|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Silva, F de F., L. E. Fulginiti and R. K.Perrin |
| Abstract: | Bush fires raged across the Brazilian Amazon in 2019. The CO2 that was sequestered in those forests is now in the atmosphere, adding to the rate of global warming. The burned-over land will likely be converted to agriculture. Possible contributors to these events include climate change itself, creating hotter, drier conditions, and what is reportedly a reduction in the vigor of forest preservation efforts under a new government. But here we explore a third possible contributor: technical change may have been increasing the incentives to convert forests to agriculture. We examine the nature of technical change from 2003 to 2015, across 287 municipalities within Brazil’s “arc of deforestation”. We consider grains, livestock and timber as agricultural outputs and CO2 emission from deforestation as an undesirable output. On average across the region, we estimate the annual rate of technical change in agriculture over this period to have been 4.9%, with a significant bias toward agricultural outputs and away from CO2 emissions, meaning that it has been increasingly attractive to convert these forests to agriculture. This technological incentive for deforestation has thus been building up during the early part of this century, but actual deforestation was held in check somewhat by forest preservation policies until recently, when a more relaxed policy environment has allowed the increased technological incentive for deforestation to be more fully expressed. These changes have added to climate change as contributors to the recent burst in Amazon forest destruction. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:311049&r= |
| By: | Marion Leroutier (Paris School of Economics, Universite Paris I/Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (CIRED)); Philippe Quirion (CIRED, CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Urban road transport is an important source of local pollution and CO2 emissions. To tackle these externalities, it is crucial to understand who contributes to emissions today and what are the alternatives to high-emission trips. We estimate individual contributions to transport-induced emissions, by bringing together data from a travel demand survey in the Paris area and emission factor data for local pollutants and CO2. We document high inequalities in emissions, with the top 20% of emitters contributing 75-85% of emissions on a representative weekday, depending on the pollutant. Top emissions result from a combination of high distances travelled, a high reliance on car and, mainly for local pollutants, a higher emission intensity of cars. We estimate with counterfactual travel times that 53% of current car drives could be shifted to electric bikes or public transport with a limited time increase. This would reduce the emissions from daily mobility by 19-21%, with corresponding annual health and climate benefits of around €245m. |
| Keywords: | environmental inequalities, externalities, empirical analysis, |
| JEL: | R40 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.07&r= |
| By: | Stan Olijslagers (University of Amsterdam); Rick van der Ploeg (University of Amsterdam); Sweder van Wijnbergen (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We analyse optimal abatement and carbon pricing strategies under a variety of economic, temperature and damage risks. Economic growth, convex damages and temperature-dependent risks of climatic tipping points lead to higher growth rates, but gradual resolution of uncertainty lowers them. For temperature-dependent economic damage tipping points, carbon prices are higher, but when the tipping point occurs, the price jumps downward. With only a temperature cap the carbon price rises at the risk-adjusted interest rate. Adding damages leads to a higher carbon price that grows more slowly. But as temperature and cumulative emissions get closer to their caps, the carbon price is ramped up ever more. Policy makers should commit to a rising path of carbon prices. |
| Keywords: | CO2 prices, growth uncertainty, tipping points, damages, gradual resolution of damage uncertainty, temperature caps |
| JEL: | H23 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20210045&r= |
| By: | Espoir, Delphin Kamanda; Sunge, Regret |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of economic development on Co2 emissions using a sample of 48 African countries for the period 1996-2012. This study is born out of the realisation that despite lower contribution to Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and global warming, Africa suffers the most from climate change. We make two contributions. First, we re-examine the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using pooled OLS, Fixed and Random effects, and GMM. Unlike existing studies that impose country homogeneity on the relationship, we perform a linear quadratic regression to account for factors heterogeneity. Second, we provide evidence-based spatial econometric considerations, something that existing studies have overlooked. We employ a Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) within the Fixed and Random effects framework on the dynamic Spatial Durbin Model (SDM). The results are as follow: (1) we find evidence for the EKC hypothesis for the entire sample of 48 countries, even though the relationship is weak, (2) when we control for factor heterogeneity, we find that the impact of economic development on Co2 emissions is heterogeneous across countries. In some countries, the EKC hypothesis holds while it breaks in others. (3) there exist significant direct and spillover effects in the Co2-growth nexus across countries. Considering the heterogeneity of the EKC, we recommend that African countries’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs) should be harmonised in the interest of the Paris Agreement on climate. Also, multilateral organisations and private investors should increase their investments in renewable energy development projects to ensure compatibility between growth and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Economic development,Environmental pollution,EKC hypothesis,Spatial Durbin model,Africa |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:234131&r= |
| By: | Pe'er, Guy; Birkenstock, Maren; Lakner, Sebastian; Röder, Norbert |
| Abstract: | Despite significant efforts, investments and some local successes, the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has not succeeded in halting the loss of farmland biodiversity. To address this (and other) weaknesses, the CAP post-2020 proposes a new “Green Architecture” comprising (inter alia) compulsory elements (enhanced conditionality through Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions - GAEC), voluntary Agri-Environment-Climate Measures (AECMs), and a new instrument called “Eco-schemes”. Will this new Green Architecture, combined with a result-based orientation of the CAP, help address the biodiversity crisis? To provide science-based feedback on this proposal, more than 300 scientists from 22 Member States (MSs) have provided their expertise through 13 workshops that took place between October and December 2020, and a follow up online survey. The results are published in Thünen Working Reports with 3 volumes. The Thünen Working Paper 175 – Volume 1 contains all results of the workshops with experts' assessment. The present Thünen Working Paper 175 – Volume 2 contains all reports of the Member-State-Workshops as well as an overview of the experts' opinions on the Flagship-Eco-schemes proposed by the EU Commission. In addition, a policy brief on the results was published in Thünen Working Paper 175 – Volume 3. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:311099&r= |
| By: | Pe’er, Guy; Birkenstock, Maren; Lakner, Sebastian; Röder, Norbert |
| Abstract: | Despite significant efforts, substantial investments and some local successes, the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has not succeeded in halting the loss of farmland biodiversity. To address these weaknesses, the CAP post-2020 proposes a new “Green Architecture” comprising, inter alia, compulsory elements (enhanced conditionality through Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions - GAEC), voluntary Agri-Environment-Climate Measures (AECMs), and a new instrument called “Eco-schemes”. Will this new Green Architecture, combined with a result-based orientation of the CAP, help address the biodiversity crisis? To provide science-based feedback on this proposal, more than 300 scientists from 22 Member States (MSs) have provided their expertise through 13 workshops that took place between October-December 2020, as well as a follow up online survey. The results are published as Thünen Working Paper 175 comprising three volumes: Thünen Working Paper Vol.1 (this document) contains a comprehensive synthesis of the results of the workshops alongside experts' assessments of the flagship Eco-schemes proposed by the European Commission. Thünen Working Paper Vol. 2 contains the full reports of the Member State Workshops (Annex I) and the inputs submitted by the experts' regarding their opinions on the Flagship-Eco-schemes proposed by the EU Commission (Annex II). A policy brief is published as Thünen Working Paper Vol. 3. Although the Working Paper focuses on the proposed CAP’s performance for biodiversity as a core topic, benefits for climate change mitigation and other environmental aspects were highlighted by workshop participants; and economic considerations were highlighted where relevant. Six key issues emerged as crucial for the Green Architecture to successfully address the biodiversity crisis: •Protection and restoration of landscape features and semi-natural areas, including grasslands, should be at the core of the Green Architecture and decisive to its success. •Habitat diversity and multifunctionality should be prioritised at both the farm and landscape levels. •Spatial planning is needed in target-setting and implementation. •Collaborative and result-based approaches can and should be promoted for higher effectiveness and efficiency. •A result-based approach is highly recommended for both AECMs and Eco-schemes, with ample experience to support broader implementation. •Communication, education and farmer engagement are key to improve acceptance of compulsory requirements (enhanced conditionality), maximise uptake of effective voluntary measures (AECM and Eco-schemes), enhance learning, and generate a sense of ownership and stewardship. Simplicity in administration and broad farmer participation are central to the success of Eco-schemes. Enhanced conditionality, Eco-schemes and AECMs should be coherent and complementary to each other. In addition, a no-backsliding principle should apply across all instruments to avoid losses of existing landscape structures or habitat quality, and with them, further biodiversity loss. Enhanced conditionality should set high minimum requirements: for instance, the threshold for landscape features and non-productive land (GAEC 9) should be set to at least 5 % of farmland and applied to all agricultural areas. Eco-schemes should serve to expand ambition (e.g. in the case of landscape features, expansion towards 10 %) and improve management. AECMs should receive priority in budgeting and efforts, targeting protected areas, High Nature Value Farmlands (HNVFs), wetlands and peatlands, and long-term restoration efforts. Eco-schemes can supplement AECMs in volatile business environments and serve as entry points to AECMs. Remuneration calculations should be clear, justifiable, and transparent. They should increase with the benefits delivered, and be aligned with AECMs to avoid competition. Farmers should be permitted to top up payments from different instruments into the same parcels if these fulfil multiple objectives, following, e.g., a points-based approach. Member States should strive to achieve a proper balance between “light-green”, spatially broad options versus “dark-green”, targeted measures with high impact. Eco-schemes need to be open to all types of land-users. A menu-based Eco-scheme approach offers the advantage of catering to a wide variety of farms and farm types, while allowing the design of evidence-based measures. However, if a menu-based approach is selected, their biodiversity objectives need to become much more explicit and strengthened. The targets set by the EU Green Deal and associated strategies, notably the Farm to Fork Strategy (F2FS) and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, should guide target-setting by the Member States. Biodiversity targets should be as specific, ambitious, clearly formulated, and quantitative as possible. Workshops highlighted seven criteria for ambition: 1) acknowledging the problems, 2) a clear intervention logic accompanied by a breadth of proposed actions, 3) adherence to key operating principles, 4) ambition reflected in budgets, 5) Investments into knowledge, 6) Selecting suitable indicators to ensure accountability, and 7) presenting sufficiently detailed strategic plans addressing local needs and adaptive capacities. The transition years of 2021-2022, as well as COVID-19 recovery funds, should be used to prepare for the upcoming CAP implementation period. Key issues to address are: 1) Establishment of support mechanisms for guiding and implementing Eco-schemes; 2) Engagement in mapping efforts to establish baselines, especially for Ecologically Sensitive Permanent Grasslands and landscape features; 3) Expansion of infrastructures (including administrative structures to support Eco-schemes) and capacities for biodiversity monitoring; and 4) Habitat restoration. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:311098&r= |
