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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2021‒04‒19
fifty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Bierbrauer, Felix; Felbermayr, Gabriel; Ockenfels, Axel; Schmidt, Klaus M.; Südekum, Jens |
| Abstract: | The EU steps up its efforts to curb its territorial CO2-emissions. It is planning to introduce a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) to level the playing field and to raise own resources. However, unilateral European climate policy action, whether shored up with a CBAM or not, can only play a limited role in reducing global CO2-emissions. A U-CBAM cannot stop indirect leakage, it has ambiguous effects on other countries' mitigation efforts, and it poses the risk of conflicts with trade partners.The EU, together with the US and other like-minded countries, should push hard to establish a climate club with a common minimum price of CO2and a common CBAM applied to third countries. Such a framework would incentivize other countries to join while limiting leakage and reducing the risk of trade policy disputes. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy,Carbon Leakage,Carbon Border Adjustment,Climate Club,Klimapolitik,Carbon Leakage,CO2-Grenzausgleich,Klimaclub |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:151&r=all |
| By: | Koutchogna Kokou Edem ASSOGBAVI; Stéphane Dées |
| Abstract: | As polices to curb carbon emissions are not implemented similarly across countries, a so-called ’carbon leakage’ may offset domestic carbon reductions at the global level by redirecting CO2-intensive production to places with less stringent environmental regulation. This article uses a standard gravity model with panel data to assess whether a tightening in environmental policy plays as an incentive to offshore highly polluting activities. Our results show no evidence of carbon leakage through international trade. On the contrary, stringent environment policy leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions embodied in traded goods, both from the exporter and the importer’s side. Such results are robust to focusing on trade between emerging and advanced economies. Emissions embodied in trade are rather explained by usual trade determinants, such as shipping costs or income, and the energy intensity of goods produced by the exporting countries. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; international trade; panel data models |
| JEL: | C32 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2021-07&r=all |
| By: | Clemens Fuest; Volker Meier |
| Abstract: | We analyse the economic impact of using carbon pricing revenue to fund the EU budget. Such a reform would redistribute from countries with above average carbon intensive production to less carbon intensive countries. Once the reform is implemented, the low carbon countries will prefer a lower carbon price, i.e. laxer climate policy at the EU level, than before the reform. For high carbon countries the opposite is true. As a result, EU climate policy becomes less ambitious and less disputed. We also analyse an extension of the model in which consumption generates carbon emissions that are not covered by the emission certificate regulation, and we consider the impact of changes in EU climate policy on the rest of the world as well as global emissions. |
| Keywords: | climate change, global externalities, EU finances, political economy |
| JEL: | H23 H27 H87 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8979&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Longden (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Fiona J. Beck (Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, ANU); Frank Jotzo (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Richard Andrews (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Mousami Prasad (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen produced using fossil fuel feed stocks causes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, even when carbon capture and storage (CCS) is used. By contrast, hydrogen produced using electrolysis and zero-emissions electricity does not create GHG emissions. Several countries advocating the use of ‘clean’ hydrogen put both technologies in the same category. Recent studies and strategies have compared these technologies, typically assuming high carbon capture rates, but have not assessed the impact of fugitive emissions and lower capture rates on total emissions and costs. We find that emissions from gas or coal based hydrogen production systems could be substantial even with CCS, and the cost of CCS is higher than often assumed. At the same time there are indications that electrolysis with renewable energy could become cheaper than fossil fuel with CCS options, possibly in the nearterm future. Establishing hydrogen supply chains on the basis of fossil fuels, as many national strategies foresee, may be incompatible with decarbonisation objectives and raise the risk of stranded assets. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2103&r=all |
| By: | Sager, Lutz |
| Abstract: | I investigate the relationship between income inequality and the carbon dioxide (CO2) content of consumption. I quantify the CO2 content of household expenditure using input-output analysis and estimate Environmental Engel curves (EECs) which describe the income–emissions relationship. Using EECs for the United States between 1996 and 2009, I decompose the change in CO2 over time and the distribution of emissions across households. In both cases, income is an important driver of household carbon. Finally, I describe a potential “equity-pollution dilemma”—progressive income redistribution may raise the demand for aggregate greenhouse gas emissions. I estimate that transfers raise emissions by 5.1% at the margin and by 2.3% under complete redistribution. |
| Keywords: | consumption; inequality; pollution; redistribution |
| JEL: | D12 D31 H23 Q40 Q52 |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:102561&r=all |
| By: | Geir H. M. Bjertnæs (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | A tax on fuel combined with tax exemptions or subsidies for fuel-efficient vehicles is implemented in many countries to fulfill the Paris agreement and to curb mileage-related externalities from road traffic. The present study shows that a tax on fuel should be combined with heavier taxation of lowand zero emission vehicles to curb mileage-related externalities and to fulfill emission targets within the transport sector. The emission target is fulfilled by adjusting the CO2-tax component on fuel. The road user charge on fuel is designed to curb mileage-related externalities. The heavier tax on lowand zero emission vehicles prevent motorists from avoiding the road user charge on fuel by purchasing low- and zero emission vehicles. |
| Keywords: | Transportation; optimal taxation; environmental taxation; global warming |
| JEL: | H2 H21 H23 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:949&r=all |
| By: | Andrea Ascani (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Simona Iammarino (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | With the exponential growth of the role of China in the global economy, the environmental implications of its international expansion are serious but still scarcely investigated. This paper analyses the location of 6,494 manufacturing subsidiaries of Chinese Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in 78 countries over the period 2008-2015, in response to the environmental performance of host economies, in order to explore whether degraded environmental contexts represent a pull factor for Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI). We build an original conceptual framework combining traditional race-to-the-bottom arguments with a set of conditioning factors pertaining to heterogeneity of both host countries and MNEs. By empirically accounting for endogeneity concerns, our results suggest that Chinese outward FDI may feed a downward spiral by systematically favouring locations with more fragile ecosystem vitality, that is, a weakly sustainable use of local natural resources and the consequent erosion of the quality of the natural ecosystems. These results characterise Chinese subsidiaries (i) locating in developing countries, (ii) operating within deficient institutional frameworks and (iii) privately owned |
