|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Hildegart Ahumada; Magdalena Cornejo |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the effect of the Amazon deforestation on global climate variables: surface temperature, carbon dioxide and methane concentrations over the last fifty years. Our results show the Amazon deforestation effect on carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere since 1990. No similar effect is found for methane concentrations. |
| Keywords: | climate change, deforestation, Amazon, gas emission |
| JEL: | Q2 C3 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4332&r=all |
| By: | François Facchini (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity is associated in the public debate with the disappearance of living species as emblematic as the white rhino or the African elephant. It was the subject of a law in 2011 and 2015 and was elevated to the rank of fight of the century1 in the same way as the climate by the Metz Charter of the G7 group in May 2019. According to the last presidential address, it would involve i) a plan against deforestation in the Amazon, ii) rules capable of reducing the use of phytosanitary products, iii) an increase in public aid to farmers who are committed to the environment (eco-subsidy) and iv) a ban on imports resulting from deforestation by 2030. The fight against deforestation would therefore require a right to interfere, public aid and therefore taxes and a ban. This article defends that the solutions are elsewhere. The solution lies in economic development and the implementation of appropriate property rights regimes. The first section explains why economic development is a necessary condition for the protection of ecosystems (natural habitat) and biodiversity (1). The second section shows the triple environmental dividend of implementing an appropriate property regime (2). The first environmental dividend of a good property regime is the advent of economic development. The second environmental dividend of good ownership is the implementation of institutional mechanisms that limit the overexploitation of natural resources (water, air, fauna, flora, landscape, etc.). The third environmental dividend of private property is the implementation of a rule of responsibility that limits pollution. |
| Abstract: | La biodiversité est associée dans le débat public à la disparition d'espèces vivantes aussi emblématique que le rhinocéros blanc ou l'éléphant d'Afrique. Elle a fait l'objet d'une loi en 2011 et 2015 et a été élevée au rang de combat du siècle1 au même titre que le climat par la Charte de Metz du groupe du G7 de mai 2019. Elle passerait selon la dernière allocution présidentielle par un plan contre la déforestation de l'Amazonie, des règles capables de réduire l'usage des produits phytosanitaires de moitié d'ici 2015 , la hausse des aides publiques aux agriculteurs qui s'engagent pour l'environnement (éco-subvention) et l'interdiction des importations issues de la déforestation d'ici 2030. La lutte contre la déforestation passerait donc par un droit d'ingérence, des aides publiques et donc l'impôt et l'interdiction. Cet article défend que les solutions sont ailleurs. La solution passe par le développement économique et la mise en œuvre de régimes de droit de propriété appropriés. La première section explique pourquoi le développement économique est une condition nécessaire de la protection des écosystèmes (habitat naturel) et de la biodiversité (1). La seconde section montre le triple dividende environnemental de la mise en œuvre d'un régime de propriété adéquat (2). Le premier dividende environnemental d'un bon régime de propriété est l'avènement du développement économique. Le second dividende environnemental d'un bon régime de propriété est la mise en œuvre de mécanismes institutionnels qui limitent la surexploitation des ressources naturelles (eau, air, faune, flore, paysage, etc.). Le troisième dividende environnemental de la propriété privée est la mise en place d'une règle de responsabilité qui limite la pollution. |
| Keywords: | biodiversité,environnement,droit de propriété,faune,flore,déforestation,pauvreté |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03195476&r= |
| By: | Frédéric Babonneau (ORDECSYS, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago]); Ahmed Badran (Qatar University); Maroua Benlahrech (Qatar University); Alain Haurie (ORDECSYS, University of Geneva [Switzerland], HEC Montréal - HEC Montréal); Maxime Schenckery (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Marc Vielle (EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an assessment of long-term climate strategies for oil and gas producing countries – in particular, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states– as regards the Paris agreement goal of limiting the increase of surface air temperature to 2°C by the end of the 21st century. The study evaluates the possible role of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies under an international emissions trading market as a way to mitigate welfare losses. To model the strategic context, one assumes that a global cumulative emissions budget will have been allocated among different coalitions of countries – the GCC being one of them – and the existence of an international emissions trading market. A meta-game model is proposed in which deployment of CDR technologies as well as supply of emission rights are strategic variables and the payoffs are obtained from simulations of a General Equilibrium model. The results of the simulations indicate that oil and gas producing countries and especially the GCC countries face a significant welfare loss risk, due to "unburnable oil" if a worldwide climate regime as recommended by the Paris agreement is put in place. The development of CDR technologies, in particular Direct Air Capture (DAC) alleviates somewhat this risk and offers these countries a new opportunity for exploiting their gas reserves and the carbon storage capacity offered by depleted oil and gas reservoirs. |
| Keywords: | GCC countries,Climate negotiations,Carbon dioxide removal,Financial compensation,Negative emissions,CDR technologies. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03191544&r= |
| By: | Josué Barrera-Santana (Universidad de La Laguna and CEDESOG.); Gustavo A. Marrero (Universidad de La Laguna and CEDESOG.); Luis A. Puch (Universidad Complutense de Madrid and ICAE.); Antonia Díaz (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate the path to the green transition in Europe. In so doing, we implement an empirical model of dynamic panel data on a sample of sixteen Western European countries over the period 1980 to 2019. The model is consistent with various features of neo- classical growth theory incorporating energy use. Our focus is on the short-run determinants of carbon emissions within that set of countries. We provide evidence that the relationship between economic activity and CO2 emissions is strong in economies where economic booms depend on energy intensive sectors. Also, the mitigating role of renewable energy technologies is key when energy intensity rebounds. These circumstances may constitute a challenge for the climate transition goals targeted in the EU’s Recovery Plan, whose main objective at this very moment is to mitigate the economic and social impact of the coronavirus pandemic. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Emissions; Energy; Business Cycles; Panel Data. |
| JEL: | C23 Q43 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:doicae:2107&r= |
| By: | Renne, Rachel; Schlaepfer, Daniel; Palmquist, Kyle; Lauenroth, William; Bradford, John |
| Abstract: | 1. Simulation models are valuable tools for estimating ecosystem structure and function under various climatic and environmental conditions and disturbance regimes, and are particularly relevant for investigating the potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems. However, because computational requirements can restrict the number of feasible simulations, they are often run at coarse scales or for representative points. These results can be difficult to use in decision-making, particularly in topographically complex regions. 2. We present methods for interpolating multivariate and time series simulation output to high resolution maps. First, we developed a method for applying k-means clustering to optimize selection of simulation sites to maximize the area represented for a given number of simulations. Then, we used multivariate matching to interpolate simulation results to high-resolution maps for the represented area. The methods rely on a user-defined set of matching variables that are assigned weights such that matched sites will be within a prescribed range for each variable. We demonstrate the methods with case studies using an individual-based plant simulation model to illustrate site selection and an ecosystem water balance simulation model for interpolation. 3. For the site-selection case study, our approach optimized the location of 200 simulation sites and accurately represented 96% of a large study area (1.12 x 106 km2) at a 30-arcsecond resolution. For the interpolation case study, we generated high-resolution (30-arcsecond) maps across 4.38 x 106 km2 of drylands in western North America from simulated sites representing a 10 x 10 km grid. Our estimates of interpolation errors using leave-one-out cross validation were low (<10% of the range of each variable). 4. Our point selection and interpolation methods provide a means of generating high-resolution maps of complex simulation output (e.g., multivariate and time-series) at scales relevant for local conservation planning and can help resolve the effects of topography that are lost in simulations at coarse scales or for representative points. These methods are flexible and allow the user to identify relevant matching criteria for an area of interest to balance quality of matching with areal coverage to enhance inference and decision-making in heterogenous terrain. |
| Date: | 2021–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:b2ux7&r= |
| By: | Khanal, Uttam; Wilson, Clevo; Rahman, Sanzidur; Lee, Boon; Hoang, Vincent |
| Abstract: | Climate change is likely to worsen poverty, and agriculture-dependent groups and poorest countries are at the greatest risk. Farmers’ have begun developing and implementing climate change adaptations. This study investigates the extent to which climate change adaptations by smallholder farmers have the potential to contribute to the UN’s sustainable development goals of no poverty (SDG 1) and zero hunger (SDG 2). To this end, the study measures the impact of such adaptations on food production using farm-level survey data from Nepal. We utilize a matching technique and stochastic production frontier model to examine the productivity and efficiency of farmers. Results reveal that the group of farmers adopting adaptations exhibit higher levels of productivity and technical efficiency in food production as compared to the non-adopters. It is evident from the results that policy makers should encourage farming households in climate change adaptations, which have the potential to enhance farmers’ productivity and efficiency in agriculture thereby contributing to two of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of eradicating hunger and poverty (SDG’s target indicators 2.3). |