| By: | Pe'er, Guy; Birkenstock, Maren; Lakner, Sebastian; Röder, Norbert |
| Abstract: | Despite significant efforts, investments and some local successes, the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has not succeeded in halting the loss of farmland biodiversity. To address these weaknesses, the CAP post-2020 proposes a new “Green Architecture” comprising, inter alia, compulsory elements (enhanced conditionality through Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions - GAEC), voluntary Agri-Environment-Climate Measures (AECM), and a new instrument called “Eco-schemes”. Will this new Green Architecture, combined with a result-based orientation of the CAP, help address the biodiversity crisis? To provide science-based feedback on this proposal, more than 300 scientists from 22 MSs have provided their expertise through 13 workshops that took place between October-December 2020, and a follow up online survey. The results are published in Thünen Working Paper 175 comprising three volumes: Volume 1 is a synthesis of the results from all workshops and expert inputs as submitted through the online survey. Volume 2 contains the full reports from all MS Workshops as well as all expert inputs regarding their opinions on the Flagship-Eco-schemes proposed by the European Commission. Thünen Working Paper 175 – Volume 3 (this document) offers a policy brief summarizing the results. Although the Working Paper focuses on the proposed CAP’s performance for biodiversity as a core topic, benefits for climate change mitigation and other environmental aspects were highlighted by workshop participants; and economic considerations were highlighted where relevant. Six key issues emerged as crucial for the Green Architecture to successfully address the biodiversity crisis: •Protection and restoration of landscape features and semi-natural areas, including grasslands, should be at the core of the Green Architecture and decisive to its success. •Habitat diversity and multifunctionality should be prioritized at both the farm and landscape levels. •Spatial planning is needed in target-setting and implementation. •Collaborative and result-based approaches can and should be promoted for higher effectiveness and efficiency. •A result-based approach is highly recommended for both AECMs and Eco-schemes, with ample experience to support broader implementation. •Communication, education and farmer engagement are key to improve acceptance of compulsory requirements (enhanced conditionality), maximize uptake of effective voluntary measures (AECM and Eco-schemes), enhance learning, and generate a sense of ownership and stewardship. Simplicity in administration and broad farmer participation are central to the success of Eco-schemes. Enhanced conditionality, Eco-schemes and AECMs should be coherent and complementary to each other. In addition, a no-backsliding principle should apply across all instruments to avoid losses of existing landscape structures or habitat quality, and with them, further biodiversity loss. Enhanced conditionality should set high minimum requirements: for instance, the threshold for landscape features and non-productive land (GAEC 9) should be set to at least 5 % of farmland and applied to all agricultural areas. Eco-schemes should serve to expand ambition (e.g. in the case of landscape features, expansion towards 10 %) and improve management. AECMs should receive priority in budgeting and efforts, targeting protected areas, High Nature Value Farmlands (HNVFs), wetlands and peatlands, and long-term restoration efforts. Eco-schemes can supplement AECMs in volatile business environments and serve as entry points to AECMs. Remuneration calculations should be clear, justifiable, and transparent. They should increase with the benefits delivered and be aligned with AECMs to avoid competition. Farmers should be permitted to top up payments from different instruments into the same parcels if these fulfil multiple objectives, following, e.g., a points-based approach. MSs should strive to achieve a proper balance between “light-green”, spatially broad options versus “dark-green”, targeted measures with high impact. Eco-schemes need to be open to all types of land-users. A menu-based Eco-scheme approach offers the advantage of catering to a wide variety of farms and farm types, while allowing the design of evidence-based measures. However, if a menu-based approach is selected, their biodiversity objectives need to become much more explicit and strengthened. The targets set by the EU Green Deal and associated strategies, notably the Farm to Fork Strategy (F2FS) and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, should guide target-setting by the MSs. Biodiversity targets should be as specific, ambitious, clearly formulated, and quantitative as possible. Workshops highlighted seven criteria for ambition: 1) acknowledging the problems, 2) a clear intervention logic accompanied by a breadth of proposed actions, 3) adherence to key operating principles, 4) ambition reflected in budgets, 5) Investments into knowledge, 6) Selecting suitable indicators to ensure accountability, and 7) presenting sufficiently detailed strategic plans addressing local needs and adaptive capacities. The targets set by the EU Green Deal and associated strategies, notably the Farm to Fork Strategy (F2FS) and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, should guide target-setting by the MSs. Biodiversity targets should be as specific, ambitious, clearly formulated, and quantitative as possible. Workshops highlighted seven criteria for ambition: 1) acknowledging the problems, 2) a clear intervention logic accompanied by a breadth of proposed actions, 3) adherence to key operating principles, 4) ambition reflected in budgets, 5) Investments into knowledge, 6) Selecting suitable indicators to ensure accountability, and 7) presenting sufficiently detailed strategic plans addressing local needs and adaptive capacities. The transition years of 2021-2022, as well as COVID-19 recovery funds, should be used to prepare for the upcoming CAP implementation period. Key issues to address re: 1) Establishment of support mechanisms for guiding and implementing Eco-schemes; 2) Engagement in mapping efforts to establish baselines, especially for Ecologically Sensitive Permanent Grasslands and landscape features; 3) Expansion of infrastructures (including administrative structures to support Eco-schemes) and capacities for biodiversity monitoring; and 4) Habitat restoration. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:311100&r= |
| By: | Bazzana, Davide; Foltz, Jeremy; Zhang, Ying |
| Abstract: | The study proposes an agent-based model to investigate how adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) affects food security. The analysis investigates the role of social and ecological pressures (i.e. community network, climate change and environmental externalities) on the adoption of physical water and soil practices as well as crop rotation technique. The findings reveal that CSA may be an effective strategy to improve the rural populations' well-being for farm households with access to capital, strong social networks and access to integrated food markets. The climate scenario simulations indicate that farmers adopting CSA fare better than non-adopters, although CSA adoption does not fully counterbalance the severe climate pressures. In addition, farmers with poor connections to food markets benefit less from CSA due to stronger price oscillations. These results call for an active role for policy makers in encouraging adaptation through CSA adoption by increasing access to capital, improving food market integration and building social networks. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:311096&r= |
| By: | Kabata, T., L. E. Fulginiti, and R.K. Perrin |
| Abstract: | Most studies on the impacts of agriculture on the environment have devoted efforts to measure the environmental impacts of the sector rather than to assess its ability to reduce or mitigate such impacts. Some have addressed the environmental efficiency of the sector (Reinhard, et al., 1999, Ball et al., 1994 and 2004; Rezek and Perrin, 2004 and Serra et al., 2011) but only few have examined greenhouse gas emissions (Njuki and Bravo-Ureta, 2015; Dakpo, Jeanneaux and Latruffe, 2016) from the sector. This paper analyzes the agricultural performance of states in the U.S. in terms of their ability to reduce emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, two major greenhouse gases (GHGs) with important global warming potential. The analysis evaluates Färe’s PAC (pollution abatement cost) for each state and year, a measure of the opportunity costs of subjecting the sector to GHG emissions regulation. Using both hyperbolic and directional distance functions to specify the technology with good and bad outputs, we find that such regulations might reduce output by an average of about 2%, though the results for individual states vary quite widely. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:311048&r= |
| By: | Shapiro Finkelstein, Alan; Metcalf, Gilbert E. |
| Abstract: | We analyze the quantitative labor market and aggregate effects of a carbon tax in a framework with pollution externalities and equilibrium unemployment. Our model incorporates endogenous labor force participation and two margins of adjustment influenced by carbon taxes: firm creation and green production-technology adoption. A carbon-tax policy that reduces carbon emissions by 35 percent - roughly the emissions reductions that will be required under the Biden Administration's new commitment under the Paris Agreement - and transfers the tax revenue to households generates mild positive long-run effects on consumption and output; a marginal increase in the unemployment and labor force participation rates; and an expansion in the number and fraction of firms that use green technologies. In the short term, the adjustment to higher carbon taxes is accompanied by gradual gains in output and consumption and a negligible expansion in unemployment. Critically, abstracting from endogenous firm entry and green-technology adoption implies that the same policy has substantial adverse short- and long-term effects on labor income, consumption, and output. Our findings highlight the importance of these margins for a comprehensive assessment of the labor market and aggregate effects of carbon taxes. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:311095&r= |
| By: | Truong Van Dan; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy; Mac Nhu Binh |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a human concern, impacting not only the physical environment but also the livelihood of the people. Warnings on the probable severe negative effects of climate change on humans have been published globally and Vietnam is one of five countries that will be affected most severely by climate change and sea level rise. Therefore, climate change needs to be considered in the strategies and plans for long-term and shortterm development goals of each locality in Vietnam including Thua Thien Hue province. As a coastal province, Thua Thien Hue has always suffered heavy losses from climate change. Through data collection and analysis, we found that over time, weather conditions and climate in Thua Thien Hue showed complicated movements, abnormal changes such as droughts, and prolonged heatwaves often occurring during the dry season from May to August every year. Meanwhile, cold weather lasted longer during rainy season (October to February). Floods and typhoons have occurred with stronger intensities, and tide amplitude has changed drastically. All these have had significant impacts on agriculture and fisheries activities in the province. |
| Keywords: | Vietnam |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2020:469&r= |
| By: | Elvan Ece Satici; Bayram Cakir |
