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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Apostolou, Apostolos; Papaioannou, Michael |
| Abstract: | It is increasingly realized that financial-asset investors individually are not likely able to affect climate developments significantly, while the financial sector collectively cannot hedge all climate-related risks. Nevertheless, the financial sector could help channel savings into green projects through both equity and bond markets, and thus facilitate divestment from heavy carbon-footprint producers. This paper provides a novel framework for understanding climate-related adaptation, mitigation, and transition risks and outlines a method for valuing these risks in investors’ portfolios. Our proposed comprehensive set up can serve as a call for action to longer-term institutional investors to obtain accurate information on climate-related risks, develop appropriate frameworks for understanding these risks, and regularly value them. We maintain that through improvements in the assessment of risks, financial stakeholders would be able to help better manage climate-related risks and facilitate an easier transition from brown to sustainable green finance. |
| Keywords: | Green Finance, Climate, Investors Portfolios |
| JEL: | G32 M2 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106779&r=all |
| By: | Isermeyer, Folkhard; Heidecke, Claudia; Osterburg, Bernhard |
| Abstract: | In this working paper we examine whether it would be possible and reasonable to integrate the agricultural sector into CO2 pricing. CO2 pricing has been practiced in Europe for years. The EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) regulates emissions from approximately 12,000 large-scale plants in the energy and energy-intensive industries, as well as emissions from intra-European aviation. The ETS thus comprises almost half of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions. The politically defined mitigation targets are achieved in the ETS area (albeit with the participation of various other climate policy instruments), whereas they have so far been missed in the non-ETS area. In Autumn 2019, the German federal government presented a climate protection law that provides a comprehensive set of measures. One of the most important measures here is the inclusion of fossil heating and fuel in emissions trading. Initially, only a nationally-based trading system is planned for these sectors, and CO2 prices are to be kept low in the initial phase. The long-term effect of this system change can, however, be considerable: approximately 85 percent of Germa-ny's greenhouse gas emissions will soon be included in emission trading. This means that emissions can be gradually reduced along an initially agreed upon reduction path without the policymakers constantly having to fight for new decisions. Besides certain emissions from industrial processes, emission trading then only misses the areas of agriculture and land use. Against this background, it is the aim of this working paper to comprehensively examine whether these areas could also be integrated. First, based on economic theory and political experience, we show that the advantages of CO2 pricing compared to other climate policy options are the following: (1) Emission reduction targets are achieved along the politically-determined savings path. (2) All companies and all consumers are supplied with scarcity signals via prices, so that all people constantly participate in the “reduction and innovation competition”. (3) Emission reductions ultimately take place where they cause the lowest economic costs. (4) The system is based on market principles and is therefore particularly well-connected to a globally coordinated climate mitigation policy. However, two major challenges can be derived from the theoretical discussion, which can make it more difficult to integrate agriculture and land use into emissions trading: (1) Agricultural emissions come from many diffuse sources. It is therefore not easy to find starting points for climate mitigation measures that can be administered legally and with reasonable effort. (2) Agricultural and forestry products are traded internationally on a large scale. CO2 pricing in Europe can therefore lead to emissions-intensive production branches being relocated to third countries and thus lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere (leakage effects). Theoretically, the best policy concept would be to use the “individual greenhouse gas balance” of each individual farm (i.e., an aggregate of all farm emissions minus the long-term carbon seques-tration on its land) as a control parameter. In practice, however, it is not possible to determine the data required for the many farms in a justifiable and reasonable manner. Therefore, in the further course of the article we will investigate how the different groups of greenhouse gases (nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide) could be integrated into CO2 pricing. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:310017&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Land use changes are known to account for over 20% of human greenhouse gas emissions andtree cover losses can significantly influence land-climate dynamics. Land-climate feedbacks havebeen identified and evaluated for a long time. However, in addition to the direct effect of climatechange on forest biomes, recent sparse evidence has shown that land use changes may increaseas a result of weather shocks. In Western and Central Africa, agriculture is the main source ofincome and employment for rural populations. Economies rely on agricultural production, whichis largely rainfed, and therefore dependent predominantly upon seasonal rainfall. In this article,I explore the impact of seasonal rainfall quality on deforestation, by combining high-resolutionremotely-sensed annual tree cover loss, land cover, human activity and daily rainfall data. Ishow that in poor regions that are mainly reliant on rainfed agriculture, a bad rainy season leadsto large deforestation shocks. These shocks notably depend on the proportion of agriculturalland and on the remoteness of the areas in question, as remoteness determines the ability toimport food and the existence of alternative income sources. In areas with significant forestcover, a short rainfall season leads to a 15% increase in deforestation. In unconnected areaswith small proportions of crop area, the increase in deforestation reaches 20%. Findings suggestthat a refined understanding of the land use changes caused by rainfall shocks might be used toimprove the design and effectiveness of development, adaptation and conservation policies |
| Keywords: | deforestation,rainfall shocks,West Africa |
| Date: | 2021–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03111007&r=all |
| By: | Bacchus, Sarah; Walker, Amanda; Whitney, Kaitlin Stack |
| Abstract: | Forests provide many ecosystem services which are enjoyed by nearby residing communities. This includes pollution and flood mitigation, carbon sequestration, oxygen production, food, fuel, education, recreation, and aesthetics. These ecosystem services also come from urban and suburban forests. Urban ecosystems, specifically urban green spaces services have been noted to improve human health significantly. Yet urban forests and ecosystem services have not and are not distributed. Understanding where and when forest cover and green spaces are changing can give insight into corresponding changes in services and access within and between communities. Thus, our objective was to complete a temporal analysis of the tree canopy-cover in the city of Rochester, NY was performed to examine change in tree cover and green spaces from 2009-2017. We did this using three-band orthorectified data; red, green, and blue bands and unsupervised and supervised classifications. A stacked-PCA image was created and applied to the change-detection PCA technique. In running the stack PCA analysis band 3 was found to be indicative of change, highlighting the expansion of agriculture as a major drive of change. The stacked PCA change detection technique determined that 8,448,898,967 tons/ha of vegetation was gained during these two time periods. The attempted NDVI change detection indicated that 1.89089353510 tons/ha of vegetation was gained. The NDVI change detection analysis revealed the most vegetation gains occurring in the rural and suburban regions of Monroe County, NY between 2090 and 2017. Given the many benefits of forests and green spaces for health and well-being, we make recommendations for future researchers attempting this kind of assessment for Monroe County and identify local programs that may be mitigating some of the green space disparities in the county. |
| Date: | 2021–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:g48pz&r=all |
| By: | François Belle-Larant (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Hugo Mauron (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Pascal da Costa (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | This article introduces within the DICE Model a new class of consumers with the political or philosophical opinion of "degrowth", so-called deep green consumers (DGC), whose discount rate will endogenously decrease with the economic growth. A new utility function is assumed, using the Ramsey equation, to compute the social discount rate (SDR) in this new way. New paths of consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions thus arise for both this social rate time of pure preference and the absolute value of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution of the consumption. In this framework, the SDR is a decreasing function with respect to the share of DGC in the total population. The integral of intertemporal utility proves an increasing function with respect to it. This article assesses the impact of an increase in the share of DGC in the population and shows that, under a certain threshold of DGC around 40%, no significant difference in the temperature decrease before 2100 is found. Above this threshold, the trend of increasing temperatures is inverted, within a time frame of one century: A share of 50% of DGC shows a peak for temperature in 2120, with an increase of +3°C., below Nordhaus' optimal path. These assessments show that changes in public opinion, such as the emerging movement in favor of reduced material consumption, or even degrowth, could lead to significant effects in favor of the climate when reaching a certain threshold. This is due to the inertia of both the natural climate systems and capital investment, arguing for strong complementary economic policy measures to reduce GHGs emissions, in addition to preference changes. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03146625&r=all |
| By: | Andrés Alonso (Banco de España); José Manuel Marqués (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and its management and mitigation are unquestionably among the main risks facing our society in the coming decades. The financial sector plays a key role in this challenge, firstly because of its exposure and the consequent capital shocks if this risk crystallises, and secondly because it has the task of financing the investments needed to transform our economy into a sustainable one. This article reviews various initiatives under way in the private financial sector to introduce the variable “sustainability” into its decision-making process in order to achieve a balance sheet with a smaller carbon footprint (transformation of stock) and to develop a business strategy aligned with responsible investment principles and international standards (transformation of flow). We analyse the innovations emerging along the path to sustainable finance, looking particularly at: 1) new suppliers and services in the market, 2) the creation of sustainability-linked financial instruments, 3) the adaptation of financial risk management policies, and 4) the interaction of technological progress with climate change. |
| Keywords: | fintech, sustainable development goals, climate change, sustainability, green bonds, innovation, artificial intelligence |
| JEL: | Q54 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:1916e&r=all |
| By: | Emma Jagu (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay, IFP School, IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Olivier Massol (IFP School, IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, City University London) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the deployment of a shared CO2 transportation infrastructure needed to support the combined emergence of Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Fossil energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). We develop a cooperative game-theoretic approach to: (i) examine the conditions needed for its construction to be decided, and (ii) determine the break-even CO2 value needed to build such a shared infrastructure. In particular, we highlight that, as biogenic emissions are overlooked in currently-implemented carbon accounting frameworks, BECCS and CCS emitters face asymmetric conditions for joining a shared infrastructure. We thus further examine the influence of these carbon accounting considerations by assessing and comparing the break-even CO2 values obtained under alternative accounting rules. We apply this modeling framework to a large contemporary BECCS/CCS case-study in Sweden. Our results indicate that sustainable and incentive-compatible cooperation schemes can be implemented if the value of CO2 is high enough and show how that value varies depending on the carbon accounting framework retained for negative emissions and the nature of the infrastructure operators. In the most advantageous scenario, the CO2 value needs to reach 112€/tCO2, while the current Swedish carbon tax amounts to 110€/tCO2. Overall, these findings position pragmatic policy recommendations for local BECCS deployment. |
