeal during divorce proceedings, based on a sample of approximately 4,000 court decisions correlated with daily and geo-localized meteorological data. The analysis focuses on decisions regarding the amount of child support to be paid. We show that, all other things being equal, when it is very hot at night preceding the judgment, the panels of judges tend to set lower amounts of child support. |
| Keywords: | Weighted voting games, symmetric voters, inconsistent weighting, probability. |
| JEL: | K36 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crb:wpaper:2021-02&r= |
| By: | Stavros Zenios |
| Abstract: | The author is a Professor at the University of Cyprus and Member of the Cyprus Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts. Thanks are due to Roel Beetsma, Zsolt Darvas, Maria Demertzis, Demetris Georghiades, Barret Kupelian, Alexander Lehman, André Sapir, Rolf Strauch, Guntram Wolff, Georg Zachman, Theodoros Zachariades and participants in a European Stability Mechanism Seminar on Debt Sustainability Analysis (April 2021) for comments. Andrea Consiglio carried out the debt sustainability... |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:43839&r= |
| By: | Dennis Guignet; Christoph Nolte |
| Abstract: | The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is a cornerstone of environmental policy in the United States (US). It regulates the generation, use, transportation, and eventual disposal of hazardous chemicals. Focusing on the 2,389 treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) in the contiguous US, we frame a difference-in-differences and triple differences quasi-experiment that exploits the temporal and spatial variation in contamination and cleanup events. Hedonic property value regressions are estimated using a sample of over 9.6 million single-family home transactions from 2000-2018. The discovery of contamination and subsequent investigation is associated with up to a 5% depreciation in the value of homes within 750 meters of a TSDF, but the evidence is mixed. In contrast, we find robust, causal evidence that the completion of cleanup leads to an average 6-7% increase in the value of homes within 750 meters. This implies that a total increase in housing stock value of $323 million can be attributed to the 195 TSDFs that have been remediated since the inception of the RCRA cleanup program. The completion of cleanup at a TSDF is estimated to yield an average lower bound, ex post benefit of about $8,400 per household. Key Words: |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:21-07&r= |
| By: | Ronan Divard (UBO - Université de Brest, LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Patrick Gabriel (UBO - Université de Brest, LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | In addition to official currencies, a large number of local alternative currencies have been developed to address not only economic but also social and environmental issues and, more generally, to rethink our relationship with trade. This article aims to analyze the interest and limitations of alternative local monetary systems in all their diversity, and to help identify the conditions that could allow these systems, which remain for the most part confined to confidentiality, to weigh more significantly. |
| Abstract: | A côté des monnaies officielles, se sont développées de nombreuses monnaies alternatives locales, qui visent à répondre à des enjeux non seulement économiques, mais également sociaux et environnementaux et, de manière plus globale, à repenser notre rapport aux échanges marchands. Cet article vise à analyser l'intérêt et les limites des systèmes monétaires locaux alternatifs dans toute leur diversité, et à contribuer à identifier les conditions qui pourraient permettre à ces systèmes, qui restent pour la plupart confinés dans la confidentialité, à peser de manière plus significative. |
| Keywords: | monetary system,LET'S,local alternative currency,local currency,système monétaire,SEL,Accorderie,monnaie locale,monnaie-temps,monnaie locale complémentaire,transition écologique,responsabilité sociétale,monnaie locale alternative,time-based currency,local complementary currency,ecological transition,social responsibility |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03257812&r= |
| By: | Dominique Desbois (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This communication proposes the use of structural modeling for the evaluation of ecosystem-based practices (e.g. biological control of crop pests) on the basis of data collected at the scale of the agricultural plot. In the first part, we present the analytical approach used - structural modeling in partial least squares, i.e. Partial Least Squares - Path Modeling (PLS-PM). In the second part, we present the field of study and the data considered in this work. In the third part, we present and discuss the results from the implementation of the PLS-PM approach. Finally, we conclude on the validation of this approach and the prospects for its possible extension. |
| Abstract: | Cette communication propose l'utilisation de la modélisation structurelle pour l'évaluation de pratiques basées sur les écosystèmes (par exemple, la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs des cultures) sur la base de données collectées à l'échelle de la parcelle agricole. Dans la première partie, nous présentons l'approche analytique utilisée - la modélisation structurelle en moindres carrés partiels (PLS-PM). Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons le champ d'étude et les données considérées dans ce travail. Dans la troisième partie, nous présentons et discutons les résultats de la mise en œuvre de l'approche PLS-PM. Enfin, nous concluons sur la validation de cette approche et les perspectives de son éventuelle extension. |
| Keywords: | gross margin,biological pest,plot scale,partial least squares,structural modeling,ecosystem-based practices,specific costs,modélisation structurelle |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03253879&r= |
| By: | Sandrine Mathy (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Olivier Labussière (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sabine Lavorel (CRJ - Centre de Recherches Juridiques - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Thierry Lebel (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Bertrand Schmitt (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In 2017 and 2019 there took place the first two editions of a Summer Seminar entitled "About the 2 °C" dedicated to the challenges of interdisciplinarity in research and training courses on climate change. In this paper, we focus on the motivations that led to launching this initiative, as well as to the positioning and progress of these first two editions, which highlighted the scientific and socio-political challenges raised by the implementation of interdisciplinarity in research, particularly regarding an object as protean as climate change. Besides, this paper provides a good opportunity to take stock of the possible evolutions of this Summer Seminar, given the societal and scientific challenges associated with the understanding and management of the impact of global changes on our environment and our societies. |