| Abstract: | In this article, we are presenting the relationship between environmental pollution and the income level of the selected twenty-four countries. We implemented a data-based research analysis where, for each country, we analyzed the related data for fifty-six years, from 1960 to 2016, to assess the relationship between the carbon emission and income level. After performing the related data analysis for each country, we concluded whether the results for that country were in line with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The EKC hypothesis suggests that the carbon emission per capita starts a declining trend when the country-specific high level of income is reached. The results of our data analyses show that the EKC hypothesis is valid for high-income countries and the declining trends of carbon emission are clearly observed when the income level reaches a specific high enough level. On the other hand, for the non-high income countries, our analysis results show that it is too early to make an assessment at this growth stage of their economies because they have not reached their related high-enough income per capita levels yet. Furthermore, we performed two more additional analyses on high-income countries. First, we analyzed the related starting years of their carbon emission declining trends. The big variance in the starting years of the carbon emission declining trends shows that the international policies are clearly ineffective in initiating the declining trend in carbon emission. In addition, for the high-income countries, we explained the differences in their carbon emission per capita levels in 2014 with their SGI indices and their dependence on high-carbon emission energy production. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.11756&r= |
| By: | Harstad, Bård; Lancia, Francesco; Russo, Alessia |
| Abstract: | We characterize the optimal policy and policy instruments for self-enforcing treaties when countries invest in green technology before they pollute. If the discount factor is too small to support the first best, then both emissions and investments will be larger than in the first best, when technology is expensive. When technology is inexpensive, countries must instead limit or tax green investment in order to make future punishment credible. We also uncover a novel advantage of price regulation over quantity regulation, namely that when regulation is sufficiently flexible to permit firms to react to non-compliance in another country, the temptation to defect is reduced. The model is tractable and allows for multiple extensions. |
| Keywords: | climate change; compliance; environmental agreements; green technology; policy instruments; repeated games; self-enforcing treaties |
| JEL: | D86 F53 H87 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15044&r= |
| By: | Sanu, Md Sahnewaz |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of GDP growth, coal consumption, financial advancement, and trade openness on CO2 discharges in India for the time span 1971-2017. The present research employs the ARDL bounds test to inspect the long-run cointegrating linkage followed by Granger causality test structured on vector error correction modelling (VECM) techniques to analyse the causal relationship between the variables. The results obtained from the bounds F-statistics confirm the presence of a long-run stable relationship between the variables. The results further demonstrate that GDP growth and coal consumption raise carbon emissions substantially while the financial development and trade openness boost the environmental quality in India. Besides, the findings confirm an inverse quadratic link between economic growth and CO2 discharges, supporting the validity of EKC hypothesis for India. The Granger causality analysis shows bidirectional causality between coal consumption and economic growth, economic growth and CO2 emissions and between coal consumption and CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, GDP, coal consumption, financial development; trade openness; Environmental Kuznets curve; ARDL; VECM; India. |
| JEL: | C32 Q43 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107845&r= |
| By: | Linsenmeier, Manuel |
| Abstract: | This study estimates causal effects of temperature variability on economic activity. For identification I use a novel research design based on spatial first-differences. Economic activity is proxied by nightlights. I distinguish between day-to-day, seasonal, and interannual variability and find that the type of variability matters. The results suggest an economically large and statistically significant negative effect of day-to-day variability on economic activity at most temperature levels. Regarding seasonal variability, I find a smaller but also negative effect. The estimated effect of interannual variability is positive at low and negative at high temperatures. These effects are robust, they can be identified in urban and rural areas, and they cannot be explained with the spatial distribution of agriculture. The results draw attention to the effect of climate variability, which is projected to change but has so far been mostly overlooked in assessments of the impacts and costs of climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate; temperature; nightlights; day-to-day variability; seasonal variability; interannual variability |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 R11 R12 R14 O13 |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110499&r= |
| By: | Arthur Grimes (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Sandra Cortés Acosta (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research (at time of publication)) |
| Abstract: | Forestry investment involves long time horizons, and planting decisions must be made amidst a range of uncertainties. In the context of these uncertainties, we analyse investment decisions that involve plantation of existing grazing land in exotic versus indigenous forest species. We discuss how investment irreversibility coupled with uncertainty (and the ability to learn about the uncertain factors prior to making an investment decision) impact on the forestry investment decision. The twin features of investment irreversibility plus uncertainty are particularly relevant in relation to the new “permanent forest” category under New Zealand’s Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading Reform) Amendment Act 2020. We provide background to the new regime by reviewing the permanent forest category, and we also review relevant investment theories. The issues facing investors are illustrated with reference to a recent study that explored the role of climate uncertainty for forestry investment decisions. |
| Keywords: | Permanent forest, indigenous forest, emissions trading scheme, climate change, uncertainty |
| JEL: | D81 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:21_04&r= |
| By: | Emily Gray; Katherine Baldwin |
| Abstract: | Agricultural producers in the United States have significant experience in managing the risk of natural hazard-induced disasters (NHID), but the 2019 Midwestern Floods and Hurricane Florence in 2018 highlighted the importance of increasing resilience to extreme floods. A number of current practices already build resilience. Producers can access science-based information on adaptation to climate and weather-related risks, preparedness and recovery, including through the USDA Climate Hubs. Formal networks build relationships and capabilities before a disaster, improving the effectiveness of disaster preparedness and response. USDA conservation programmes and various soil health initiatives help farmers to mitigate the impacts of floods on production. However, most farm support is directed to agricultural risk management policies and disaster assistance that help producers cope with the impacts of NHID. Integrating resilience objectives into these programmes would send a clearer signal to producers about the need to adapt and increase resilience. Policy makers should also engage with trusted stakeholders – including farm organisations and extension agents – to promote the benefits of practices that build resilience to NHID ID. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural risk management, Floods, Natural disaster risk, Resilience |
| JEL: | Q54 Q18 Q15 Q16 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:161-en&r= |
| By: | Rick van der Ploeg (University of Oxford); Ton van den Bremer (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | The social cost of carbon is the expected present value of damages from emitting one ton of carbon today. We use perturbation theory to derive an approximate tractable expression for this cost adjusted for climatic and economic risk. We allow for different aversion to risk and intertemporal fluctuations, skewness and dynamics in the risk distributions of climate sensitivity and the damage ratio, and correlated shocks. We identify prudence, insurance, and exposure effects, reproduce earlier analytical results, and offer analytical insights into numerical results on the effects of economic and damage ratio uncertainty and convex damages on the optimal carbon price. |
| Keywords: | precaution, insurance, exposure, economic and climatic and damage uncertainties, skewness, mean reversion, correlated risks, risk aversion, intergenerational inequality aversion, convex damages |
| JEL: | H21 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20210046&r= |
| By: | Dang Kim Khoi; Nguyen Thi Tam Ninh; Doan Minh Thu; Vu Thi Bich Ngoc; Pham Duc Thinh; Do Huy Thiep; Nguyen Phuong Anh |
| Abstract: | Vietnam, an agriculture-based country, presents a typical example of food production—climate change paradox. Agriculture is a major contributor to the national and household economies, accounting for approximately 20.0 percent of Vietnam’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 11.9 percent of total export value, and generating about 67.7 percent employment in 2015. Agricultural growth is, thus, seen as a means to ensure national food security and a tool to generate income. However, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment or MONRE (2015) notes that agriculture is the second biggest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, contributing 39.1 percent of the total GHG of the Vietnamese economy in 2010. To fulfill the Paris 21st Conference of the Parties or COP 21 agreement, the country needs to reduce its total GHG by 825 percent.  |
| Keywords: | climate-smart agriculture, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2020:466&r= |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to assess the nexus between governance and renewable energy consumption in sub-Saharan Africa. The focus is on 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with data from 1996 to 2016. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions. It is apparent from the findings that political and institutional governance are negatively related to the consumption of renewable energy in the sampled countries. The unexpected findings are clarified and policy implications are discussed in the light of sustainable development goals. This study extends the extant literature by assessing how political governance (consisting of political stability and “voice & accountability†) and institutional governance (entailing the rule of law and corruption-control) affect the consumption of renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/030&r= |
| By: | Rana, Abdul Wajid; Davies, Stephen; Moeen, Muhammad Saad; Shikoh, Sania Haider; Rizwan, Noormah |
| Abstract: | Balochistan’s agriculture and related economic development during the last four decades has been driven by an enhancement in canal command areas and widespread use of tubewells. While it enabled yield increases and the growth of high value horticulture, it led to excessive mining of ground water. It is not only threatening sustainable agriculture and livelihoods but also creating severe environmental repercussions. It is generally believed that this unchecked groundwater extraction has been a result of policy regime, such as promoting installation of tubewells through various incentive schemes and tubewells subsidy which allows farmers to pay only 5-10% of the actual cost, and as a result the Federal and provincial governments have been paying PKR 23 billion per year. |
| Keywords: | PAKISTAN, SOUTH ASIA, ASIA, water, groundwater, water availability, irrigation, crops, costs, stakeholders, policies, agriculture, environment, energy, economic viability, tubewell, water pricing, environmental viability, |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pacewp:september2020&r= |
| By: | Da, Yabin; Xu, Yangyang; Yi, Fujin; McCarl, Bruce |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:311094&r= |
| By: | Anne Berner; Stephan Bruns; Alessio Moneta; David I. Stern |
| Abstract: | Improving energy efficiency is often considered to be one of the keys to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, efficiency gains also reduce the cost of energy services and may even reduce the price of energy, resulting in energy use rebounding and potential energy use savings being eaten up. There is only limited empirical research quantifying the economy-wide rebound effect that takes the dynamic economic responses to energy efficiency improvements into account. We use a Structural Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressive model (S-FAVAR) that allows us to track how energy use changes in response to an energy efficiency improvement while accounting for a vast range of potential confounders. Our findings point to economy-wide rebound effects of 78% to 101% after two years in France, Germany, Italy, the U.K., and the U.S. These findings imply that energy efficiency innovations alone may be of limited help in reducing future energy use and emphasize the importance of tackling carbon emissions directly. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficiency; economy-wide rebound effect; climate change; climate policy; Structural FAVAR; Independent Component Analysis. |