| Keywords: | Adaptation; food security; production frontier; selection bias; sustainable development goals; Nepal. |
| JEL: | O13 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106917&r= |
| By: | Raffaele Doronzo (Bank of Italy); Vittorio Siracusa (Bank of Italy); Stefano Antonelli (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at providing an assessment of green bonds from the perspective of sovereign issuers. After a brief depiction of green bonds’ features, we describe the market evolution, present the EU regulatory framework and identify the main benefits and costs for sovereign issuers. We focus on the financial performance of these securities in primary and secondary markets. First, we compare the yields at issuance of sovereign green bonds with non-green bonds of the same issuer with the same maturity. Then we analyse the secondary market performance of green bonds issued by France, Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands, and we do not find, any remarkable price difference between green and conventional bonds, even after controlling for their different degree of liquidity. Nevertheless, this should not discourage Sovereigns from entering the market since the reason for issuing these securities does not simply hinge upon short-term financial convenience. Green bonds can actually help Sovereigns to mitigate environmental risks and to cope with the intergenerational trade-off in climate-related policies. |
| Keywords: | green bonds, public debt, debt management |
| JEL: | H23 H63 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wpmisp:mip_003_21&r= |
| By: | Cheng, Haitao |
| Abstract: | Consumption is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study theoretically analyzes how trade liberalization and consumption tax affect firm locations across countries and GHG emissions originating from consumption. Introducing consumption-originated emissions in a standard footloose capital model, we find several novel results that extend previous analyses of production-originated GHG emissions. First, trade liberalization has a non-monotonic effect on global emissions; that is, as trade costs decline, global emissions initially decrease and then increase. Second, consumption taxes cause carbon leakage; that is, the tax on one country reduces emissions in that country, while increasing it in the rest of the world. Third, optimal consumption taxes that maximize global welfare must be neutral about firm location decisions. In particular, even if firms are asymmetrically distributed across countries in the absence of a consumption tax, the optimal tax level must be identical across countries. |
| Keywords: | Asymmetric market sizes, Consumption pollution, Consumption tax harmonization, Footloose capital model, Trade liberalization |
| JEL: | F18 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hiasdp:hias-e-106&r= |
| By: | Clément Bonnet (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Gondia Sokhna Seck (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Emmanuel Hache (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Marine Simoën (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Samuel Carcanague (IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this article is to assess the impact of copper availability on the energy transition and to answer the question whether copper could become critical to the power and the transport sectors due to the high copper content of low-carbon technologies compared to conventional technologies. In order to assess the copper availability by 2055, we rely on our linear programming world energy-transport model, TIAM-IFPEN. We conduct two climate scenarios (2°C and 4°C) with two mobility scenarios implemented with a recycling chain. The penetration of low-carbon technologies in the transport and energy sectors (electric vehicles and low-carbon power generation technologies) tends to significantly increase copper demand by 2055. In order to investigate how the tension over copper resources can be reduced in the energy transition context, we consider several public policy drivers: a sustainable mobility and recycling practices. Results show that in the most stringent scenario, 96.1% of the copper resources known in 2010 have to be extracted. They also pinpoint the importance of China and Chile in the future copper market evolution. |
| Keywords: | Copper,Bottom-up modeling,Energy transition,Transport sector,Power sector,Recycling |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03192499&r= |
| By: | James H. Stock; Daniel N. Stuart |
| Abstract: | To reliably achieve deep decarbonization of the US power sector, a candidate policy must perform robustly across a range of possible future trajectories of demand, fossil fuel prices, and prices of new wind and solar capacity. Using a modified version of the NREL ReEDS model with scenarios that span different trajectories of demand, fuel prices, and technology costs, we find that some recently proposed policies can robustly achieve 80% decarbonization (relative to 2005 emissions) or more by 2035, but many do not. The two robustly successful policies are a tradeable performance standard (TPS) and a hybrid Clean Electricity Standard (CES) with a 100% clean target, partial crediting of gas generation, and a $40/mton CO2 alternative compliance payment (ACP) backstop. Both are nearly as cost effective as the emissions-equivalent efficient policy. A $40 carbon tax nearly achieves the robust 80% threshold and, in most scenarios, drives deep decarbonization. A 90% CES (without partial crediting) fails to achieve robust 2035 decarbonization because it need not drive coal out of the system. Simply extending renewable energy tax credits, which are set to expire, does not drive significant decarbonization in most scenarios, nor does relying on increased ambition in green-leaning states. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28677&r=all |
| By: | Rösemann, Claus; Haenel, Hans-Dieter; Vos, Cora; Dämmgen, Ulrich; Döring, Ulrike; Wulf, Sebastian; Eurich-Menden, Brigitte; Freibauer, Annette; Döhler, Helmut; Schreiner, Carsten; Osterburg, Bernhard; Fuß, Roland |
| Abstract: | The report at hand (including a comprehensive annex of data) serves as additional document to the National Inventory Report (NIR) on the German green house gas emissions and the Informative Inventory Report (IIR) on the German emissions of air pollutants (especially ammonia). The report documents the calculation methods used in the German agricultural inventory model Py-GAS-EM as well as input data, emission results and uncertainties of the emission reporting submission 2021 for the years 1990 - 2019. In this context the sector Agriculture comprises the emissions from animal husbandry, the use of agricultural soils and anaerobic digestion of energy crops. As required by the guidelines, emissions from activities preceding agriculture, from the use of energy and from land use change are reported elsewhere in the national inventories. The calculation methods are based in principle on the international guidelines for emission reporting and have been continuingly improved during the past years by the Thünen Institute working group on agricultural emission inventories, partly in cooperation with KTBL. In particular, these improvements concern the calculation of energy requirements, feeding and the N balance of the most important animal categories. In addition, technical measures such as air scrubbing (mitigation of ammonia emissions) and digestion of animal manures (mitigation of emissions of methane and laughing gas) have been taken into account. For the calculation of emissions from anaerobic digestion of animal manures and energy crops (including spreading of the digestate), the aforementioned working group developed, in cooperation with KTBL, a national methodology. [...] |
| Keywords: | Emission inventory,agriculture,livestock husbandry,agricultural soils,anaerobic digestion,energy crops,renewable primary products,greenhouse gases,air pollutants,methane,laughing gas,ammonia,particulate matter,Emissionsinventar,Landwirtschaft,Tierhaltung,landwirtschaftliche Böden,anaerobe Vergärung,Energiepflanzen,nachwachsende Rohstoffe,Treibhausgase,Luftschadstoffe,Methan,Lachgas,Ammoniak,luftgetragene Partikel,Staub |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:84&r= |
| By: | Jaqueline Oliveira; Bruno Palialol, Paula Pereda |
| Abstract: | The relationship between temperature and agriculture outcomes in Brazil has been widely explored, overlooking that most of the country's labor force is employed in nonagriculture sectors. We use monthly individual-level panel data spanning January 2015 to December 2016 to ask whether temperature shocks impact non-agriculture wages in formal labor markets. Our results show that a 1oC shock increases wages where climate are colder, but reduces wages where climate are hotter. We calculate that wages fall 0.42% on average, an income loss equivalent to 0.06% of GDP annually. Assuming future temperatures rise uniformly by 2oC, and that no adaptation occurs, we expect annual income losses five times larger. The heterogeneous effects we find also suggest that weather vulnerability may deepen existing income inequalities. |
| Keywords: | temperature shocks; labor productivity; nominal wage exibility; non-agriculture sector; formal labor markets |
| JEL: | C23 J24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2021wpecon13&r=all |
| By: | Ramón E. López; Roberto Pastén; Pablo Gutiérrez C. |
| Abstract: | We explore the effects of economic uncertainty on environmental pollution. We show conditions under which an increase of economic uncertainty raises pollution. The results depend on the consumers’ level of risk aversion and prudence behavior, as well as on the elasticity of substitution between pollution and conventional inputs. Under several widely used specifications for preferences and production technologies, we show that, given available empirical evidence about the parameters characterizing these specifications, a damning vicious cycle between increasing economic uncertainty and pollution is likely to occur. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp500&r= |
| By: | Hafni, Nur |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters are one of the impacts on environmental dynamics, both natural and as a result of human behavior. The Destana (Disaster Resilient Village) policy is one of the programs created by BNPB (National Disaster Management Agency) and implemented by BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Agency) as one of the government's efforts in dealing with disaster problems. The purpose of the study is to describe how Destana plays an optimal role in increasing community preparedness in dealing with floods. Using a qualitative approach, this study conducted observations on 11 Destana in Bojonegoro, conducted interviews with BPBD and each Destana coordinator and documented the activities Destana had carried out to improve community preparedness. The first finding in the implementation of Destana is a medium for the community together with stakeholders in disaster management to carry out activities related to increasing community knowledge about flood preparedness. The second result is that through Destana the community becomes more aware of its environment and has a responsibility to protect itself. Finally, there is a pattern of optimizing the use of rural resources to be used in every Destana activity. The three results indicate that Destana has been used and is running optimally in an effort to increase community preparedness in facing flood disasters. Optimizing the use of Destana in this study shows that the community plays an active role by utilizing their local knowledge and resources. In addition, the government remains the main actor in implementing disaster preparedness policies. |