| Abstract: | Le collectif « Autour du 2°C 2019 » a contribué à l'écriture de cet article. Il est composé de Marylou Athanase, Nathalie Benarrosh, Xavier Blot, Ansoumana Bodian,Christophe Bouillaud, Marie Bouillon, Florentin Breton, Élodie Briche, Silvia Bucci, Édith Chezel, Hugo Dayan, DamienDelorme, Hamidou Diallo, Séverine Durand, Robin Evrard, Mireille Fargette, Ian Florin, Sylvie Galle, Jeanne Gherardi, MélanieGittard, Julia Hidalgo, Laurent Huber, Élodie Letort, Olivier Mora, Éléonore Mounoud, Angélique Palle, Dominique Paturel,Jean-Emmanuel Paturel, Clarisse Pinel, Nicolas Plain, Adélie Pomade, Julien Rebotier, Rim Rejeb, Suzanne Reynders,Anne-Sophie Robilliard, Lucile Rogissart, Fabien Solmon, Alexis Tantet, Corentin Thermes, Valentin Wendling. En 2017 et 2019 ont eu lieu les deux premières éditions de l'école d'été « Autour du 2 °C » consacrée aux enjeux de l'interdisciplinarité de la recherche et des parcours de formation sur le changement climatique. Nous revenons dans ce texte sur les motivations qui ont conduit au lancement de cette initiative, ainsi que sur le positionnement et le déroulement de ces deux premières éditions, qui ont permis de mettre en évidence les défis scientifiques et sociopolitiques que soulève la mise en œuvre de l'interdisciplinarité dans la recherche, notamment sur un objet aussi protéiforme que le changement climatique. Ce texte constitue également une opportunité de faire le point sur les évolutions possibles de cette école au regard des enjeux sociétaux et scientifiques associés à la compréhension et à la gestion de l'impact des changements globaux sur notre environnement et sur nos sociétés. |
| Keywords: | Changement climatique,Ecole d’été,Interdisciplinarité,Recherche,Liens science-société |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03249252&r= |
| By: | Alemany, Cecilia; Vaccotti, Paola |
| Abstract: | La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y la década de acción para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) constituyen una hoja de ruta y un punto de referencia. En ese contexto, la cooperación Sur-Sur y triangular y la asistencia técnica deberían tener un papel cada vez más preponderante. En este documento se analizan experiencias de valoración de la cooperación Sur-Sur en el Paraguay y el Uruguay. Estos dos casos ilustran la complejidad del proceso de definición de metodologías consensuadas para la valoración de la cooperación Sur-Sur. Asimismo, estas experiencias refuerzan la relevancia de mejorar los mecanismos de sistematización de aprendizajes y la capitalización de las lecciones aprendidas, del análisis de resultados y de la medición del aporte de la cooperación, así como de su impacto directo e indirecto para apoyar la toma de decisiones nacionales sobre cómo y con quién cooperar, y construir puentes de cooperación regionales. |
| Keywords: | MERCOSUR, RELACIONES SUR-SUR, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, AGENDA 2020 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASISTENCIA AL DESARROLLO, COMERCIO SUR-SUR, COOPERACION ECONOMICA ENTRE PAISES EN DESARROLLO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, MERCOSUR, SOUTH-SOUTH RELATIONS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE, ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING STATES, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2021–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46991&r= |
| By: | Samuel Rufat (IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, MRTE - Laboratoire Mobilités, Réseaux, Territoires, Environnements - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université); Iuliana Armaş (UniBuc - University of Bucharest); Wouter Botzen (Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) - VU University Amsterdam); Emeline Comby (EVS - Environnement Ville Société - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Mariana de Brito (UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research); Alexander Fekete (THK - Institute of Rescue Engineering and Civil Protection, University of Applied Sciences Cologne); Christian Kuhlicke (UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research); Peter Robinson (Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) - VU University Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | One of the key challenges in risk, vulnerability and resilience is how to address the role of risk perceptions and how perceptions influence behaviour. A central question is why people still fail to act in an adaptive manner to reduce future losses, even when there are ever richer risk information provided by several communication channels (e.g. websites, social media, mobile applications, television, and print news). The current fragmentation of the field makes it an uphill battle to cross-validate the results of the current collection of independent case studies. This, in turn, hinders comparability and transferability across scales and contexts, and hampers giving recommendations for policy and risk management. While we obviously cannot all run the very same questionnaire or focus groups because we have different research interests, our ability to work together and build cumulative knowledge could be significantly improved by having: (1) a common list of minimal requirements to compare studies and surveys, (2) shared criteria to address context-specific aspects of countries and regions, (3) a selection of survey questions or themes allowing for comparability and long-term monitoring. Following the First European Conference on Risk Perception, Behaviour, Management and Response , the aim of the Risk Perception & Behaviour Survey of Surveyors (SoS) was to provide answers to move towards this direction. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Adaptation,Disaster Risk Reduction,Disaster Risk Management,Disaster Communications,Disaster Awareness,Risk perception drivers,Risk perceptions,Adaptive behavior,Survey |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03228369&r= |
| By: | Amy Phillips; Ahmed Z. Khan; Frank Canters |
| Abstract: | This paper explores use-related and socio-demographic variations in the valuation of urban green space (UGS) characteristics in the Brussels Capital Region (BCR), lending insights into the valuation of the cultural ecosystem services provided by UGS. Mismatches in the supply of and demand for UGS characteristics are also identified. Knowledge on the ways in which valuation of UGS characteristics vary and on an inadequate supply of UGS characteristics should guide and inspire planning and management of UGS to ensure that UGS provision meets the unique needs of communities. Online surveys were conducted in the BCR to determine how people use UGS, how they experience these spaces, and whether these spaces fulfil their needs for urban green Our findings indicate that socio-demographic characteristics (namely age and household composition) correspond with distinct patterns of use and valuation. Two subgroupings of users are identified: nature-oriented users and social users. Our accessibility analysis shows that, compared to social users, nature-oriented users tend to travel farther to reach their most frequently used UGS but are more often satisfied with the supply of UGS characteristics. Our findings point to an inadequate supply of nature and overcrowding of UGS in the city centre of Brussels. We recommend that planners not only consider size and distance in UGS standards but also consider the demand for UGS characteristics as well. |
| Keywords: | Cultural ecosystem services; Ecosystem service demand; Ecosystem service mismatch; Ecosystem service supply; Green space use; Urban green space |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/326192&r= |
| By: | Ike, Chinweoke Uzoamaka; Tranter, Richard; Gadanakis, Yiorgos |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:312067&r= |
| By: | Driss Ezzine de Blas (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Comment concevoir des projets de conservation et développement qui permettent des changements durables ? Comment en augmenter l'efficacité et la légitimité ? Les incitations économiques classiques des politiques environnementales (certification, gestion durable des forêts, paiements pour services environnementaux, crédits verts, etc.) sont efficaces à court terme mais leur performance environnementale n'est pas forcément assurée à long terme. En revanche, lorsque les motivations intrinsèques des bénéficiaires sont activées, ceux-ci s'approprient mieux les objectifs des interventions : ils font preuve d'un changement de comportement plus durable. De récentes recherches croisant l'économie du comportement et la psychologie sociale, menées dans le cadre de ce type de projets, ouvrent une voie riche et complémentaire pour mobiliser ce potentiel humain latent. Considérer les motivations intrinsèques, c'est prendre conscience de l'importance de la dimension psychologique de toute action. Les décideurs et les bailleurs du développement et de la recherche peuvent s'en saisir et intégrer dans leurs appels à projets des méthodes pour les identifier et les activer. |
