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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2021‒01‒25
forty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Marianne Lefebvre (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage); Estelle Midler (Osnabrück University); Philippe Bontems (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is one of the economic sectors most exposed to exogenous risks such as climate hazards and price volatility on agricultural markets. Agricultural policies targeting the adoption of environment-friendly but potentially risk-increasing practices cannot ignore this challenge. Farmers have indeed to decide if they take the foreground risk associated with the adoption of environment-friendly practices, while simultaneously facing exogenous background risk beyond their control. Using a theoretical model and a public good experiment, we analyse the adoption of agri-environmental practices and the effect of agri-environmental subsidies in a context where risks are both foreground and background. While most of the literature on background risk focuses on its impact on individual decisions, we analyse the influence of background risk in a context of strategic uncertainty (contribution to a public good). The results highlight the potential synergies between greening the CAP and supporting risk management. We find that background risk discourages the adoption of green practices, although it affects all farmland independently from the farmer's choice of practices (environment friendly or conventional). An incentive payment per hectare of land farmed with green practices increases the adoption of risk-increasing practices but is significantly less effective in the presence of background risk. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03050486&r=all |
| By: | Lakes, Tobia; Garcia-Marquez, Jaime; Müller, Daniel; Lakner, Sebastian; Pe’er, Guy |
| Abstract: | The “Greening” measures of the EU’s CAP, implemented in 2015, have been intensively debated in terms of their effectiveness and efficiency for agricultural, environmental, and climate outcomes. This study explores the fine-scale spatiotemporal dynamics of Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) (with a particular emphasis on fallow land). We use annual land-use data at the plot level from IACS for Brandenburg in Germany from 2005 to 2018 and apply quantitative spatial metrics. In result, we find EFA measures to represent a small percentage of the total area of agriculture, with catch crops dominating, followed by fallow land and nitrogen-fixing crops. Fallow land decreased until 2015 and slightly increased with the introduction of Greening. Half of the fallow land in 2015 was fallow land in the previous year, while the other half had been used for cereals, fodder and oil seed plants. A large share of fallow land shows a low permanency of 1 up to 4 years. EFAs and particularly fallow land hence may contribute to environmental performance in agricultural land use, yet currently they do so to a limited degree. We suggest a change in types of EFA measures, spatial optimisation to reduce fragmented patterns, and a higher permanency of fallow land by a better alignment of agricultural and landscape policies and planning. |
| Keywords: | sustainable land use,Common Agricultural Policy,ecological focus areas,fallow land,Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) |
| JEL: | Q57 Q1 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:forlwp:172020&r=all |
| By: | Rigas, Nikos; Kounetas, Konstantinos |
| Abstract: | The world's climate has already changed measurably in response to accumulated greenhouse gases emissions. These changes, as well as projected future disruptions, such as increase of temperature, have prompted intense research. A significant body of literature on climate change and economic growth signifies a negative relationship between the two. However, considerable uncertainty surrounds the effect of increasing temperatures combined with releases of anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere. By applying detailed country level data in the 1961-2013 period this paper documents the relationship between weather variables, CO2emissions, share of renewable energy sources, gross domestic product and total factor productivity in a standard Cobb-Douglas production function by using an instrumental variable approach. Our findings suggest that economic growth has been positively affected by temperature and CO2emissions, while climate vulnerability varies significantly between rich-poor countries. Furthermore, as soon as we take into account renewable sources as an instrument, the negative effect on CO2 emissions demonstrates its impact for optimal environmental policies design. Finally, our results also provide evidence for the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship for temperature and emissions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Countries' TFP, CO2 emissions, Renewable Energy Sources, Temperature. |
| JEL: | C26 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104727&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Management Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism Environment - Water Resources Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Treatment & Quality |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33949&r=all |
| By: | Christos Kotsogiannis; Alan Woodland |
| Abstract: | Recent climate change negotiations have emphasised the need for developing countries to take the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets but also the obligation of developed countries to provide financial resources to assist them in their mitigation efforts. This paper explores the role of such financial resources in achieving strict welfare gains (Pareto improvements) when emission targets deviate from the global welfare optimum, and there are impediments to international trade. Using a general equilibrium model of international trade with global emission externalities, it is shown that strict Pareto improvements in welfare may arise from multilateral financial transfers when either trade or carbon taxes are constrained away from their Pareto optimal levels. The purpose of financial transfers is then to account for the impact on emissions of trade distortions and inappropriate carbon pricing. Importantly, such transfers exist if and only if a generalized normality condition is violated. Numerical examples illustrate the financial transfer mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Global emissions, environmental externalities, multilateral financial (income) transfers, Pareto-improving reforms. |