| Date: | 2021–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9gfwh&r=all |
| By: | Ale-Chilet, Jorge; Chen, Cuicui; Li, Jing; Reynaert, Mathias |
| Abstract: | We study collusion among rms in response to imperfectly monitored environmental regulation. Firms improve market prots by shading pollution and evade noncompliance penalties by shading jointly. We quantify the welfare eects of alleged collusion among three German automakers to reduce the size of diesel exhaust uid (DEF) tanks, an emission control technology used to comply with air pollution standards. We develop a structural model of the European automobile industry (2007-2018), where smaller DEF tanks create more pollution damages, but improve buyer and producer surplus by freeing up valuable trunk space and reducing production costs. We nd that choosing small DEF tanks jointly reduced the automakers' expected noncompliance penalties by at least 560 million euros. Antitrust and noncompliance penalties would reach between 1.46 and 14.63 billion euros to remedy the welfare damages of the alleged collusion. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:125488&r= |
| By: | Manoel Benedito Nirdo da Silva Campos |
| Abstract: | The Municipality of Rondon\'opolis possesses several touristic attractions such as a great diversity of waterfalls and little beaches located in the surroundings of the urban area, which attract tourists from various locations. Aiming to understand how ecotourism can contribute to the conservation of water resources in the leisure areas, as well as their potential development of touristic activities in those places. The procedures included the use of various techniques subsidized in remote sensing and geoprocessing tools that allowed the analysis and spatial distribution of tourism activities of the main leisure areas. The spatial distribution of the waterfalls and its surroundings, we observe the biophysical characters such as: the endemic vegetation, the cachoeiras, the waterfalls, the rocky outcrops, rivers, little beaches and espraiados. The results showed a correct perception of respondents on existing inter-relationships between ecotourism practices and the sustainable use of water resources. In conclusion though, a long way must be performed in order to prevent the economic benefits of ecotourism generate an inappropriate exploitation of natural resources, causing environmental problems, particularly to water resources in the surroundings. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.08144&r= |
| By: | Katsumasa Tanaka; Christian Azar; Olivier Boucher; Philippe Ciais; Yann Gaucher; John Hassler; Daniel J. A. Johansson |
| Abstract: | Andrijevic et al. (Policy Forum, 16 October 2020, p.298) claim that "low-carbon investments to put the world on an ambitious track toward net zero carbon dioxide emissions by mid-century are dwarfed by currently announced COVID-19 stimulus funds." We argue that this short-sighted and public investment-led view misrepresents the grand challenges that climate change entails. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.08342&r= |
| By: | William Happi Tientcheu (Université de Dschang); Clautaire Ekengoue (Université de Dschang); Rodrigue Lele; Duluora Oluchukwu (UNIZIK - Nnandi Azikiwe University); Benoit Messanga; Armand Dongmo; Clautaire Mwebi Ekengoue (Université de Dschang) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the impacts of Nkol'Ossananga sand harvesting on social live and local economy based on field investigations and data analysis. Laboratory analysis of sand samples from the site has shown that the cleanliness of the Nkol'Ossananga sand nears 100%. This means that Nkol'Ossananga sand is pure and clean, most appropriate for house constructions and building engineering. The activity produces incomes to all actors of the chain value and government. Incomes generated are used by artisans to build their houses, buy some electronic devices, and take care of their families or to capitalize in their business investigation. In spite of the positive impacts presumed, Nkol'Ossananga sand harvesting also stands as the origin of many negative impacts including cultural brewing, delinquency, precocious abandon of studies and abandon of agriculture. The exploitation is done with rudimentary tools and poor technics thereby exposing artisans to several risks and illnesses. For sustainable exploitation, a mechanized operation has to be implemented. This kind of exploitation is the one that will improve the working conditions, increase production and incomes of workers as similar as that of government, and also reduces negative environmental impacts. Key words: Nkol'Ossananga sand, rudimentary tools and poor technics, incomes, negative impacts, sustainable exploitation, mechanized operation. |
| Date: | 2021–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03195004&r= |
| By: | Chiu, Sam |
| Abstract: | California has long been a global leader in clean energy and climate policy, and it has demonstrated how industrial economies can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while supporting strong economic growth and promoting equitable and just outcomes. In September 2018, Executive Order B-55-18 set a target for the state to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The University of California Institute of Transportation Studies (UC ITS) produced the first comprehensive research report analyzing the policy options that could put California’s transportation sector on a path to be carbon-neutral by 2045 while also centering equity, health, and workforce impacts. The report, summarized in this brief, presents a study conducted by 23 researchers from the four branches of the UC ITS located at UC Berkeley, UC Irvine, UC Davis, and UCLA. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8934k2ps&r= |
| By: | Kustova, Irina; Egenhofer, Christian; Núñez Ferrer, Jorge; Popov, Julian |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 crisis has laid bare the vulnerability of coal regions. Economic recovery and associated funding, as well as the need for new low-carbon solutions, offers a unique opportunity to address the transition of coal regions. The combination of worsening economics of coal and the increasingly universal move towards carbon neutrality makes redeveloping coal regions a priority. The EU is home to a large number of successful coal region transitions, many of which are ongoing. In one way or another, long-term environmental, sustainable and low-carbon technologies and business solutions are becoming a central element of the transition. Special Economic Zones (SEZ) are geographically limited areas where companies’ operations are governed by specific rules on taxation, public funding for infrastructure, simplified planning procedures, the provision of specialised business services and attractive living and working conditions. They can play a decisive role in accelerating the economic development of regions affected by economic decline or stagnation. Effective planning and programming, good governance and the engagement of local stakeholders and the local economy are preconditions for attracting long-term sustainable private investment. Getting governance right has proved to be one of the key determinants of successful transition. Public funding will also be required, but only as one of the enabling tools, for example to build infrastructure, clean up sites for training and retraining and, more generally, to ease the transition.The EU Recovery and Resilience Facility together with EU budgetary sources, based on the Territorial Just Transition Plans for example, will be able to provide sufficient public money to catalyse private investment where regional plans are sufficiently developed. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:32801&r= |
| By: | Barrett, Christopher B.; Ortiz-Bobea, Ariel; Phan, Trinh |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the feedbacks between structural transformation and agriculture, on the one hand, and climate and the natural environment, on the other. The longstanding, dominant economic development narrative largely ignores nature’s influence on factor productivity and stocks, even as it increasingly illustrates how agricultural technological change and economic growth affect nature. We articulate some of the missing linkages and pose a range of policy research questions worth exploration concerning structural transformation and the complex feedback among agriculture, nature, and economic growth processes, especially in the low-income agrarian nations of the Global South. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cuaepw:309951&r= |
| By: | Wolok, Eduart; Yapanto, Lis M (Universitas Negeri Gorontalo); Olii, Abdul Hafidz; Tanipu, Funco |
| Abstract: | The participatory prospective analysis aims to determine critical variables in the development of the sustainable fishing industry according to the blue economy concept—a further study in management policy. The fishery management in Fish Landing Ports and Fish Halls has not applied the blue economy approach yet, thus its waste utilization. The participatory prospective analysis approach in determining the management policy by organizing consignment by relevant stakeholders such as Department of Marine and Fisheries of Gorontalo Province, Department of Marine and Fisheries of Gorontalo City, Chief Operating of PPI Tenda Gorontalo City, Fishery industry, fishermen of Gorontalo City and TPI(Fish auction) Gorontalo City. The is symbolizes four main variables of policymaking: environmentally friendly, cooperation in togetherness, industrial increase, and zero waste participatory, prospective analysis, skipjack, blue economy, tuna fisheries industry, fisheries waste, tuna mackerel. |
| Date: | 2021–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tqnzx&r= |
| By: | Sarracino, Francesco; O’Connor, Kelsey J. |
| Abstract: | A series of crises, culminating with COVID-19, shows that going "Beyond GDP" is urgently necessary. Social and environmental degradation are consequences of emphasizing GDP as a measure of progress. This degradation created the conditions for the COVID-19 pandemic and limited the efficacy of counter-measures. Additionally, rich countries did not fare the pandemic much better than poor ones. COVID-19 thrived on inequalities and a lack of cooperation. In this article we leverage on defensive growth models to explain the complex relationships between these factors, and we put forward the idea of neohumanism, a cultural movement grounded on evidence from quality-of-life studies. The movement proposes a new culture leading towards a socially and environmentally sustainable future. Specifically, neo-humanism suggests that prioritizing well-being by, for instance, promoting social relations, would benefit the environment, enable collective action to address public issues, which in turn positively affects productivity and health, among other behavioral outcomes, and thereby instills a virtuous cycle. Arguably, such a society would have been better endowed to cope with COVID-19, and possibly even prevented the pandemic. Neo-humanism proposes a world in which the well-being of people comes before the wellbeing of markets, in which promoting cooperation and social relations represents the starting point for better lives, and a peaceful and respectful coexistence with other species on Earth. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19,neo-humanism,subjective well-being,economic growth,sustainability,social capital,beyond GDP,quality of life,defensive growth,environmental degradation |