| Keywords: | Incitation,motivation,système de valeur,psychologie,comportement humain,facteur psychologique,paiements pour services écosystémiques,agriculture,conservation,environnement,biodiversité,forêt,théorie du changement,politique de développement,Zone tropicale,Asie du Sud-Est,Amérique latine,Afrique,Madagascar,Méditerranée |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-03261904&r= |
| By: | Dilekoglu, Kübra; Proeger, Till; Meub, Lukas |
| Abstract: | Das Handwerk kann in vielen Dimensionen als nachhaltiger Sektor der Volkswirtschaft betrachtet werden. Insbesondere wenn ein breiter Nachhaltigkeitsbegriff zugrunde gelegt wird, der ökonomische, ökologische und soziale Aspekte berücksichtigt, können viele strukturelle Eigenschaften des Handwerks einen Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung leisten. Die quantitative Abbildung der verschiedenen Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen und die Analyse von Veränderungen im Zeitverlauf ist dennoch bislang nur begrenzt möglich. Trotz einer Vielzahl einzelner Indikatoren aus verschiedenen Erhebungen besteht bislang keine umfassende Übersicht über die möglichen Nachhaltigkeitsmessgrößen im Handwerk. Die vorliegende Studie strukturiert die Nachhaltigkeitsdimension entlang der Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (Sustainable Development Goals [SDG)]) der Vereinigten Nationen (UN) und der darauf aufbauenden deutschen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie. Hierzu werden 70 Indikatoren und mögliche 245 Datenquellen für das Handwerk zugeordnet. Diese können für quantitative Nachhaltigkeitsanalysen für den gesamten handwerklichen Sektor, für einzelne Teilbereiche des Handwerks und für die Analyse von Veränderungen genutzt werden. Ebenso werden Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen deutlich, in denen viele Datensätze verfügbar sind, ebenso wie Bereiche, in denen aussagekräftige Daten bislang fehlen. Die Studie bildet damit eine Grundlage für künftige umfassende sektorale Nachhaltigkeitserhebungen für das Handwerk. |
| Keywords: | Handwerk,Indikatorik,Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhgbh:58&r= |
| By: | Compagnoni, Marco; Stadler, Manfred |
| Abstract: | We present a model of natural resources and growth that stresses the influence of an incomplete circularity of exhaustible natural resources. In particular, we analyze the recycling process and the material balance principle, two fundamental aspects of a circular economy. When market failures arise or complete recycling is not possible for technical reasons, then the equilibrium outcomes in terms of output, consumption, and prices for the material inputs are distorted compared to the socially optimal solution. However, the introduction of a market for waste and a system of subsidies/taxes on virgin and recycled resources enables an internalization of the externalities. The importance of technological progress in order to foster "circularity", i.e. both to improve resource efficiency in the production process and to enhance the backflow of materials from waste to production, is highlighted. |
| Keywords: | Circular economy,economic growth,natural resources,recycling |
| JEL: | O41 Q01 Q32 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tuewef:145&r= |
| By: | Jacob Smessaert (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development - Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Harold Levrel (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The commodification of nature, through privatization, marketization, monetary valuation and other associated processes, has become a central topic in social sciences to examine the conditions and effects of the economic approaches for supporting conservation policies all around the world. The aim of this contribution is to delineate the current state of knowledge, within and beyond ecological economics, and to see, with some historical perspective, how commodification has been systematized in the literature. The results are as follows: (i) studies of commodification processes remain essentially critical, with a central role played by economists, political ecologists and geographers; (ii) over the past 15 years, we have seen more fragmentation than consolidation of the field; (iii) researchers avoid analytical shortcuts, but do not always well define what they mean by commodification. The construction of visual representations -- we propose a 'commodification chain' -- and the identification of decommodification opportunities are future lines of research that would be promising, particularly for the community of ecological economists. |
| Keywords: | commodification,economic imperialism,privatization,market-based instruments,survey |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03250086&r= |
| By: | Spoerri, Martina; El Benni, Nadja; Mack, Gabriele; Finger, Robert |
| Abstract: | The intensity of land use is of vital importance from an agricultural policy perspective, because it determines food production, income opportunities and environmental impacts arising from agriculture. And: space matters, as the provision of ecosystem services and disservices is highly spatially dependent. For example, regional clusters of intensive land use can be a threat to unique local landscapes and ecosystems. Farmers’ decision-making regarding land use intensity and resulting spatial patterns are not well understood. This paper aims to uncover driving forces behind land use intensity strategies, especially exploiting spatial clustering and difference across space and time. We use spatially explicit census data on 2018 for Swiss agriculture and focus on extensification decisions in grassland production. This dataset allows us to account for neighbourhood effects, i.e. spillovers across farms. We use a set of variables controlling for common, measurable conditions, as well as an instrument that controls for regional habits and cultural backgrounds. Within this setup, we identify a significant neighbourhood effect among farmers. Our findings highlight the need for a socio-cultural dimension in agricultural policymaking. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:312065&r= |
| By: | Klüh, Ulrich |
| Abstract: | How can we toughen up the state against the backdrop of the transformative challenges of climate change, planetary boundaries, and technological progress? I examine this question through a fundamental analysis of the dimensions of democratic politics and the "management" of public affairs. I argue that the state's ability to act is suffering from the withering away of the antagonistic dimension of democratic politics. At the same time, the state itself often puts on too tight a corset by narrowing its financial leeway and providing central public management organizations with a considerable degree of independence that was not secured by a similarly developed system of public accountability. |
| Keywords: | Socio-ecological transformation,climate change,statehood,governance |
| JEL: | H1 H7 G2 P1 P43 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:znwudp:6&r= |
| By: | Fatma Fourati-Jamoussi (INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Michel J.F. Dubois (INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Marie Chedru (INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Geoffroy Belhenniche (UniLaSalle Rennes - Ecole des Métiers de l'Environnement - UniLaSalle) |