| Keywords: | multinational enterprises, outward FDI, environment, location strategies, China |
| JEL: | F23 F64 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp8&r=all |
| By: | George Mörsdorf |
| Abstract: | As part of its ambitious European Green Deal package, at the heart of which stands the commitment to become carbon-neutral by 2050, the European Commission announced that it would propose a “carbon border adjustment mechanism” to address the risk of carbon leakage. This study models the measure in a Computable General Equilibrium framework and analyses how effective it would be in reducing the incidence of carbon leakage. The analysis suggests that even a sectorally limited EU carbon border adjustment would reduce the carbon leakage rate by up to two thirds, making it more effective than the current system of free allocation. Besides environ mental benefits, it would also offset competitiveness losses of European energy-in tensive industries incurred by a higher EU carbon price and generate additional income for public budgets. At the same time, the analysis shows that around a third of the overall incidence of carbon leakage is driven not by competitiveness but by energy price effects, making it impossible to offset by border measures. |
| Keywords: | Carbon border, adjustment, carbon leakage, Computable General Equilib rium, EU climate policy, energy-intensive industries |
| JEL: | Q58 Q54 C68 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_350&r=all |
| By: | Catherine Gamper; Marta Arbinolo |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the recent and projected socio-economic development of coastal areas. It reviews the environmental pressures exerted by human activities on coastal areas, as well as the impacts of climate change that exacerbate existing challenges. The paper calls for a co-ordinated and well-adapted policy response to address these challenges. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate risks, coastal areas, oceans, sea level rise |
| Date: | 2021–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:24-en&r=all |
| By: | Ahmad Naimzada; Marina Pireddu |
| Abstract: | We reconsider the dynamic Cournot duopoly framework with homogeneous goods by Mamada and Perrings (2020), in order to highlight the richness in its outcomes. In the model each firm is taxed proportionally to its own emission only and charge functions are quadratic. While Mamada and Perrings (2020) focus on the case of convex, and partially on the case of concave, charge functions, we show that completing the analysis for concave functions it may happen that, with the raise in the emission charges, the equilibrium production levels for the two firms, which are directly proportional to their emissions, increase, both with homogeneous and with differentiated products. This highlights that, even in the absence of free riding possibilities, too soft environmental policies can produce detrimental effects on the pollution level, and thus the choice of the mechanism to implement has to be carefully pondered. |
| Keywords: | dynamic Cournot duopoly, differentiated products, emission charges, pollution control, comparative statics, stability analysis. |
| JEL: | C62 D43 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:466&r=all |
| By: | Sandrine Mathy (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); P. Menanteau (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Greater efforts are needed to bridge the emission gap between Nationally Determined Contributions and the objective to limit climate change below 2°C. This paper focuses on four European-Union countries: Germany, France, Poland and UK that represent on aggregate 55% of current EU emissions. It analyses national mitigation strategies produced by national research teams in the framework of the COP21_RIPPLES project and compatible with a long-term objective leading to a well below 2°C target either as part of an ambition in 2030 limited to that of the NDCs, or as part of more ambitious early action. We use the decarbonization wedges methodology, an advanced index decomposition analysis methodology for quantifying the contribution of different mitigation strategies. This makes it possible to assess the priorities for action to strengthen the NDCs. The article also highlights the impact sectoral growth dynamics have on the emission trajectories and the resulting necessary mitigation efforts. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Mitigation strategies,LMDI,Activity effect,Nationally determined contributions,European Countries |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03190845&r=all |
| By: | D'Odorico, Paolo; Chiarelli, Davide Danilo; Rosa, Lorenzo; Bini, Alfredo; Zilberman, David; Rulli, Maria Cristina |
| Abstract: | Major environmental functions and human needs critically depend on water. In regions of the world affected by water scarcity economic activities can be constrained by water availability, leading to competition both among sectors and between human uses and environmental needs. While the commodification of water remains a contentious political issue, the valuation of this natural resource is sometime viewed as a strategy to avoid water waste. Likewise, water markets have been invoked as a mechanism to allocate water to economically most efficient uses. The value of water, however, remains difficult to estimate because water markets and market prices exist only in few regions of the world. Despite numerous attempts at estimating the value of water in the absence of markets (i.e., the "shadow price"), a global spatially explicit assessment of the value of water in agriculture is still missing. Here we propose a data-parsimonious biophysical framework to determine the value generated by water in irrigated agriculture and highlight its global spatiotemporal patterns. We find that in much of the world the actual crop distribution does not maximize agricultural water value. |
| Keywords: | Crops, Agricultural, Water, Conservation of Natural Resources, Water Supply, Agricultural Irrigation, irrigation, water productivity, water value |
| Date: | 2020–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt2n50h0jq&r=all |
| By: | Frohmann, Alicia; Mulder, Nanno; Olmos, Ximena |
| Keywords: | COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CARBONO, CONTAMINACION ATMOSFERICA, POLITICA COMERCIAL, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CARBON, AIR POLLUTION, TRADE POLICY |
| Date: | 2021–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46759&r=all |
| By: | Benoit Chèze (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Maia David (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vincent Martinet (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Despite reducing the use of pesticides being a major challenge in developed countries, dedicated agri-environmental policies have not yet proven successful in doing so. We analyze conventional farmers' willingness to reduce their use of synthetic pesticides. To do so, we conduct a discrete choice experiment that includes the risk of large production losses due to pests. Our results indicate that this risk strongly limits farmers' willingness to change their practices, regardless of the consequences on average profit. Furthermore, the administrative burden has a significant effect on farmers' decisions. Reducing the negative health and environmental impacts of pesticides is a significant motivator only when respondents believe that pesticides affect the environment. Farmers who earn revenue from outside their farms and/or believe that yields can be maintained while reducing the use of pesticides are significantly more willing to adopt low-pesticide practices. Policy recommendations are derived from our results. |