| JEL: | I31 I10 P00 O10 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:825&r= |
| By: | Zabrocki, Léo (Paris School of Economics - EHESS); Leroutier, Marion; Bind, Marie-Abèle |
| Abstract: | Local environmental organizations and media have recently expressed concerns over air pollution induced by maritime traffic and its potential adverse health effects on the population of Mediterranean port cities. We explore this issue with unique high-frequency data from Marseille, France’s largest port for cruise ships, over the 2008- 2018 period. Using a new pair-matching algorithm designed for time series data, we create hypothetical randomized experiments and estimate the variation in air pollutant concentrations caused by a short-term increase in cruise vessel traffic. We carry out a randomization-based approach to compute 95% Fisherian intervals (FI) for constant treatment effects consistent with the matched data and the hypothetical intervention. At the hourly level, cruise vessels’ arrivals increase concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by 4.7 μg/m³ (95% FI: [1.4, 8.0]), of sulfur dioxide (SO2) by 1.2 μg/m³ (95% FI: [-0.1, 2.5]), and of particulate matter (PM10) by 4.6 μg/m³ (95% FI: [0.9, 8.3]). At the daily level, cruise traffic increases concentrations of NO2 by 1.2 μg/m³ (95% FI: [-0.5, 3.0]) and of PM10 by 1.3 μg/m³ (95% FI: [-0.3, 3.0]). Our results suggest that well-designed hypothetical randomized experiments provide a principled approach to better understand the negative externalities of maritime traffic. |
| Date: | 2021–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:v7ctk&r= |
| By: | Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta (Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Naples L’Orientale, Naples, Italy); Stefano Ghinoi (Department of International Business and Economics, University of Greenwich, London, UK); Matteo Masotti (Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy); Francesco Silvestri (Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the evolution over time of the economics literature devoted to climate change. The analysis is based on 1974-2021 data extracted from the Scopus database and focuses on the publication outlets included in the first quartile of the “Economics, Econometric, and Finance†SCImago Ranking. We inspect the size and the impact of this economics literature, the geographical pattern of its production, and we provide a content analysis based on the keywords associated with the documents analysed. This study provides a detailed overview of the (still limited) interest that economists demonstrate for climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change, economic research, bibliometric analysis |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0321&r=all |
| By: | Dong, Hao; Dacre, Nicholas; Bailey, Adrian |
| Abstract: | Complex agriculture projects directly affect the welfare of over half the world’s population, are a key Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), and account for the single most extensive human activity across 40% of the world’s surface. Furthermore, they are highly susceptible to environmental, social, and economic pressures such as climate change, cyclical pandemics, market disruptions, and diminishing arable land. These issues are also becoming increasingly vital in dint of the fact that population growth is placing increasing pressure on sustainable priorities. However, a recent scientometric review indicates a significant paucity in the extant literature on agriculture projects, with a pressing need for further research to examine sustainable project management practices from an institutional perspective. This research, therefore, aims to respond to this gap in the literature by drawing on Institutional Theory through a multi-case study of Agriculture Co-operative Institutions (ACIs). These are often viewed as valuable vehicles to deliver agricultural projects which can benefit communities, especially in emerging markets. Initial findings from two rounds of fieldwork as well as an extensive literature review suggest that ACIs as value-based organisations embedded within institutional contexts help stimulate elements of agility in project management processes, to deliver sustainable outcomes for their members and external stakeholders. Agile ACI project managers can also stimulate innovative outcomes across broader sustainable agriculture projects. It is the aim of this research also to undertake a larger cross-country comparison with international research cases. Therefore, this study will aim to not only contribute to critical project management discourse and knowledge but also to uncover agile project management practices for future pressing policy development and implementation to help foster greater sustainable agriculture project processes. |
| Date: | 2021–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:v4je2&r= |
| By: | Felber Arroyave; Oscar Yandy Romero Goyeneche; Meredith Gore; Gaston Heimeriks; Jeffrey Jenkins; Alexander Petersen |
| Abstract: | We develop a quantitative framework for understanding the class of wicked problems that emerge at the intersections of natural, social, and technological complex systems. Wicked problems reflect our incomplete understanding of interdependent global systems and the hyper-risk they pose; such problems escape solutions because they are often ill-defined and thus mis-identified and under-appreciated by problem-solvers and the communities they constitute. Because cross-boundary problems can be dissected from various viewpoints, such diversity can nevertheless contribute confusion to the collective understanding of the problem. We illustrate this paradox by analyzing the development of both topical and scholarly communities within three wicked domains: deforestation, invasive species, and wildlife trade research. Informed by comprehensive bibliometric analysis of both topical and collaboration communities emerging within and around each domain, we identify symptomatic characteristics of wicked uncertainty based upon quantitative assessment of consolidation or diversification of knowledge trajectories representing each domain. We argue that such knowledge trajectories are indicative of the underlying uncertainties of each research domain, which tend to exacerbate the wickedness of the problem itself. Notably, our results indicate that wildlife trade may become a neglected wicked problem due to high uncertainty, research paucity, and delayed knowledge consolidation. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.10279&r= |
| By: | Roberto Pasten; Eugenio Figueroa; Daniela Muñoz; Cristian Colther |
| Abstract: | Using a structural equation model, this paper studies the unexplored relationship between climate change and child marriage. Based on a sample of 180 countries and using a variety of economic, climatic, and cultural variables, our results suggest that climate change indeed has indirect as well as direct effects on child marriage. We state that, following an indirect channel, climate change affects child marriage through climate vulnerability, which acts mainly via income reductions, which strengthen the main drivers of child marriage: gender discrimination and extreme poverty. We also conclude that of the two main drivers, gender discrimination is relatively more important than extreme poverty. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp508&r= |
| By: | Nicolas Clootens (AMSE, Ecole Centrale Marseille); Francesco Magris (DEAMS, University of Trieste) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a public debt stabilization constraint in an overlapping generation model in which non-renewable resources constitute a necessary input in the production function and belong to agents. It shows that stabilization of public debt at high level (as share of capital) may prevent the existence of a sustainable development path. Public debt thus appears as a threat to sustainable development. It also shows that higher public debt-to-capital ratios (and public expenditures-to-capital ones) are associated with lower growth. Two transmission channels are identified. As usual, public debt crowds out capital accumulation. In addition, public debt tends to increase resource use which reduces the rate of growth. We also analyze the dynamics and we show that the economy is characterized by saddle path stability. Finally, we show that the public debt-to-capital ratio may be calibrated to implement the social planner optimal allocation. |
| Keywords: | Non-renewable Resources, Growth, Public Finances, Overlapping Generations, |
| JEL: | Q32 Q38 H63 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.06&r= |
| By: | Brown, Austin L.; Sperling, Daniel; Austin, Bernadette; DeShazo, JR; Fulton, Lew; Lipman, Timmothy; Murphy, Colin; Saphores, Jean Daniel; Tal, Gil |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this report is to provide a research-driven analysis of options that can put California on a pathway to achieve carbon-neutral transportation by 2045. The report comprises thirteen sections. Section 1 provides an overview of the major components of transportation systems and how those components interact. Section 2 discusses the impacts the COVID-19 pandemic has had on transportation. Section 3 discusses California’s current transportation-policy landscape. These three sections were previously published as a synthesis report. Section 4 analyzes the different carbon scenarios, focusing on “business as usual” (BAU) and Low Carbon (LC1). Section 5 provides an overview of key policy mechanisms to utilize in decarbonizing transportation. Section 6 is an analysis of the light-duty vehicle sector, section 7 is the medium- and heavy-duty vehicle sectors, section 8 is reducing and electrifying vehicle miles traveled, and section 9 is an analysis of transportation fuels and their lifecycle. The following sections are an analysis of external costs and benefits: section 10 analyzes the health impacts of decarbonizing transportation, section 11 analyzes equity and environmental justice, and section 12 analyzes workforce and labor impacts. Finally, future research needs are provided in section 13. The study overall finds that cost-effective pathways to carbon-neutral transportation in California exist, but that they will require significant acceleration in a wide variety of policies. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Greenhouse gases, carbon emissions, decarbonization, transportationpolicy, environmental policy, policy analysis, trucks, vehicle miles of travel, social equity, environmental justice, alternate fuels, labor force |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3np3p2t0&r= |
| By: | Cédric Gossart (LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne) |