| JEL: | H23 F18 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2020-103&r=all |
| By: | Weltin, Meike; Hüttel, Silke |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification measures promise ecological improvements of farming while maintaining profitability. That is, farms should be able to produce at a higher ecological efficiency without losses in economic efficiency. Based on a theoretical framework, we investigate this promise empirically by analysing the environmental improvement potential of sustainable intensification. We thereby focus on quantifying biodiversity gains using a directional meta-frontier approach and farm survey data from the northern German Plain. We compare eco-efficiency scores in an ecological direction between adopters and matched non-adopters to identify the causal relationship between these gains and sustainable intensification. We find that adopters determine the system frontier. Despite higher mean eco-efficiency scores, most adopters do not yet fully exploit the potential of ecological improvements through sustainable intensification. |
| Keywords: | environmental sustainability,eco-efficiency,directional data envelopment analysis,matching |
| JEL: | Q12 Q15 Q57 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:forlwp:102019&r=all |
| By: | Adel Ben Youssef (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG (France), GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Sabri Boubaker; Anis Omri |
| Abstract: | Sustainability has become an important and widely applied concept in the environmental economics literature. Despite the numerous studies employing an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) this model has been critiqued for its incompleteness. This article builds a modified EKC model to examine the contribution of financial development for achieving sustainable development. Using data for 14 selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries during 1990-2017, the empirical results show that the EKC hypothesis is valid for per capita CO 2 emissions and ecological footprint. The results provide evidence also of the presence of linear and non-linear relationships between financial development and non-sustainability and indicate that financial development is likely to have a small long-term impact on sustainable development. This suggests that current efforts aimed at protecting the environment and achieving sustainability will be ineffective given the extent of the problem. |
| Keywords: | Financial development,Sustainable development,Modified EKC-model |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03052901&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33239&r=all |
| By: | Chimere O. Iheonu (Abuja, Nigeria); Ogochukwu C. Anyanwu (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Obinna K. Odo (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Solomon Prince Nathaniel (University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | International trade and urbanization are increasing at an unprecedented rate in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The region has also witnessed a fair share of economic growth, with minimal investment and consumption of renewables. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of economic growth, international trade, and urbanization on CO2 emissions in SSA. The current study enriches the existing literature by employing the panel quantile regression analysis to account for existing levels of CO2 emissions in the region. Empirical findings reveal that GDP increases CO2 emissions across quantiles, especially in countries where the existing level of CO2 emissions is low. International trade improves environmental sustainability in countries where the existing levels of CO2 emissions are at their lowest and highest levels but exacts a reversed impact on CO2 emissions at the median. Further findings suggest that urbanization increases CO2 emissions across the observed quantiles with a more pronounced effect in countries where the existing levels of CO2 emissions are at its lowest level. The study also reveals a bi-directional causality between economic growth, international trade, urbanization, and the emissions of CO2. The limitations of the study and possible direction for future research have been highlighted. Policy directions are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth, International Trade, Urbanization, CO2 Emission, sub-Saharan Africa, Quantile Regression |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/003&r=all |
| By: | Holtermann, Linus; Rische, Marie-Christin |
| Abstract: | In order to develop efficient strategies to counter the adverse economic consequences of climate change, accurate and spatially detailed assessments of economic damage are required. Estimates to assess the impact of temperature variations on macroeconomic output are usually based on country-level weather aggregates, neglecting that weather realizations tend to vary significantly within countries. Using data from multiple decades for spatially small-scaled European regions, we conduct a disaggregated analysis to mitigate the potential bias arising from spatial aggregation. We examine the economic impacts of temperature by analysing annual variations in two different weather indicators, namely yearly averages representing rise in temperature levels and standardized deviations from the region-specific climate norm representing unusual warm and cold periods. Our spatially explicit approach considers spatial dynamics and the spatial distribution of temperature effects as it captures spatial dependence via spillovers and allows for potential heterogeneous effects sizes for distinct spatial regimes. We find that regional-level growth reacts non-linearly to a rise in temperature levels, with a concave response curve similar to those estimated in earlier country-level