| Date: | 2021–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2021/20&r= |
| By: | Pietro F. Peretto (Duke University); Simone Valente (University of East Anglia) |
| Abstract: | Pollution is one of the world's primary causes of premature death, but macroeconomic analysis largely neglects the existence of such negative externality. We build a tractable multi-sector growth model where innovations raise productivity, a polluting primary sector exploits natural resources, emissions increase mortality, and fertility is endogenous. The response of the mortality rate to changes in population size is generally ambiguous and often non-monotonic, and reflects a precise equilibrium relationship that combines emission intensity, dilution e¤ects and labor reallocation e¤ects caused by technology. Deadly spillovers a¤ect welfare through multiple channels - including market-size e¤ects - and create additional steady states, including mortality traps that undermine development in less populated resource-rich countries even for low emission elasticities. Emission taxes yield double dividends in terms of income and population capacity, whereas subsidies to primary production reduce potential population and may trigger population implosion especially if combined with new discoveries of polluting primary resources. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous Growth, Environmental Externalities, Mortality |
| JEL: | O12 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uea:ueaeco:2021-05&r= |
| By: | Pottier, Antonin; Combet, Emmanuel; Cayla, Jean-Michel; de Lauretis, Simona; Nadaud, Franck |
| Abstract: | This article provides a panorama of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inequalities between French households. It presents in a detailed and critical manner the methodological conventions that are used to compute “household emissions”, including the related assumptions. The most common responsibility principle, the “consumer responsibility”, assigns to households the emissions of the products that they consume, resulting in the carbon footprint. It focuses attention on the contributions of individuals, on their choices, and it may obscure the role of non-individual actors and also the collective component of GHG emissions, and it neglects the dimensions of responsibility that are not related to consumption choices. We estimate the distribution of household carbon footprints based on data from the 2011 French Household Budget Survey. Household emissions tend to increase with income, but they also show a strong variability linked to geographical and technical factors that force the consumer to use fossil fuels. Based on sectoral surveys (ENTD 2008; PHEBUS 2013), we also reconstruct household CO2 emissions linked to housing and transport energy. For transport, emissions are proportional to the distance travelled due to the predominant use of private cars. Urban settlement patterns constrain both the length of daily commuting and access to less carbon-intensive modes of transport. For housing, while the size of the dwelling increases with income and distance from urban centres, the first factor to account for variability of emissions is the heating system: this has little to do with income but more to do with settlement patterns, which constrain access to the various energy carriers. Finally, we discuss the difficulties, both technical and conceptual, that are involved in estimating emissions from the super-rich (the top 1 percent). |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:311053&r= |
| By: | C. Seri; A. de Juan Fernandez |
| Abstract: | We employ an ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and Unrestricted Error Correction Models (UECMs) to estimate the relationship between income and CO2 emissions per capita in 21 Latin American Countries (LACs) over 1960-2017. Using time series we estimate six different specifications of the model to take into account the independent effect on CO2 emissions per capita of different factors considered as drivers of different dynamics of CO2 emissions along the development path. This approach allows to address two concerns. First, the estimation of the model controlling for different variables serves to assess if the EKC hypothesis is supported by evidence in any of the LACs considered and to evaluate if this evidence is robust to different model specifications. Second, the inclusion of control variables accounting for the effect on CO2 emissions is directed at increasing our understanding of CO2 emissions drivers in different countries. The EKC hypothesis effectively describes the long term income-emissions relationship only in a minority of LACs and, in many cases, the effect on CO2 emissions of different factors depends on the individual country experience and on the type and quantity of environmental policies adopted. Overall, these results call for increased environmental action in the region. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.11405&r= |
| By: | Klauber, Hannah (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Holub, Felix (University of Mannheim); Koch, Nicolas (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Pestel, Nico (IZA); Ritter, Nolan (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Rohlf, Alexander (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)) |
| Abstract: | We examine the persistence of the impact of early-life exposure to air pollution on children's health from birth to school enrollment using administrative public health insurance records covering one third of all children in Germany. For identification, we exploit air quality improvements caused by the implementation of Low Emission Zones, a policy imposing driving restrictions on high-emission vehicles. Our results indicate that children exposed to cleaner air around birth require less medication for at least five years. The initially latent health response materializes only gradually in lower medication usage, leaving important but subtle health benefits undetected in common measures of infant health. |
| Keywords: | policy evaluation, cohort study, air pollution, health, children, Low Emission Zone |
| JEL: | I18 Q51 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14376&r= |
| By: | Ishimura, Yuichi |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of the central government's policy designed to encourage municipalities to recycle plastic waste in Japan. Using an instrumental variable approach, we examine whether the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (CPRL), which includes policies such as subsidising recycling for municipalities and providing municipalities with recyclers, increases the volume of plastic waste recycling in these municipalities. The results show that CPRL increases the recycling volume of plastic packaging waste, post collection, by approximately 3.1–3.9 kg per capita and that of plastic bottles by 0.4–0.5 kg per capita. We also find evidence that these estimated impacts of CPRL are larger than those of recycling policies that target inhabitants such as unit-based pricing and door-to-door collection. In contrast to previous studies, our results suggest that, in addition to policies for promoting recycling behaviour among inhabitants, policies designed to encourage municipalities play an important role in increasing the volume of plastic recycling. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy, Extended producer responsibilities, Japan, Municipal solid waste, Plastic waste, Recycling |
| JEL: | Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107971&r= |
| By: | Moretti, Michele; Vanschoenwinkel, Janka; Van Passel, Steven |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:311093&r= |
| By: | Lambert, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Different chroniclers of the history of the Byzantine Empire have noted various economic data gleamed from historical documents and accounts of the empire at different periods of time. Research for this paper has not uncovered any estimates of long term, annual macroeconomic data (gross domestic product (GDP), national income (NI), etc.) for the empire during its existence. Such data has been estimated to one extent or another for other nations and societies that have existed during the middle ages. This paper attempts to provide conjectures on approximate real GDP per capita trends for the empire over its existence from AD 300 to 1453. Finally, some hypotheses on factors that would have affected Byzantine economic performance are tested using climate/environmental factors. The results of this paper appear to confirm some findings on how the Byzantine economy might have been affected by periods of regional climate change. |
| Keywords: | Byzantine Empire, climate change, real GDP per capita, empire size |
| JEL: | N13 |
| Date: | 2021–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107898&r= |
| By: | Spitzer, Yannay; Tortorici, Gaspare; Zimran, Ariell |
| Abstract: | The Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake (1908) was the deadliest earthquake and arguably the most devastating natural disaster in modern European history. It occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern Italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a widespread phenomenon and a readily available option for disaster relief. We use this singular event and its unique and important context to study the effects of natural disasters on international migration. Using commune-level data on damage and annual emigration, we find that, despite massive destruction, there is no evidence that the earthquake had, on average, a large impact on emigration or its composition. There were, however, heterogeneous and offsetting responses to the shock, with a more positive effect on emigration in districts where agricultural day laborers comprised a larger share of the labor force, suggesting that attachment to the land was an impediment to reacting to the disaster through migration. Nonetheless, relative to the effects of ordinary shocks, such as a recession in the destination, this momentous event had a small impact on emigration rates. These findings contribute to literatures on climate- and disaster-driven migration and on the Age of Mass Migration. |
| Keywords: | Age of Mass Migration; Italy; migration; Natural Disasters; Refugees; US Immigration |
| JEL: | F22 J61 N3 O15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15008&r= |
| By: | Francesca Casalini; Morvarid Bagherzadeh; Emily Gray |
| Abstract: | New Zealand’s agricultural sector faces the challenge of building long-term resilience to floods, which are projected to increase due to climate change. The New Zealand agricultural sector receives minimal government support and the policy environment focuses on providing an enabling environment for farmers to build their own resilience capacities, while the government has a more direct, but limited, role during disaster response and recovery. Key good practices include an ex ante framework to discipline ex post assistance to agriculture; incentives for industry groups to develop support resources for farmers; and an emphasis on mental wellbeing following a crisis. Nevertheless, further efforts to strengthen resilience could benefit from: (i) improved data collection to support targeted investments in risk prevention and mitigation; (ii) increased public-private collaboration to develop and diffuse effective solutions for adapting to and mitigating the risks of natural hazard-induced disasters on farms, including by leveraging the renewed engagement on extension services; and (iii) greater commitment to ensuring preparedness and response capacities in rural regions. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural risk management, Floods, Natural disaster risk, Resilience |
| JEL: | Q54 Q18 Q15 Q16 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:160-en&r= |
| By: | Katherine Baldwin; Francesca Casalini |
| Abstract: | Increasingly frequent and severe droughts are threatening Italy’s agricultural sector. With climate change forecast to accelerate these trends, the sector must build long-term resilience. This will require better planning and preparing for, absorbing the impact of, and recovering from droughts, as well as more successfully adapting and transforming in response to these events. Recent positive developments include improved data collection on water supplies and agricultural damage and loss from natural hazards to better inform water management and investment decisions; strengthened commitment to ex ante risk management frameworks; and more participatory approaches for water management. Nevertheless, the agricultural policy portfolio currently underemphasises investments in on-farm preparedness and adaptation, in favour of coping tools such as insurance. Further efforts to build agricultural resilience could benefit from a holistic, long-term sectoral risk management strategy; an evaluation of the trade-offs between spending on risk coping tools versus investments in natural hazard preparedness and measures to mitigate their impacts; and more explicit consideration of farmer demographics and capacities in policy design. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture risk management, Drought, Resilience, Water governance |