| Abstract: | This article is the continuation of the work that has already been completed in a first study on the perception of engineering students at UniLaSalle Beauvais about education for sustainable development (SD) and innovation. Its purpose is to show the evolution over time of the perception of engineering students regarding SD and innovation after integrating the international program called "Go-LaSalle". In this training process, students spend the first semester of their third academic year in partner universities of the worldwide Lasallian network. To identify and measure the change of students' perception, we have designed a survey that was sent to two engineers' training classes (specialties) Agronomy and Agro-Industries and Food and Health. The results show that although some differences and similarities appear between the two specialties, there are few significant changes on student's perception before and after the six-month international program (called "Go-LaSalle"). Finally, the study shows, on the one hand, that the students trust the institution, the companies and their teachers more than their own inclinations; on the other hand, it allows the institution to adapt their training to both collective needs and the demands of the environment. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development,Innovation,Higher education,Engineering school,Students |
| Date: | 2021–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03245437&r= |
| By: | Robin Harding; Mounu Prem; Nelson A. Ruiz; David Vargas |
| Abstract: | While existing work has demonstrated that campaign donations can buy access to benefits such as favorable legislation and preferential contracting, we highlight another use of campaign contributions: buying forbearance. Specifically, we argue that in return for campaign contributions, Colombian mayors who rely on donor-funding (compared to those who do not) choose not to enforce sanctions against illegal deforestation activities. Using a regression discontinuity design we show that deforestation is significantly higher in municipalities that elect donor-funded as opposed to self-funded politicians. Further analysis shows that only part of this effect can be explained by differences is contracting practices by donor-funded mayors. Instead, evidence from analysis of fire clearance, and of heterogeneity in the effects according to the presence of alternative formal and informal enforcement institutions, supports the interpretation that campaign contributions buy forbearance from enforcement of environmental regulations. |
| Keywords: | Campaign donations, Deforestation, Forbearance |
| Date: | 2021–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000092:019296&r= |
| By: | Minoru Morita (Faculty of Regional Policy, Takasaki City University of Economics, 1300 Kaminamie-machi Takasaki-city, Gunnma 3700801, Japan); Kazuyuki Iwata (Faculty of Economics, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.); Toshi H. Arimura (Faculty of Political Science and Economics & Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management (RIEEM), Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | Many studies have empirically examined to what extent energy efficiency improvement causes rebound effects for various products. Energy efficiency improvement potentially induces behavioral changes resulting in a rebound effect. However, a limited number of studies have addressed what kind of behavioral changes the energy efficiency improvement of appliances can cause. For example, the energy efficiency improvement of air conditioners can induce a change in the room temperature setting. This paper examines whether the energy efficiency improvement of air conditioners impedes energy-saving behaviors. Specifically, using a Japanese household survey, we examined the energy-saving behaviors related to air conditioner usage: 1) setting the room temperature at 28℃ or higher in summer, 2) reducing unnecessary power consumption and 3) cleaning the filters. We found that energy efficiency improvements reduce the probability of the behavior of setting air conditioner temperatures at 28℃ or more by approximately 25–45% during summer, while they have no impacts on the reduction of unnecessary air conditioner usage or filter cleaning. This finding implies that energy efficiency improvements may counteract the energy-saving behaviors of the temperature setting, resulting in a rebound effect. Thus, we clarified a mechanism of the rebound effect in the case of air conditioners. |
| Keywords: | Energy Saving Behavior, Rebound Effects, Energy Air Conditioner |
| JEL: | Q41 Q48 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:2102&r= |
| By: | Alessandro Barattieri; Patrice Borda; Alberto Brugnoli; Martino Pelli; Jeanne Tschopp |
| Abstract: | We study the short-run, dynamic employment effects of natural disasters. We exploit monthly data for over 90 3-digits NAICS industries and 78 Puerto Rican counties over the period 1995-2017. Our exogenous measure of exposure to natural disasters is computed using the maximum wind speed recorded in each county during each hurricane. Using panel local projections, we find that after the “average” hurricane, employment and wages fall by 1% on average. The effects peak after six months and disappear within two years. Across industries, we find substantial heterogeneity in the employment responses. This heterogeneity can be partly explained by input-output linkages. Nous étudions les effets dynamiques à court terme des catastrophes naturelles sur l'emploi. Nous exploitons des données mensuelles pour plus de 90 industries NAICS à 3 chiffres et 78 comtés portoricains sur la période 1995-2017. Notre mesure exogène de l'exposition aux catastrophes naturelles est calculée en utilisant la vitesse maximale du vent enregistrée dans chaque comté lors de chaque ouragan. À l'aide de projections locales en panel, nous constatons qu'après un ouragan " moyen ", l'emploi et les salaires chutent de 1 % en moyenne. Les effets culminent après six mois et disparaissent dans les deux ans. Entre les industries, nous trouvons une hétérogénéité substantielle dans les réponses de l'emploi. Cette hétérogénéité peut s'expliquer en partie par les liens entre les entrées et les sorties. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters,Employment,High-Frequency Data,Local Projections, Catastrophes naturelles,Emploi,Données haute fréquence,Projections locales |
| JEL: | Q54 E24 |
| Date: | 2021–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2021s-22&r= |
| By: | Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz; Paige Kirby; Julia Schnatz |
| Abstract: | Achieving sustainable development will require all development actors to act together and in synergy, and using comparable metrics to monitor progress. This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework by all actors to manage development co-operation for results in upper middle-income countries, taking Peru as a case study. The report first lays out Peru’s SDG journey: its vision of the Goals as an anchor for policy coherence, and how its domestic policies align with them. It then discusses how well development co-operation aligns to the SDGs in Peru, analysing the related enablers, drivers and challenges. The report also examines how to set up monitoring approaches that support SDG measurement in Peru. Finally, it suggests ways to overcome a number of technical, political and organisational challenges that limit the use of the SDGs – some of which are unique to development co-operation delivery in upper middle-income countries. |
| Keywords: | 2030 Agenda, adaptive management, aggregation, data, development co-operation, development effectiveness, evidence-based, harmonisation, impact, Latin America, MICs, middle-income countries, performance measurement, results, results framework, results-based management, SDGs, standard indicators, statistics |
| JEL: | O19 O2 O20 O21 Z18 |
| Date: | 2021–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:99-en&r= |