studies. Interestingly, baseline temperature levels also moderate the effects of temperature deviations as unusually hot years adversely affect warm regions, whereas overly cold years foster growth. In contrast to most of the literature, we disclose that the relationship between economic growth and temperature variations is not generalizable. The uniform temperature-growth relationship found in the literature for countries at a global scale does not hold at the subnational level. The “world city” regions at the top of the urban hierarchy are not prone to any form of tested temperature variation. The resilience of these city regions can be explained, inter alia, by the prevalence of invulnerable sectors. The uneven effect sizes suggest that spatially differentiated policy measures are needed that should be coordinated between regional and national levels of government to counter the adverse consequences of temperature variations and climate change more efficiently. |
| Keywords: | temperature, climate change, regional economic growth, heterogenous vulnerability, Europe, spatial spillovers |
| JEL: | C31 C33 O44 Q51 Q54 R1 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104606&r=all |
| By: | Ibrahim A. Adekunle (Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria); Isiaq O. Oseni (Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | It is expected that fuel subsidy removal should hinder carbon emissions growth through low energy consumption channels amid higher energy prices. However, outliers in this theoretical disposition make empirical proof of the fuel subsidy-carbon intensity apt and primitive. Despite established fuel subsidy abolishment gains for climate and economic welfare, the relevance, magnitude and policy implications remain dimly. This paper employs the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) estimation procedure to gauge the contemporaneous influence of fuel subsidy for carbon intensity in Nigeria. Findings revealed that fuel subsidy removal inversely relates to Nigeria's carbon emission in the short-run and long run. The study recommends complementary policy option that ensures additional financial savings to the government should be invested in public sector growth that can cushion the effect of relative income loss to the citizenry. The Nigerian government should ensure measures are kept in place to discourage over-consumption of alternative energy (for example, coal) that could also threaten the green economy paradox. |
| Keywords: | Fuel Subsidy, Carbon Emission, Non-linear ARDL, Nigeria |
| JEL: | C22 E31 N57 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:21/001&r=all |
| By: | Can Askan Mavi (University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg]); Nicolas Quérou (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by recent discussions about the issue of risk perceptions for climate change related events,we introduce a non-cooperative game setting where agents manage a common pool resource under a po-tential risk, and agents exhibit different risk perception biases. Focusing on the effect of the polarizationlevel and other population features, we show that the type of bias (overestimation versus underestimationbiases) and the resource quality level before and after the occurrence of the shift have first-order impor-tance on the qualitative nature of behavioral adjustments and on the pattern of resource conservation.When there are non-uniform biases within the population, the intra-group structure of the populationqualitatively affects the degree of resource conservation. Moreover, unbiased agents may react in non-monotone ways to changes in the polarization level when faced with agents exhibiting different types ofbias. The size of the unbiased agents' sub-population does not qualitatively affect how an increase inthe polarization level impacts individual behavioral adjustments, even though it affects the magnitudeof this change. Finally, it is shown how perception biases affect the comparison between centralized anddecentralized management. |
| Keywords: | Conservation,Perception bias,Environmental risk,Renewable resources,Dynamic games,Dynamic games JEL Classification: Q20,Q54,D91,C72 |
| Date: | 2020–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03052114&r=all |
| By: | Daly, Saida; Garroud, Chadia |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development is the normative objective to follow a development trajectory viable in the long-term by balancing economic, environmental and social needs. There is a shared consensus that entrepreneurship and sectorial outputs are considered as a principal canal to create sustainable products and services and implement new projects that address many environmental and social concerns. Therefore, this paper examines what entrepreneurship and sectoral outputs contribute with regard to sustainability. More precisely, the specific focus of this paper is to examine the influence of entrepreneurship and sectoral outputs on different dimensions of sustainable development. As for the empirical data, they were gathered from a panel of 21 development countries covering the 2001-2016 period. In fact, using the FMOLS technique, the empirical evidence indicates that entrepreneurship and sectoral outputs have a significant positive impact on the economic, ecological and social sustainable development dimensions. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development dimensions; entrepreneurship; sectorial outputs; development countries. |
| JEL: | L26 O1 O44 Q01 |
| Date: | 2020–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104945&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Natural Disasters Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Infrastructure Economics |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34338&r=all |
| By: | Neal, Luke |