| JEL: | Q54 Q18 Q15 Q16 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:158-en&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this document is to make available a methodological guide to the territory’s actors in order to promote reflection on development practices in the field, taking the subnational level as the unit of analysis. That could be a municipality, an intermunicipal area, or a cross-border area, among others. This proposal offers a minimum of content and methodology that can be maximized by reading other texts suggested in the bibliography. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, DESARROLLO LOCAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, PLANIFICACION REGIONAL, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, DIRECCION DE PROYECTOS, DIRECTRICES, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, REGIONAL PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, PROJECT MANAGEMENT, GUIDELINES |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46874&r= |
| By: | Endre Kildal Iversen; Kristine Grimsrud (Statistics Norway); Yohei Mitani; Henrik Lindhjem |
| Abstract: | Altruistic preferences of various forms may cause difficulties in welfare economics. In the valuation of public goods, such preferences are believed to help explain the substantial non-use values found in many stated preference (SP) valuation surveys. However, studies analysing the effect of altruism on willingness to pay (WTP) have underappreciated the challenges in measuring altruism by the stated measures typically used. Instead, we exploit a naturally occurring decision domain to investigate the role of altruism in SP. We make use of an Internet survey company’s data on respondents’ donations of earned survey coins to charities to analyse the effect of donation behaviour on WTP across two contingent valuation (CV) surveys on different environmental topics. Hence, donators in our data are proven givers of their own money in an anonymous and unrelated setting, a decision much like the anonymous dictator game with earned resources. We find that respondents’ past donations are associated with higher WTP in the CV surveys, also when controlling for stated altruism, ecological and environmental attitudes, and respondent characteristics. The strong association between past donations and higher WTP imply that altruism is an even more important factor in explaining the substantial non-use values found in SP than assumed. The results also support prior research finding altruistic behaviour in one decision domain to be a good predictor of altruistic behaviour in other domains. Combining past behaviour with preference elicitation opens new avenues of research to better understand and handle altruistic preferences in SP and welfare economics. |
| Keywords: | Prosocial behaviour; altruism; contingent valuation; donations; willingness to pay |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:952&r= |
| By: | Sergio Tavella (Robert Bosch SPA Società Unipersonale); Michel Noussan (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | Buildings’ heating represents an important share of the total energy consumption in Italy, and to reach the challenging decarbonization targets set by the EU by 2050, a combination of measures and technologies will be required. This working paper presents an analysis of different scenarios comparing the penetration of buildings’ heating technologies for the residential sector in Italy. The objective of the research is to evaluate the potential contribution of different technologies, with a particular focus of the role that hydrogen may have to play, compared to other solutions, including heat pumps and renewable natural gas. The analysis compares the potential role of these technologies in reaching a decarbonized residential heating by 2050, by also discussing the main barriers and opportunities that lie ahead. The scenarios are defined starting from historical data of heating systems stock and sales, integrated with the know-how of experts of the sector to compare different pathways based on electrification or renewable gases. The results show that a combination of technologies will be in any case required in the heating sector, but also that other external factors will be of paramount importance, including the electricity decarbonization and energy efficiency measures on the building stock. |
| Keywords: | Heating, Residential Buildings, Hydrogen, Heat Pumps, Scenarios |
| JEL: | Q4 Q42 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.12&r= |
| By: | Borrero, Miguel Borrero; Rubio, Santiago J. |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how the investment in adaptation can influence the participation in an international environmental agreement (IEA) when countries decide in adaptation before they choose their levels of emissions. Two types of agreements are studied, a complete agreement for which countries coordinate their decisions on adaptation and emissions, and an adaptation agreement for which there is only coordination when countries decide their levels of adaptation. In both cases, we assume that the degree of effectiveness of adaptation is bounded from above, in order words, adaptation can alleviate the environmental problem, but it cannot solve it by itself leading the vulnerability of the country to almost zero. Our results show that the grand coalition could be stable for both types of agreement, but for extremely high degrees of effectiveness of adaptation. If this condition is not satisfied, the model predicts low levels of membership. The standard result of three countries for the complete agreement. For the adaptation agreement participation can be higher than three, but not higher than six countries. In any case, we can conclude that under reasonable values for the degree of effectiveness of adaptation, in our model adaptation does not promote participation in an IEA. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:311055&r= |
| By: | Jean-Marc Gravellini (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Florian Léon (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | The private sector plays a crucial role in promoting the sustainable development. It is generally accepted that firms creates wealth, generates jobs and thus contributes to improving the living conditions of populations; while being able to increasingly ensure the preservation of natural resources, biodiversity and the climate and promoting the emancipation of women. |
| Keywords: | Africa,Entrepreneurship |
| Date: | 2021–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03228528&r= |
| By: | Harkness, Caroline; Areal, Francisco; Bishop, Jacob |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:311086&r= |
| By: | Corwin, Julia Eleanor |
| Abstract: | Environmental discourses on electronic waste have converged around two framings of e-waste as a significant global concern: as a polluting and hazardous waste product, and as an under-tapped source of value: an “urban mine.” This paper argues that the discursive shift between these two framings is not based in material differences between either the electronics themselves or related labor processes; instead, the major determining factor in e-waste’s categorization as hazard or resource is based on the category of labor working on it and where it is located. Drawing on research in India’s used electronics industry, this paper argues that when associated with informal labor in the Global South, e-waste is easily devalued and judged a hazardous waste through devaluing the labor that works on it. The conflation of pollution with informal labor in the Global South offers such a powerful narrative, particularly in governance and industry circles, that it has become a significant way to devalue e-waste in the Global South, opening up “new” frontiers of value that would otherwise be captured by local, predominantly informal, industry. Thus, environmental concerns about the hazards of e-waste can be used to secure corporate e-waste markets through devaluing informal labor. |
| Keywords: | informal labor; devaluation; electronic waste; urban mining; refurbishment |
| JEL: | N0 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2019–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:102531&r= |
| By: | Gaurav Bhattacharya (Jawaharlal Nehru University); Meeta Keswani Mehra (Jawaharlal Nehru University) |
| Abstract: | In the ambit of politics of special interest groups, this paper addresses the linkages between trade and environmental policies in imperfect commodity markets. A duopoly market is characterised by two-way trade in differentiated products that are polluting in nature. Firms in each country act as Cournot competitors in the international market and have direct stakes in both trade and environmental policies set by the incumbent government. Results suggest that in comparison to the baseline scenario where the incumbent is purely benevolent, the political equilibrium is characterised by higher import tariffs and lower pollution taxes. The voting support from political action groups (here firms) induces the incumbent to choose policies that favour them in general. However, the degree of product differentiation tends to bring down the divergence in policy outcomes under the two scenarios. Interdependencies between trade and environmental policies are also affected by the existence of producer lobbies. Unlike in case of the social optimum, the incumbent faces a trade-off between considerations for campaign funds from lobbies and the welfare motive for the population in general. Our study shows that environmental polices act as strategic substitutes, and trade policies may or may not be strategic substitutes. We find that complementarities in trade policies (a tariff war) arise only when incumbent governments are less corrupt. This outcome is attributed to the interdependencies between trade and environmental policies. For a less corrupt policy maker, the loss in campaign funds is outweighed by the net gains from environmental regulations, viz. improved environmental quality, gain/loss in consumer and producer surplus, pollution tax revenue, and tariff revenue. Therefore, the likelihood of trade wars would be lower if politicians are more corrupt. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:citdwp:21-03&r= |
| By: | Pöstges, Arne; Bucksteeg, Michael; Ruhnau, Oliver; Böttger, Diana; Haller, Markus; Künle, Eglantine; Ritter, David; Schmitz, Richard; Wiedmann, Michael |
| Abstract: | Climate target achievement has a crucial influence on the modelling and the decision processes in the energy sector. It induced the development of several policy instruments to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, including administrative and market-based mechanisms for phasing out coal-fired generation technologies. In order to analyse such instruments, electricity market and energy system models are widely used. However, results and corresponding recommendations largely depend on the formulation of the respective model. This motivates a systematic comparison of five large-scale electricity market models which are applied to European scenarios considering the period until 2030. An evolved diff-in-diff approach is proposed to analyse the effects of two coal phase-out strategies. This contribution expands on that of earlier studies and provides some more general takeaways for both modellers and decision-makers. For instance, the evolved diff-in-diff analysis shows the influence of the reference scenario when evaluating a policy instrument. Furthermore, the importance of technical aspects such as constraints for combined heat and power plants are discussed and implications regarding three dimensions (economic, environmental, and security of supply) are presented. |
| Keywords: | model comparison,coal phase-out,electricity market model,energy policy |
| JEL: | P11 P28 Q4 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:234102&r= |
| By: | Vela-Almeida, Diana; León, Mauricio; Lewinsohn, José Luis |
| Abstract: | Esta propuesta de indicadores de sostenibilidad para el sector minero tiene como objetivo proporcionar una guía que defina las prácticas mineras alineadas con las prioridades de desarrollo locales, provinciales y nacionales y, a la vez, permita evaluar el avance del cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en las zonas mineras. En total, se identificaron 63 metas relevantes para los 17 ODS, cada una de las cuales engloba una serie de acciones que debe realizar el sector minero y que pueden estimarse de manera cuantitativa o cualitativa mediante una lista de indicadores. Una de las ventajas de utilizar los ODS para medir la sostenibilidad minera es que estos se enmarcan en un sistema de generación de información claro, estandarizado y compatible a nivel regional, lo que permite analizar tendencias, retos y oportunidades en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. El propósito es contribuir a la mejora continua de la regulación nacional y las prácticas mineras y, finalmente, posibilitar la realización de análisis estandarizados en la región e implementar normas efectivas de cumplimiento. |