| Date: | 2021–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03118399&r=all |
| By: | Raphaël Jachnik; Alexander Dobrinevski |
| Abstract: | This paper explores data and methods to assess the alignment or misalignment with climate mitigation objectives of investments in the construction and refurbishment of residential and non-residential buildings. It takes the United Kingdom (UK) as a case study, where such investments reached GBP 162 billion (EUR 184 billion) in 2019 or 39% of UK gross fixed capital formation. The analysis trials different reference points that lead to varying results and each currently come with limitations in terms of coverage or granularity. Sector-level greenhouse gas (GHG) trajectories indicate that, in aggregate, investments in UK buildings have been insufficient, delayed or not aligned enough with caps set by UK Carbon Budgets, but such trajectories currently lack disaggregation for a more granular and insightful matching with investment data. Energy performance certificates (EPCs) allow for asset-level analyses: for instance, 79% of 2010-2019 investments in new built residential were in relatively energy efficient buildings but only 1% were consistent with more demanding recommendations towards the UK’s objective of reaching net-zero GHG in 2050. The coverage and reliability of EPCs, however, needs to be improved for older buildings, whose deep retrofitting is a major financing challenge. Applying Climate Bonds Initiative criteria for low-carbon buildings identifies investments eligible for green bond financing, but such criteria have partial sectoral coverage and are based on currently most efficient buildings within the existing stock, which makes them relatively easy to meet for investments in new built.Producing more complete and policy relevant assessments of aligned and misaligned investments at national and sectoral levels requires the availability of and access to comparable and granular data on decarbonisation targets and pathways consistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goals, GHG performance of assets, corporate and household investments, as well as underlying sources of financing. |
| Keywords: | buildings, capital expenditure, climate change, emissions, energy efficiency, finance, investment, low-greenhouse gas development, measurement, scenarios, taxonomy, tracking, United Kingdom |
| JEL: | E01 E22 G31 G32 H54 Q56 Q54 R31 R33 |
| Date: | 2021–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:172-en&r=all |
| By: | Clay, Karen (Carnegie Mellon University); Severnini, Edson R. (Carnegie Mellon University); Sun, Xiaochen (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | In the absence of first-best climate policy, energy efficiency has figured prominently among strategies to reduce carbon emissions. One of the most sought-after green certification in the building sector is the internationally recognized Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED). This paper examines the effects of LEED certification on energy efficiency in federally owned buildings. Using propensity score matching and difference in differences models, we find no effect of LEED certification on average energy consumption. This reflects the fact that energy use is one of a number of attributes that receives scores under the LEED program. Buildings with above average energy scores have greater energy efficiency post-certification. Some other attributes, notably higher water scores, decrease energy efficiency post-certification. Trade-offs across LEED attributes account for the absence of energy savings on average. If energy efficiency is the primary policy goal, LEED certification may not be the most effective means to reach that goal. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, LEED certification, energy savings, federal buildings, trade-off across LEED attributes |
| JEL: | O31 Q41 Q48 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14211&r=all |
| By: | Anesu M. Mabaire (School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China Author-2-Name: XU Guangquan Author-2-Workplace-Name: School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China Author-3-Name: Ngqabutho Moyo Author-3-Workplace-Name: NM Professional Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - This research seeks to examine the purchase behaviour of environment-friendly automobiles. It also identifies the key factors affecting the purchase intention of green vehicles. The study adopted a quantitative approach, and primary data was analysed on Smart PLS3. The researcher utilised a non-probability sampling technique to select the most appropriate sample for this study. This type of sampling is also known as purposive sampling, deliberate sampling, and or judgement sampling. Independent variables of this study include environmental attitudes such as; environmental knowledge, environmental values and responsibility feeling. These variables were tested against purchase intention, which is regarded as a dependent construct of this study. Finding - Based on the findings, all the proposed hypotheses of this study are proven significant. Environmental knowledge has a positive effect on environmental values. Environmental values have a significant effect on the formation of a responsibility feeling. Responsibility feeling has a significant effect on the purchase intention of green vehicles. Novelty - Individuals who possess adequate knowledge about their environment are likely to develop environmental values, which then transforms into a responsibility feeling towards the environment and then predict the purchase intention of environment-friendly automobiles. Citizens should thus be equipped with adequate knowledge about environmental issues, through formal and informal education, and through socialization agencies and awareness campaigns, as this will help in boosting pro-environmental and sustainable human behaviours. Type of Paper - Empirical |
| Keywords: | Environment-friendly automobiles; purchase intention; environmental knowledge; environmental values; responsibility feeling. |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2021–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr586&r=all |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | I propose a new conceptual framework to disentangle the impacts of weather and climate on economic activity and growth: A stochastic frontier model with climate in the production frontier and weather shocks as a source of inefficiency. I test it on a sample of 160 countries over the period 1950-2014. Temperature and rainfall determine production possibilities in both rich and poor countries; positively in cold countries and negatively in hot ones. Weather anomalies reduce inefficiency in rich countries but increase inefficiency in poor and hot countries; and more so in countries with low weather variability. The climate effect is larger that the weather effect. |
| Keywords: | climate change, weather shocks, economic growth, stochastic frontier analysis |
| JEL: | D24 O44 O47 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8946&r=all |
| By: | Mayssa Mhadhbi; Mohamed Gallali; Stéphane Goutte (Cemotev - Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, VNU - Vietnam National University [Hanoï]); Khaled Guesmi |
| Abstract: | It has been widely documented in the literature that financial development drives up the impact of CO2 emissions through increases in real economic activities and the consumption of polluting fossil fuel energy. However, when dealing with stock market development, such upward effects on economic growth, energy efficiency, and carbon emissions seems to give away to a positive impact especially in emerging markets. This paper contributes to this debate by exploring both the symmetric and asymmetric responses of CO2 emission to changes in stock market development indicators. In particular, using both the panel linear and nonlinear ARDL, our results demonstrate the asymmetric effects of stock market development indicators on carbon emissions in the context of emerging markets. In particular, the long-run elasticities results suggest that positive and negative shocks on stock market indicator decreases environmental quality by increasing carbon emissions. Based on these empirical findings, this study offers some crucial policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Stock market development,Carbon emissions,Energy efficiency,Asymmetric relationship,NARDL model,JEL Classification: Q 43,G28,E44,F64 |
| Date: | 2021–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03169689&r=all |
| By: | MARINELLI Elisabetta; FERNÁNDEZ SIRERA Tatiana; PONTIKAKIS Dimitrios (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | There are increasing demands on our economies and societies for transformational change. The European Union (EU) and global actors such as the United Nations (UN) are giving increasing attention to social and environmental sustainability. This paper reflects on how Smart Specialisation Strategies (S3), and in particular the search for actionable policy pathways through the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP), need to evolve. To respond to the challenges ahead, S3 must also contribute to the transition towards more sustainable and inclusive pathways, in line with the European Green Deal’s objectives and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this sense, we argue that we need a transformative Smart Specialisation, sustained by a transformative EDP. With this objective in mind, we begin by examining the current policy context and frame S3 in the broader EU agenda. We stress the importance of aligning S3 to the EU New Industrial Strategy and the European Green Deal, mustering momentum to address social and environmental challenges. We then introduce conceptual and policy frameworks which can support the development of a transformative EDP, namely Sustainability Transitions, Transformative Innovation Policy, and Responsible Research and Innovation. We then report on two pioneering policy experiences that -building on the above conceptual foundations and approaches- have attempted to imbue the S3 and EDP with transformative elements, namely the POINT (Projecting Opportunities for INdustrial Transition) Reviews by the Joint Research Centre and the Shared Agendas in Catalonia. We conclude with a discussion of some implications for the future of Smart Specialisation and highlighting the challenges ahead. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurial Discovery Process, New Industrial Strategy, European Green Deal, smart specialisation, lagging regions, Greece, Bulgaria, Catalonia |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc124128&r=all |
| By: | David L. Kelly; Garth Heutel; Juan B. Moreno-Cruz; Soheil Shayegh |
| Abstract: | Solar geoengineering (SGE) can combat climate change by directly reducing temperatures. Both SGE and the climate itself are surrounded by great uncertainties. Implementing SGE affects learning about these uncertainties. We model endogenous learning over two uncertainties: the sensitivity of temperatures to carbon concentrations (the climate sensitivity), and the effectiveness of SGE in lowering temperatures. We present both theoretical and simulation results from an integrated assessment model, focusing on the informational value of SGE experimentation. Surprisingly, under current calibrated conditions, SGE deployment slows learning, causing a less informed decision. For any reasonably sized experimental SGE deployment, the temperature change becomes closer to zero, and thus more obscured by noisy weather shocks. Still, some SGE use is optimal despite, not because of, its informational value. The optimal amount of SGE is very sensitive to beliefs about both uncertainties. |
| JEL: | D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28442&r=all |
| By: | Dorn, Franziska; Maxand, Simone; Kneib, Thomas |
| Abstract: | High levels of carbon emissions and rising income inequality are interconnected challenges for the global society. Commonly-applied linear regression models fail to unravel the complexity of potential bi-directional transmission channels. Specifically, consumption, energy sources and the political system are potential determinants of the strength and direction of the dependence between emissions and inequality. To capture their impact, this study investigates the conditional dependence between income inequality and emissions by applying distributional copula models on an unbalanced panel data set of 154 countries from 1960 to 2019. A comparison of high-, middle-, and low-income countries contradicts a linear relationship and sheds light on heterogeneous dependence structures implying synergies, trade-offs and decoupling between income inequality and carbon emissions. Based on the conditional distribution, we can identify determinants associated with higher/lower probabilities of a country falling in an area of potential social and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Bivariate distributional copula model,income inequality,carbon emission,social sustainability,ecological sustainability |