| By: | Natalia Zugravu (Cemotev - Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines); Rajwane Kafrouni (Cemotev - Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines); Séverine Bouard (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Leïla Apithy (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an empirical investigation of the impact of social relations, referred to as structural social capital, and cultural values, referred to as intangible cultural capital, on tribal agricultural production in New Caledonia. By using microdata from an original survey on tribal communities, we construct a simultaneous equations model to explore the mechanisms by which cultural values and social relations interact with agricultural performance. Several original findings emerge from this study. First, agricultural performance (production and yield) is a result and, simultaneously, an explanatory factor of social relations, highlighting the limited substitutability between these two sources of wealth (agriculture and social capital). Second, cultural values appear to be an explanatory factor of tribal social relations and thus indirectly affect economic performance. Moreover, our results suggest that the complementarity between the forms of capital is essential for the extensification—maintenance/scaling up—of tribal agriculture (crop production) and even more essential for the intensification (performance, i.e. crop yield) of this activity and the persistence of social ties. Our results thus show that the neoclassical hypothesis of perfect substitutability between the components of wealth is not valid for socioeconomic sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Cultural capital,Intangible wealth,Social capital,Socioeconomic relationship,Sustainable development,Tangible wealth,Tribal agriculture |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03218441&r= |
| By: | Thomas MÉLONIO; Laetitia TREMEL |
| Abstract: | Les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) ont donné aux Nations unies un cadre politique et statistique réconciliant les agendas de développement humain et de protection de la planète. Plus de cinq ans après leur adoption, les progrès réalisés en lien avec ces objectifs restent inégaux, voire en retrait en matière environnementale. L’objectif contenu dans l’Agenda 2030, qui était de retrouver de la cohérence entre les politiques sociales, économiques et environnementales, se heurte à des lacunes systémiques, que la pandémie de Covid-19 risque d’exacerber. Dans cet article, nous proposons plusieurs pistes pour remettre les ODD sur les rails. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr12755&r= |
| By: | Dakpo, Hervé; Mohring, Niklas; Finger, Robert |
| Abstract: | In this study, we empirically estimate the extent of pesticide spillovers on agricultural productivity on a farm-level. As a basis for our empirical analysis, we develop a dynamic damage control specification model of pesticides, where spillovers are associated with the previous period's consumption. We then analytically derive potential spillovers of pesticides on agricultural productivity through effects on the production area, nitrogen fertilizer, and work-machinery productivities and estimate the extent of these effects empirically. To this end, we use a rich farm panel data set on Swiss wheat producers over the period 2009-2015. To account for both pesticide volume and toxicity, a load index is used. Our preliminary results indicate positive short-term spillover effects of the fate toxicity index while the ecotoxicity has a negative spillovers. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:312059&r= |
| By: | Dall’erba, Sandy (Dept. of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Chagas, André (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Ridley, William (Dept. of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Xu, Yilan (Dept. of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Yuan, Lilin (School of Economics, Nankai University, China) |
| Abstract: | The difference-in-difference (DID) framework is now a well-accepted method in quasi-experimental research. However, DID does not consider treatment-induced changes to a network linking treated and control units. Our instrumental variable network DID methodology controls first for the endogeneity of the network to the treatment and, second, for the direct and indirect role of the treatment on any network member. Monte Carlo simulations and an estimation of the drought impact on global wheat trade and production demonstrate the performance of our new estimator. Results show that DID disregarding the network and its changes leads to significant underestimates of overall treatment effects. |
| Keywords: | International Trade; Climate Change; Crop Yield. |
| JEL: | C21 F14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2021_005&r= |
| By: | Huwe, Vera |
| Abstract: | This paper develops the justice implications of gendered power relations for transport decarbonization. I build on the need satisfier escalation framework by Mattioli (2016) and Brand-Correa et al. (2020) and its account of justice as equality in need satiation. I show that gendered power relations manifest at the level of the provisioning system as a profound gendered division of labor and androcentric biases in the built environment. Based on the German travel survey Mobilität in Deutschland (2017), I document how gendered arrangements in the provisioning system reverberate as gendered inequalities in car access, travel behavior and trip purpose, yet significantly intersect with household income and migration biography. Normatively, I argue that an account of justice recognizant of gendered power relations extends justice to inputs for and conversion rates faced in need satisfaction processes. Building on Susan Okin (1989), I establish that justice additionally requires (i) the intra-household division of labor for need satisfaction to be chosen freely and (ii) equality of opportunity to satiate needs. Androcentric biases in the built environment create gendered conversion rates and constrain equality of opportunity. Consequently, transport decarbonization policy needs to equalize conversion rates for care relative to paid employment when de-escalating carbon intensity to be just. |
| Keywords: | Transport,Human Needs,Climate Change,Gender Division of Labor,Urban Planning,Gender Justice |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifsowp:13&r= |
| By: | Ghislain B. D. Aïhounton (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen; Laboratory of Analysis and Research on Economic and Social Dynamics, University of Parakou, Benin); Arne Henningsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Neda Trifkovic (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | Synthetic pesticides can be detrimental to the health of humans, particularly when handled inappropriately, which is often the case in developing countries. We investigate to what extent using personal protective equipment (PPE) during pesticide application can mitigate the detrimental health effects of pesticides. Our empirical analysis is based on data from smallholder cotton farmers in Benin and includes both conventional cotton farmers who extensively use synthetic pesticides and organic cotton farmers who are only allowed to use bio-pesticides. Using per-capita health expenditure as proxy for the health of the farmers, our results show that conventional cotton farmers generally have significantly poorer health than organic cotton farmers because most conventional farmers wear insufficient PPE when spraying pesticides. While PPE use vastly improves the health of conventional farmers, we do not find a statistically significant effect on the health of organic cotton farmers, which could indicate that bio-pesticides have much smaller detrimental health effects than synthetic pesticides. However, conventional farmers have a similar state of health as organic farmers when they use four or more PPE items. Hence, measures that encourage conventional cotton farmers to use more PPE during pesticide spraying or to adopt organic farming would substantially improve these farmers’ health. |