| Keywords: | INDUSTRIA MINERA, METALES, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS JURIDICOS, DERECHO MINERO, DIRECTRICES, JUSTICIA AMBIENTAL, INDICADORES DEL DESARROLLO, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MINERIA, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, METALS, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46876&r= |
| By: | ŞENTÜRK, İsmail; Ali, Amjad |
| Abstract: | This paper has tried to analyze the socioeconomic determinants of total as well as gender specific life expectancy in Turkey from 1971 to 2017. Data stationarity has been checked by ADF, PP and DFGLS unit root tests, the time series structural breaks have been checked with the help of Zivot and Andrews (2002) unit root test, and cointegration has been checked with the help of the ARDL bound testing method. The estimated results show that the overall level of education, purchasing power and economic development have a significant role in deciding total average life expectancy in Turkey. Whereas, population growth and environmental degradation have an insignificant contribution in deciding total average life expectancy in Turkey. Estimates show environmental degradation, purchasing power and level of male education have contributed significantly in male life expectancy in Turkey. Economic development and share of the male population have an insignificant role in deciding life expectancy of male in Turkey. Environmental degradation, the level of female education, fertility rates and female population significantly effected female life expectancy, but purchasing power has an insignificant role in deciding life expectancy of female in Turkey. The results recommend that the government of Turkey should enhance the level of education and try to stable purchasing power and sustainable development with controlled fertility rates for higher level life expectancy. |
| Keywords: | life expectancy, education, environmental degradation, population growth |
| JEL: | I15 O11 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107908&r= |
| By: | Makiko Shigemitsu; Emily Gray |
| Abstract: | Japan is highly exposed to natural hazards, and agricultural producers in Japan have significant experience in managing the risk of natural hazard-induced disasters (NHID). However, recent large-scale typhoons and heavy rain events have highlighted the importance of increasing the sector’s resilience to NHID. A number of current practices build resilience. Disaster risk governance and agricultural policy frameworks are flexible and responsive to evolving NHID risks. Non-structural measures such as hazard maps are increasingly seen as complementary to infrastructure in preventing and mitigating flood risks. Innovative on-farm solutions for mitigating flood risks, such as the paddy field dam, are also increasingly used. Disaster response is rapid, and disaster assistance prioritises helping producers to resume farming. However, agricultural disaster risk management (DRM) must reflect the challenge of more frequent and intense typhoons and heavy rains in the context of ageing and depopulation in rural areas. Public DRM measures should also be complemented by greater efforts from farmers and other stakeholders, such as agricultural co-operatives, to build agricultural resilience to NHID. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural risk management, Heavy rains, Natural Disaster risk, Resilience, Typhoons |
| JEL: | Q54 Q18 Q15 Q16 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:159-en&r= |
| By: | Genakos, Christos D.; Grey, Felix; Ritz, Robert |
| Abstract: | Economic policy and shifts in input market prices often have significant effects on the marginal costs of firms and can prompt strategic responses that make their impact hard to predict. We introduce "generalized linear competition" (GLC), a new model that nests many existing theories of imperfect competition. We show how firm-level cost pass-through is a sufficient statistic to calculate the impact of a cost shift on an individual firm's profits. GLC sidesteps estimation of a demand system and requires no assumptions about the mode of competition, rivals' technologies and strategies, or "equilibrium" . In an empirical application to the US airline market, we demonstrate GLC's usefulness for ex ante policy evaluation and identify the winners and losers of climate-change policy. We also show how GLC's structure, under additional assumptions, can be used for welfare analysis and to endogenize the extent of regulation. |
| Keywords: | Airlines; Carbon Pricing; Imperfect Competition; Pass-Through; political economy; regulation |
| JEL: | D43 H23 L51 L93 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15127&r= |
| By: | Enahoro, Dolapo; Sircely, Jason; Boone, Randall B.; Oloo, Stephen; Komarek, Adam M.; Bahta, Sirak; Herrero, Mario; Rich, Karl M. |
| Abstract: | The demand for livestock-derived foods has steadily grown over the past decades and rising incomes and human populations are expected to see demand further increase. It is unclear if current livestock feed resources are adequately prepared to meet future demand especially given the looming challenges of climate change. Many feeds such as grasses, crop by-products, and other biomass may not be widely grown commercially or sold in formal markets but are critical sources of livestock feed in many low-resource settings in which ruminant livestock production is important. The availability of these feed types can determine the extent to which the livestock sector can expand to meet growing, and sometimes critical, demand for animal-source foods. In this paper, we compare country-level projections of livestock demand from a global economic model to simulated data on feed biomass production. Our comparisons account separately for beef, lamb, and dairy demand. The data allow us to assess the future sufficiency of key sources of feed biomass, and hence aspects of the expansion capacity of livestock production in selected countries in Southern Africa. Our simulation results project that given the interacting effects of projected climate change and changes in income and population in the region, there will not be enough feed biomass produced domestically to meet growing demand for livestock products. For three types of feed biomass (feed crops including grains, grasses, and crop by-products) for which future livestock feed sufficiency was examined, our results showed feed sufficiency declines for all three feed types in Malawi and Mozambique, for two out of three in South Africa and for one of three in Zambia, under intermediate and extreme scenarios of climate change in 2050. Our results suggest an urgent need to improve feed biomass productivity to support future supply of animal protein in the study countries. |
| Date: | 2021–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:qmdrt&r= |
| By: | Wang, Haoluan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc21:311091&r= |
| By: | Katsuhito Nohara; Masaki Narukawa; Akira Hibiki |
| Abstract: | Coral reefs face a critical crisis worldwide because of rising ocean temperature, excessive use of resources, and red soil erosion. As reefs have great recreational and tourism value, the degradation of their quality may have a significant effect on tourism. This study employs a contingent behavior approach to estimate the effect of reef extinction on the recreational demand for Kume Island, Okinawa, Japan. We propose a Poisson-inverse Gaussian (PIG) model with correction for on-site sampling issues to derive a more accurate estimate of consumer surplus. The results show that the annual consumer surplus per person trip is 6,107 yen according to the RE-PIG model. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:1&r= |
| By: | Ariel Ortiz-Bobea |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is arguably the most climate-sensitive sector of the economy. Growing concerns about anthropogenic climate change have increased research interest in assessing its potential impact on the sector and in identifying policies and adaptation strategies to help the sector cope with a changing climate. This chapter provides an overview of recent advancements in the analysis of climate change impacts and adaptation in agriculture with an emphasis on methods. The chapter provides an overview of recent research efforts addressing key conceptual and empirical challenges. The chapter also discusses practical matters about conducting research in this area and provides reproducible R code to perform common tasks of data preparation and model estimation in this literature. The chapter provides a hands-on introduction to new researchers in this area. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.12044&r= |
| By: | Capucine Nobletz |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to provide better transparency around green energy indexes. After selecting green energy indexes that meet the established criteria, we build a database listing the companies in these indexes and compare them with a financial benchmark. Our study allows investors to adjust their hedging horizons with green concerns, to pave the way for further academic analyses, or issue a new call to public authorities on the need to redirect financial flows towards greener activities. |
| Keywords: | Financial markets, Green energy indexes |
| JEL: | G15 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2021-13&r= |
| By: | Taran Fæhn; Hidemichi Yonezawa (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | We theoretically and numerically analyse the impacts for a small, open country with carbon abatement ambitions of joining a coalition with allowance trading. Besides welfare impacts for both the coalition and the small, open economy joining the coalition, we scrutinise how the studied policy options differ with respect to their distributional impacts across domestic income groups. Our example is the EU 2030 policies and Norway’s linking to it. In spite of theoretical ambiguity, the findings suggest that the tighter the links with the EU, the lower the abatement costs for Norway. The distributional profile of the welfare costs tends to be progressive, i.e., the relative (and absolute) incidence of the carbon policy falls more heavily on wealthy households than poor households, regardless of the choice of linking options. However, the less progressive, the lower the overall welfare cost. This indicates a trade-off between efficiency and distribution concerns. A national capand-trade system without linking to the EU is the least cost-effective option for Norway but also the most progressive as the higher income deciles face lower capital return and wages. |
| Keywords: | Carbon policies; Distributional impact; Emission Trading System; Effort Sharing Regulation; Computable General Equilibrium model |
| JEL: | Q43 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:956&r= |
| By: | Franke, Richard |
| Abstract: | The paper provides a detailed analysis of excess mortality during the "Spanish Flu" in a developing German economy and the effect of poverty and air pollution on pandemic mortality. The empirical analysis is based on a difference-in-differences approach using annual all-cause mortality statistics at the parish level in the Kingdom of Württemberg. The paper complements the existing literature on urban pandemic severity with comprehensive evidence from mostly rural parishes. The results show that middle and high-income parishes had a significantly lower increase in mortality rates than low-income parishes. Moreover, the mortality rate during the 1918 influenza pandemic was significantly higher in highly polluted parishes compared to least polluted parishes. |
| Keywords: | Pandemics, Spanish Flu, Income, Air Pollution, Mortality |
| JEL: | I14 I15 N34 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107570&r= |
| By: | Fritz Braeuer; Max Kleinebrahm; Elias Naber; Fabian Scheller; Russell McKenna |