| Abstract: | This project proposes an action research (Bradbury 2015) to identify the digital practices of French associations of education for the environment and sustainable development (EESD). Digital technology can be a powerful educational tool, but what about raising awareness of the major challenges facing humanity? Uncovering these practices involves identifying their three components: the technologies used (materials), the skills required to do so, and the symbolic representations associated with digital technologies by French EESD associations (the meaning given to it by their users). EESD associations often lack resources to carry out their missions, and digital technologies can be a crucial lever to enable them to succeed, especially since the vast majority of actors in France are relatively well equipped with digital technologies. While some studies have provided a quick overview of the use of digital technologies by French associations (Eynaud 2010), it is not the case for EESD associations. Moreover, the concept of practices that we propose to use has never been mobilised to do so. After a presentation of the conceptual framework and methodology, this report presents the results of the project, starting with a description of digital technologies used in the day-to-day management of these associations. It then presents the different digital practices mobilised in their EESD actions. |
| Abstract: | Ce projet propose une recherche-action (Bradbury 2015) vise à identifier les pratiques numériques des associations françaises d'éducation à l'environnement et au développement durable (EEDD). Le numérique peut être un puissant levier éducatif, mais qu'en est-il en matière de sensibilisation aux grand défis de l'humanité ? Mettre à jour ces pratiques implique d'identifier leurs trois composantes : les technologies utilisées (matériels), les compétences nécessaires pour ce faire, et les représentations symboliques associées au numérique par les associations françaises d'EEDD (le sens qu'y placent leurs usagers). Les associations d'EEDD manquent souvent de ressources pour mener à bien leurs missions, et le numérique peut être un levier crucial pour leur permettre de les réussir, cela d'autant plus qu'en France l'immense majorité des acteurs est relativement bien équipé en technologies numériques. Si certaines études font un rapide état des lieux de l'usage du numérique par les associations françaises (Eynaud 2010), ça n'est pas le cas pour les associations d'EEDD. En outre, le concept de pratiques que nous proposons d'utiliser n'a jamais été mobilisé pour le faire. Après une présentation du cadre conceptuel et de la méthodologie, ce rapport présente les résultats du projet, en commençant par une description des technologies numériques utilisées pour la gestion quotidienne des associations. Il présente ensuite les différentes pratiques numériques mobilisées dans les actions d'EEDD. |
| Keywords: | associations,education for the environment and sustainable development,digital technologies,practices,numérique,éducation à l'environnement et au développement durable,pratiques |
| Date: | 2021–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03189184&r= |
| By: | Mutl, Jan; Seyler, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | Purpose – Building performance does not only depend on its efficiency but also on the behaviors of its occupants. Occupant behaviors can more than offset technological efficiency gains so that corporate real estate (CRE) managers have to go beyond sustainable buildings. CRE managers need to understand occupants in order to effectively reduce the environmental impact their building portfolio. This study investigates the effects of environmental attitudes and mindfulness on occupant behaviors at home and at the office. Thereby, we address numerous calls for research regarding the drivers of more environmental real estate user behaviors (EREUB). Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ partial least squares structural equation modeling based on self-report data obtained for a representative German sample. Findings – The results show that environmental attitudes as well as mindfulness have both positive effects on occupant behaviors. However, the effects tend to be weaker in the office context. Research limitations/implications – This study relies on self-reports as indicator of actual behaviors. Besides, the findings are limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data. Practical implications – Environmental education as well as mindfulness training may be an effective way to promote more environmental occupant behaviors and help CRE managers to further reduce the environmental impact of their building portfolio. Originality/value – The paper contributes to prior research about the antecedents of environmental behaviors and provides evidence for the positive impact of environmental attitudes and mindfulness on occupant behaviors. We provide a new approach for CRE managers, which may improve occupant behaviors. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Environmental Behavior, Occupant Behavior, Structural Equation Modeling, Mindfulness, Conservation Behavior |
| JEL: | M14 Q56 R33 |
| Date: | 2019–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107062&r=all |
| By: | Liesebach, Mirko; Wolf, Heino; Beez, Juliane; Degen, Bernd; Erley, Marius; Haverkamp, Michaela; Janßen, Alwin; Kätzel, Ralf; Kahlert, Karina; Kleinschmit, Jörg R. G.; Paul, Matthias; Voth, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | Die Waldbaureferenten des Bundes und der Länder erteilten im Oktober 2019 der Bund-Länder-Arbeitsgruppe 'Forstliche Genressourcen und Forstsaatgutrecht' BLAG-FGR zwei Arbeitsaufträge: (1) Einteilung der für Deutschland relevanten Baumarten und Identifizierung von Arten im Klimawandel sowie (2) Erarbeitung eines länderübergreifenden Konzepts zur Anlage von Vergleichsanbauten (Herkunftsversuche) für alternative Baumarten im Klimawandel. An Hand von Expertenwissen, Veröffentlichungen, grauer Literatur, Konzepte, Erfahrungswissen und Versuchsergebnissen wurden 101 Baumarten identifiziert, von denen neun als zukunftsfähig erachtet werden. Es sind die Baumarten Hainbuche (Carpinus betulus), Winter-Linde (Tilia cordata), Spitz-Ahorn (Acer platanoides), Flaum-Eiche (Quercus pubescens), Nordmanns-Tanne (Abies nordmanniana), Orient-Buche (Fagus orientalis), Atlas-Zeder (Cedrus atlantica) sowie Elsbeere (Sorbus torminalis) und Baum-Hasel (Corylus colurna), die vorrangig für die länderübergreifende Identifizierung von zukunftsfähigen Baumarten in den Aktivitäten des Bundes und der Länder zur Anpassung der Wälder an den Klimawandel berücksichtigt werden sollten. Für die neun Baumarten wurde ein länderübergreifendes Konzept zur Anlage von Vergleichsanbauten (Herkunftsversuchen) erarbeitet und Handlungs- sowie Forschungsbedarf sowie Risiken bei der Umsetzung aufgezeigt. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel,Zukunftsbaumarten,Herkunftsversuch,BLAG-FGR,climate change,alternative tree species,provenance experiment |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:172&r= |
| By: | Wang, Shengyun; Zhang, Jingjing; Chu, Meifen; Li, Jing |
| Abstract: | The focus of this paper is three-fold. First, it recalculates the HDI and EFI, use the ratio of HDI and EF to build the EWP, then evaluate and analyze the EWP of China's provinces. Second, it develops a unique ecological well-being performance (EWP) model, which is divided into two driving effects: the well-being effect of economic growth and the ecological efficiency of economic growth. Third, using the Human Development Index (HDI), it measures the well-being effect and ecological efficiency of economic growth in 31 Chinese provinces. Based on the EWP results, it divides the Chinese provinces into five types from economic leading and upgrading to overall descending. The research results show that China's HDI has greatly improved from 2006 to 2016, displaying a trend of "Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai take the lead in upgrading, and then the uprising trend expands from east to west". However, during the same period from 2006 to 2016, the growth rate of China's people’s well-being was significantly lower than that of per capita ecological footprint (EF), and the overall EWP declined. China's growth in people’s well-being is decoupled from economic growth, which indicates that China’s rapid economic growth was not followed by a similar progress in China’s people’s well-being. The above results suggest that China's total factor productivity (TFP) and green total factor productivity (GTFP) were improving but in different degrees during the above period. Other results show that, the carbon footprint has always been the largest component of China's EF, and the GTFP has always been lower than the TFP. According to the technology progress index and scale efficiency driving of change index, China’s provinces mainly focus on provincial TFP rather than GTFP. This paper suggests that the different types of provinces should adopt different strategies to improve their EWP in order to promote high-quality economic development. |
| Keywords: | Ecological Well-being Performance (EWP), Human Development Index (HDI), Ecological Footprint (EF), Green Total Factor Productivity (GTFP), Driving Effect |
| JEL: | Q57 |
| Date: | 2021–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107107&r=all |
| By: | Maxime Schenckery (IFP School, IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Jacques Millery (IFP School) |
| Abstract: | La chute du prix du pétrole observée durant la crise de la COVID 19 ne sera pas nécessairement un frein à la transition écologique. En effet, un certain nombre de mécanismes de soutien à l'économie restent plus que jamais pertinents, y compris en cas de cours bas des énergies carbonées. Aussi, à un moment où l'Etat se doit de penser à la manière dont il devra intervenir afin de remettre sur pied le fonctionnement de l'économie, il apparaît intéressant d'utiliser ces mécanismes, et tout particulièrement celui des certificats, pour combiner aide à la remise en marche de l'économie et la priorisation d'un des sujets stratégiques structurants pour notre société, à savoir la transition énergétique et écologique. Afin d'illustrer la manière de marier à travers ces mécanismes aide à relance et support à la transition écologique, nous nous sommes tout particulièrement intéressés à deux sujets clés, aux impacts énergétique et économique forts : o l'isolation et le chauffage des bâtiments, avec des effets économiques et écologiques significatifs activables à court terme o la production décarbonée d'hydrogène et son utilisation dans les filières industrielles, à travers des actions structurantes à plus long terme Pour ces sujets, les certificats permettront une approche pragmatique, jouant avec toutes les énergies utilisables, afin de construire des parcours de transition dont les marches ne sont pas « trop hautes à chaque étape ». Ainsi, pour les travaux d'isolation des bâtiments, et pour le remplacement des chaudières gaz et fioul d'anciennes générations, dont le bien-fondé s'avère non discutable pour la communauté, l'examen des mesures prises ces dernières années permet de préconiser une approche continuant à s'appuyer sur les certificats d' économie d'énergie, avec des mesures pouvant fortement aider à la reprise à court terme, en limitant au maximum les « obstacles non financiers » identifiés au cours de ces dernières années, et en positionnant au bon niveau les mesures financières. De telles mesures visent à non seulement continuer à favoriser les dynamiques actuelles, mais aussi à identifier de nouveaux « gisements » de manière pragmatique, en « dopant » par exemple les aides à l'isolation par l'extérieur, et en complétant la mise en place de pompes à chaleurs par la promotion de chaudières à haut rendement de tous types. De la même manière, une utilisation intelligente de mécaniques de certificats pourra permettre de canaliser une partie des efforts de reprise économique sur la mise en place des premières étapes « réalistes » qui pourront amener à la production décarbonée d'hydrogène et son utilisation dans les filières industrielles. En s'inspirant de la stratégie de mise en œuvre d'un cluster hydrogène dans la zone d'activité industrielle du port de Rotterdam, on peut en effet par ces mécaniques mettre en place un chemin dont les étapes seront accessibles, en passant progressivement d'un hydrogène « gris » à un hydrogène « bleu » puis un hydrogène « vert ». Une utilisation innovante du système des certificats pourrait ainsi permettre de commencer la mise en place d'un ou plusieurs clusters similaires en France, mise en place qui contribuera non seulement à la reprise économique, mais aussi à notre capacité à accumuler de l'expérience de terrain pour la mise au point future de systèmes hydrogène plus ambitieux |