| Keywords: | Pesticides,Agricultural practices,Production risk,Discrete choice experiment |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03192158&r=all |
| By: | Richard Juřík (Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic); Nils Axel Braathen (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the design of the air pollution tax in conjunction with a stringency analysis of the emission concentration limits in the Czech Republic. The analysis draws upon a detailed database containing environmental reporting by industrial stationary sources. The assessment of the emission concentration limits focuses on analysing the shift of the statutory limits between 2013 and 2017 and the corresponding real-life measured concentration on individual source basis. It provides an assessment of stringency of the air protection instrument and also of the vintage differentiation applied in the form of transitional schemes. The stringency analysis of the emission concentration limits stringency is related to the air pollution tax relief provision. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, air pollution tax, air protection, emission concentration limits, environmental policy, policy design |
| JEL: | H21 H23 K32 P48 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:174-en&r=all |
| By: | Yapanto, Lis M (Universitas Negeri Gorontalo); Harahab, Nuddin; , Sudarto; Olii, Abdul Hafidz |
| Abstract: | This study aims to assess the household diversification of coastal fishing on coastal communities' welfare in the District of Kabila Bone, since August 2019-November 2019, 184 respondents, with a survey method. The data collected are primary and secondary data was done by using observation, interview techniques, documentation techniques. The lives and livelihoods of coastal fishing communities are very vulnerable to climate change and the environment. Diversification of fishermen's income sources outside of fisheries can be an effective way to overcome environmental change's adverse effects. This study aims to analyze the effect of business diversification on welfare, environmental sustainability, and welfare on environmental sustainability. The data collected are primary and secondary data, which is done using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The independent variable is selected according to considerations based on the empirical conditions of the coastal area, the researcher's ability and the availability of supporting theories, and the characteristics of the research area. The researcher's ability and the availability of supporting theories, and the characteristics of the research area. The independent or exogenous variables chosen are fishery business (X1), livestock business. Based on the model developed from the relevant theory, the endogenous variables are welfare (Y1) and environmental sustainability (Y2); the model is tested using the PLS-based Structure Equation Model (SEM). The researcher's ability and the availability of supporting theories, and the characteristics of the research area. The independent or exogenous variables chosen are fishery business (X1), livestock business. Based on the model developed from the relevant theory, the endogenous variables are welfare (Y1) and environmental sustainability (Y2); the model is tested using the PLS-based Structure Equation Model (SEM). The model developed from the relevant theory, then tested on a model using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) based on SMART PLUS. The results of the analysis of effort diversification models suggest that the utilization of environmental services does not affect coastal communities' welfare. |
| Date: | 2021–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yvjez&r=all |
| By: | Paolo Maranzano (Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods (DISMEQ), University of Milano-Bicocca); Joao Paulo Cerdeira Bento (Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro); Matteo Manera (Department of Economics, Management and Statistics (DEMS), University of Milano-Bicocca) |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of human capital and the level of education on the pollution-income relationship controlling for income inequality in 17 OECD countries. By applying an innovative approach to country grouping, based on the temporal evolution of income inequality and clustering techniques to feature the annual value of the Gini Index on disposable income from 1987 to 2015, we have estimated panel data models by distinguishing between low and high levels of income inequality country clusters. Robustness checks and endogeneity tests are further performed considering as the discriminant factor the income inequality a ecting the countries in the sample. The findings highlight the role of the educational level and years of schooling in validating the EKC hypothesis. We recommend that this variable should not be neglected in future EKC studies. Therefore, any EKC theory should also acknowledge a new EKC model specification that we named the Educational EKC. |
| Keywords: | Pollution-Income, Environmental Kunzets Curve, Education, Income-Inequality, Panel Data, Clustering |
| JEL: | Q56 O15 O44 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.08&r=all |
| By: | Kolev, Galina V.; Kube, Roland; Schaefer, Thilo; Stolle, Leon |
| Abstract: | Das neue Emissionsreduktionziel der EU von 55 Prozent gegenüber 1990 erfordert den Hochlauf von umfassenden, kostspieligen Technologieinvestitionen zur Dekarbonisierung der Industrie. Gleichzeitig unterliegen erst knapp 20 Prozent der weltweiten Emissionen einer direkten CO2-Bepreisung (World Bank, 2020) und die regionalen CO2-Preise liegen meist unter dem europäi-schen Zertifikatspreis. Damit die Transformation der europäischen Industrie weiterhin mit ei-nem international konkurrenzfähigen Produktionsstandort Europa vereinbar ist, sind zuneh-mende Wettbewerbsnachteile für europäische Hersteller und das steigende Risiko einer Verla-gerung der Produktion und der Emissionen an außereuropäische Standorte (Carbon Leakage) einzudämmen. Im Rahmen ihres Green Deals plant die EU-Kommissionen dazu einen Grenzaus-gleich (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM) auf Emissionen von importieren Indust-rieprodukten, wenn diese aus Regionen mit geringerem CO2-Preisniveau stammen (EC, 2019). Die Einführung eines Grenzausgleichsmechanismus wird handelspolitische Implikationen mit sich bringen. Sollten die Handelspartner die Grenzabgaben als protektionistisch motivierte Maß-nahme bewerten, könnten sie eine Klage vor der Welthandelsorganisation WTO erheben und Vergeltungsmaßnahmen einleiten. Die Welthandelsregeln enthalten zwar Ausnahmen für Um-weltgüter, doch die endgültige WTO-Konformität lässt sich erst durch drohende Gerichtsverfah-ren endgültig klären. Gerade für exportorientierte Hersteller in Europa liegt hierin ein besonde-res Risiko, denn der Grenzausgleich würde vor allem Zuliefererländer wie Russland, die Türkei und China betreffen, die gleichzeitig wichtige Exportzielländer sind. [...] |
| JEL: | F18 Q54 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkpps:62021&r=all |
| By: | Kenneth Gillingham; Marten Ovaere; Stephanie Weber |
| Abstract: | Creativity is often highly concentrated in time and space, and across different domains. What explains the formation and decay of clusters of creativity? We match data on notable individuals born in Europe between the XIth and the XIXth century with historical city data. The production and attraction of creative talent is associated with city institutions that protected economic and political freedoms and promoted local autonomy. Instead, indicators of local economic conditions such as city size and real wages, do not predict creative clusters. We also show that famous creatives are spatially concentrated and clustered across disciplines, that their spatial mobility has remained stable over the centuries, and that creative clusters are persistent but less than population. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, carbon pricing, interacting regulations, air pollution |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q53 Q54 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8974&r=all |