| Abstract: | This paper offers an analysis and critique of the Green Industrial Revolution proposed by the Labour Party in 2019. It identifies this policy as a variant of the Keynesian Green New Deal, which has been interpreted favourably by many socialists as a programme for climate stabilisation and an ecologically restorative, egalitarian organisation of the economy. The Green Industrial Revolution pointed towards a hybrid mixed economy whose main features would have been state policy orientation towards and large investments in renewables, efficiencies and retrofitting; as well as a renewed public sector and reforms to corporate ownership. This was predicated on a contradictory policy of green growth. On the contrary, this paper develops a concept of the critical energy constraints to growth, which highlights how, in terms of its focus on "the national economy" and aversion to major infrastructural changes to reduce energy use, Labour's programme was insufficient. Nonetheless, its openings and advantages are considered alongside and in light of these contradictions. They suggest the need for economic and ecological policies that recognise both the critical energy constraints to growth and the antagonistic relation between capital and labour internationally. |
| JEL: | Q58 Q43 F52 B51 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:1522021&r=all |
| By: | Wellenreuther, Claudia; Wolf, André |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews recent results of the literature on Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA) regarding the ecological impacts of alternative and innovative feedstocks for the production of bio-based and biodegradable polymers. The analysis was undertaken for the following popular polymers / polymer classes: polylactic acid (PLA) and the family of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The purpose of the analysis is to support decision-making regarding the feedstock assumptions underlying the life cycles of the products later explored in the project BIO-PLASTICS EUROPE. For each polymer, the pros and cons of different classes of feedstocks are weighed, and specific attention to existing trade-offs between different environmental categories as well as to issues in the comparability of studies paid. An overview on research results concerning the environmental performance of the currently still dominating first generation of bioplastic feedstocks is given. For second- and third-generation feedstocks, the results of recent studies are investigated in detail and compared (as far as possible) to outcomes for the first generation. |
| Keywords: | Bioplastics,Environmental Life Cycle Analysis,Polymer feedstocks,PHA,PLA |
| JEL: | Q57 L65 Q21 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwirp:194&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Grenada has made significant strides to counter climate change but meeting the daunting remaining challenges will require domestic policy actions and sustained international support. Climate change is an existential threat to Grenada. Increasing frequency and intensity of coastal storms threatens infrastructure and livelihoods, as do increased risk of coastal flooding and drought. Notably, Hurricane Ivan in 2004 caused damages of over 200 percent of GDP. Grenada has recognized this by placing climate resilience at the center of its policy making and forging strategic alliances with key global climate finance providers. However, the challenges facing the country remain daunting and will require large increases in international support, both financial and technical, to assist the Grenadian authorities turn their impressive resilience plans into action. |
| Keywords: | Climate change;Natural disasters;Insurance;Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP);Greenhouse gas emissions;ISCR,CR,insurance coverage,private sector,capital budget,real GDP,financial support |
| Date: | 2019–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2019/193&r=all |
| By: | Svetlana Pevnitskaya (Department of Economics, Florida State University); Dmitry Ryvkin (Department of Economics, Florida State University) |
| Abstract: | We use a laboratory experiment to study decisions in a dynamic game where firms' private production leads to accumulation of a public bad, such as pollution. Firms have an option to invest in clean technology, which lowers their emissions, or contributions to the public bad. The main treatment variable is the type of access to clean technology, or benefits from such investment, which can be private or common. In the private access treatment, investment reduces the firm's own propensity to pollute. In the common access treatment, each firm's investment reduces all firms' propensity to pollute. For each treatment, we characterize two alternative solution concepts---the Markov perfect equilibrium and social optimum. The observed level of the public bad is lowest with common access to clean technology. This result remains in the presence of communication. The option to communicate induces coordination of investments in clean technology at a higher level, leading to lower average pollution levels in both treatments. |
| Keywords: | dynamic games, public bad, experiment, environmental economics |
| JEL: | C90 C72 Q50 Q01 C61 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fsu:wpaper:wp2021_01_01&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Ce document soutient que l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes peuvent s’orienter vers une « forte impulsion en faveur de la durabilité « basée sur un dosage de politiques économiques, industrielles, sociales et environnementales qui stimulera une reprise axée sur l’égalité et la durabilité et relancera un nouveau projet de développement dans la région. Le document est organisé en cinq chapitres. Le premier étudie les trois crises (faible croissance, inégalité croissante et urgence environnementale) qui frappent les économies et les sociétés du monde entier et celles d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes. Le second propose un cadre permettant d’analyser ces crises de manière intégrée et de mesurer leur ampleur dans la région. Le troisième examine les impacts quantitatifs sur la croissance, les émissions, la répartition des revenus et le secteur extérieur selon différents scénarios politiques, en soulignant le potentiel des dosages de politiques pour forger un chemin de croissance plus dynamique accompagné de moins d’émissions et d’une plus grande équité. Le quatrième identifie sept secteurs susceptibles de favoriser le développement durable et propose des lignes d’action pour les promouvoir. Le cinquième conclut par une analyse qui articule les politiques macroéconomiques, industrielles, sociales et environnementales et le rôle de l’État dans la recherche de consensus nécessaires à leur mise en oeuvre. |