| Keywords: | transition énergétique,relance economique,société |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03193277&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Early 2021, Vietnam's Ministry of Industry and Trade released for public discussion the draft Power Development Plan VIII describing how the country will produce its electricity for the next ten years. Focused on developing gas-fired power, the draft reuses a renewable energy development strategy elaborated six years ago. That strategy was ambitious then but is now outdated by an ongoing solar and wind boom. Obsolete before publication, the draft fails to plan the ongoing energy transition which is all about PV, wind, storage, transport electrification, and increasing climate policy goals. To remain relevant in the energy transition era, quinquennial planning has to become more agile. |
| Keywords: | Planning,Energy Transition,Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03197064&r= |
| By: | Faruq-Uz-Zaman, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh has achieved a tremendous success in food production in last few decades amidst challenges of land degradation, land use changes and climate effect. In spite of the increasing trend of yields of crops, there still remain some challenges to meet the growing needs due to increase in population and loss of land to development activities. This study aims to identify the rate of contributions or economics of factors of crop production in Bangladesh. Cobb-Douglas production function has been applied in this study of crop production using a number of production factors within the broad terms land, labour and capital. Secondary data, representing factors of production, have been selected based on literature reviews so that they can be appropriate for this study. Data of crop production have been considered as dependent variables, whereas, land area coverage for agricultural production, labour employed in agriculture, agricultural household expenditure, fertilizer applied and irrigation coverage have been considered as independent variables. Land and labour is negatively correlated with crop production, whereas, fertilizer is positively correlated. Crop production which shows decreasing return to scale deserves the adoption of new technology and good agricultural management practices. |
| Date: | 2021–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kxaym&r= |
| By: | Georgii Riabov; Aleh Tsyvinski |
| Abstract: | The paper develops a general methodology for analyzing policies with path-dependency (hysteresis) in stochastic models with forward looking optimizing agents. Our main application is a macro-climate model with a path-dependent climate externality. We derive in closed form the dynamics of the optimal Pigouvian tax, that is, its drift and diffusion coefficients. The dynamics of the present marginal damages is given by the recently developed functional It\^o formula. The dynamics of the conditional expectation process of the future marginal damages is given by a new total derivative formula that we prove. The total derivative formula represents the evolution of the conditional expectation process as a sum of the expected dynamics of hysteresis with respect to time, a form of a time derivative, and the expected dynamics of hysteresis with the shocks to the trajectory of the stochastic process, a form of a stochastic derivative. We then generalize the results. First, we propose a general class of hysteresis functionals that permits significant tractability. Second, we characterize in closed form the dynamics of the stochastic hysteresis elasticity that represents the change in the whole optimal policy process with an introduction of small hysteresis effects. Third, we determine the optimal policy process. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.10225&r= |
| By: | Francis Declerck (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Jean-Pierre Indjehagopian (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Frédéric Lantz (IFP School, IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at explaining the major drivers of biodiesel market prices by examining agricultural resource prices and gasoil prices for automotive fuels in the context of the EU environmental policy. The EU policy has enhanced biodiesel production since 2006. Biodiesel prices are impacted by the EU policy as well as rapeseed and oil prices which have fluctuated a lot over the last decade. An econometric analysis was performed using monthly data from November 2006 to January 2016. However, tests for structural breaks show several changes in price behavior. This leads us to estimate a regime-switching model which reveals two main regimes for the biodiesel price pattern. When oil prices are high, biodiesel, rapeseed and diesel oil prices are related, mainly driven by oil prices. When oil prices are low, biodiesel prices are mostly related to rapeseed prices according to EU regulations requiring the of biodiesel and gasoil. |
| Keywords: | structural changes,oil market,biofuel,switching regime model |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03193880&r= |
| By: | Yatang Lin; Thomas K.J. McDermott; Guy Michaels |
| Abstract: | Construction on low elevation coastal zones is risky for both residents and taxpayers who bail them out, especially when sea levels are rising. We study this construction using spatially disaggregated data on the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. We document nine stylized facts, including a sizeable rise in the share of coastal housing built on flood-prone land from 1990-2010, which concentrated particularly in densely populated areas. To explain our findings, we develop a model of a monocentric coastal city, which we then use to explore the consequences of sea level rise and government policies. |
| Keywords: | cities, climate change, sea level rise |
| JEL: | R11 Q54 R14 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8997&r= |
| By: | Lin, Yatang (Hong Kong University of Science & Technology); McDermott, Thomas K. J. (London School of Economics); Michaels, Guy (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Construction on low elevation coastal zones is risky for both residents and taxpayers who bail them out, especially when sea levels are rising. We study this construction using spatially disaggregated data on the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. We document nine stylized facts, including a sizeable rise in the share of coastal housing built on flood-prone land from 1990-2010, which concentrated particularly in densely populated areas. To explain our findings, we develop a model of a monocentric coastal city, which we then use to explore the consequences of sea level rise and government policies. |
| Keywords: | cities, climate change, sea level rise |
| JEL: | R11 Q54 R14 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14243&r=all |
| By: | Yatang Lin; Thomas K.J. McDermott; Guy Michaels |
| Abstract: | Construction on low elevation coastal zones is risky for both residents and taxpayers who bail them out, especially when sea levels are rising. We study this construction using spatially disaggregated data on the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. We document nine stylized facts, including a sizeable rise in the share of coastal housing built on flood-prone land from 1990-2010, which concentrated particularly in densely populated areas. To explain our findings, we develop a model of a monocentric coastal city, which we then use to explore the consequences of sea level rise and government policies. |
| Keywords: | cities, climate change, sea level rise |
| JEL: | R11 Q54 R14 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1758&r= |
| By: | Carolina Castaldi |
| Abstract: | As sustainable innovation becomes a strategy for companies to gain competitive advantage, the question of how to profit from sustainable innovation becomes central. Surprisingly, little research exists on the appropriation strategies of companies engaged in sustainable innovation and the few studies are poorly connected. This chapter focuses on intellectual property rights (IPR), the formal tools available to companies to protect their intangible assets. I link the three main types of IPRs to common archetypes of sustainable innovation and I discuss the motives why companies might file patents, trademarks or design rights or instead choose not to. I conclude by discussing how IPRs might act as incentives, barriers or be simply neglected by sustainable innovators and I offer directions for further research. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability; innovation; intellectual property rights. |
| Date: | 2021–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2021/11&r=all |
| By: | Andrew Hook (SPRU - Science and Technology Policy Research - University of Sussex); Victor Court (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, Institut Louis Bachelier); Benjamin Sovacool (SPRU - Science and Technology Policy Research - University of Sussex); Steven Sorrell (SPRU - Science and Technology Policy Research - University of Sussex) |