| By: | Brilé Anderson (OECD); Emile Cammeraat (OECD); Antoine Dechezleprêtre (OECD); Luisa Dressler (OECD); Nicolas Gonne (OECD); Guy Lalanne (OECD); Joaquim Martins Guilhoto (OECD); Konstantinos Theodoropoulos (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the policy instruments adopted by the Netherlands to reach carbon neutrality in its manufacturing sector by 2050. The analysis illustrates the strength of combining a strong commitment to raising carbon prices with ambitious technology support, uncovers the pervasiveness of competitiveness provisions, and highlights the trade-off between short-term emissions cuts and longer-term technology shift. The Netherlands’ carbon levy sets an ambitious price trajectory to 2030, but is tempered by extensive preferential treatment to energy-intensive users, yielding a highly unequal carbon price across firms and sectors. The country’s technology support focuses on the cost-effective deployment of low-carbon options, which ensures least-cost decarbonisation in the short run but favours relatively mature technologies. The paper offers recommendations for policy adjustments to reach the country’s carbon neutrality objective, including the gradual removal of exemptions, enhanced support for emerging technologies and greater visibility over future infrastructure plans. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Climate change policy, Technology support |
| JEL: | L52 O38 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:108-en&r=all |
| By: | Maria José Montoya Villalobos |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a green consumption model under uncertainty, where we consider green goods as impure public goods and analyze the comparative statics of green consumption. We consider that the environmental efficacity of green goods is uncertain, and we model uncertainty with risk perceptions, specifically with trust (defined as a belief about the veracity of the available information) and pessimism/optimism (which represents the consumer's probability estimation of the realization of the worst possible outcome when consuming green goods). We study their respective impact on green consumption and consider individuals with heterogeneous beliefs. Pessimism has a negative impact on green demand; meanwhile, an increase in trust does not always imply an increase in green demand. We determine the impact of uncertainty on the equilibrium and the socially optimal level of private voluntary provision and show that green consumption decreases with pessimism at the equilibrium. Meanwhile, at the optimum, an increase in pessimism willdecrease the individual's contributions for both the pessimist and optimist consumers. Moreover, we also fi nd that the sub-optimality of the Nash equilibrium, in the presence of an impure public good, is not straightforward under uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | Green consumption, trust, pessimism, uncertainty, impure public goods. |
| JEL: | D83 D9 H41 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2021-9&r=all |
| By: | Biqing Zhu; Rui Guo; Zhu Deng; Wenli Zhao; Piyu Ke; Xinyu Dou; Steven J. Davis; Philippe Ciais; Pierre Gentine; Zhu Liu |
| Abstract: | In October of 2020, China announced that it aims to start reducing its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 20601. The surprise announcement came in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which caused a transient drop in China's emissions in the first half of 2020. Here, we show an unprecedented de-carbonization of China's power system in late 2020: although China's power related carbon emissions were 0.5% higher in 2020 than 2019, the majority (92.9%) of the increased power demand was met by increases in low-carbon (renewables and nuclear) generation (increased by 9.3%), as compared to only 0.4% increase for fossil fuels. China's low-carbon generation in the country grew in the second half of 2020, supplying a record high of 36.7% (increased by 1.9% compared to 2019) of total electricity in 2020, when the fossil production dropped to a historical low of 63.3%. Combined, the carbon intensity of China's power sector decreased to an historical low of 519.9 tCO2/GWh in 2020. If the fast decarbonization and slowed down power demand growth from 2019 to 2020 were to continue, by 2030, over half (50.8%) of China's power demand could be provided by low carbon sources. Our results thus reveal that China made progress towards its carbon neutrality target during the pandemic, and suggest the potential for substantial further decarbonization in the next few years if the latest trends persist. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.06904&r=all |
| By: | Tero Heinonen (University of Eastern Finland); Timo Pukkala (University of Eastern Finland); Antti Asikainen (LUKE - Natural Resources Institute Finland) |
| Abstract: | Context: The round wood harvests from Finnish forests are increasing and approaching to the level of maximum sustainable cut. Cutting budget calculations assume that forests are harvested in an optimal way for national timber supply. The calculations ignore the variability of landowners' forest management preferences. Aims: This study analyzed the effect of variation in the management objectives and silvicultural preferences of forest landowners on the forecasted timber supply from Finnish forests. Methods: Forest owners were divided into savers (net present value maximized with a 1% discount rate), average owners (3% discount rate), and investors (5% discount rate). The owners of each group were further divided into three groups: those who allow only continuous cover management (12%), owners who use only rotation forest management (10%), and indifferent landowners who may use both silvicultural systems (78%). Scenarios were composed of management prescriptions that were optimized separately for the different groups of forest landowners. Results: Compared to the even-flow timber drain scenario for rotation forest management (calculated without acknowledging the varying preferences of landowners), the scenario where the owners' preferences varied decreased harvested volume by 15–19% during a 100-year calculation period. The main reason for the difference was the saver type of landowners who rarely sell timber. Conclusion: It was concluded that variation of the preferences of forest landowners may make it challenging to meet the increasing harvesting targets of the growing bioeconomy of Finland. |
| Keywords: | National forest inventory,Private forest owner,Timber trade,Boreal forest |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03183846&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas CLOOTENS; Francesco MAGRIS |
| Keywords: | , Non-renewable Resources, Growth , Public Finances , Overlapping Generations |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2871&r=all |
| By: | Bijnens, Gert; Hutchinson, John; Konings, Jozef; Saint-Guilhem, Arthur |
| Abstract: | Increased investment in clean electricity generation or the introduction of a carbon tax will most likely lead to higher electricity prices. We examine the effect from changing electricity prices on manufacturing employment. Analyzing firm-level data, we find that rising electricity prices lead to a negative impact on labor demand and investment in sectors most reliant on electricity as an input factor. Since these sectors are unevenly spread across countries and regions, the labor impact will also be unevenly spread with the highest impact in Southern Germany and Northern Italy. We also identify an additional channel that leads to heterogeneous responses. When electricity prices rise, financially constrained firms reduce employment more than less constrained firms. This implies a potentially mitigating role for monetary policy. JEL Classification: E52, H23, J23, Q48 |
| Keywords: | employment, environmental regulation, labor demand, manufacturing industry, monetary policy |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212537&r=all |