| JEL: | C14 C46 D63 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:413&r=all |
| By: | Ian Parry |
| Abstract: | The United States has pledged to become carbon neutral by 2050, meet sectoral objectives (e.g., for carbon free power, electric vehicles) and encourage greater mitigation among large emitting countries and of international transportation emissions. Fiscal policies at the national, sectoral, and international level could play a critical role in implementing these objectives, along with investment, regulatory, and technology policies. Fiscal instruments are cost-effective, can enhance political acceptability, and do not worsen, or could help alleviate, budgetary pressures. Domestically, a fiscal policy package could contain a mix of economy-wide carbon pricing and revenue-neutral feebates (i.e., tax-subsidy schemes) with the latter reinforcing mitigation in the transport, power, industrial, building, forestry, and agricultural sectors. Internationally, a carbon price floor among large emitters (with flexibility to implement equivalent measures) could effectively scale up global mitigation, while levies/feebates offer a practical approach for reducing maritime and aviation emissions. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax;Greenhouse gas emissions;Non-renewable resources;Natural gas sector;Fuel prices;Climate change,carbon neutrality,US climate mitigation,carbon pricing,feebates,carbon price floor,international aviation and maritime.,WP,efficiency cost o n,feebate variant,fuel economy,mitigation cost |
| Date: | 2021–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/057&r=all |
| By: | David Anthoff; Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | Weitzman's Dismal Theorem has that the expected net present value of a stock problem with a stochastic growth rate with unknown variance is unbounded. Cost-benefit analysis can therefore not be applied to greenhouse gas emission control. We use the Generalized Central Limit Theorem to show that the Dismal Theorem can be tested, in a finite sample, by estimating the tail index. We apply this test to social cost of carbon estimates from three commonly used integrated assessment models, and to previously published estimates. Two of the three models do not support the Dismal Theorem, but the third one does for low discount rates. The meta-analysis cannot reject the Dismal Theorem. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, dismal theorem, fat tails, social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | C46 D81 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8939&r=all |
| By: | Arlan Brucal (London School of Economics); Antoine Dechezleprêtre (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of energy price increases – induced notably by the removal of fossil fuel subsidies – on the joint environmental and economic performance of Indonesian plants in the manufacturing industry for the period 1980-2015. The paper shows that a 10% increase in energy prices causes a a reduction in energy use by 5.2% and a reduction in CO2 emissions by 5.8% on average, with more energy-intensive sectors responding more to the shocks. At the same time, energy price increases increase the probability of plant exit and reduce employment of large and energy intensive plants, but the estimated effect is very small (-0.2% for a 10% increase in energy prices). Morevoer, energy price changes have no significant influence on net job creation at the industry-wide level, suggesting that jobs are not lost but reallocated from energy-intensive to energy-efficient firms. Overall, the empirical evidence demonstrates that environmental fiscal reforms in emerging economies like Indonesia can bring about large environmental benefits with little to no effect on employment. |
| Keywords: | carbon emissions reductions, competitiveness, energy price, firm performance, fossil fuel subsidy reform |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:170-en&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claude Crampes (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The presence of consumers able to respond to changes in wholesale electricity prices facilitates the penetration of renewable intermittent sources of energy such as wind or sun power. We investigate how adapting demand to intermittent electricity supply by making consumers price-responsive - thanks to smart meters and home automation appliances - impacts the energy mix. We show that it almost always reduces carbon emissions. Furthermore, when consumers are not too risk-averse, demand response is socially beneficial because the loss from exposing consumers to volatile prices is more than offset by lower production and environmental costs. However, the gain is decreasing when the proportion of reactive consumers increases. Therefore, depending on the costs of the necessary smart hardware, it may be non-optimal to equip the whole population. |
| Keywords: | Electricity,Intermittency,Renewables,Dynamic pricing,Demand response,Smart meters |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03153425&r=all |
| By: | Klusak, P.; Agarwala, M.; Burke, M.; Kraemer, M.; Mohaddes, K. |
| Abstract: | Enthusiasm for 'greening the financial system' is welcome, but a fundamental challenge remains: financial decision makers lack the necessary information. It is not enough to know that climate change is bad. Markets need credible, digestible information on how climate change translates into material risks. To bridge the gap between climate science and real-world financial indicators, we simulate the effect of climate change on sovereign credit ratings for 108 countries, creating the world's first climate-adjusted sovereign credit rating. Under various warming scenarios, we find evidence of climate-induced sovereign downgrades as early as 2030, increasing in intensity and across more countries over the century. We find strong evidence that stringent climate policy consistent with limiting warming to below 2°C, honouring the Paris Climate Agreement, and following RCP 2.6 could nearly eliminate the effect of climate change on ratings. In contrast, under higher emissions scenarios (i.e., RCP 8.5), 63 sovereigns experience climate-induced downgrades by 2030, with an average reduction of 1.02 notches, rising to 80 sovereigns facing an average downgrade of 2.48 notches by 2100. We calculate the effect of climate-induced sovereign downgrades on the cost of corporate and sovereign debt. Across the sample, climate change could increase the annual interest payments on sovereign debt by US$ 22–33 billion under RCP 2.6, rising to US$ 137–205 billion under RCP 8.5. The additional cost to corporates is US$ 7.2–12.6 billion under RCP 2.6, and US$ 35.8–62.6 billion under RCP 8.5. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign credit rating, climate change, counterfactual analysis, climate-economy models, corporate debt, sovereign debt |
| Date: | 2021–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2127&r=all |
| By: | Victor Champonnois (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Erdlenbruch (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the scope for individual adaptation to flood risk in the South of France. We collected data concerning the implementation of individual adaptation measures and the willingness to pay for individual and collective measures in a survey of 418 respondents living in two flood-prone areas. First, we observed the current level of adaptation and compared the willingness to pay for individual versus collective measures. We then analysed the drivers of implementation and of willingness to pay. We then provide a costbenefit analysis of individual adaptation. The survey results show that, despite willingness to pay for reduced risk, few adaptation measures have been implemented. Perceptions of hazards and of damage are important drivers but have different influences: the first favours the implementation of measures; the second increases willingness to pay for measures. Finally, our cost-benefit analysis suggests that completely dry proofing a house up to a height of one metre may not be economically viable. This calls for the promotion of cheaper and more cost-efficient measures. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation,cost-benefit analysis,damage mitigation,dichotomous choice,flood,France,individual adaptation,willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2021–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03155331&r=all |
| By: | Johnston, David W. (Monash University); Knott, Rachel (Monash University); Mendolia, Silvia (University of Wollongong); Siminski, Peter (University of Technology, Sydney) |
| Abstract: | Understanding how variation in weather and climate conditions impact productivity, performance and learning is of crucial economic importance. Recently, studies have established that high temperatures negatively impact cognition and educational outcomes in several countries around the world. We add to this literature by analysing test scores from a national assessment of Australian children aged between 8 and 15 years. Using comparable methods to previous studies, we find that high temperatures in the year prior to the test do not worsen performance. In fact, we find the opposite: additional cold days significantly reduces test scores. Moreover, the effect appears cumulative, with cold school days 1-2 years prior also having a negative effect. This seemingly contradictory finding is consistent with a literature which finds that people living in warm regions tend to inadequately protect themselves from cold temperatures, meaning they are susceptible to cold weather shocks. More generally, we demonstrate that effects of weather conditions are likely to be context specific. |
| Keywords: | learning, climate, Australia |
| JEL: | I20 J24 J54 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14214&r=all |
| By: | Andrea La Nauze |
| Abstract: | I test whether economic incentives dampen peer effects in public-good settings. I study how a visible and subsidized contribution to a public good (installing solar panels) affects peer contributions that are neither subsidized nor visible (electing green power). Exploiting spatial variation in the feasibility of installing solar panels, I find that panels increase voluntary purchases of green power by neighbors. However, using sharp changes in government incentives over time, I find that the magnitude of the spillover depends on the level of subsidies to solar. The results support the hypothesis that signals drive peer responses to visible public-good contributions and that economic incentives blur those signals. |
| Keywords: | motivation, public goods contribution, solar panels, green energy, environmental public goods |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8940&r=all |
| By: | Rottner, Elisa; von Graevenitz, Kathrine |
| Abstract: | Carbon emissions from German manufacturing have increased over the past decade, while carbon intensity (emissions per Euro of gross output) has declined only slightly. We decompose changes in emissions between 2005 and 2017 into scale, composition (changes in the mix of goods produced) and technology (emission factors of production) effects. We find evidence that the production composition in the German manufacturing sector is increasingly shifting towards less carbonintensive products. However, we also find evidence to suggest that the energy intensity of production has increased. These results are largely driven by a few energy intensive sectors. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions,Climate Policy,Statistical Decomposition,Manufacturing |
| JEL: | D22 L60 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21027&r=all |
| By: | Johanna Tiedemann; Veronica Piatkov; Dinar Prihardini; Juan Carlos Benitez; Aleksandra Zdzienicka |
| Abstract: | Small Developing States (SDS) face substantial challenges in achieving sustainable development. Many of these challenges relate to the small size and limited diversification of their economies. SDS are also among the most vulnerable countries to the impact of climate change and natural disasters. Meeting SDS sustainable development goals goes hand-in-hand with building their climate resilience. But the additional costs to meet development and resilience objectives are substantial and difficult to finance. This work adapts the IMF SDG Costing methodology to capture the unique characteristics and challenges of climate-vulnerable SDS. It also zooms into financing options, estimating domestic tax potential and discussing the possibility of accessing ‘climate funds.’ |
| Date: | 2021–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/062&r=all |
| By: | Berta, Nathalie |
| Abstract: | In the late 1960s, new environmental policies emerged which attempted to reach predetermined pollution standards in a cost-effective way: i.e., the ‘standard-and-tax’ approach proposed by William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates and the permits market approach proposed by John Dales. This paper describes the early history of the two approaches, and compares them. Although they flow from different traditions, namely Pigovian versus Coasean, and are often contrasted in the literature, these cost-effective solutions emerged at the same time and for the same reasons. First, they both tried to promote incentives-based policies against traditional regulations; second, they criticized the optimal Pigovian tax, which raised the contentious issue of measuring pollution damage. More broadly, they emerged as a kind of pragmatic compromise, fed by a common attempt to move toward more practical policies: reaching efficiency without optimality, while relying on standards whose setting is a matter for political decision. |