| Abstract: | Information and communication technologies (ICTs) increasingly enable employees to work from home and other locations (‘teleworking'). This study explores the extent to which teleworking reduces the need to travel to work and the consequent impacts on economy-wide energy consumption, with clear implications for climate, energy, and environmental policy. Methods/Design: This review assesses how changes in working practices are associated with different forms of teleworking, including the use of different ICTs, various commuting/travel options, and different working spaces such as offices, cafes, libraries, and homes. To do so, it conducts a review of more than 9,000 published articles. Review results/Synthesis: Overall, the review finds that 26 out of 39 relevant studies indicate that teleworking causes a reduction in energy use, and only eight studies indicate that teleworking leads to an increase (or only a neutral impact) on energy use. The main source of energy savings is via the substitution effect whereby teleworking leads to lower average vehicle distance travelled by those who telework either part of the week. The studies estimated that potential reductions in energy consumption as a result of reduced commuting travel could be as high as 20%. Other studies suggest possible energy savings through lower office energy consumption. Discussion: Despite the generally positive verdict on teleworking as an energy-saving practice, analysis reveals that there are numerous uncertainties and ambiguities about the actual or potential benefits of teleworking. These relate to questions about exactly what proportion of workers or frequency of teleworking is needed to bring a net reduction in energy use through avoided work travel. They also relate to questions about the extent to which teleworking may lead to unpredictable increases in non-work travel and home energy consumption that end up outweighing any gains from reduced work travel. |
| Keywords: | systematic review,teleworking,telecommuting,digital economy,energy,climate change |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03192905&r= |
| By: | Canepa, Alessandra; Fontana, Magda; Chersoni, Giulia (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate whether households’ environmental and financial concerns have any effect on their energy-saving investments. Exploiting a comprehensive dataset covering thirty European countries we investigate if financially concerned and environmentally minded households feature different adoption paths. The results show that environmental and financial concerns play an important role in the decision of adopting energy saving technologies, thus paving the way for policy actions targeted at enhancing consumer awareness. Our analysis also revealed that environmentally and financially concerned households exhibit different socio-economic profiles. We find that environmentally minded, highly educated households living in urban areas with large family size are more likely to adopt than their counterparts with low level of education living in rural areas. On the other side, income is an important factor explaining adoption of economically concerned household. From the methodological point of view our analysis is based on both parametric and non-parametric methods. Namely, we use stochastic dominance analysis to rank distribution functions of household behaviour and the logit model to investigate the socio-economic profile of different groups. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:202109&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nguyen Son (NEU - National Economics University (Ha Noi, Vietnam), ABIES Doctoral School - ABIES Doctoral School) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the reduction of electricity poverty in Vietnam from 2008 to 2018 using national household surveys. We find that in 2018, the fraction of households with access to electricity was over 98% (up from 96.5% in 2010). The median level of electricity usage was 139 kWh per month per household (up from 74 kWh in 2010), enough to access high power appliances like a washing machine or microwave. The electricity bill weighted less than 6% of income for 92.1% of households (down from 97.7% in 2010). In statistical terms, the electricity consumption distribution was closer to uniform than the income distribution: energy inequality is lower than income inequality. In 2014, the fraction of households declaring unsatisfied electricity needs was below three per cent. Few households cannot afford to turn on fans or air conditioner during a heatwave. The engineering, economic and socio-political perspectives converge to indicate that electricity poverty was not an acute social issue in 2018. Vietnam has mostly satisfied the universal electricity access facet of the Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy for all (SDG7). The electricity subsidy mechanism contributes more to alleviating poverty (SDG1) than to SDG7 |
| Keywords: | Electricity poverty,Vietnam,Sustainable Development Goals,Indicators Q41,Q48,Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03160911&r= |
| By: | Howard Kunreuther; Anna Polise; Quinlyn Spellmeyer |
| Abstract: | Solar power is now economically competitive with fossil fuels in many countries, yet relatively few homeowners have installed solar panels on their property. A principal reason for this behavior stems from cognitive biases—such as myopia, inertia and herding—that cause consumers to avoid investing in long-term measures, even those that are financially attractive to them and produce social benefits such as reducing the long-term consequences of climate change. A behavioral risk audit can demonstrate ways to address these cognitive biases, in concert with short-term economic incentives and social influences. We focus on the installation of solar panels, an issue that has relevance to residents in the United States and the European Union, and to property owned by businesses and governments. |
| JEL: | H31 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28678&r=all |
| By: | Geoffrey L. Cueto; Francis Aldrine A. Uy; Keith Anshilo Diaz |
| Abstract: | General Santos City, as the tuna capital of the Philippines, relies with the presence of tricycles in moving people and goods. Considered as a highly-urbanized city, General Santos City serves as vital link of the entire SOCKSARGEN region's economic activities. With the current thrust of the city in providing a sustainable transport service, several options were identified to adopt in the entire city, that includes cleaner and better transport mode. Electric tricycle is an after sought alternative that offers better choice in terms of identified factors of sustainable transport: reliability, safety, comfort, environment, affordability, and facility. A literature review was conducted to provide a comparison of cost and emission between a motorized tricycle and an e-tricycle. The study identified the existing tricycle industry of the city and reviewed the modal share with the city's travel pattern. The survey revealed a number of hazards were with the current motorized tricycle that needs to address for the welfare of the passengers and drivers. The study favors the shift to adopting E-tricycle. The model derived from binary logistics regression provided a 72.72% model accuracy. Based from the results and findings, electric tricycle can be an alternative mode of public transport in the city that highly support sustainable option that provides local populace to improve their quality of life through mobility and economic activity. Further recommendation to local policy makers in the transport sector of the city include the clustering of barangays for better traffic management and franchise regulation, the inclusion of transport-related infrastructure related to tricycle service with their investment planning and programming, the roll out and implementation of tricycle code of the city, and the piloting activity of introducing e-tricycle in the city. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.08182&r= |
| By: | Gino Sturla |
| Abstract: | This work aims to illustrate the importance of local pollutants in the copper smelting and refining process. While there is a benefit to the global atmosphere of smelting and refining all copper in Chile, as shown by Sturla et al. (2020), it is necessary to take into account that, if such a policy is implemented, the country will have to bear a high pollution burden. Thus, this work addresses aspects that cannot be left out of a policy for copper concentrate: i) recognize the problem, ii) identify the most important pollutants, iii) review national and international literature, iv) identify problems associated with health and the environment, v) show the example of a slaughter area in Chile, and vi) refer to some estimated costs for the identified impacts. The work has a more informative than conclusive role, fundamentally as an input for a public policy for Chilean copper. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp501&r= |
| By: | Schiff, Maurice (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Numerous developing economies depend vitally on renewable natural-resource (NR)-based commodities. This study develops a general equilibrium model to examine the steady-state impact of changes in a small economy's NR congestion under open access and optimal regulation. This issue has often been examined under 'low' congestion (LC) – with MC > AC and both upward sloping. Two more categories, 'high' (HC) and 'super' (SC) congestion – whose AC is backwardbending and MC |
| Keywords: | natural resource, low, high and super congestion, open access and optimal regulation, autarky and trade, society’s collapse |
| JEL: | D62 F18 Q22 Q27 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14279&r=all |
| By: | Chakraborty, Debapriya; Buch, Koral; Tal, Gil |
| Abstract: | While plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) adoption has been rising over the past decade, with PEVs making-up about 7.8% of California’s new vehicle sales in 2019, the trend needs to quickly accelerate for the state to reach its goals of 100% zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) sales by 2035 and a zero-carbon economy by 2045. California has various incentive programs to encourage PEV adoption, but policymakers expect to phase these incentives out as PEVs reach cost parity with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Comparing the total cost of ownership—purchase price, operational costs, and resale value—of PEVs or other ZEVs with that of conventional vehicles can inform policy decisions about incentive programs and inform consumers’ purchase decisions, by accounting for PEVs’ higher purchase prices but lower fuel and maintenance costs. Recent research has estimated that cost parity between PEVs and conventional vehicles will be achieved over the next decade. However, the timeline depends on each study’s assumptions about technology improvement and travel behavior. These studies often assign a single total cost of ownership to a specific vehicle model, ignoring the fact that costs can vary across households based on the type of vehicle adopted, travel behavior, access to charging and refueling facilities, gasoline and electricity prices, and other factors. Researchers at the University of California, Davis estimated PEVs’ total cost of ownership for the period of 2020–2030, their cost-competitiveness with conventional vehicles, and consequently the cost of electrification of California’s fleet of more than 30 million light-duty vehicles. The researchers analyzed six market segments, defined by household income and housing type, to account for the heterogeneity in total cost of ownership. The cost of electrification analysis also included fuel cell electric vehicles and was extended out to 2045 to align with California’s emission reduction goals. This policy brief summarizes findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Total cost of ownership, zero emission vehicles, teardown analysis, market segments |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8wz0c90f&r= |