| By: | Pizarro Gariazzo, Rodrigo |
| Abstract: | En este documento se estudian los dos principales instrumentos de fijación de precios del carbono en el continente americano, a saber, los impuestos y los permisos de emisión transables. Se examinan los elementos comunes y relevantes de la infraestructura institucional, en un esfuerzo por construir una estrategia de la región para apoyar a los países en el desafío de conectar sus sistemas de fijación de precios del carbono con mercados globales y así apoyar los esfuerzos de mitigación del cambio climático a un menor costo. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CARBONO, PRECIOS, ESTABILIZACION DE PRECIOS, INDICES DE PRECIOS, MEDICION, ASPECTOS JURIDICOS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CARBON, PRICE STABILIZATION, PRICE INDICES, MEASUREMENT, LEGAL ASPECTS, PRICES |
| Date: | 2021–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46765&r=all |
| By: | Yue Liu; Lixin Tian; Zhuyun Xie; Zaili Zhen; Huaping Sun |
| Abstract: | Carbon emission right allowance is a double-edged sword, one edge is to reduce emission as its original design intention, another edge has in practice slain many less developed coal-consuming enterprises, especially for those in thermal power industry. Partially governed on the hilt in hands of the authority, body of this sword is the prices of carbon emission right. How should the thermal power plants dance on the blade motivates this research. Considering the impact of price fluctuations of carbon emission right allowance, we investigate the operation of Chinese thermal power plant by modeling the decision-making with optimal stopping problem, which is established on the stochastic environment with carbon emission allowance price process simulated by geometric Brownian motion. Under the overall goal of maximizing the ultimate profitability, the optimal stopping indicates the timing of suspend or halt of production, hence the optimal stopping boundary curve implies the edge of life and death with regard to this enterprise. Applying this methodology, real cases of failure and survival of several Chinese representative thermal power plants were analyzed to explore the industry ecotope, which leads to the findings that: 1) The survival environment of existed thermal power plants becomes severer when facing more pressure from the newborn carbon-finance market. 2) Boundaries of survival environment is mainly drawn by the technical improvements for rising the utilization rate of carbon emission. Based on the same optimal stopping model, outlook of this industry is drawn with a demarcation surface defining the vivosphere of thermal power plants with different levels of profitability. This finding provides benchmarks for those enterprises struggling for survival and policy makers scheming better supervision and necessary intervene. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.04729&r=all |
| By: | Manstetten, Reiner; Kuhlmann, Andreas; Faber, Malte; Frick, Marc |
| Abstract: | Vor einem Jahrzehnt wurde das Hauptgutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats der Bundesregierung für Globale Umweltveränderungen (WBGU) veröffentlicht. Dieser Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme im Jahre 2011 hat national und international Impulse gesetzt und Orientierung gegeben. Der WBGU ging aufs Ganze: die Dringlichkeit eines auf nachhaltige Entwicklung zielenden Wandels sollte im Zusammenspiel von Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Natur gezeigt werden. Die zentrale Botschaft war ein "Gesellschaftsvertrag für eine Große Transformation", der bis 2021 umgesetzt werden müsse. Wie ist der Bericht heute zu beurteilen? Wir werden die Positionen des WGBU referieren, seine Verdienste nennen und sie konstruktiv-kritisch kommentieren. Unser Vorgehen orientiert sich an fünf Themenschwerpunkten des Berichtes, nämlich: Globaler Gesellschaftsvertrag, Global Governance am Beispiel des Pariser Klimaabkommens, Akzeptanz der Beteiligten und Betroffenen, Dringlichkeit des wirtschaftlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Handelns sowie die Idee einer Großen Transformation. In unserer Kritik entwickeln wir Vorschläge für ein konstruktives Weiterdenken dessen, was im WBGU-Bericht angelegt ist, aber nicht zu Ende gedacht wurde. Unsere Schwerpunkte liegen insbesondere auf dem Umgang mit Zeit und dem Begriff der Großen Transformation. Dabei werden wir auch auf die Bedeutung von technischem Forstschritt, Innovation und von Unwissen eingehen. [...] |
| Keywords: | Great Transformation,social-ecological transformation,global social contract,consensus,global governance,top-down/bottom-up approach,ignorance,temporal structures,technical progress,international climate policy,WBGU,Fridays for Future |
| JEL: | A00 A12 B12 B59 F64 H19 N50 O39 Q01 Q50 Q59 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21034&r=all |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | L’année 2020 a été une période inédite à bien des égards. Dans les pays tant riches que pauvres, la pandémie de coronavirus et les réponses politiques adoptées ont engendré une catastrophe sanitaire généralisée, des difficultés économiques, de graves per-turbations des services ainsi que des restrictions importantes de déplacement. Dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire (PRFI), nombre de personnes vulnérables ont été confrontées à des menaces immédiates pour leur sécurité alimentaire, leur santé et leur alimentation. Les effets potentiels à long terme de la perte de moyens de subsistance, de la malnutrition, de l’interruption de la scolarité et de l’épuise-ment des ressources sont considérables, d’autant que la fin de a pandémie n’est pas pour demain dans bon nombre de ces pays. La pandémie a également mis en évidence et exacerbé les faiblesses et les inégalités de nos systèmes alimentaires. Depuis 2020, le monde s’est encore plus éloigné des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) à l’horizon 2030, et il semble évident que les systèmes alimentaires doivent jouer un rôle cen-tral pour nous remettre sur la bonne voie. Les systèmes alimentaires doivent être transformés pour atteindre les ODD, pour mieux nous préparer au prochain choc, et pour que les populations pauvres et vulnérables du monde puissent en tirer profit ainsi que la planète. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; food systems; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; Sustainable Development Goals; pandemics; policies; diet; nutrition; rural areas; urban areas; social protection; cash transfers; poverty; food supply chains; resilience; shock; health; natural resources; environment; governance; gender; innovation; supply chains; food policies; food security; health foods; decision making; refugees; policymakers; lockdown |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:synops:9780896294028&r=all |
| By: | Sareesh Rawat |
| Abstract: | We live in an age of consumption with an ever-increasing demand of already scarce resources and equally fast growing problems of waste generation and climate change. To tackle these difficult issues, we must learn from mother nature. Just like waste does not exist in nature, we must strive to create circular ecosystems where waste is minimized and energy is conserved. This paper focuses on how public procurement can help us transition to a more circular economy, while navigating international trade laws that govern it. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2104.04744&r=all |
| By: | Sawadgo, Wendiam; Plastina, Alejandro |