| Keywords: | pesticides, protective equipment, health, organic farming, smallholder farmers, cotton, Africa |
| JEL: | I12 I15 J28 O13 Q12 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2021_06&r= |
| By: | Gardenier, Julius; Lac, Visieu; Ashfaq, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This discussion paper aims at describing the risk-adjusted return of European sustainable and conventional investment portfolios and comparing them to determine whether sustainable investment portfolios generate superior risk-adjusted returns. The paper is based on the bachelor thesis of Julius Gardenier. In fulfilling this aim, we actively construct sustainable positively screenedand best-in-class portfolios using the Sustainalytics ESG risk rating with the help of modern portfolio theory. In a second step, the Sharpe Ratios of these portfolios are compared with those of the Euro Stoxx 50, as a proxy for a conventional portfolio, for the time horizon between 2005 and 2019 thatis divided into ten instances on whose SharpeRatios paired sample t-tests are applied. Results show a statistically significant higher mean Sharpe Ratio for both types of sustainable portfolios when compared to the Euro Stoxx 50 for the periodunder investigation. Additionally, it was found that best-in-class portfolios yielded higher mean Sharpe Ratios. We conclude that, under reference to the paper's limitations, sustainable investments yielded superior risk-adjusted returns when compared to the conventional investment portfolio. Furthermore, the paper's findings identify recommendations for future research and may contribute to the growing body of academic literature in the field of sustainable finance. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable finance,modern portfolio theory,Sharpe Ratio,ESG risk rating |
| JEL: | G11 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhbm:72021&r= |
| By: | Tendai Gwatidzo; Witness Simbanegavi |
| Abstract: | Buildingacompetitiveanddynamicgreenindus trialsectorinSouthAfricaafterCOVID-19 |
| Date: | 2021–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rbz:wpaper:11010&r= |
| By: | Huang, Kaixing |
| Abstract: | Developing countries sharing nearly identical growth trends for centuries dramatically diverged in terms of income per capita over the last half-century. Using data from 78 developing countries, this study shows that the Green Revolution (GR) since the 1960s can explain most of the income divergence. Beyond the understanding that agriculture growth promotes economic growth, the study shows that developing countries less suitable for cultivating GR crops were substantially damaged by GR-induced grain imports, which increased fertility and retarded human and physical capital formation. A counterfactual analysis removing GR’s effect showed parallel growth trends similar to that prior to the GR. |
| Keywords: | The Green Revolution, international trade, income divergence |
| JEL: | E0 Q1 |
| Date: | 2020–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108357&r= |
| By: | Mikio Ishiwatari; Daisuke Sasaki |
| Abstract: | Investing in flood protection is crucial in mitigating flood damage. However, most recent studies have not included an examination of actual investment data nor studied the relationships between investment in flood protection measures and damage or benefits. This paper aims at assessing policies toward flood protection by empirically analyzing flood damage and investment in flood protection measures in Asian economies. The trends of investment and damage in terms of the share of gross domestic product (GDP) vary by country. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Japan in the Post-WWII era were able to steadily decrease economic damage, while the Philippines, Taiwan, Republic of Korea (ROK), India, and Pakistan fluctuated in their budget outlays and damage. In cases of either a rising or decreasing trend, it was demonstrated that the Bayesian structural time series model can simulate investment to some degrees. It was also found that investment in flood protection is cost-effective at the regional and national levels. The annual benefits for the past two decades are estimated at 159 billion USD in PRC and 120 million USD in the Philippines. The net benefit (benefit minus cost) accumulation from 2016 in Asian developing economies is predicted to reach 263 billion USD against an investment of 157 billion USD by 2030. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian Structural Time Series model, climate change, cost-benefit analysis, economic internal rate of return, flood damage |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:221&r= |
| By: | Rizwan, Noormah; Shikoh, Sania Haider; Davies, Stephen; Moeen, Muhammad Saad; Rana, Abdul Wajid; Haider, Zeeshan |
| Abstract: | Prolonged droughts and depleting groundwater resources have been a serious challenge to the economy of province of Balochistan, Pakistan. Proliferation of tube-wells incentivized by government policy interventions and continued subsidy for electric tube-wells for agriculture and choice for high-water consumption crops have led to steep decline in water tables. This paper uses Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Multiplier model approach to simulate impact of declining water tables on the provincial economy, a first ever effort. To capture the impact of declining water tables, increase in shadow prices of groundwater are calculated and the effects are traced on agricultural production. Using these effects, simulations are designed to reflect the impact of water tables’ decline on macroeconomic variables including GDP, government’s revenues/expenditures, households’ income, and net exports. Agricultural policy options are also introduced in the model to explore their effectiveness in mitigating the effects of groundwater exploitation. Effects of non-agricultural policy options such as the debated removal of tube-well subsidy, shifting to non-agricultural sectors and investment in recharge mechanisms are also estimated on the overall provincial economy. Findings from the paper indicate that depleting water tables have adversely affected the provincial economy and the impact of widely recommended agricultural policy is moderate in mitigating these effects. Subsidy rationalization is observed to have substantial impact on GDP, households, and trade balance. However, investment in recharge mechanisms and expansion in processing, manufacturing and services sector can be crucial for the development of the province. |
| Keywords: | PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; groundwater; household income; models; gross national product; trade; exports; agricultural production; irrigation; Social Accounting Matrix (SAM); SAM multipliers; water tables |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2013&r= |
| By: | Xuwen Gao; Ran Song; Christopher Timmins |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the role of information in non-market valuation. We develop a variant of the Rosen-Roback model of inter-urban sorting that incorporates public access to information about air quality, and demonstrate that information constraints create a wedge between the revealed and true hedonic prices. Moreover, the direction and the magnitude of that wedge depends on the individual’s perception bias. We empirically test our theoretical predictions by leveraging a natural experiment – the unexpected disclosure of PM2.5 data in China. We find that perception bias before the data disclosure leads to a downward estimation bias in hedonic valuation. The hedonic price of avoiding PM2.5 exposure increases substantially from 171 to 336 Chinese Yuan in response to the information shock. Our work sheds light on the application of Rosen-Roback theory for non-market valuation in countries where the public access to information is restricted. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 R23 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28943&r= |