| Date: | 2020–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wp2xf&r=all |
| By: | Latino, Carmelo; Pelizzon, Loriana; Rzeźnik, Aleksandra |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings on investors' preferences and stock prices. We exploit a change in ESG rating methodology that non-linearly shifted ESG ratings for firms as a natural experiment. We show that the 'pseudo'-changes in the ESG ratings induced by the change in methodology are unrelated to potential fundamental changes in firm's sustainability. Yet, we find that an exogenous change in a stock's ESG rating exerts a transitory price pressure and alters the composition of stock ownership. Individual investors are especially sensitive to the 'pseudo'-changes in the ESG ratings. They (dis)invest in stocks that they misconceive as ESG (down-) upgraded. Short sellers act as arbitrageurs and take the other side of retail investors' trades. Overall, we find that a one standard deviation quasi-increase in the ESG ratings translates into 1pp drop in stock monthly abnormal return. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Social Responsibility,ESG Rating Agencies,Sustainable Investments,Socially responsible investing,ESG,Portfolio choice |
| JEL: | G11 G12 G23 G59 M14 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:310&r=all |
| By: | Clulow, Z.; Ferguson, M.; Ashworth, P; Reiner, D. |
| Abstract: | We explore the relationship between political ideology and public attitudes towards a range of energy technologies (namely: biomass, coal, shale (or coal seam) gas, natural gas, carbon capture and storage, hydroelectricity, nuclear, solar thermal and photovoltaic, wave and wind energy). Our empirical analysis draws on the results of two similar nationally representative public surveys that were conducted in Australia and the UK in 2017. Our findings suggest that political ideology is significantly associated with public attitudes towards energy technologies. Specifically, supporters of left-leaning political parties tend to be more supportive of renewables and opposed to biomass, shale (coal seam) gas, nuclear and fossil fuel energies compared to right-leaning individuals. We also create an alternative ideological proxy to capture the relative emphasis that parties place on the environment and economy and find that supporters of environmentally focused parties generally express similar energy preferences to left-leaning individuals and economy-focused respondents align with right-leaning attitudes. Our findings are robust to different choices of proxy. |
| Keywords: | Political parties, public opinion, climate policy, energy policy |
| JEL: | D72 P18 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2126&r=all |
| By: | Marx, Kirstin; Jacobs, Anna |
| Abstract: | The interdisciplinary BonaRes collaborative project SOILAssist serves the ‘Sustainable protection and improvement of soil functions with intelligent land management strategies’ by developing a practical on-the-fly assistance system for farmers (grant number 031A563A). In its first phase, the SOILAssist sub-project ‘Acceptance and Implementation’ consisted of a literature and media analysis (Project Deliverable D11), a survey and a compilation (`Yellow Pages’ Soil Compaction) and this analysis with Official recommendations for the prevention of soil compaction on arable land (Deliverable D12). The aim was an analysis of legal regulations on the state and federal levels, including performance assessments as well as interconnections to the EU level. Also completed were a detailed analysis of brochures, flyers and other recommendation tools. This analysis (closing date: February 22, 2018) is based on an internet search and therefore does not claim completeness. The topic ‘soil compaction’ is addressed in most governmental information material on the state and federal levels. Nevertheless, the quality of the content and the practicability vary in value. This analysis shows that prevention of soil compaction is. Thus, it becomes clear that the application of the laws (German Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG), German Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance (BBodSchV)) is regulated heterogeneously due to the complex federal structure in Germany. Overall, the implementation of the BBodSchG and the BBodSchV is seen as very difficult and – with some exceptions – lacking in exactness, comprehensibility, availability and timeliness of the materials. On federal state initiated a stakeholder-oriented discussion series and has used the consensus principle to successfully reach agreement on prevention of soil compaction. Results derived here are to be set in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Agenda 2030, EU-soil policies and the 7th Environmental Action Programme until 2020 (7th EAP). A stakeholder agreement on prevention of soil compaction seems to be – given the potential for improvement of the regulatory law and its performance – an adequate bottom-up solution or a suitable ‘vehicle of change’ for reaching a location-specific soil management. Launched in 2015, the funding initiative BonaRes of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) is headquartered at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) and the Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF). It will serve to deliver a scientific basis to strengthen sustainable soil use within the bioeconomy (Soil as a sustainable resource for the bioeconomy – BonaRes). The funding initiative is part of the German National Research Strategy BioEconomy 2030 which focuses on a systemic approach. The SOILAssist sub-project ‘Acceptance and Implementation’ has already brought some results into public debate (in the period since 08/2015). |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:310106&r=all |
| By: | Anderson Roselló, Ray; Villarreal Zan, Ricardo |
| Abstract: | This research aims to estimate the economic impact produced by the 2016 Red Tide phenomena on the ocean derived product export sector of the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. For this purpose, a time series approach is employed using export data in terms of value and volume. Results suggest that the catastrophe had severe consequences over exported volume. Nevertheless, no significant results are found regarding exported net value. |
| Keywords: | Red Tide, Climate Change, Time-Series Analysis |
| JEL: | C22 Q21 Q22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:106764&r=all |
| By: | Naser Amanzadeh (Tehran Institute for Advanced Studies, 17 East Daneshvar St.North Shirazi St., Mollasadra Blvd., Tehran, Iran.); Toshi H. Arimura (Faculty of Political Science and Economics & Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management (RIEEM), Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.); Mohammad Vesal (Assistant professor of Economics,Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran.); Seyed Farshad Fatemi Ardestani (Assistant professor of Economics,Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran.) |
| Abstract: | Climate change has a heterogeneous effect across poor and rich households due to differences in vulnerabilities and exposure. Yet, there are very few papers that provide estimates on the magnitude of climate impact across the income distribution. In this paper, we combine 21 rounds of household expenditure and income survey from 1998 to 2018 in Iran to construct a large sample of rural and urban households. Using within district variations in temperature, we show that a one Celsius degree increase in annual temperature respectively leads to an 8.1 and 4.7 percent decrease in rural and urban per capita expenditure. We find that the impact is twice the average effect for the poorest decile. Furthermore, we provide evidence that available household resources that determine vulnerabilities play a more important role than the difference in exposure to climate change. Our findings suggest that compensatory policies should target the poorest households as poverty is a stronger determinant of impact compared to being an agricultural earner or residing in already hot areas. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Expenditure distribution, Vulnerability, Poverty |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 Q12 I32 D31 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:2007&r=all |
| By: | Enrico Bernardini (Bank of Italy); Ivan Faiella (Bank of Italy); Luciano Lavecchia (Bank of Italy); Alessandro Mistretta (Bank of Italy); Filippo Natoli (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | In the last few years, the climate changes under way and the transition towards a sustainable economic development model have become of great importance for the financial system, involving central banks as well. The latter, whose interest is demonstrated by the work of the Network for Greening the Financial System (NFGS), are taking on the challenges posed by these events as part of their institutional and investment activities. By means of internal study projects and by taking part in the most important round tables at national and international level, the Bank of Italy is helping to analyse the risks that climate change creates for the economic and financial system. In addition, and in line with the recent developments in sustainable finance, it has also integrated sustainability criteria into its investment decisions. This paper aims to give an account of the evidence collected so far on the risks and opportunities linked to climate change and sustainable finance, highlighting what has already been done and what else can be done to put these issues on the agenda of central banks. |
| Keywords: | Bank of Italy, central banks, climate risks, sustainable finance |
| JEL: | Q54 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_608_21&r=all |
| By: | Franziska Bremus; Franziska Schütze; Aleksandar Zaklan |
| Abstract: | This papers analyzes the effect of the ECB’s Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP) and the recent Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) on the yields of eligible green bonds, a new but rapidly growing segment of the corporate bond market. We exploit these policy changes using a difference-in-differences strategy, with ineligible corporate green bonds is- sued in euro, U.S. dollars and Swedish crowns as comparison groups. We find that both programs significantly improve financing conditions for eligible green bonds, thereby increasing the attractiveness of these instruments to issuers and of the euro area as a location of issuance. The effects of the CSPP and PEPP are heterogeneous, both in terms of average impact and persistence of the effects. Yield differences between eligible and ineligible green bonds can last for more than six months. Our analysis informs the debate about new financing options for firms as well as about effects of asset purchase programs on the transition towards a less carbon-intensive economy. |
| Keywords: | green bonds, bond yields, monetary policy, corporate sector purchase programme (CSPP), pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP) |
| JEL: | E52 E58 G12 G18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1938&r=all |
| By: | Gianluca Orsatti; Francesco Quatraro; Alessandra Scandura |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the association between region-level recombinant capabilities and the generation of green technologies (GTs), together with their interplay with the intensity of academic involvement in innovation dynamics. The analysis focuses on Italian NUTS 3 regions, over the period 1998-2009. We show that the local capacity to introduce novel combinations is positively and strongly associated to the generation of GTs, while the involvement of academic inventors in local innovation dynamics shows an interesting compensatory role when local contexts lack such capacity. |
| Keywords: | green technologies, academic inventors, recombinant novelty. |
| JEL: | O33 R11 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cca:wpaper:617&r=all |
| By: | Frijters, Paul (London School of Economics); Johnston, David W. (Monash University); Knott, Rachel (Monash University); Torgler, Benno (Queensland University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | As the severity and frequency of natural disasters become more pronounced with climate change and the increased habitation of at-risk areas, it is important to understand people's resilience to them. We quantify resilience by estimating how natural disasters in the US impacted individual wellbeing in a sample of 2.2 million observations, and whether the effect sizes differed by individual- and county-level factors. The event-study design contrasts changes in wellbeing in counties affected by disasters with that of residents in unaffected counties of the same state. We find that people's hedonic wellbeing is reduced by approximately 6% of a standard deviation in the first two weeks following the event, with the effect diminishing rapidly thereafter. The negative effects are driven by White, older, and economically advantaged sub-populations, who exhibit less resilience. We find no evidence that existing indices of community resilience moderate impacts. Our conclusion is that people in the US are, at present, highly resilient to natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | wellbeing, resilience, natural disasters, institutions, adaptation |