| Keywords: | MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, CRISIS ECONOMICA, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, IGUALDAD, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, ECONOMIA VERDE, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, TRANSPORTE URBANO, SALUD, PRODUCCION MAS LIMPIA, FOMENTO DEL TURISMO, POLITICA SOCIAL, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, MULTILATERALISMO, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, ECONOMIC CRISIS, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INNOVATIONS, GREEN ECONOMY, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY RESOURCES, URBAN TRANSPORT, HEALTH, CLEANER PRODUCTION, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL WELFARE, MULTILATERALISM |
| Date: | 2021–01–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:46574&r=all |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anne Verniquet (Sofies SA); Jan Broeze (Wageningen Food & Biobased Research - WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Katrin Kayser (International Biogas and Bioenergy Competence Center - Partenaires INRAE, IBBK Fachgruppe Biogas GmbH); Hugo de Vries (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques) |
| Abstract: | For a transition from a linear, ‘take-make-dispose' economy to a sustainable usage of all constituents of renewable resources in cascading and circular pathways, new business models valorising streams that are currently considered as waste are needed. The aim of this article is to understand critical success and risk factors of eco-innovative business models that contribute to a circular economy via agricultural unavoidable waste or by-products valorisation. 39 cases were studied focusing on agricultural side stream conversion into valuable products. Semi-structured interviews were performed and secondary data collected. Cases were analysed according to types of initiatives, main objectives, resources and valorisation pathways, as well as external and internal factors that have influenced the businesses over time. Following success and risk factor categories are identified: (1) technical and logistic, (2) economic, financial and marketing, (3) organisational and spatial, (4) institutional and legal, (5) environmental, social and cultural. Herein, specific factors for the agricultural sector are innovative conversion technologies, flexible in and out logistics, joint investments in R&D, price competitiveness for bio-based products, partnerships with research organisations, space availability, subsidies, agricultural waste management regulations, local stakeholder involvement and acceptance of bio-based production processes. Insights from this study can help farmers and agribusiness managers by defining and adapting their strategies within their local contexts. They also show that for shifting from linear agro-food chains to a circular system, individual businesses need to evolve towards more dynamic and integrated business models, in which the macro-environment sets the boundary conditions for successful operations. |
| Keywords: | Circular economy,Bioeconomy,Business models,Success factors,Agricultural waste valorisation |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03004851&r=all |
| By: | Elliott, Robert J. R. (University of Birmingham); Kuai, Wenjing (University of Birmingham); Maddison, David (University of Birmingham); Ozgen, Ceren (University of Birmingham) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides some of the first evidence of the relationship between eco-innovation and employment. Adopting a O*NET based task approach, in a study of the Dutch firms, we show that eco-innovation has no impact on overall employment. However, compared to non- eco-innovators there is an 18.2% increase in the number of green jobs (equivalent to 12 new green workers for the average firm). This means an average increase in the share of green workers of around 3.3%. Broadly speaking, the increase in the share of green jobs was driven by a reduction in non-green workers and a smaller but still significant increase in the number of green workers. We further show that subsidy-driven policies, rather than regulation-driven policies positively correlate with the number of green workers. |
| Keywords: | eco-innovation, green jobs, subsidies |
| JEL: | Q52 Q55 J23 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14028&r=all |
| By: | Monica Billio (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Roberto Casarin (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Enrica De Cian (Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Venice, Italy); Malcolm Mistry (Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Venice, Italy); Anthony Osuntuyi (Department of Mathematics, Obafemi Awolowo University Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of climate shocks on 13 European economies analysing jointly business and financial cycles, in different phases and disentangling the effects for different sector channels. A Bayesian Panel Markov-switching framework is proposed to jointly estimate the impact of extreme weather events on the economies as well as the interaction between business and financial cycles. Results from the empirical analysis suggest that extreme weather events impact asymmetrically across the different phases of the economy and heterogeneously across the EU countries. Moreover, we highlight how the manufacturing output, a component of the industrial production index, constitutes the main channel through which climate shocks impact the EU economies. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian inference, climate shocks, financial cycle, business cycle, Markov-switching, Multi-country Panel |
| JEL: | C11 C15 C33 C53 E37 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:03&r=all |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED/CMB/EHESS) |