| Abstract: | Involving residential actors in the energy transition is crucial for its success. Local energy generation, consumption and trading are identified as desirable forms of involvement, especially in energy communities. The potentials for energy communities in the residential building stock are high but are largely untapped in multi-family buildings. In many countries, rapidly evolving legal frameworks aim at overcoming related barriers, e.g. ownership structures, principal-agent problems and system complexity. But academic literature is scarce regarding the techno-economic and environmental implications of such complex frameworks. This paper develops a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) optimisation model for assessing the implementation of multi-energy systems in an energy community in multi-family buildings with a special distinction between investor and user. The model is applied to the German Tenant Electricity Law. Based on hourly demands from appliances, heating and electric vehicles, the optimal energy system layout and dispatch are determined. The results contain a rich set of performance indicators that demonstrate how the legal framework affects the technologies' interdependencies and economic viability of multi-energy system energy communities. Certain economic technology combinations may fail to support national emissions mitigation goals and lead to lock-ins in Europe's largest residential building stock. The subsidies do not lead to the utilisation of a battery storage. Despite this, self-sufficiency ratios of more than 90% are observable for systems with combined heat and power plants and heat pumps. Public CO2 mitigation costs range between 147.5-272.8 EUR/tCO2. Finally, the results show the strong influence of the heat demand on the system layout. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.11195&r= |
| By: | Vu, Trung V. |
| Abstract: | It has been commonly observed that tropical countries tend to suffer from intense corruption and underdevelopment. This study provides an explanation for this long-standing disparity across the world based on variation in the intensity of ultraviolet radiation (UV-R). The central hypothesis is that UV-R is positively associated with the (historical) prevalence of eye diseases, which significantly shortens work-life expectancy as a skilled worker. This helps shape the worldwide distribution of corruption by affecting the incumbents’ window of opportunity. Using data for up to 139 countries, I consistently find empirical support for the positive relationship between UV-R and corruption. The main findings withstand accounting for numerous alternative explanations for international differences in corruption levels. Employing individual-level data from the World Values Survey, I document suggestive evidence that exposure to UV-R is linked to surveyed respondents’ tolerance towards corrupt activities. Furthermore, a subnational analysis for China lends credence to the cross-country evidence. |
| Keywords: | corruption,climate,diseases,ultraviolet radiation,comparative prosperity |
| JEL: | O11 O43 O57 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:234125&r= |
| By: | Hunnes, John A. (University of Agder); Honningdal Grytten, Ola (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the understanding of how the environment, ethics, values, and historical contingencies shape public policy. Specifically, it explains the accomplishment of petroleum resource management in Norway. The main argument is that the success of this policy is an understanding of the ethics behind the environmental harvesting of the resource rent of this non-renewable natural resource. The paper firstly describes a model of Ricardian resource rent. Secondly, it investigates the set of values that were in place before the petroleum production started in the 1970s, as described in the influential white paper, “The role of petroleum activities in the Norwegian Society,” published in 1974. In the white paper, the government discussed the future opportunities, challenges, and responsibilities associated with the oil industry and how this would transform society. An important part of the white paper revealed the main ethical vision of the government was to build a “qualitatively better society” for the benefit of the people. Thirdly, the paper traces the historical roots of these values. Finally, the paper concludes that the focus on the natural environment and resource rent management can be attributed to popular values built on historical traditions. According to these, the state and the trust between the state and its citizens played key roles for the formation of the policy. |
| Keywords: | environment; resource rent; ethics; petroleum; oil; public policy. |
| JEL: | L52 N14 N50 Q32 Q38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2021_012&r= |
| By: | Michael Finus (University of Graz, Austria); Francesco Furini (University of Hamburg, Germany and Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italy); Anna Viktoria Rohrer (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | In his seminal paper Barrett (1994) argued that international environmental agreements (IEAs) are typical not successful, which he coined “the paradox of cooperation”. Either self-enforcing IEAs are small and, hence, cannot achieve much or, if they are large, then the gains from cooperation are small. This message has been reiterated by several subsequent papers by and large. However, the determination of stable agreements and their evaluation have been predominantly derived for specific payoff functions and many conclusions are based on simulations. In this paper, we provide analytically solutions for the size of stable agreements, the paradox of cooperation and the underlying forces. Many of our results are a generalization of papers by Diamantoudi and Sartzetakis (2006), Rubio and Ulph (2006) and the recent paper by McGinty (2020). |
| Keywords: | International environmental agreements; Stability; Paradox of cooperation. |
| JEL: | C72 D62 H41 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2021-05&r= |
| By: | Zimmermann-Janssen, Vita E. M.; Welfens, Maria J.; Liedtke, Christa |
| Abstract: | Das Fortschreiten des Klimawandels und die Schädigung der Ökosysteme machen deutlich, dass die seit Jahrzehnten international geforderte nachhaltige Entwicklung zu den wichtigsten Herausforderungen gehören. Um die von den Vereinten Nationen in der Agenda 2030 festgeschriebenen Nachhaltigkeitsziele, den sogenannten Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), zu erreichen, sind alle relevanten Akteurinnen und Akteure - die Politik, die Wirtschaft sowie jede und jeder Einzelne - gefragt. Eine nachhaltige Entwicklung, die zugleich Umweltschonung, stabile wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung sowie soziale Gerechtigkeit berücksichtigt, beruht damit auf der Kompetenz oder auch der "Literacy" der Einzelnen, für sich und im Kollektiv nachhaltiges Handeln auszuüben und im gegenseitigen Miteinander fördern zu können. Doch welche Fähigkeiten sind notwendig, um nachhaltig Handeln zu können? Welche Fähigkeiten brauchen insbesondere Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten, um ihre Produktions- und Konsummuster nachhaltiger (mit-)gestalten zu können? Antworten darauf liefert die "Literacy für nachhaltigen Konsum", die in dem vorliegenden Diskussionspapier entwickelt und vorgestellt wird. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wupimp:16&r= |
| By: | Briglauer, Wolfgang; Köppl-Turyna, Monika |
| Abstract: | Der "Megatrend" Digitalisierung bietet auf Basis von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) erhebliche Potenziale für Effizienzverbesserungen und die Reduktion von Transaktionskosten in beinahe allen relevanten gesamtwirtschaftlichen Bereichen. Neben den bereits in der Literatur vielfach nachgewiesenen Innovations- und Effizienzpotenzialen kann Digitalisierung auch für den Umwelt- und Klimaschutz nutzbar gemacht werden. Der Klimaschutz und Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels sind national wie international bestimmende Themen der öffentlichen Debatte. In gegenständlicher Policy Note wird zunächst ein Überblick über die möglichen Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung im Hinblick auf die großen wirtschaftlichen Sektoren und deren Verflechtungen sowohl auf den Ressourcenverbrauch als auch auf die Potenziale der Ressourcen- und Energieeinsparung gegeben. Generell lässt sich beobachten, dass sektorenübergreifende Anwendungen auch durch für die reibungslose Datenübertragung verantwortlichen Telekommunikationsanbieter, ermöglicht werden können ("Enablereffekt"), jedoch besteht die Gefahr von Reboundeffekten, da die größeren Datenmengen, die in kürzerer Zeit übertragen werden können, zahlreiche neue Anwendungen ermöglichen, die dann wiederum den Datenaustausch ankurbeln und damit wiederum auch den Energiebedarf insgesamt erhöhen. Hinzu kommen sogenannte Obsoleszenzeffekte, durch vorzeitige Entsorgung noch funktionstüchtiger Komponenten infolge von Innovationen. Angesichts vielschichtiger und gegenläufiger Effekte lässt sich a priori nichts über den Gesamteffekt der Digitalisierung auf den Ressourcenverbrauch im Allgemeinen und den CO2-Emissionen im Speziellen sagen. [...] |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ecoapn:46&r= |
| By: | Cunyi Yang; Tinghui Li; Khaldoon Albitar |
| Abstract: | The difficulty of balance between environment and energy consumption makes countries and enterprises face a dilemma, and improving energy efficiency has become one of the ways to solve this dilemma. Based on data of 158 countries from 1980 to 2018, the dynamic TFP of different countries is calculated by means of the Super-SBM-GML model. The TFP is decomposed into indexes of EC (Technical Efficiency Change), TC (Technological Change) and EC has been extended to PEC (Pure Efficiency Change) and SEC (Scale Efficiency Change). Then the fixed effect model and fixed effect panel quantile model are used to analyze the moderating effect and exogenous effect of energy efficiency on PM2.5 concentration on the basis of verifying that energy efficiency can reduce PM2.5 concentration. We conclude, first, the global energy efficiency has been continuously improved during the sample period, and both of technological progress and technical efficiency have been improved. Second, the impact of energy efficiency on PM2.5 is heterogeneous which is reflected in the various elements of energy efficiency decomposition. The increase of energy efficiency can inhibit PM2.5 concentration and the inhibition effect mainly comes from TC and PEC but SEC promotes PM2.5 emission. Third, energy investment plays a moderating role in the environmental protection effect of energy efficiency. Fourth, the impact of energy efficiency on PM2.5 concentration is heterogeneous in terms of national attribute, which is embodied in the differences of national development, science & technology development level, new energy utilization ratio and the role of international energy trade. |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2105.11080&r= |
| By: | Silva, F. de F., R. K.Perrin, L. E. Fulginiti and M. E. Burbach |
| Abstract: | Groundwater use often has external effects on both the environment and future groundwater benefits, leading to over withdrawal. Ostrom’s research on common property resources (CPR) and related literature indicates that CPR management may improve if users have more information about the groundwater system, more opportunities for communication, and empowerment to regulate. In this paper, we conduct a computer laboratory experiment involving 180 students to evaluate the role of these components of engagement in reducing irrigation withdrawals from an aquifer. Our treatments, which consisted of different levels of information, communication and empowerment, resulted in decreases in groundwater extraction and increases in irrigation profits over nine-year extraction horizons. Enhanced information and communication also increased the fraction of subjects who voted for and complied with collective action in the form of quotas on pumping levels. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:311051&r= |
| By: | Caroline Tafani (Università di Corsica); Santiana Diaz (Università di Corsica); Véronique Venturini (Università di Corsica; Centre for North South Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | L’urbanisation des « espaces vides » ou libres de toute construction est un sujet qui n’a de cesse de faire débat dès lors que l’on cherche à penser un urbanisme durable. En Centre Corse, territoire d’arrière-pays montagnard méditerranéen, ce sujet appelle une réflexion sur le maintien des formes urbaines dites traditionnelles (villages typiques). Pour éclairer la décision en la matière, nous proposons ici une méthode précisant la façon d’appréhender la mutabilité effective de ces espaces vides, considérant leurs configurations géographiques mais aussi leurs usages au travers du temps. |
| Keywords: | urbanisme durable, Centre Corse, mutabilité, espace vides |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lia:wpaper:020&r= |
| By: | Lahcen Benbihi (Enseignant à l'EST-Université Ibn Zohr Agadir - Ecole Supérieure de Technologie , LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM]) |