| JEL: | I31 I38 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14220&r=all |
| By: | Bondy, Malvina; Roth, Sefi; Sager, Lutz |
| Abstract: | Many empirical studies have examined the various determinants of crime. However, the link between crime and air pollution has been largely overlooked. In this paper we study whether exposure to ambient air pollution affects crime using daily administrative data for London in 2004-05. For identification, we estimate models with ward fixed effects and implement two instrumental variable strategies, using atmospheric inversions and wind direction as exogenous shocks to local pollution. We find that air pollution has a positive and statistically significant impact on overall crime and on several major crime categories, including those with economic motives. Importantly, the effect also occurs at pollution levels which are well below current regulatory standards and appears to be unevenly distributed across income groups. Our results suggest that reducing air pollution in urban areas may be an effective measure to reduce crime and that air pollution forecasts can be used to improve predictive policing. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; crime; economic incentives |
| JEL: | H23 K42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:102198&r=all |
| By: | Sorina Cernaianu (URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société (URePSSS) - ULR 7369 - ULR 4488 - UA - Université d'Artois - Université de Lille - ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale); Claude Sobry (URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société (URePSSS) - ULR 7369 - ULR 4488 - UA - Université d'Artois - Université de Lille - ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale) |
| Abstract: | In the last years, Romania has made major efforts to develop the skiing areas and some important projects have been implemented in the Carpathian Mountains. This research highlights the low efficiency of ski slopes and ski areas concerning the functionality during the winter season, even though a number of investments have been made. Some examples of bad practices regarding the development of skiing infrastructure in link with the potential impact on the environment are presented. The status of ski slopes, slope conditions, and snow depth were collected daily, during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 winter seasons, from a Romanian website specialized in snow cover information. A statistical analysis based on the collected data has been done. The 225 ski slopes studied have been opened, on average, less than 62 days and more than 20% of them have not even been opened. Only 17.8% of the slopes complied with the "100-day rule" during the first season and 21.3% of them during the second one, which does not ensure profitability. In conclusion, too many ski slopes have been created without considering the actual snow conditions. The investors wasted capital that is unprofitable and needlessly, affecting the environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | winter sport tourism,ski slopes,ski areas,sustainability,investment,public policies,development impacts,climate change,Romania |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03162088&r=all |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lan Nguyễn |
| Abstract: | This dataset an historical list of wind power projects in Vietnam, updated 2021-01-21. The list contains 473 records, among which 381 refer to active projects. It includes the generation capacity, the project's location at the commune level, its stage classified on the Preliminary / Development / Implementation / Operation / Decommission scale, and wether it is onshore, nearshore or offshore. The sample is comprehensive for Implementation and Operation projects. We cover the total project investment cost for 162 records. We obtained the dataset by reviewing only public sources: national power development plan updates, provincial investment plans decisions ; the press and the professional literature. This dataset can be used for energy system research and modeling, for policy analysis at the provincial and national levels, and to better understand the market conditions. It provides an inspirational example of how fast it is possible to switch to renewable energy on a national scale. Climate change mitigation requires more stories like this one. |
| Keywords: | Wind power,Vietnam,Investment cost,Energy transition |
| Date: | 2021–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03127376&r=all |
| By: | Fiona Burlig; James B. Bushnell; David S. Rapson; Catherine Wolfram |
| Abstract: | We provide the first at-scale estimate of electric vehicle (EV) home charging. Previous estimates are either based on surveys that reach conflicting conclusions, or are extrapolated from a small, unrepresentative sample of households with dedicated EV meters. We combine billions of hourly electricity meter measurements with address-level EV registration records from California households. The average EV increases overall household load by 2.9 kilowatt-hours per day, less than half the amount assumed by state regulators. Our results imply that EVs travel 5,300 miles per year, under half of the US fleet average. This raises questions about transportation electrification for climate policy. |
| JEL: | Q4 R4 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28451&r=all |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nguyen Son (NEU - National Economics University (Ha Noi, Vietnam), ABIES Doctoral School - ABIES Doctoral School) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the reduction of electricity poverty in Vietnam from 2008 to 2018 using national household surveys. We find that in 2018, the fraction of households with access to electricity was over 98%, the median level of electricity usage was 139 kWh per month per household, and the electricity bill weighted less than 6% of income for 92% of households. The macroeconomic inequality in electricity consumption was lower than income inequality. In 2014, the fraction of households declaring unsatisfied electricity needs was below three per cent. This indicator indicates that Vietnam has mostly reached the Sustainable Development Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy for all (SDG7). We find that the electricity subsidy mechanism contributes more to alleviating poverty (SDG1) than to SDG7. While there remains households who cannot afford to turn on fans or air conditioner during a heatwave, the engineering, economic and socio-political perspectives converge to indicate that electricity poverty was not an acute social issue in 2018. |
| Keywords: | Electricity poverty,Vietnam,Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2021–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03160911&r=all |
| By: | Florian O. O. Wagener; Aart de Zeeuw; Florian O.O. Wagener |
| Abstract: | Tipping of a natural system, entailing a loss of ecosystem services, may be prevented by stable partial cooperation. The presence of tipping points reverses the grim story that a high level of cooperation is hard to achieve and leaves large possible gains of cooperation. We investigate a tipping game with constant emissions and a piecewise linear response, and the well-known lake system with concave-convex dynamics and time-dependent emissions. Tipping back, leading to a gain in services, can also be induced by stable partial cooperation, but is harder to achieve. A physically reversible natural system may prove to be socially irreversible. |
| Keywords: | tipping points, multiple Nash equilibria, stable partial cooperation, ecological systems |
| JEL: | C70 Q20 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8944&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Goulet Coulombe; Maximilian G\"obel |
| Abstract: | Stips, Macias, Coughlan, Garcia-Gorriz, and Liang (2016, Nature Scientific Reports) use information flows (Liang, 2008, 2014) to establish causality from various forcings to global temperature. We show that the formulas being used hinges on a simplifying assumption that is nearly always rejected by the data. We propose an adequate measure of information flow based on Vector Autoregressions, and find that most results in Stips et al. (2016) cannot be corroborated. Then, it is discussed which modeling choices (e.g., the choice of CO2 series and assumptions about simultaneous relationships) may help in extracting credible estimates of causal flows and the transient climate response simply by looking at the joint dynamics of two climatic time series. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2103.10605&r=all |
| By: | Charles F. Manski; Alan H. Sanstad; Stephen J. DeCanio |
| Abstract: | Numerical simulations of the global climate system provide inputs to integrated assessment modeling for estimating the impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation and other policies to address global climate change. While essential tools for this purpose, computational climate models are subject to considerable uncertainty, including inter-model “structural” uncertainty. Structural uncertainty analysis has emphasized simple or weighted averaging of the outputs of multi-model ensembles, sometimes with subjective Bayesian assignment of probabilities across models. However, choosing appropriate weights is problematic. To use climate simulations in integrated assessment, we propose instead framing climate model uncertainty as a problem of partial identification, or “deep” uncertainty. This terminology refers to situations in which the underlying mechanisms, dynamics, or laws governing a system are not completely known and cannot be credibly modeled definitively even in the absence of data limitations in a statistical sense. We propose the min-max regret (MMR) decision criterion to account for deep climate uncertainty in integrated assessment without weighting climate model forecasts. We develop a theoretical framework for cost-benefit analysis of climate policy based on MMR, and apply it computationally with a simple integrated assessment model. We suggest avenues for further research. |
| JEL: | D81 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28449&r=all |
| By: | Celso Brunetti; Benjamin Dennis; Dylan Gates; Diana Hancock; David Ignell; Elizabeth K. Kiser; Gurubala Kotta; Anna Kovner; Richard J. Rosen; Nicholas K. Tabor |
| Abstract: | This Note describes how risks arising from climate change may affect financial stability. We describe how climate-change related risks may emerge either as shocks to the financial system or as financial system vulnerabilities that could amplify the effects of these or other shocks. |
| Date: | 2021–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:2021-03-19-3&r=all |
| By: | A. Lourme-Ruiz (MoISA, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Ciheam-IAMM, Inrae, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France); S. Dury (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, MoISA, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Ciheam-IAMM, Inrae, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France); Y. Martin-Prével (MoISA, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, Ciheam-IAMM, Inrae, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the relationships between women's dietary diversity and various indicators of agricultural biodiversity in farms of the Hauts-Bassins, a cotton-growing region in rural western Burkina Faso. A sample of 579 farms representative of the region was surveyed at three different periods of the year. Using a qualitative 24-hour dietary recall, we computed a women's dietary diversity score (WDDS-10) based on ten food groups. We used four crop diversity indicators: crop count (CC), Simpson's index (SI), nutritional functional diversity (NFD) and production diversity score (PDS) based on the same food groups as in the WDDS-10. We also counted the number of agroforestry tree species that provide food and the number of animal species raised. Mean WDDS-10 was low (3.4 ± 1.5 food groups) and did not vary between seasons, whereas the food groups consumed changed according to harvests. Farm production is based on cereals and cotton with low diversity (on average 2.2 +/-1.0 food groups were cultivated on each farm). Results of mixed models Agricultural biodiversity indicators and dietary diversity 2 showed that WDDS-10 is positively associated with PDS and the number of agroforestry trees species. In this area, dietary diversity of women in farming households depends on the on-farm production of nutritionally diverse crops, partly because when a crop is produced some of it is usually consumed by the members of the farm household. In addition, WDDS-10 was found to be negatively associated with cotton production when managed by male farm heads, but positively when managed by women. Our results show that assessing the relationships between WDDS-10 and agricultural biodiversity depends on how the latter is assessed. In Burkina Faso, enhancing agricultural biodiversity, especially nutrient-dense crops and agroforestry trees, could be an appropriate way to improve dietary diversity. |
| Keywords: | Cotton,Crop diversity,Agricultural biodiversity,Dietary diversity,Seasonality |
| Date: | 2021–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:ird-03127240&r=all |