| Abstract: | The relationship between income, living standards and carbon emissions has been the subject of extensive research. It can be summed up by a number, the elasticity of the carbon footprint with respect to income. This is an output of bottom-up studies that compute carbon footprints from household budget surveys, while top- down studies use it as an input to estimate the distribution of the carbon footprint from the distribution of income. I survey here these cross-sectional studies of household carbon footprints and their estimation of elasticities with respect to income and with respect to expenditures. The distinction between elasticity of carbon footprint with respect to expenditures and elasticity with respect to income comes from the fact that the saving rate rises with income. I compile published estimates of elasticities of carbon footprint or energy requirements with respect to expenditures or income, and I compute new estimates. This totals around eighty estimates (a third of which are newly computed) for over twenty countries. This extensive coverage of the literature shows that, generally, the carbon footprint grows less rapidly than expenditures, and confirms that the income- elasticity is lower than expenditure-elasticity. Unambiguously, the assumption of an income-elasticity equal to 1, used by some top-down studies, is not supported by the published literature. I discuss the difference between carbon inequality and carbon concentration, the ambiguity in the literature between income-elasticity and expenditures-elasticity. I present the limitations of our knowledge on the income-carbon footprint relationship, from contestable assumption in the methodology as well as measurement errors in household budget surveys. I conclude with several recommendations for implementing the top-down method to assess the carbon footprint distribution. |
| Keywords: | carbon footprint, inequality, household consumption, income and expenditure surveys, elasticity |
| JEL: | D12 D14 D30 Q56 R20 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2021.01&r=all |
| By: | Niranjan Padhan; S Madheswaran (Institute for Social and Economic Change) |
| Abstract: | The study deals with the assessment of flood vulnerability in Coastal districts of Odisha by adopting an integrated approach based on the factors (exposure, susceptibility and resilience) and domains (socio, economic, environmental and physical dimensions) of vulnerability. Both deductive and inductive methods have been adopted for the selection of proxy indicators from each of the domains of vulnerability. Based on the result of sub-indices of each domains, composite flood vulnerability index (FVI) has been developed to identify the intensity of vulnerability among the concerned districts of the state. From the analysis, Kendrapara district emerged as most vulnerable district and Cuttack the least vulnerable among the six coastal districts of the state. |
| Keywords: | Flood; Coastal; Odisha |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sch:wpaper:453&r=all |
| By: | Alina Wilke (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)); Paul J.J. Welfens (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)) |
| Abstract: | Climate policy challenges reinforce the search for additional elements of renewable energy generation. Small-scale wind energy provides new opportunities for decentralized electricity production, while avoiding grid-dependence and transmission losses. This paper presents a potential analysis for urban wind energy production for two European cities. The simulation follows the framework presented by Rezaeiha et al. (2020) and extends it by using the reanalysis wind grid dataset MERRA2 by NASA (GES DISC, 2020). The dataset combines reliable and complete weather observations in a standardized manner on a global scale, mitigating observation gaps of meteorological stations. This allows us to provide a preliminary potential analysis, while avoiding inaccuracies based on long-distance interpolation. The analyzed cities show considerable urban wind energy farming potential. For the city of Lisbon, Portugal, the installation of only four VAWT on 264 buildings between 20 115 m throughout the city provides an annual wind energy production potential (AEPP) of 9,203 MWh, which approximately corresponds to the annual electricity consumption of 7,167 residents. In Hamburg, Germany, the AEPP amounts to 16,927 MWh produced by 2,840 turbines (four turbines on 710 buildings), which approximately corresponds to the annual electricity consumption of 10,932 residents. The AEEP can easily be increased by using more efficient HAWT, whereby technological advancements in recent years have made them applicable even in the urban environment setting. Additionally, small wind turbines could be installed on buildings of a height lower than 20 m, especially when the overall built environment of the city is rather flat, such as in Lisbon. |
| Keywords: | urban wind farming, MERRA2, wind energy potential, climate policy, regulation |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 Q50 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei287&r=all |
| By: | Wolff, Saskia; Hüttel, Silke; Nendel, Claas; Lakes, Tobia |
| Abstract: | The increasing demand for agricultural commodities for food and energy purposes has led to intensified agricultural production. This trend may manifest in agricultural compositions and landscape configurations that can have mixed and adverse impacts on the provision of ecosystem services. We rely on the EU's plot-based data from the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) to identify different types of agricultural landscapes and their spatial distribution in Brandenburg, Germany, a study region strongly characterised by intensification trends. Based on a set of landscape metrics, we are able to characterise agricultural land use and identify six types of agricultural landscapes. We rely on a two-step cluster analysis for a hexagonal grid and find that agricultural land is dominated by cropland with different degrees of fragmentation. By providing a framework using landscape metrics derived from IACS data, our approach involves clustering to identify typologies that are transferable to other regions within the EU based on existing data. This framework can offer more tailored environmental and agricultural planning based on sophisticated measures that take into account local and regional characteristics. |
| Keywords: | agricultural land use,landscape metrics,cluster analysis,sustainable land use,land use |