| Abstract: | Cover crops have been shown to have both on-farm and water quality benefits. However, the use of cover crops in Iowa remains subdued, in part due to the implementation costs faced by farmers. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that monetary incentives through cost-share programs are effective at increasing the amount of farmland planted to cover crops in Iowa, using a propensity-score matching estimator. Combining data from a unique cover crop survey of 674 farm-operator respondents and the 2012 Census of Agriculture, we find that cost-share payments induced an 18 percentage-point expansion of the cover crop area beyond what would have been planted in absence of the programs, for the farmers who participated in cost-share programs. In addition, at least two-thirds of the payments funded acres that would not have been planted without cost share. We also calculate farmers’ net returns to using cover crops with a partial budget analysis and estimate that the combined public and farmer cost of avoiding one pound of nitrogen pollution through cover crops is between $1.72 and $4.69 per pound, with farmers undertaking 70% of this cost through net losses. Overall, cost share for cover crops has been a relatively low-cost method to reduce nitrogen pollution to waterways in Iowa. |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202101010800001084&r=all |
| By: | Pugno, Maurizio; Sarracino, Francesco |
| Abstract: | Understanding why many people spontaneously perform pro-environmental behaviours, rather than requiring some incentive, is an active area of research. To solve the puzzle, many studies address people's intrinsic motivation for this kind of behaviour. However, the term "intrinsic" remains unclear, and thus also the solution of the puzzle. We contribute to this research by attaching intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to the pursuit of central goals in people's lives. We take the prominent example of the motivations in looking for a job, and relate these motivations to pro-environmental attitudes and engagements. Using an international sample, we find that intrinsic motivation relates positively and extrinsic motivation relates negatively to a variety of subjective pro-environmental outcomes. This result holds for different sub-samples and for various econometric specifications and methodologies. In particular, two-stage least squares estimation with proper instruments provides evidence of a causal relationship between motivations and pro-environmental outcomes. |
| Keywords: | intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation; pro-environmental behaviours; multilevel model; instrumental variables; World Values Survey; European Values Study |
| JEL: | D01 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107143&r=all |
| By: | Astrid Martínez Ortiz; Martha Delgado; Enrique López Enciso; Eduardo Uribe |
| Abstract: | Estudio de Fedesarrollo para acompañar a PROANTIOQUIA en la generación de argumentos técnicos en su participación como tercero interviniente, en el proceso administrativo de licenciamiento del proyecto minero Quebradona ante la Agencia Nacional de Licencias Ambientales – ANLA. |
| Keywords: | Proyecto Minero Quebradona, Aspectos Económicos, Impacto Ambiental, Minería, Política Minera, Impacto Económico y Social, Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, Finanzas Departamentales, Desarrollo Económico y Social, Finanzas Locales, Jericó (Antioquia), Colombia |
| JEL: | E60 E01 H23 Q01 Q50 Q56 R11 R51 L72 L78 O13 |
| Date: | 2021–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:019148&r=all |
| By: | Kim, Won-Ho |
| Keywords: | COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, POLITICA COMERCIAL, LIBRE COMERCIO, ACUERDOS ECONOMICOS, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TRADE POLICY, FREE TRADE, ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2021–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46764&r=all |
| By: | Santiago Guerrero |
| Abstract: | This report proposes a taxonomy of policy design features for agri-environmental payment schemes, with a focus on those features that are conducive to policy cost-effectiveness. An application of the taxonomy to all agri-environmental payment schemes in six countries (Argentina, Australia, Estonia, Finland, Korea, and Portugal) reveals that more than 70% of 85 agri-environmental payment schemes have some of these key design features, including establishment of baselines; rates based on estimated or actual implementation costs; inspections and penalties; contract flexibility; and technical assistance. That said, at least 80% of the schemes could be improved, including by: use of cost-effectiveness criteria for selecting recipients; moving from supporting the adoption of specific practices to focusing on achievement of environmental outcomes; more regular policy evaluations; and comprehensive collection of information on policy characteristics. An in-depth application of the taxonomy to Korea illustrates the potential of this taxonomy for country policy monitoring and evaluation purposes. |
| Keywords: | Agri-environmental payments, Cost-effectiveness, Monitoring and evaluation, Policy indicators |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:155-en&r=all |
| By: | Ajay Chhibber (George Washington University) |
| Abstract: | This paper makes the case for an adjusted Human Development Index (HDI) that adds sustainability, vulnerability and human security to the existing HDI components of income, health and education. It shows that these additional elements were part of the discourse in many original writings on human development. They are also central in any discourse on development today. The HDI has made progress by adding gender and inequality in its formulations, but is more reflective of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) agenda than the more comprehensive Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agreed in 2015. The paper reviews existing indicators and suggests a way towards an adjusted HDI. It shows that above an HDI level of 0.8, the cut-off for very high human development, major trade-offs emerge with ecology. It argues for incorporating ecological and human security variables into the HDI, and creating a vulnerability-adjusted HDI that measures resilience to ecological, health and economic shocks, akin to the Inequality-adjusted HDI. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gwi:wpaper:2021-06&r=all |
| By: | Waterfield, Gina; Rogers, Martha; Grandjean, Philippe; Auffhammer, Maximilian; Sunding, David |
| Abstract: | Background Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected in drinking water supplies around the world and are the subject of intense regulatory debate. While they have been associated with several illnesses, their effects on reproductive outcomes remains uncertain. Methods We analyzed birth outcomes in the east Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area from 2002 to 2011, where a portion of the population faced elevated exposure to PFASs due to long-term contamination of drinking water supplies from industrial waste disposal. Installation of a water filtration facility in the highly contaminated city of Oakdale, MN at the end of 2006 resulted in a sharp decrease in exposure to PFASs, creating a "natural experiment". Using a difference-in-differences approach, we compare the changes in birth outcomes before and after water filtration in Oakdale to the changes over the same period in neighboring communities where the treatment of municipal water remained constant. Results Average birth weight and average gestational age were statistically significantly lower in the highly exposed population than in the control area prior to filtration of municipal water supply. The highly exposed population faced increased odds of low birth weight (adjusted odds ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.25-1.48) and pre-term birth (adjusted odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.09-1.19) relative to the control before filtration, and these differences moderated after filtration. The general fertility rate was also significantly lower in the exposed population (incidence rate ratio 0.73, 95% CI 0.69-0.77) prior to filtration and appeared to be rebounding post-2006. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of a causal relationship between filtration of drinking water containing high levels of exposure to PFASs and improved reproductive outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Humans, Premature Birth, Birth Weight, Fluorocarbons, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Gestational Age, Adult, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Minnesota, Female, Male, Young Adult, Drinking Water, Birth weight, Fertility, Perfluorocarbons, Pregnancy outcome, Preterm birth, Water pollution, Toxicology, Public Health and Health Services |