| By: | Dahlan, Hadi Akbar |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an argument to call for more focus in food technology innovation in food policy. Failed food policy had bring devastated results. Some examples of failed food policy can be seen through three famine cases (Ireland, India and North Korea) discussed here that occurs throughout the 20th century. However, there are some themes from the previous failed policy are still implemented in current food policy. The similar themes are green revolution, sustainable intensification, dependency on importation and nutritional well-being. This paper also discuss the need to emphasize the researches on available resources to create novel food products, which is a gap on various food policies. |
| Date: | 2021–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7r8sm&r=all |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ivana Radić (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Considering the large amounts of harmful waste produced in the Mediterranean olive sector, entrepreneurial initiatives creating value from olive waste and by-products via circular bio-economy approaches are reviewed. These circular business models aim to enhance the functionality use of olive trees beyond traditional patterns for value creation. The study focuses on business drivers and value creation mechanisms, and specifically on conversion pathways of olive waste towards new value propositions. In total, 41 cases are analyzed mainly according to the Business Model Canvas components with NVivo, based on data gathered from an extensive online search mainly of company websites and reports, online articles, research project reports, professional websites, and newsletters. Results indicate that some innovative businesses have emerged specializing in the domain of olive waste valorization, driven by environmental concerns and mainly focusing on bioenergy production. However, the overall olive biomass potential yet seems to be under-valorized. A more radical and systemic change will be needed for effective implementation of circular business models contributing to sustainable development in the Mediterranean olive sector, with adequate subsidies, common regulations, more collective actions for creating economies of scale, and marketing strategies to increase consumer awareness for bio-based products. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,bioeconomy,business models,olive waste and by-products,sustainability,Mediterranean region |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03158870&r=all |
| By: | Luna Azahara Romo González (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | La taxonomía de actividades económicas sostenibles de la Unión Europea (UE) se ha creado con el objetivo de que se convierta en una normativa transversal para todas las regulaciones europeas actuales y futuras de finanzas sostenibles. Tras haberse propuesto en 2018, en junio de 2020 se publicó finalmente el reglamento que contiene sus principios básicos y sus fundamentos. En este documento se describen las características fundamentales de la taxonomía, su funcionamiento, su influencia sobre el futuro estándar de bono verde europeo y su previsible desarrollo futuro. Además, se reflexiona sobre su importancia para los bancos centrales desde el punto de vista de sus inversiones y sobre su relevancia para la UE y para la financiación sostenible, y se apuntan las ventajas que supone, pero también los retos a los que se enfrenta, para que pueda ser utilizada por empresas e inversores. En última instancia, la aplicación exitosa de la taxonomía europea es clave para que Europa logre sus ambiciosos objetivos climáticos y medioambientales, y para que las generaciones futuras disfruten de un mundo más habitable y sostenible. |
| Keywords: | taxonomía, sostenibilidad, cambio climático, regulación, Unión Europea, finanzas sostenibles, bonos verdes, inversión sostenible |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Q56 Q58 G28 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2101&r=all |
| By: | Gonzalo, Jesús; Gadea Rivas, María Dolores |
| Abstract: | Professor Dolado has developed much of his professional career in three cities: Zaragoza, Oxford and Madrid. This fact, together with the recent appearance of literature relating climate with human behavior, has inspired us to analyze a set of relevant climate change issues linked to these areas, particularly any possible heterogeneity. The novel methodology proposed in Gadea and Gonzalo (2020a) for analyzing a wide range of characteristics of the temperature distribution (converting them into time series objects), instead of focusing solely on the mean, allows us to carry out this analysis . Using this methodology, we can identify local warming patterns within the global warming phenomenon of different types and intensities. The results show that there is a clear warming process in the three areas. The two Spanish cities (Zaragoza and Madrid) have many similarities but Oxford fits into a different type of warming category. The former are characterized by higher trends in the upper quantiles than in the lower, an increase in dispersion, acceleration and an upper amplification with respect to the mean. In Oxford, the type of climate change is different, displaying higher trends in the lower quantiles, a weak negative trend in dispersion,lower amplification and a more attenuated acceleration in recent decades. There is no doubt that a better knowledge of local warming heterogeneity is recommendable for the design of more effective mitigation policies. The influence of the climate on human behavior and, specifically, on Professor Dolados personality, takes us into lesser-known regions which are left for the reader to discern. |
| Keywords: | Temperature Distributions; Quantiles; Trends; Distributional Characteristics; Functional Stochastic Processes; Local Warming; Global Warming; Climate Change |
| JEL: | Q54 C32 C31 |
| Date: | 2021–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:32200&r=all |
| By: | Zainab Aman (Department of Accounting and Finance Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia Author-2-Name: Norman Saleh Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economic and Management Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia Author-3-Name: Zaleha Abdul Shukur Author-3-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economic and Management Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia Author-4-Name: Romlah Jaafar Author-4-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economic and Management Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between family ownership and corporate sustainability reporting to determine how the role of board independence affects the relationship between those variables within Malaysian listed companies. Methodology/Technique - The annual reports of 771 listed companies from 2014 to 2016 were analyzed using content analysis methods. The study uses agency theory to develop the hypotheses. Findings - The study found that family ownership is negatively related to corporate sustainability reporting. The finding shows that independent directors are unable to influence the relationship between family ownership and corporate sustainability reporting. The findings of this study are expected to provide insight to authorities in relation to the factors that could enhance corporate sustainability reporting primarily in family-owned companies. Novelty - Previous studies have only focused on environmental and social dimensions of corporate sustainability, whilst this study addresses all the 3 dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social). This paper is one of the first attempts to investigate the roles of board independence on the relationship between family ownership and corporate sustainability reporting in Malaysia. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability Reporting; Family Ownership; Corporate Governance; Independent Director |
| JEL: | M14 M41 |
| Date: | 2021–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr196&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews opportunities and challenges for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from Azerbaijan’s transport sector. It provides an overview of Azerbaijan’s transport system and reviews the country’s existing policies and future plans for reducing CO2 emissions from transport. The paper also provides an overview of the data on transport activity and emissions available for Azerbaijan, and the tools used by government agencies for assessing them. Finally, it proposes options for further action in the context of ITF’s “Decarbonising Transport in Emerging Economies” (DTEE) project. |
| Date: | 2020–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:87-en&r=all |
| By: | Jean Christian Ewane Missomba (CIREP - Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire - IUCSJD - Institut Universitaire Catholique Saint-Jérôme de Douala, Saint Jérome catholic University Douala); Josiane Gaëlle Djeugou Ymele; Alexis Ngantchou (Département de Finance et Comptabilité-FSEGA - Université de Douala) |
| Abstract: | This communication is concerned with the dissemination of Environmental Information (EI) by Cameroonian companies. Based on secondary and primary data collected from a sample of 16 companies, three main options for accounting treatment of EIs were identified: equating EIs with financial information; the taxation of expenses incurred in favor of the environment and treatment by outright omission. These results underline the necessity of an accounting framework addressing in depth the issues related to the accounting of "non-humans". |
| Abstract: | Cette communication s'intéresse à la diffusion des Informations Environnementales (IE) par les entreprises camerounaises. Sur la base de données secondaires et primaires collectées sur un échantillon de 16 entreprises, trois principales options de traitement comptable des IE ont été identifiées : l'assimilation des IE aux informations financières ; la fiscalisation des dépenses engagées en faveur de l'environnement et le traitement par omission pure et simple. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité d'un cadre comptable adressant de façon approfondie les problématiques liées à la comptabilité des « non humains ». |
| Keywords: | DISSEMINATION PRACTICES,ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION (EI),ACCOUNTING FOR "NON-HUMANS" |
| Date: | 2020–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03133686&r=all |
| By: | Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech); Bénédicte Apouey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hazem Arab (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Simon Baeckelandt (Université de Lille); Philippe Begout; Nicolas Berghmans (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Nathalie Blanc (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Yves Boulin (Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, IRISSO - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Eric Buge (Assemblée Nationale); Dimitri Courant (UNIL - Université de Lausanne); Amy Dahan (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adrien Fabre (ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich]); Jean-Michel Fourniau (Université Gustave Eiffel); Maxime Gaborit (Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles); Laurence Granchamp (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hélène Guillemot (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Laurent Jeanpierre (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Hélène Landemore (Yale University [New Haven]); Jean-François Laslier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antonin Macé (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claire Mellier- Wilson (Cardiff University); Sylvain Mounier; Théophile Pénigaud (ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Ana Povoas (ULB - Université libre de Bruxelles); Christiane Rafidinarivo (UR - Université de La Réunion); Bernard Reber (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Romane Rozencwajg (UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Philippe Stamenkovic; Selma Tilikete (UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Solène Tournus (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Citizens' assemblies are gaining traction as a means to address complex issues such as climate change. We report on our unique experience in observing debates among the 150 members of the French Citizens' Convention for Climate and highlight its implications for both climate action and the science of deliberation. We note that France took an original approach characterized by (i) sustained interactions between citizens and the steering board; (ii) a significant input from technical and legal experts; (iii) and a strong emphasis on creating consensus, leaving little room for expressing dissent. This resulted in the citizens approving 149 measures, 146 of which President Macron committed to follow up on. Yet as implementation is now under discussion, the promise that measures would pass "unfiltered" appears increasingly questioned. |
| Date: | 2021–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03119539&r=all |
| By: | Aishwarya Ramasundaram (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode) |