| Abstract: | Cet ouvrage regroupe les contributions des principaux intervenants de la deuxième édition du colloque international «Commerce Equitable et Développement Durable» qui s'est tenu à l'Ecole Supérieure de Technologie de l'Université Ibn Zohr d'Agadir et la chambre d'agriculture d'Agadir ; les 16, 17et 18 Avril 2019. Les éditeurs de cet ouvrage tiennent à remercier sincèrement chacun des auteurs pour leurs contributions et éclairages enrichissants. Les textes restent la propriété des auteurs respectifs et les opinions émises n'engagent aucunement les éditeurs. Le colloque organisé conjointement par l'Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir (Département Techniques de Commercialisation et de Communication) et l'association scientifique « Fairness–Africa »(http://www.fairness-africa.com/ ) dans le cadre de son programme de rechercheet en collaboration avec d'autres organismes publics et privés. En outre, ce colloque a été l'occasion de réunir des chercheurs, enseignants chercheurs, étudiants chercheurs, opérateurs professionnels et acteurs locaux issus des différents pays du monde (Algérie, Canada, France, Grande Bretagne, Maroc, Tunisie et Sénégal) autour des axes thématiques du colloque. Les projets de communication sélectionnés par le comité scientifique ont été répartis entre deux conférences plénières, deux tables rondes et dix ateliers parallèles. Ce 2 ème colloque, qui a pour thème spécifique « les Expériences locales du Commerce Equitable », s'inscrit dans la continuité de la première édition qui était axée sur la contribution du commerce équitable au développement durable. Cette publication a été financée avec le soutien du projet « Centre National de l'Arganier», projet porté par l'Agence Nationale pour le Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l'Arganier (ANDZOA) et appuyé par l'Agence Allemande de Coopération Internationale pour le Développement Durable (GIZ). Contact Lahcen BENBIHI, représentant de l'association scientifique Fairness-Africa Enseignant à EST-Université Ibn Zohr Agadir et et chercheur au Lirsa, Cnam, Paris-France et à l'ENCG, Agadir Maroc l.benbihi@uiz.ac.ma |
| Date: | 2019–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03221796&r= |
| By: | Hidetoshi Nishimura (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Michikazu Kojima (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Fusanori Iwasaki (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Hendro Putra Johannes (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); Ellen Putri Edita (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has raised issues with waste management. In Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, the increasing amount of medical waste during the pandemic is not in line with the availability of waste management facilities. Furthermore, the amount of plastic waste is also rising because people rely more on food delivery services. This causes a plastic waste ban roll-back in some countries. In this difficult situation, it is crucial for ASEAN countries to strengthen their waste management policies. Also, protection of all parties, including informal workers, must be considered to enforce a clean and healthy work environment. |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:pb-2020-05&r= |
| By: | Chen, Shuo; Ma, Debin |
| Abstract: | We examine the long-term pattern of state formation and the mythical historical Chinese unity under one single political regime based on the compilation of a large geocoded annual data series of political regimes and incidences of warfare between 221 BC and 1911 AD. By classifying our data sets into two types of regimes - agrarian and nomadic - and three types of warfare - agrarian/nomadic, agrarian/agrarian and internal rebellions - and applying an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, we find that nomadic-agrarian warfare and internal rebellion strengthens unification but agrarian/agrarian warfare entrenches fragmentation. Our research highlights the combination of China's precocious ideology of a single unified ruler, environmental circumscription on the easternmost end of Eurasia and persistent agrarian-nomadic warfare as the driving force behind China's eventual unity. We further discuss the long-run implications of Chinese unity on economic performance in a global context. |
| Keywords: | Agrarian-nomadic warfare; China; Country Size; state formation; warfare |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15187&r= |
| By: | Bunzel, Helle; Perruso, Larry; Weninger, Quinn |
| Abstract: | This paper consistently estimates key structural properties of a multiple-species fishing technology. We overcome two ubiquitous features of fisheries data generating processes that invalidate classical estimation of fishing technologies: unobservability by the researcher but partial observability of the fish stock by fishermen and endogenous production decisions that vary with fishermen’s private knowledge of true stock abundance. Our identification strategy exploits timing and available information when production decision are made, technological constraints, and natural, exogenous variability of fish stock abundance. Consistency in estimation obtains under reasonable assumptions for fisheries data generating processes. An application to the U.S. Gulf of Mexico commercial reef fish fishery is presented to demonstrate our approach and reveal substantial bias under estimators that ignore the problem of omitted stock abundance. Implications for improved fisheries management are discussed. |
| Date: | 2021–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202105210700001058&r= |
| By: | Handoyo, Anastasia |
| Abstract: | Tugas Pemikiran Ekonomi dan Bisnis KP B |
| Date: | 2021–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:na93e&r= |
| By: | Jorratt, Michel |
| Abstract: | Este documento busca contribuir a la discusión de algunos de los temas claves de los regímenes fiscales en la minería, como la captura de las rentas económicas por parte de los gobiernos, con instrumentos que ofrezcan mayor progresividad, equidad y eficiencia a los sistemas fiscales, o la transparencia en la apropiación, uso y distribución de los ingresos fiscales derivados de la actividad minera. Para ello, se estudian los casos de la minería del cobre en Chile y en el Perú y se analiza la renta económica, el régimen fiscal, la estructura de ingresos tributarios y no tributarios y la transparencia en la apropiación, el uso y la distribución de los ingresos fiscales provenientes del sector de ambos países. |
| Keywords: | MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, TRIBUTACION, COBRE, INDUSTRIA DEL COBRE, MERCADOS, INGRESOS, INGRESOS FISCALES, POLITICA FISCAL, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, TAXATION, COPPER, COPPER INDUSTRY, MARKETS, INCOME, TAX REVENUES, FISCAL POLICY |
| Date: | 2021–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46869&r= |
| By: | Andoni Hidalgo Simon (Euroiker, Bilbao, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs) have been blossoming in the last years as a useful tool for sub-national entities (mainly cities, but not only) for implementing the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These actions are the manifestation of the very dynamic global movement promoting SDG localisation, departing from the acknowledgement that local administrations play a vital role in the implementation of the Global Agenda. Despite the fact that the 2030 Agenda has been designed by the United Nations and managed principally at country level, it will only deploy fully its potential if implemented also bottom-up, involving a wide range of stakeholders and levels of administration and engaging with grassroots actions. VLRs are not only a tool for better policymaking, but also a great opportunity to foster city-regional diplomacy and cooperation. The enthusiasm with which VLRs have been embraced by several platforms involving sub-national entities reflects the fact that SDG localisation and VLRs are seen as a way to fulfil the traditional aspiration for sub-national entities to have a seat at the global table. The case of the Basque Region, which was among the first sub-national organisations in the world to adopt a consistent SDG localisation strategy, reflects well this dual use of VLR (tool for better policy making – instrument for international diplomacy). It is a very clear example of multi-level, multi-stakeholder effort to use SDGs and their architecture to enhance cross-sector alliances within the administration and among multiple stakeholders in the quadruple helix, and use the Global Agenda to re-position the Region in the international sphere. This report describes the various actions and initiatives developed in the Basque Region for the local implementation of the 2030 Agenda, which constitutes a real ‘SDG ecosystem’. From this experience, the report draws recommendations useful for other regional authorities. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development goals, SDGs, 2030 agenda, SDG localisation, voluntary Local Reviews, regional development, multilevel governance |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc124586&r= |
| By: | Julien Martin (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal); Isabelle Mejean (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Inés Picard (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Benoît Schmutz (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this note, we use China's ban of plastic waste imports in 2017 as a natural experiment of a sudden drop in the world demand for plastic waste. We study how French exporters have adjusted, both in terms of quantities exported, destinations, and prices. After the ban, exports to other Asian countries increased sharply, but this redirection appears to be short-lived, unlike redirection towards other EU countries. In addition, there is suggestive evidence of a polarization of the quality of plastic waste exports between destinations. In light of our findings, we discuss the possible impact of new European regulations that will drastically reduce European exports of plastic waste. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03215736&r= |
| By: | Julien Martin (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal); Isabelle Mejean (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Inés Picard (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Benoît Schmutz (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this note, we use China's ban of plastic waste imports in 2017 as a natural experiment of a sudden drop in the world demand for plastic waste. We study how French exporters have adjusted, both in terms of quantities exported, destinations, and prices. After the ban, exports to other Asian countries increased sharply, but this redirection appears to be short-lived, unlike redirection towards other EU countries. In addition, there is suggestive evidence of a polarization of the quality of plastic waste exports between destinations. In light of our findings, we discuss the possible impact of new European regulations that will drastically reduce European exports of plastic waste. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ipppap:halshs-03215736&r= |
| By: | Julien Martin (UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Isabelle Mejean (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Inés Piquard (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Benoît Schmutz (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Dans cette note nous étudions l'adaptation des exportateurs français de déchets plastiques à une baisse soudaine de la demande mondiale pour ces produits. Nous utilisons pour cela l'expérience fournie par la décision de la Chine d'interdire les importations de déchets plastiques en 2017. Après l'interdiction, on observe une forte augmentation des exportations vers d'autres pays asiatiques, mais cette réorientation semble de courte durée, contrairement à celle vers l'UE. En outre, l'évolution de la structure des exportations françaises suggère une forme de polarisation des flux de déchets plastiques entre destinations. Au vu de ces résultats, nous examinons l'impact possible de nouvelles réglementations mises en place par l'UE dont le but est de réduire considérablement les exportations européennes de déchets plastiques. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ipppap:halshs-03215707&r= |
| By: | Julien Martin (UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Isabelle Mejean (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Inés Piquard (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Benoît Schmutz (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Dans cette note nous étudions l'adaptation des exportateurs français de déchets plastiques à une baisse soudaine de la demande mondiale pour ces produits. Nous utilisons pour cela l'expérience fournie par la décision de la Chine d'interdire les importations de déchets plastiques en 2017. Après l'interdiction, on observe une forte augmentation des exportations vers d'autres pays asiatiques, mais cette réorientation semble de courte durée, contrairement à celle vers l'UE. En outre, l'évolution de la structure des exportations françaises suggère une forme de polarisation des flux de déchets plastiques entre destinations. Au vu de ces résultats, nous examinons l'impact possible de nouvelles réglementations mises en place par l'UE dont le but est de réduire considérablement les exportations européennes de déchets plastiques. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03215707&r= |