| Date: | 2020–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt67t8w4q5&r=all |
| By: | Maurizio Pugno (University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale); Francesco Sarracino (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques du Grand-Duché du Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | Understanding why many people spontaneously perform pro-environmental behaviours, rather than requiring some incentive, is an active area of research. To solve the puzzle, many studies address people’s intrinsic motivation for this kind of behaviour. However, the term ‘intrinsic’ remains unclear, and thus also the solution of the puzzle. We contribute to this research by attaching intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to the pursuit of central goals in people’s lives. We take the prominent example of the motivations in looking for a job, and relate these motivations to pro-environmental attitudes and engagements. Using an international sample, we find that intrinsic motivation relates positively and extrinsic motivation relates negatively to a variety of subjective pro-environmental outcomes.This result holds for different sub-samples and for various econometric specifications and methodologies. In particular, two-stage least squares estimation with proper instruments provides evidence of a causal relationship between motivations and pro-environmental outcomes. |
| JEL: | Q5 D91 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csn:wpaper:2021-01&r=all |
| By: | Harvey, John; Kendall, Alissa; Butt, Ali A.; Saboori, Arash; Ostovar, Maryam; Haynes, Bruce; Hernandez, Jesus |
| Abstract: | Complete streets are those designed not only for private vehicles, but also to enable safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities. Specific street designs vary based on the type of street. Complete streets are intended to improve non-motorized travel safety, reduce costs and environmental burdens, and create more livable, sustainable, and economically vibrant communities. Investment in complete streets projects is growing around the country with these goals in mind. However, there are limited data to verify the effectiveness of complete streets, and the indicators required for quantification of complete street performance are not yet agreed upon. Complete street sustainability indicators are important to assess whether a complete street conversion is achieving its goals and to support decision-making for complete street investment. Researchers at the University of California, Davis and JCH Research used life cycle assessment, a modeling tool for evaluating a product or activity’s environmental impacts through all stages of its life, to quantify the environmental performance of complete streets. The researchers also reviewed the academic literature for social impact indicators, which have generally not been well developed in life cycle assessment applications. The researchers adapted these indicators to better consider equity, guided by interviews with a diverse set of stakeholders. Complete street typologies compiled from several sources were used to test and refine the life cycle assessment framework for complete street conversions. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Case studies, Complete streets, Decision making, Environmental impacts, Equity (Justice), Highway design, Life cycle analysis, Performance measurement, Social benefits |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt22m1z1x7&r=all |
| By: | Carmen Herrero (Department of Economics, Universidad de Alicante,); Jose' Pineda (Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia); Antonio Villar (Department of Economics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide); Eduardo Zambrano (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the Inclusive Green Energy (IGE) index to evaluate the progress in achieving the key dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goal 7, which entails ensuring "access to affordable, sustainable and modern energy for all." The key aspects of this index are: (i) it focuses on the change of the corresponding variables, rather than on their levels; (ii) it exhibits a decomposability feature that permits integrating several dimensions in a simple way, allowing for the inclusion of "goods" and "bads"; and (iii) the evaluation of progress is made relative to some reference values (targets and thresholds) that can differ between countries. We calculate the Inclusive Green Energy index of progress for 183 countries using data from 2000 to 2014 on three indicators intended to capture inclusiveness, greenness, and efficiency regarding energy use. The results show that progress has, on average, been positive across the world, with more than 88 per cent of the sample of countries experiencing some degree of progress. However, progress is smaller for the Middle East and North African and Sub-Saharan African countries and it is negative for most of the countries that exhibit low levels of human development, as measured by the Human Development Index. Furthermore, fewer than one in four of the countries in the sample have an IGE commensurate with having met their respective country-level targets. This suggests that much remains to be done by almost all countries worldwide with regard to being on track towards meeting their Sustainable Development Goal 7 by 2030. |
| Keywords: | Green economy, energy, sustainable development, composite index, targets, thresholds, policy making, measurement, progress |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpl:wpaper:2003&r=all |
| By: | Desvousges, WH; Mathews, KE; Train, KE |
| Keywords: | Environmental Science and Management, Applied Economics, Other Economics, Agricultural Economics & Policy |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:econwp:qt4g87t7z3&r=all |
| By: | Alejandro Guerrero-Ruiz; Julia Schnatz; Chantal Verger |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the aggregate findings of a survey conducted to assess where the members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Results Community stand with regard to the Guiding Principles on Managing for Sustainable Development Results (MfSDR) adopted in July 2019. In addition to presenting detailed findings against each Principle, the paper examines the main strengths and constraints providers are facing to align to the Principles and analyses the correlations between the Principles, concluding on the more practical consequences for systemic and tailored approaches to implementing them. |
| Keywords: | adaptive management, Agenda 2030, baseline survey, data, development co-operation, evidence-based, Guiding Principles, performance measurement, results framework, results-based management, SDGs, standard indicators |
| JEL: | O20 O19 Z18 O2 O21 |
| Date: | 2021–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:93-en&r=all |
| By: | Sarah Al Doyaili-Wangler (Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to give insights into how domestic voters form their preferences pro or contra compliance with IEAs and therefore how public concern for the environment and interest group activity influence national compliance behaviour. Three hypotheses are developed. First, compliance behaviour is positively influenced by a high concern for climate change and second, by a high number of ENGOs. Third, a strong prevalence of industry interests is assumed to be connected with lower compliance. A panel data analysis on compliance with the Kyoto Protocol by Annex B countries is applied in order to test these hypotheses. The empirical findings give evidence for the first and the third one. |
| Keywords: | Kyoto Protocol, interest groups, compliance, climate policy |