| Abstract: | With the growth of E-commerce, there is a growing need amongst E-retailers to differentiate themselves from competitors to be successful. The online store environment is a significant differentiating factor as it has been found to affect consumer behavior. While store environment has become increasingly important in environmental psychology (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974) and marketing (Baker, Grewal, & Levy, 1992), much of the research has been in the context of physical stores. Further, the research done so far in an online store environment is fragmented as research in this topic has proceeded parallel in many academic fields, such as marketing, environmental psychology and information systems with little theoretical and empirical integration. There is hence a need to theoretically integrate the literature to come up with an integrated theory of the online store environment. This paper addresses the question of ‘how does the online store environment affect behavior’ by comprehensively analyzing the papers in the area of online store environment and behavior across disciplines and proposes an integrated model. The integrated model would help managers and academicians understand the impact of the online store environment by explaining how various combinations of atmospheric elements, mechanisms, and conditions affect. |
| Keywords: | online store environment, web aesthetics, online atmospherics, online shopping, approach and avoidance behavior |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:366&r=all |
| By: | Sylvain Chabe-Ferret (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Philippe Le Coent (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Arnaud Reynaud (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Subervie Julie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Daniel Lepercq (CACG - Compagnie d'aménagement des côteaux de Gascogne - Compagnie d'aménagement des côteaux de Gascogne - CACG) |
| Abstract: | Trouver des moyens d'économiser l'eau en agriculture est un enjeu crucial. En Europe, l'agriculture est le principal utilisateur d'eau, avec plus de 50 % des prélèvements totaux. Dans de larges portions du territoire européen, les utilisations d'eau pour l'irrigation dépassent déjà les apports d'eau de pluie. Dans les pays du sud et de l'est de l'Europe, la sécheresse et le manque d'eau se font sentir de manière particulièrement aiguë, et le changement climatique ne fera qu'aggraver cette situation. Alors que les agronomes essaient de rendre les cultures moins dépendantes à l'eau, ou de rendre l'utilisation de l'eau plus efficace en améliorant le matériel et les techniques, et que les économistes suggèrent de taxer ou de mieux tarifer l'utilisation d'eau, dans ce projet, nous avons tenté de réduire l'utilisation d'eau par les agriculteurs en utilisant des leviers psychologiques, ou nudges, n'impliquant pas de transferts monétaires. De manière encourageante, le nudge que nous avons testé a permis de réduire les consommations les plus élevées. Malheureusement, il a aussi augmenté les consommations les plus faibles, et a donc eu un effet globalement neutre. Ce résultat montre que nous devons encore affiner la conception des nudges pour les rendre plus efficaces en pratique. |
| Keywords: | économie de l'eau,incitation,agriculteurs |
| Date: | 2020–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03159618&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report presents policies and private sector initiatives for the electrification of urban delivery vehicles. Electric vehicles have low operational costs and the high mileage of delivery vehicles maximises net savings from converting a fleet. Insights on the total cost of ownership and the environmental footprint of electric fleets highlight broader benefits of electrification programmes for commercial vehicles. |
| Date: | 2020–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:81-en&r=all |
| By: | Cumpa, Griselda; Guerrero, Andrea; Trejo, Paulo; Valer, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza la demanda de energía de las empresas mineras productoras de cobre que actualmente están en operación y la que se generará en los próximos años con el inicio de la etapa de producción de los proyectos cupríferos que forman parte de la Cartera de Proyectos Mineros del Ministerio de Energía y Minas del Perú. Se incluye a las diez principales empresas productoras de cobre del país que constituyen el 96% del total de la producción, y se incluye además a los 25 proyectos cupríferos que forman parte de dicha cartera, y que se espera que se pongan en marcha en los próximos años. El objetivo del estudio es determinar si se generarán brechas entre la demanda y oferta de energía, cuando se inicie la operación de los mencionados proyectos, considerando un adecuado abastecimiento de energía en el país. El análisis se realiza cuantitativa y cualitativamente, y se hace uso de información pública del COES, y de la Dirección General de Minería (DGM) del Minem. Parte de esta data incluye la oferta de energía de las principales empresas generadoras de energía eléctrica en el territorio peruano, con la cual se determinará el margen de reserva energética proyectada hasta el año 2028. Con la información de los proyectos cupríferos considerados en el estudio que se obtiene de la DGM, se construyó una matriz para determinar el nivel de madurez de cada proyecto y el tiempo que se estima se requerirá para su puesta en marcha. |
| Keywords: | Recursos energéticos, Minería del cobre |
| JEL: | Q47 L72 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ger:tesmgm:0010&r=all |
| By: | Lael Brainard |
| Date: | 2021–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:90395&r=all |
| By: | Bangsund, Dean A.; Hodur, Nancy M. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:310041&r=all |
| By: | Priya Premi (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode); Keyoor Purani (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode) |
| Abstract: | Advances in digital technologies have changed the business environment in digital ecosystems. Digital connectivity has enhanced a firm’s interdependency and interactivity with diverse participants of a business ecosystem. This shift in the business environment is forcing marketing practitioners to rethink marketing processes, practices, roles & responsibilities and skills needed to leverage the digital ecosystem for effective marketing. In this article, we focus on 1) conceptualizing the phenomenon of the digital business ecosystem, 2) process and critical factors to develop a successful digital business ecosystem, 3) the impact of digital business ecosystem on marketing. We have used literature from marketing and Information systems discipline and secondary data from practitioners oriented sources such as online blogs such as Techcrunch, articles and reports of business & marketing consulting agencies such as Mckinsey, Gartner. |
| Keywords: | Digital business ecosystem, Digital ecosystem marketing, Digital shared platforms |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:374&r=all |
| By: | Hannah Leckie (OECD); Harry Smythe (OECD); Xavier Leflaive (OECD) |
| Abstract: | The Asia Water Development Outlook – a flagship publication by the Asian Development Bank - monitors progress in water security in the Asia Pacific region. For the first time, the 2020 edition documents financing flows that contribute to – or that are needed to enhance – water security in the region.Working in close collaboration with the Asian Development Bank and partners, the OECD endeavoured to characterise funding needs and financing flows for water security in the region. The approach and methodology derive from a similar endeavour covering the European region, but were adjusted to reflect the distinctive features of the region, in terms of the state of play, policy, and data availability.This paper compiles available data and analyses, and derives policy messages, for countries in the region and their partners (including development finance institutions). It characterises an enabling environment that can facilitate and expedite financing for water security commensurate with the challenges and distinctive opportunities in the region. |
| Keywords: | Asia, flood protection, infrastructure finance, irrigation, Pacific, sanitation, wastewater, water security, water supply |
| JEL: | H23 H41 H54 L95 L98 Q25 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:171-en&r=all |
| By: | Hodur, Nancy M.; Bangsund, Dean A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:310042&r=all |
| By: | Afsal Najeeb (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode); Mohammed Shahid Abdulla (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode) |
| Abstract: | The rapid decline of per capita water availability in India necessitates technology enabled solutions for provision of water for drinking, domestic uses and irrigation. The problem is particularly severe in urban centres with rapidly increasing population, depleting ground water resources and residents are forced to pay a premium for water. The paper proposes a novel mobile desalination business model that can be used to provide drinking water to communities with access to sea or brackish water sources. A need-based mobile system, it can provide up to 35 kL of drinking quality water per day at the rate of ? 0.25 per litre. It can also service alternate uses such as gardening and commercial-grade horticulture where necessary during the nonsummer months. The economic viability of the system has been analysed by considering the Return on Investment (ROI) and the Levelised Cost of Water (LOW) per litre that can be provided by the system. Environmentally sustainable operation would be ensured by conducting a Local Environmental Assessment (LEA) to quantify quality of feed and discharge streams. The model provides could provide an economic local alternative to water transported through tankers, which depletes water-table, and is a suitable small scale entrepreneurship opportunity |
| Keywords: | Business model, Desalination units, Water scarcity, Local Environmental Assessment (LEA) |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:387&r=all |
| By: | Leonardo Becchetti; Gianluigi Conzo; Pierluigi Conzo; Francesco Salustri |
| Abstract: | The uneven geographical distribution of the novel coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) in Italy is a puzzle given the intense flow of movements among the different geographical areas before lockdown decisions. To shed light on it, we test the effect of the quality of air (as measured by particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide) and lockdown restrictions on daily adverse COVID-19 outcomes at province level. We find that air pollution is positively correlated with adverse outcomes of the epidemic, with lockdown being strongly significant and more effective in reducing deceases in more polluted areas. Results are robust to different methods including cross-section, pooled and fixed-effect panel regressions (controlling for spatial correlation), instrumental variable regressions, and difference-in differences estimates of lockdown decisions through predicted counterfactual trends. They are consistent with the consolidated body of literature in previous medical studies suggesting that poor quality of air creates chronic exposure to adverse outcomes from respiratory diseases. The estimated correlation does not change when accounting for other factors such as temperature, commuting flows, quality of regional health systems, share of public transport users, population density, the presence of Chinese community, and proxies for industry breakdown such as the share of small (artisan) firms. Our findings provide suggestions for investigating uneven geographical distribution patterns in other countries, and have implications for environmental and lockdown policies. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19 pandemic, particulate matter, lockdown, economic activity. |
| JEL: | I18 Q53 J18 H12 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cca:wpaper:614&r=all |
| By: | Shelley B Beck (Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom Author-2-Name: Ayanda P Deliwe Author-2-Workplace-Name: Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6031, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Author-3-Name: Elroy E Smith Author-3-Workplace-Name: Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6031, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - SMEs often fail to market their business and their green marketing initiatives effectively. This paper assesses how the promotion of green social media marketing could provide a possible solution to SMEs failed marketing efforts within the metropoles of Nelson Mandela Bay and Buffalo City in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Methodology/Technique - An empirical study was conducted following a descriptive quantitative research approach in which 150 self-administered structured questionnaires were distributed to respondents. Findings - It was found that most SMEs do not make use of green social media marketing but are aware of the benefits it could offer. Novelty - The study provides guidelines to the owners of SMEs on how to successfully implement green social media marketing. Type of Paper - Empirical. |
| Keywords: | Green marketing; social media marketing; green initiatives; social media; SME's |
| JEL: | M31 M39 |
| Date: | 2021–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr269&r=all |
| By: | Escobar Vera, Edwin; Ccahuana, Roger; Villodas, Edgar; Arpasi, Freddy |