| By: | Ryo Takahashi (Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University); Keijiro Otsuka (Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | Although community forest management has become a principal approach for the management of forest resources in developing countries, empirical evidence on its effectiveness is mixed. We argue in this study that while community management is effective in protection or regulated use of forest resources as argued by Ostrom, it may fail to provide proper incentives to take care of such resources because of collective sharing of benefits of forest management. This study proposes a mixed private and community management system as a desirable arrangement for timber forest management in developing countries, which is characterized by communal protection of community-owned forest area and individual management of individually owned trees. We conducted a randomized experiment on community forests in Ethiopia in which individualized tree rights have been granted to member of randomly selected communities with the permission of the local authority. We found that the mixed management system significantly stimulated intensive forest management activities, including pruning, guarding, and watering. Furthermore, individual members of the mixed management system extracted more timber trees and forest products, which are byproducts of tree management, such as thinned trees and pruned branches. As may be expected, the extracted volumes of nontimber forest products unrelated to tree management (i.e., fodder and honey) did not change by the intervention. |
| Keywords: | property regimes, individual rights, commons, community forest management, RCT |
| JEL: | O13 Q23 Q24 P48 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:2022&r= |
| By: | Kencanasari, Fidelia Rahayu |
| Abstract: | Indonesia has a policy on maritime affairs and warnings made in Law no. 12 of 2020 concerning the Management of Lobster and Crab in the Territory of the Unitary State of Indonesia. The policies that have been established are deemed to have no significant impact but in fact have a very large negative impact on the natural resources environment. The information held by the government is less accurate so that the government does not understand the impact that can arise from the policies to be determined. |
| Date: | 2021–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:7ewnx&r=all |
| By: | Alexander Schnabl; Sarah Gust; Liljana Mateeva; Kerstin Plank; Lorenz Wimmer; Hannes Zenz |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clr:mwugar:219&r= |
| By: | Chiara Falduto (OECD); Sina Wartmann |
| Abstract: | Under the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) of the Paris Agreement, Parties will be required to report information on national GHG inventories using a set of Common Reporting Tables (CRTs). The CRTs can provide an important source of data at the international and national levels. While a final set of tables has not yet been agreed upon, there is an emerging convergence around the view that the Common Reporting Format (CRF) tables that Annex I Parties currently use to report national GHG inventories could serve as a starting point for the development of CRTs. To support ongoing discussions, this paper provides details on the structure and functions of the existing CRF tables and the CRF Reporter software used to generate the tables, as well as some countries’ experiences with using this current system. To facilitate the transition towards reporting using CRTs, the paper also provides an overview of other tools that could support countries in reporting GHG inventories through CRTs and outlines a set of key issues that could be considered in the transparency negotiations. The paper concludes that the use of CRF tables and a CRF Reporter reduces the reporting burden on Parties – and that this could also be a significant benefit of CRTs and a CRT reporter. The paper also highlights that countries’ experience shows that effective IT arrangements can facilitate the reporting process but that as developing countries have no prior experience with the use of CRF tables and the CRF Reporter, the transition to a new CRT system may need capacity-building support, including for setting up suitable IT arrangements. |
| Keywords: | Enhanced Transparency Framework, GHG inventories, Paris Agreement, reporting, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2021/01-en&r= |
| By: | Gáfaro, Margarita; Mantilla, Cesar |
| Abstract: | We characterize a general bargaining game useful for environmental valuation purposes. In this game, a jointly endowed asset is divisible into smaller units of two types: those with and without an associated costly attribute. Bargaining parties can use monetary transfers to their counterpart in exchange for accruing more units of the jointly endowed asset. We show that the cost of the attribute is perfectly absorbed by the transfer in a broad set of game solutions. Outcomes differing in the allocation of the units with the costly attribute allows us to identify whether the players' valuation of the attribute corresponds to its value induced in the game (i.e., its cost) or whether this attribute is over-or under-valued. We show an application to the valuation of water in a lab-in-the-field experiment conducted with Colombian farmers. We find evidence that the players' valuation of in-plot access to water dwells between 2.1 and 3.5 times its induced cost in the experiment. |
| Date: | 2021–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tcfyb&r= |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Odhiambo, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | This research assesses the importance of credit access in modulating governance for gender inclusive education in 42 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with data spanning the period 2004-2014. The Generalized Method of Moments is employed as empirical strategy. The following findings are established. First, credit access modulates government effectiveness and the rule of law to induce positive net effects on inclusive “primary and secondary education”. Second, credit access also moderates political stability and the rule of law for overall net positive effects on inclusive secondary education. Third, credit access complements government effectiveness to engender an overall positive impact on inclusive tertiary education. Policy implications are discussed with emphasis on Sustainable Development Goals. |
| Keywords: | Finance; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | G20 I28 I30 O16 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107091&r=all |
| By: | Mark Sommer (WIFO); Franz Sinabell; Gerhard Streicher |
| Abstract: | In dem vorliegenden Bericht wird ein methodischer Zugang vorgestellt, der es gestattet, die Auswirkungen von Änderungen der Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Österreich auf die Emission von Treibhausgasen (THG) zeitnah sichtbar zu machen. Dieses Werkzeug, dessen Kern die Input-Output-Tabelle der österreichischen Volkswirtschaft ist, wird angewendet, um die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Krise im Jahr 2020 und die vom WIFO prognostizierte Erholung der Wirtschaft in den Jahren 2021 und 2022 auf die THG-Emissionen zu bestimmen. Den Schätzungen zu Folge sind die THG-Emissionen im Jahr 2020 um mehr als 7% im Vergleich zum Jahr 2019 gesunken. Im Jahr 2021 dürften sie gegenüber 2020 um 2% ansteigen und der Anstieg 2022 gegenüber 2021 wird 3,7% betragen. Im Jahr 2022 dürften die Treibhausgasemissionen folglich noch um knapp 2 Mio. t niedriger als 2019 sein und somit etwas niedriger als 1990, dem Basisjahr des Kyoto-Protokolls (78,4 Mio. t. CO2-Äquivalente). In den Berechnungen sind Landnutzung, deren Änderung und Forstwirtschaft ausgeklammert. Verglichen mit der WIFO-Prognose zum Wirtschaftswachstum im Lockdown-Szenario für 2021 von +1,5% und +4,7% im Jahr 2022 weicht der erwartete Anstieg der Emissionen somit deutlich ab. Die unterschiedlichen Änderungsraten sind darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Herstellung von Waren, die emissionsintensive Sektoren umfasst, bereits 2021 stärker wachsen werden und Sektoren mit geringeren Emissionen wie die Gastronomie und Beherbergung erst 2022 aufholen werden. |
| Keywords: | Treibhausgasemission, Prognose, Österreich |
| Date: | 2021–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2021:i:628&r= |
| By: | Eugenio Figueroa B.; Enrique Calfucura T.; Stavros Papageorgiou; Juan José Miranda |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo aplica el análisis de costo-beneficio para asignar territorialmente las medidas de cambio del uso de la tierra y la silvicultura (UTCUTS) incluídas en las Contribuciones Determinadas a nivel Nacional (NDC) de Chile, del período 2016-2020, utilizando criterios de eficiencia, de vulnerabilidad comunal al cambio climático y pobreza, y de focalización de pobreza comunal. Los resultados muestran que los beneficios netos en valor presente oscilan entre USD 309 y 484 millones para el caso de manejo forestal sustentable y USD 371 y 414 millones para forestación. El uso de criterio de eficiencia maximiza el beneficio social neto pero restringe la implementación de las medidas a un número menor de comunas en comparación con criterios de vulnerabuilidad comunal al cambio climático-pobreza y focalización de pobreza comunal, las cuales presentan una mayor diversidad territorial. De gran relevancia resultan ser los tradeoffs que aparecen entre asignaciones territoriales alternativas de la NDC cuando estas se hacen con un criterio restringido a maximizar el valor presente del beneficio neto del aumento en el flujo de servicios ecosistémicos provistos por los ecosistemas intervenidos en comparación con criterios que además consideran reducir la pobreza y/o disminuir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático de las zonas más expuestas del país. Finalmente, cuando se consideran los precios de mercado para el carbono, los beneficios ecosistemicos no transados en mercados se vuelven cruciales para hacer socialmente rentables la aplicación de las medidas, especialmente para el caso de forestación. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp505&r= |
| By: | Semieniuk, Gregor; Taylor, Lance; Rezai, Armon; Foley, Duncan |
| Abstract: | Reducing energy demand has become a key mechanism for limiting climate change, but practical problems with large energy savings in a growing global economy and, importantly, in its lower-income parts remain. Using new energy-GDP data, we show that adopting the same near-term low-energy growth trajectory in all regions in IPCC scenarios limiting global warming to 1.5°C presents an unresolved policy challenge. We discuss this challenge of combining energy demand reductions with robustincome growth for the 6.4 billion people in middle and low income countries in light of economic development’s reliance on industrialisation. Our results highlight the importance of addressing limits to energy demand reduction in integrated assessment modelling when regional economic development is powered by industrialization and instead exploring faster energy supply decarbonization. Insights from development economics and other disciplines could help generate plausible assumptions given the financial, investment and stability issues involved. |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:8085&r= |