| JEL: | F53 H87 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrp:jrpwrp:2021-001&r=all |
| By: | Olmos, Ximena |
| Keywords: | COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, EMPLEO, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT |
| Date: | 2021–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46760&r=all |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | El año 2020 fue un año sin precedentes en muchos sentidos. Tanto para los países ricos como para los pobres, la pandemia de coronavirus y las respuestas políticas a la misma provoca-ron una calamidad sanitaria generalizada, dificultades económicas, graves interrupciones de los servicios y restricciones drásticas al movimiento de las personas. En los países de ingresos bajos y me-dios (PIBM), muchas personas vulnerables tuvieron que enfrentar las amenazas a su seguridad alimentaria inmediata, su salud y su nutrición. El potencial de los efectos a largo plazo causados por la pérdida de los medios de subsistencia, la malnutrición, la falta de educación y el agota-miento de los recursos es alto, especialmente porque el final de la pandemia aún no se vislumbra en muchos de estos países. La pandemia también puso de manifiesto y a menudo exacerbó- las deficiencias y desigualda-des de nuestros sistemas alimentarios. Un año después, el mundo sigue sin estar en condiciones de cumplir los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) para 2030, y está claro que los sistemas alimentarios deben desem-peñar un papel fundamental para encarrilarnos. Los sistemas alimentarios deben transformarse para alcanzar los ODS, para prepararnos mejor para la próxima crisis y para beneficiar a las personas pobres y vulnerables del mundo, así como a nuestro planeta. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; food systems; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; Sustainable Development Goals; pandemics; policies; diet; nutrition; rural areas; urban areas; social protection; cash transfers; poverty; food supply chains; resilience; shock; health; natural resources; environment; governance; gender; innovation; supply chains; food policies; food security; health foods; decision making; refugees; policymakers; lockdown |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:synops:9780896294134&r=all |
| By: | Sujadi, Jeslina Vanessa |
| Abstract: | Tugas Sitasi Perekonomian Indonesia |
| Date: | 2021–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kvwcs&r=all |
| By: | Zhao, Qunshan; Li, Ziqi; Shah, Dhrumil; Fischer, Heather; Solís, Patricia; Wentz, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | Long-term community resilience, which privileges a long view look at chronic issues influencing communities, has begun to draw more attention from city planners, researchers and policymakers. In Phoenix, resilience to heat is both a necessity and a way of life. In this paper, we attempt to understand how residents living in Phoenix experience and behave in an extreme heat environment. To achieve this goal, we introduced a smartphone application (ActivityLog) to study spatio-temporal dynamics of human interaction with urban environments. Compared with the traditional paper activity log results, the smartphone-based activity log has higher data quality in terms of the log numbers and completeness, response rates, accuracy, and connection with GPS and temperature sensors. The research results show that low-income residents in Phoenix mostly stay home during the summer but experience a relatively high indoor temperature due to the lack/low efficiency of air-conditioning (AC) equipment or lack of funds to run AC frequently. Middle-class residents have a better living experience in Phoenix with better mobility with automobiles and good quality of AC. The research results help us better understand user behaviors for daily log activities and how human activities interact with the urban thermal environment, informing further planning policy development. The ActivityLog smartphone application is also presented as an open-source prototype to design a similar urban climate citizen science program in the future. |
| Date: | 2021–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vycmq&r=all |
| By: | Soesilo, Adinda Renata |
| Abstract: | The Regulation Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 12 of 2020 has a negative effect especially on the sustainability of lobster in Indonesia. |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3mjnu&r=all |
| By: | Cyriac Azefack (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], EOVI MCD Santé & Services); Vincent Augusto (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Raksmey Phan (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Xie Xiaolan (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Guillaume Gardin (EOVI MCD Santé & Services); Claude Montuy-Coquard (EOVI MCD Santé & Services); Remi Bouvier (EOVI MCD Santé & Services); Thomas Celarier (CHU de Saint-Etienne - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne); Regis Gonthier (CHU de Saint-Etienne - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne) |
| Abstract: | La fragilité de la personne âgée est un syndrome clinique utile pour évaluer le risque de perte d'autonomie. D'après la Société française de gériatrie et de gérontologie, la fragilité reflète une diminution des capacités physiologiques de réserve qui altère les mécanismes d'adaptation au stress. La fragilité est un concept multidimensionnel (physique, sociale, cognitive, nutritionnelle, sensorielle et fonctionnelle) et son dépistage est nécessaire pour le maintien d'une personne âgée en bonne santé. D'importantes innovations technologiques ont été réalisées dans le domaine de la santé ces dernières années et plus particulièrement de la santé à domicile avec des habitats intelligents. Un habitat intelligent est une maison équipée de capteurs non invasifs dans le but de récolter des informations sur les activités effectuées par la personne âgée. Pour des personnes âgées vivant à domicile, l'utilisation de ces nouvelles technologies pourrait améliorer |
| Keywords: | fragilité,personne âgée,habitat intelligent |
| Date: | 2020–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03188128&r=all |
| By: | Blandine Laperche (ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale); Antje Burmeister (IFSTTAR - IFSTTAR/AME/LTE - Laboratoire Transports et Environnement - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - Université de Lyon); Celine Merlin-Brogniart (Université de Lille); Fedoua Kasmi (ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale) |
| Date: | 2021–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03189748&r=all |
| By: | Augusto Cerqua (Sapienza Università di Roma); Chiara Ferrante (Sapienza Università di Roma); Marco Letta (Sapienza Università di Roma) |
| Abstract: | The recent literature on the determinants of populism has highlighted the role of long-term trends of progressive isolation and prolonged economic stagnation in engendering discontent and, in turn, demand for political change. We investigate, instead, the potential of unanticipated local shocks in shaping the ‘geography of discontent’. Using comprehensive data at a fine spatial scale and a comparative natural experiment approach, we document that the occurrence of two destructive earthquakes in Italy resulted in sharply diverging electoral outcomes: while the 2012 Emilia quake did not alter voting behaviour, the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake paved the way for an impressive and persistent surge in right-wing populism in the most affected areas. Such heterogeneous patterns mainly originate from a stark contrast in post-disaster reconstruction processes and shifts in institutional trust. Our findings are consistent with the idea that not only “places that don’t matter†, but also “places that don’t recover†, can become populist hotbeds. |
| Keywords: | elections, populism, discontent, natural disasters, earthquakes |
| JEL: | D72 H12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp14&r=all |