| Abstract: | El presente estudio analiza las estrategias empleadas entre los años 2012-2017 para minimizar el cash cost en la operación minera subterránea de Morococha, ubicada en el departamento de Junín, Perú. La mina pertenece a la empresa Pan American Silver Corp. y produce plata, principalmente; y como subproductos, produce plomo, zinc, cobre y oro. Se analizaron los costos de producción del área de operaciones mina durante el periodo previo, del 2008 al 2012. La unidad minera estaba incrementando el cash cost, el cual pasó de 2.84 $/oz en el año 2008 a 23.48 $/oz en el año 2012, por lo cual era necesario aplicar estrategias para reducirlo. La principal estrategia identificada fue el cambio de método de explotación cut & fill convencional a sub level stoping adaptado a las estructuras del yacimiento, con variantes en la preparación, que involucran alternativas de optimización en mano de obra, equipos, materiales y servicios de contratistas, lo que implicó realizar inversiones en la mecanización, así como mejorar la gestión de recursos humanos, gestión de contratistas y gestión de seguridad; con lo cual se generaron resultados sólidos tanto operativos como financieros. Los resultados fueron corroborados mediante un análisis estadístico aplicando el modelo de costos con función cuadrática, que fue el que mejor explicó el cambio de método de minado de pasar de cut & fill a sub level stoping, demostrando que fue una estrategia de costos efectiva que logró disminuir el cash cost de manera significativa en el año 2017 pudiendo medirse el impacto directo al demostrar una reducción de 37.74 $/ton. |
| Keywords: | Costos, cash cost, métodos de explotación, estrategia, gestión, shotcrete |
| JEL: | D24 L72 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ger:tesmgm:0011&r=all |
| By: | Salim Bouchentouf (University of Saida); Kheloufi Benabdeli (Université de Mascara) |
| Date: | 2021–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03162310&r=all |
| By: | Afsal Najeeb (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode); Mohammed Shahid Abdulla (Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode) |
| Abstract: | Availability of space is a major hurdle in expansion of solar energy harvesting systems. The paper proposes a novel orientation of solar panels to effectively use available space for solar generation. Vertical space is sought to be used to incorporate a second solar PV panel within confined ground area to increase the index of space utilization. Both panels would be mounted on pivots with continuous tracking. The amount of incidence has been calculated considering a sample latitudinal position and day of the year. Results show that the arrangement could generate up to 82% more power from a given land footprint. The economic tradeoff between the increased capital cost in the form of a second panel, mounting structures and the increased power generation has also been considered. |
| Keywords: | Solar Energy Harvesting System, Solar PV Panel System |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:401&r=all |
| By: | Rita Jalkh (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Marc Dedeire (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Melanie Requier Desjardins (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes) |
| Abstract: | Economic development approaches are increasingly entailing local geographic scales and encouraging the mobilization and organization of territorial actors given local conditions and resources. Lebanon is a country facing frequent uncertainty with recent economic and social difficulties. Its popular cuisine may play a key role in its development and that of its rural space. In fact, that cuisine incorporates a traditional cultural practice called "Mouneh" which consists of preserved pantry foods, historically used to ensure household nutrition. Today, rural food cooperatives are engaging in that practice using agricultural produce from local farmers and are employing women. Despite strong internal and external challenges, they remain attractive actors as their principles of collective benefit, participation and democracy form a strong link with sustainable development goals. This study transversally analyzes the status of food cooperatives in a major agricultural region in Lebanon, the Bekaa valley. Findings mainly quantified size and production and provided a mapped representation of the spatial dependencies on local farmers versus urban markets for trade. With 75% women members and firm reputation in authenticity, food cooperatives in the Bekaa specifically and Lebanon generally are also extensively supported by donors but are being labeled as donor-dependent. Yet, cooperatives are localized in a largely agricultural territory with sufficient evidence of differentiation that could potentially be valorized. Hence, with optimal framing, regulation and networking of cooperatives, one can assume a protection of culinary heritage is possible with scalable contribution to food security and needed local development given major recent setbacks. |
| Keywords: | Cooperatives,Lebanon,Bekaa valley,Sustainable development goals |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03137540&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | This document reports the recommendations made by the countries on the potential of the 2020 census round to measure the indicators of the agendas of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Montevideo Consensus on Population and Development. An analytical proposal prepared by the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (as part of an activity of the Development Account Programme on Statistics and Data 2016-2019) was presented in Panama on 22–24 November 2016, through the Working Group on Censuses of the Statistical Conference of the Americas of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (SCA-ECLAC); and it was discussed in detail by the countries. The countries reviewed the conceptual and operational definitions assigned to each of the 50 indicators selected, based on previous census experiences and assumptions that would make it possible to measure them at the census source. The region is in a position to establish baselines from census data, and to evaluate the extent to which the countries have achieved the targets assumed by the two initiatives, particularly with a view towards 2030. |
| Keywords: | CENSOS DE POBLACION, CENSOS DE VIVIENDA, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, POBLACION, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, INSTRUMENTOS INTERNACIONALES, ESTADISTICAS DEMOGRAFICAS, METODOLOGIA ESTADISTICA, POPULATION CENSUSES, HOUSING CENSUSES, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, POPULATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS, STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY |
| Date: | 2021–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col045:46727&r=all |
| By: | Akhmadiyeva, Zarema; Herzfeld, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan still undergo the process of establishing a land legislative system, implementing agricultural reforms that aim at increasing land productivity. The effectiveness of these reforms is often dependent on the level of law enforcement that varies in accordance with whether political elites in these countries have an interest in enacting certain reforms. As a result, legal land rights and farmers' perceptions of land rights may contradict each other and may create an uncertain and insecure environment for the farmers. Based on the findings of a farm-level survey conducted in 2019 in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, this policy brief claims that legal rights and farmers' actual farming practices do not coincide in many cases. Deviations appear in both directions: 1) farmers engage in activities which they are not allowed to be, and 2) farmers do not use all the opportunities provided by the national land legislation. These deviations indicate the ineffectiveness not only of land policies but of administrative monitoring and law enforcement mechanisms, too. Policy makers are recommended reconsidering the legal restrictions of land use in how far they are necessary to reach policy objectives. Furthermore, governments should reform the judicial system in particular enabling farmers and land users to appeal to courts for dispute resolutions in an effective, transparent, and fair manner. Finally, international donors should support future research on land rights and tenure security to improve policy design. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamopb:310044&r=all |
| By: | Wellmann, Nicolas; Czarnowske, Daniel |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies the marginal willingness to pay for a reduction of automobile traffic. By using a new structural approach in a hedonic framework by Bishop and Timmins 2019 we are able to avoid common issues in hedonic studies using instrumental variables. Our analysis is based on data from nine large cities in Germany between 2016 and 2019 and includes 533,402 detailed observations at the apartment level as well as for various points of interest. To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper to conduct this analysis for Germany. We estimate that the average willingness to pay for a reduction of traffic by city and per year ranges between €30.3-59.2 for a 10% reduction, €93.8-158.3 for a 20% reduction and €190.6-252 for a 30% reduction. The highest willingness to pay for a reduction of traffic is observed in Frankfurt am Main, the lowest in Leipzig. Further, we compute the expected gains for a reduction of traffic at the city level. In addition to the willingness to pay for a reduction of traffic, this considers the composition of the road network as well as for the number of households. Accordingly, these expected gains amount to €163,970-1,019,454€ for a 10% reduction, €484,023-3,261,837 for a 20% reduction, and €1,018,240-6,727,148 for a 30% reduction. The highest expected gains for a reduction of traffic is observed in Munich, the lowest in Leipzig |
| Keywords: | willingness to pay,traffic,air pollution,hedonic price models,rent prices,environmental policy |
| JEL: | O18 Q51 R48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dicedp:361&r=all |
| By: | Jean-François Bélières (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, FOFIFA) |
| Date: | 2020–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02963574&r=all |
| By: | Pouya Rezaeinia; André de Palma; Robin Lindsey (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | Tradable permits (TP) have been proposed as a tool for controlling road traffic congestion. Unlike with tolls, travelers in aggregate do not incur net out-of-pocket costs if permits are distributed free. Moreover, if travel conditions do not change, a TP scheme can be designed to support the same traffic flows as tolls. However, the two instruments are no longer equivalent if conditions fluctuate, and neither permit quantities nor toll levels can be adjusted accordingly. In this paper, we compare the economic efficiency of TP and tolls during a morning peak travel period on a stylized urban road network. Road link capacities are susceptible to temporary reductions due to incidents, bad weather, road repairs or other shocks. We apply the dynamic traffic network simulator METROPOLIS in which travelers make mode, departure time and route choice decisions. Permit quantities and tolls are chosen to control the number of vehicle trips into the city centre with the goal of maximizing welfare defined by expected social surplus. We find that tolls outperform TP if road capacities are perfectly correlated (e.g., due to bad weather), whereas TP outperform tolls if capacity fluctuations are independent (e.g., due to crashes). |
| Keywords: | Congestion tolls; permits, departure time, uncertainly, network, second-best |
| JEL: | D62 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2021-09&r=all |
| By: | Cyril Bourgeois (CIRED - Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech, CIRED - Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Empirical evidence suggests that carbon taxes are best accepted when their revenue is used to finance abatement measures. This revenue recycling option has however received little attention in modelling assessments. With the aim of filling this gap, we assess the impact of the French carbon tax on energy use for residential heating and compare the cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts of two revenue recycling options: lump-sum payment and subsidies for home energy retrofits. We do so using Res-IRF, an energy-economy model that provides a highly detailed description of housing features (single vs. multi-family, energy efficiency, heating fuel) and key household characteristics (tenancy status, income). We find that the two recycling options offset the regressive impacts of the tax in comparable ways. Lump-sum recycling is particularly effective in reducing inequalities between owner-occupiers and tenants. In turn, subsidy recycling saves energy and increases comfort more cost-effectively. In the discussion, we further point to some advantages of subsidy recycling from both a political and administrative perspective. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax,revenue-recycling,building sector,fuel poverty,energy efficiency subsidies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02073964&r=all |
| By: | Alban Pellegris (UR2 UFRSS - Université de Rennes 2 - UFR Sciences sociales - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes) |
| Date: | 2021–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03171082&r=all |