| JEL: | R14 Q15 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:forlwp:232020&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Katheline Schubert (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We study a model of strategic competition among farmers for land use in an agricultural economy. Each agent can take possession of a part of the collective forest land and convert it to farming. Unconverted forest land helps preserving biodiversity, which contributes to reducing the volatility of agricultural production. Agents' utility is given in terms of a Kreps Porteus stochastic dierential utility capable of disentangling risk aversion and aversion to uctuations. We characterize the land used by each farmer and her welfare at the Nash equilibrium, we evaluate the over-exploitation of the land and the agents' welfare loss compared to the socially optimal solution and we study the drivers of the ineciencies of the decentralized equilibrium. After characterizing the value of biodiversity in the model, we use an appropriate decomposition to study the policy implications of the model by identifying in which cases the allocation of property rights is preferable to the introduction of a land conversion tax. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity,insurance value,land conversion,recursive preferences,stochastic dierential games Q56,Q58,Q10,Q15,O13,O20,C73,D62 |
| Date: | 2020–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03038977&r=all |
| By: | Stranadko, Nataliya |
| Abstract: | The transformation from Kyoto to Paris has been analysed by international relations scholars, international law, and transnational governance theory. The international relations literature looks at the climate regime from a perspective of power distribution, state interests, institutions, and multilateral negotiations. International law theory focuses on legal analysis and design of international climate agreements. The transnational governance literature examines the participation of transnational actors at different levels of governance. However, each of these theories overlooks a bilateral trend of cooperation in a multilateral setting that arises as a part of construction or reconstruction of the international regime. Cooperation on climate change between the European Union and the United States deserves special scientific attention. Over the last 30 years of climate negotiations, these nations have met many challenges. However, these challenges currently give opportunities to revise the New Transatlantic Agenda and build a fruitful bilateral partnership and policy coordination in the area of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Bilateral cooperation,climate change,environmental treaties,European Union,global governance,soft law,subnational actors,United States of America |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ekhdps:022021&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron; Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Katheline Schubert |
| Date: | 2020–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03038974&r=all |
| By: | Vaiknoras, Kate; Larochelle, Catherine; Alwang, Jeffrey |
| Abstract: | Stress-tolerant rice varieties (STRVs) are bred to be high yielding and tolerant to climate shocks such as drought. In Nepal, several drought-tolerant STRVs have been released and widely adopted. This paper estimates the impacts of the adoption of STRVs on first- and higher-order household outcomes in a non-drought year. It controls for selection bias using correlated random effects models to eliminate unobserved plot and household-level heterogeneity. STRVs have a higher yield, a lower yield variance and a shorter growing duration than traditional landrace varieties. In addition, households apply more early-season chemical fertilizer and land preparation labour to plots planted to STRVs compared to landraces. This indicates that the first-order impacts of the adoption of STRVs induce behavioural changes that help to modernize agricultural practices. Finally, this study conducts a randomized experiment in which half of the sampled households provided additional detail on their agricultural inputs. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:308809&r=all |
| By: | Shaker, Saber |
| Abstract: | The housing sector is linked to 13 out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Thus, all countries of the world are pursuing the sustainable development agenda as a second phase, after the completion of the MDGs. In 2019, Egypt has achieved about 66.2% of the total SDGs, and soon, Egypt is expected to achieve five goals as green goals. Cooperative housing has created nearly 4.7 million direct and indirect jobs and it consider the second provider of residential units by 19% in Egypt. Finally, there are several types of sustainable financing instruments, such as green bonds and social impact bonds, which contribute to enhancing the role of cooperative housing in achieving sustainable development goals. |
| Keywords: | SDGs, Sustainable finance, Cooperative housing, Cooperative banks |
| JEL: | J54 O18 P13 Q01 |
| Date: | 2019–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104514&r=all |
| By: | Monica Maduekwe (Praia, Cabo Verde); Uduak Akpan (SPIDER Solutions, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria); Salisu Isihak (Rural Electrification Agency, Abuja, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The “Avoid†, “Shift†and “Improve†(A-S-I) approach is an effective method for transforming an unsustainable transport system to a sustainable one. This study intends to examine the possible impact of the A-S-I policy measures in transforming the transportation system in Lagos - the most populous city and the commercial capital of Nigeria. The study employs the Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model to project future energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions to determine the most effective A-S-I option for the city. We construct a business-as-usual scenario for Lagos as well as sustainable road transport alternative policy scenarios. The results show that Lagos’ biggest obstacle to achieving its emission reduction target is the presence of very old vehicles on its roads. Our analysis shows that emission reduction in the road transport sector in Lagos is sensitive to vehicle survivability rate (i.e. the fraction of vehicles of a certain age still driven). We conclude that unless the age limit of vehicles in Lagos reduces from 40 years to 22 years, vehicle growth rate from 5% to 2% and mileage by 2% per year from 2020- 2032, Lagos may not achieve the target 50% emission reduction by 2032. |