| By: | Centorrino, Samuele; Perez Urdiales, Maria; Bravo-Ureta, Boris; Wall, Alan |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:312058&r= |
| By: | Emanuela Sirtori (CSIL Centre for Industrial Studies); Louis Colnot (CSIL Centre for Industrial Studies) |
| Abstract: | Megatrends are long-term, ubiquitous, global and robust transformations influencing the developments of business, environment, economy, society, cultures and citizens' lives on a local and global scale. There is an important grey literature focusing on these megatrends and their impacts. However, this analysis is often not territorialized, despite the gradient of consequences that megatrends might have at the regional level. This working paper proposes a methodological approach combining qualitative insights (including foresight scenarios) and quantitative data to regionalize the impacts of a series of megatrends and types of impacts. This approach is then applied to a sample of megatrends and types of impacts at the EU level. Findings suggest that the megatrends' impacts are not place-neutral in the EU context and that patterns of the most/least affected regions depend on the individual megatrend. Indeed, different patterns can be observed (e.g., North/South, East/West, urban/non-urban, quasi-homogeneous impacts), often in opposite directions for different megatrends. Moreover, the regional level of development cannot be used as a reliable predictor of the impacts, as the correlation may be positive, negative or even inexistent depending on the megatrend. |
| Keywords: | megatrends, EU regions, foresight analysis, impact assessment, technological change, sustainable development, trans-portation, cities |
| JEL: | O18 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mst:wpaper:202001&r= |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet; Beladi, Hamid |
| Abstract: | We study water use by two geographically proximate farmers in a particular region during a drought. The two farmers each have an endowment of time that can be used either to produce water or to steal water. The price of water is exogenously given. The goal of the two farmers is to maximize their wealth from water production and water theft. In this setting, we perform three tasks. First, we determine the Nash equilibrium of the game-theoretic interaction between the two farmers. Second, we study how this equilibrium depends on the ease with which water can be stolen. Finally, we show how the preceding equilibrium is impacted when there is no water theft and then we determine the maximum amount that a farmer would be willing to pay to prevent theft. |
| Keywords: | Drought, Nash Equilibrium, Static Game, Water Theft, Willingness to Pay |
| JEL: | D74 Q25 |
| Date: | 2020–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:108346&r= |
| By: | Ghafelebashi, Ali; Razaviyayn, Meisam; Dessouky, Maged |
| Abstract: | Rapid population growth and development in cities across the globe have fueled an inescapable urban burden: traffic congestion. Congestion causes huge economic losses and increased vehicle emissions, which contribute to poor air quality. Over the past several decades traffic engineers have tried various strategies to reduce congestion, ranging from increasing roadway capacity to transportation demand management programs. An alternative travel demand management approach that has garnered less attention is the use of positive incentive programs— rewarding desirable behavior rather than penalizing undesirable behavior—to reduce congestion. Researchers at the University of Southern California developed a real-time, distributed algorithm for offering personalized incentives to individual drivers to make socially optimal routing decisions. The methodology relies on online and historical traffic data as well as individual preferences and routing options from drivers’ origins and destinations to estimate both the traffic condition and the drivers’ responses to the provided incentives. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Algorithms, Congestion management systems, Incentives, Optimization, Pollutants, Routes and routing, Smartphones, Traffic congestio |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7450m33t&r= |
| By: | Hasan, Iftekhar; Manfredonia, Stefano; Noth, Felix |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the critical role of religion in the economic recovery after high-impact natural disasters. Exploiting the 2005 hurricane season in the southeast United States, we document that establishments in counties with higher religious adherence rates saw a significantly stronger recovery in terms of productivity for 2005-2010. Our results further suggest that a particular religious denomination does not drive the effect. We observe that different aspects of religion, such as adherence, shared experiences from ancestors, and institutionalised features, all drive the effect on recovery. Our results matter since they underline the importance of cultural characteristics like religion during and after economic crises. |
| Keywords: | establishment-level productivity,natural disasters,recovery,religion |
| JEL: | E23 E32 Z12 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:92021&r= |
| By: | Demaria Federica (CREA - Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria); Sophie Drogue (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pasquale Lubello (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we investigate how pest risk management protocols may affect trade flows of fresh apples. We apply our analysis to two major players in the international trade of fresh apples: France and Chile. These two countries have been chosen because they are among the world's leading apple exporters and although they have similar market shares, they differ in terms of destination markets, seasonality, local conditions and export strategy. In order to assess the impact of pest risk management protocols on international trade of apples from France and Chile, we introduce in a gravity equation beside the traditional variables, a score able to measure their complexity. The results are interesting in the sense that even if the score for France and Chile by main trading partners are rather close, we found that French apples exporters would be more impacted by pest risk management protocols than their Chilean counterparts. |
| Keywords: | SPS measures,International trade,Gravity Modelling,Apples,France,Chile |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03259289&r= |
| By: | Frédéric Goulet (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | En Amérique du Sud, les politiques publiques s'intéressent de près aux technologies alternatives aux intrants chimiques agricoles (pesticides et engrais). Certains pays sud-américains soutiennent les intrants biologiques, dits aussi biointrants, avec des programmes nationaux incitatifs et la transformation des réglementations. L'Argentine, le Brésil et la Colombie occupent un rôle pilote. Cette promotion des biointrants n'est néanmoins pas pensée dans une optique de rupture avec les modèles industriels de production agricole, dont les États tirent une grande partie de leurs recettes fiscales grâce aux exportations. Ils cherchent plutôt à aménager une coexistence entre intrants chimiques et biologiques dans le cadre d'une transition tournée vers la bioéconomie. La promotion des biointrants rencontre en ce sens les attentes de nombreux agriculteurs sud-américains et celles de l'industrie des intrants agricoles, qui se diversifie depuis une dizaine d'années dans ces technologies. Cette dynamique industrielle vient en partie se heurter à des mouvements d'agriculteurs défendant la production à la ferme des intrants biologiques. |
| Keywords: | agroécologie,santé,Amérique du Sud,Argentine,Brésil,Colombie,Équateur,Mexique,Europe,France,agriculture conventionnelle,agriculture biologique,production à la ferme,industrie,Intrant biologique,biocontrôle,biofertilisant,alternative technologique,innovation,transition,coexistence technologique,politique publique |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-03236896&r= |
| By: | Fatma Fourati-Jamoussi (INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Michel J.F. Dubois (INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle) |
| Abstract: | Nous sommes en train de vivre en direct une transformation fondamentale de l'activité d'intelligence économique (IE), sous la contrainte des exigences du développement durable (DD), pour devenir une intelligence récursive et réflexive qui prend ses propres productions comme objet d'IE : c'est l'intelligence des transitions. Cette transformation se fait par l'incorporation de la contrainte des problématiques complexes du DD, par l'intermédiaire de la révolution numérique qui fournit des quantités immenses de données non accessibles par les outils classiques. L'Intelligence artificielle (IA) devient la nouvelle gamme d'outils arrivant opportunément pour, à partir des données du DD, offrir les moyens d'interpréter les multiples transitions en cours. |
| Keywords: | Développement durable,Contraintes physiques,Intelligence artificielle,Ressources minérales,Transitions multiples |
| Date: | 2021–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03250651&r= |
| By: | Glenk, Gunther; Reichelstein, Stefan |
| Abstract: | In the transition to decarbonized energy systems, Power-to-Gas (PtG) processes have the potential to connect the existing markets for electricity and hydrogen. Specifically, reversible PtG systems can convert electricity to hydrogen at times of ample power supply, yet they can also operate in the reverse direction to deliver electricity during times when power is relatively scarce. Here we develop a model for determining when reversible PtG systems are economically viable. We apply the model to the current market environment in both Germany and Texas and find that the reversibility feature of unitized regenerative fuel cells (solid oxide) makes them already cost-competitive at current hydrogen prices, provided the fluctuations in electricity prices are as pronounced as currently observed in Texas. We further project that, due to their inherent flexibility, reversible PtG systems would remain economically viable at substantially lower hydrogen prices in the future, provided recent technological trends continue over the coming decade. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy,Power Markets,Hydrogen,Power-to-Gas,Energy Storage |
| JEL: | M2 O3 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21053&r= |
| By: | Bassett, Hannah R; Sharan, Sonia; Suri, Sharon K; Advani, Sahir (University of British Columbia); Giordano, Christopher |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and response has significantly disrupted fishery supply chains, creating shortages of essential foods and constraining livelihoods globally. Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) are responding to the pandemic in a variety of ways. Together, disruptions from and responses to COVID-19 illuminate existing vulnerabilities in the fish distribution paradigm and possible means of reducing system and actor sensitivity and exposure and increasing adaptive capacity. Integrating concepts from literature on supply chain disruptions, social-ecological systems, human wellbeing, vulnerability, and SSFs, we synthesize preliminary lessons from six case studies from Indonesia, the Philippines, Peru, Canada, and the United States. The SSF supply chains examined employ different distribution strategies and operate in different geographic, political, social, economic, and cultural contexts. Specifically, we ask: a) how resilient have different SSF supply chains been to COVID-19 impacts; b) what do these initial outcomes indicate about the role of distribution strategies in determining the vulnerability of SSF supply chains to macroeconomic shocks; and c) what key factors have shaped this vulnerability? Based on our findings, systemic changes that may reduce SSF vulnerability to future macroeconomic shocks include diversification of distribution strategies, livelihoods, and products, development of local and domestic markets and distribution channels, reduced reliance on international markets, establishment of effective communication channels, and preparation for providing aid to directly assist supply chains and support consumer purchasing power. |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5mqsz&r= |
| By: | Benjamin Cabanes (IHEIE - Institut des Hautes Etudes pour l’Innovation et l’Entrepreneuriat (IHEIE) - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Date: | 2021–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03207274&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nguyen Son (NEU - National Economics University (Ha Noi, Vietnam), ABIES Doctoral School - ABIES Doctoral School) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the reduction of electricity poverty in Vietnam. The essential argument is that human development is about subjective feeling as much as technology and income. We use a self-reported satisfaction indicator as complementary to objective indicators based on national household surveys from 2008 to 2018. We found that in 2010, the fraction of households with access to electricity was over 96%. However, over 24% declared their electricity use did not meet their needs. Since 2014 the satisfaction rate is around 97%, even if 25% of the households used less than 50 kWh/month. Today there is electricity for all in Vietnam, but electricity bills weigh more and more in the budget of households. Inequalities in electricity use among Vietnamese households decreased during the 2008-2018 period, but are not greater than inequalities in income, contrary to the findings of Son and Yoon (2020). The subjective energy poverty measure allows better international statistics: unlike poverty or needs-based criteria, self-assessed satisfaction of needs compares across income levels and climates. Engineering and econometric objectivist approaches dominate the literature on sustainability monitoring. Out of 232 Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, only two are subjective. Yet our findings show that subjective indicators tell a different part of the story. Grid building is only a mean, the end is a meaningfull provision of power to satisfy the needs. |
| Keywords: | Electricity poverty,Vietnam,Sustainable Development Goals,Indicators Q41,Q48,Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03160911&r= |
| By: | Haywood, Luke (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Janser, Markus (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg); Koch, Nicolas (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)) |
| Abstract: | Decarbonizing economies is an enormous task. Public debate often focuses on the job loss of workers in fossil industries. Why is job loss costly? Who is most affected? Can delaying transition reduce welfare costs? What other policy instruments may be available? We present a simple job search framework that calculates life-time welfare costs of job loss. We apply the model to the archetypical fossil industry - coal mining. Based on the universe of German coal employment biographies, we estimate the model and decompose welfare costs. We find that unemployment is a small factor: Higher wages and job security in coal drive welfare costs. We distinguish welfare costs by age, education and business cycle. High-educated workers aged 31-49 face highest losses. Based on a detailed demographic projection, we estimate that advancing coal exit from 2038 to 2030 increases unmitigated welfare costs by one third. Labor market policy promoting career switches rather than retirement can alleviate these welfare costs: A wage insurance scheme is estimated to reduce welfare losses by 80-99% at reasonable costs. |
| Keywords: | job loss, structural change, just transition, coal exit |
| JEL: | J64 L16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14464&r= |