| Keywords: | Road transport, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, LEAP, Lagos, Nigeria |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:20/055&r=all |
| By: | Gunnar Gutsche (University of Kassel, Institute of Economics, Nora-Platiel-Str. 5, 34109 Kassel, Germany.); Miwa Nakai (Fukui Prefectural University, Faculty of Economics, 4-1-1, Matsuoka Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.); Toshi H. Arimura (Faculty of Political Science and Economics & Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management (RIEEM), Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | Given the limited literature on sustainable investment behavior in the East Asian region, this study empirically examines individual sustainable investment behavior in Japan from three perspectives. Based on data from a representative web-based survey among financial decision makers in Japanese households, we analyze i) the individual awareness of sustainable investments, ii) the current share of sustainable investments in individual investors f portfolios, and iii) the individual investors f intention invest sustainably in the future. We find that the clear minority has ever heard of sustainable investments before, indicating huge information deficits among Japanese individual investors and that individual sustainable investment in Japan is still in its infancy. Moreover, financial literacy, social signaling or word-of-mouth learning, perceived financial performance, and risk preferences are the most important determinants of current individual sustainable investments in Japan. Remarkably, non-financial factors such as personal attitudes and values seem to be less important than in Western countries, suggesting country and cultural differences in individual investment behavior. Nevertheless, the intention to invest in a sustainable manner in the future is also driven by individual environmental values and ecological political identification. Overall, our results imply several potential avenues for practitioners and policymakers to mobilize individual investors for sustainable investments in the future. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable investments, individual investors, Japan, survey |
| JEL: | Q56 G11 C25 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:2006&r=all |
| By: | Elena Paglialunga (Department of Economics, Society & Politics, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo); Andrea Coveri (Department of Economics, Society & Politics, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo); Antonello Zanfei (Department of Economics, Society & Politics, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of climate change on within-country income inequality with reference to over 150 nations in 2003-2017. Specifically, we control for a large number of determinants of income disparities detected by extant literature, and focus on agriculture as one of the most crucial channels in the climate change-inequality nexus. We find that temperature increases and precipitation anomalies have significant adverse effects on within-country inequality, especially in the presence of larger shares of population in rural areas and of workers in agriculture. Furthermore, our results show that the diversification of inward FDIs across value chain activities constitutes a resilience-enhancing factor which allows to alleviate the adverse consequences of climate change on income distribution. |
| Keywords: | Inequality; Climate change; Agriculture; FDI; Global value chains. |
| JEL: | D63 Q54 F21 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urb:wpaper:20_03&r=all |
| By: | Gietel-Basten, Stuart (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Population ageing is presented as one of the ‘grand challenges’ of the twenty-first century. Yet, policies designed to offset these challenges seem to be a jumbled, disjointed mix with no clear, overarching narrative. One of the successes of climate change science is the development of a clear, distinguishable framework to plan action: adaptation, mitigation, and resilience. This framework can be applied to designing better policy for ageing: adapting to support people in need today; mitigating future challenges by ensuring that people and institutions ‘age better’; and building resilience by developing both a longer-term perspective and policy learning framework. |
| Date: | 2020–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:6cp9f&r=all |
| By: | Felbermayr, Gabriel; Gröschl, Jasmin Katrin; Heid, Benedikt |
| Abstract: | We estimate the short-run trade effects of natural disasters using monthly trade data and data on the physical intensity of earthquakes and storms. We find large negative effects for heavily indebted poor, least developed or landlocked developing countries but only small effects for other economies. We use our estimates to identify key parameters of a dynamic quantitative trade model to disentangle the effects of disasters on supply, demand, and welfare and their spillovers on third countries via trade linkages. We apply our model to quantify the effects of the 1992 earthquake in Nicaragua, a small, heavily indebted poor country, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, a large developed economy. We find that spillovers are negligible if the country affected by a disaster is small but sizable for large economies. Similar disasters have heterogeneous effects on countries' demand and supply, highlighting the importance of event-specific policies in the aftermath of disasters. |
| Keywords: | economic effects of natural disasters,monthly trade data,dynamic quantitative trade model,earthquakes,storms |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q54 C68 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2172&r=all |
| By: | Matteo Picchio (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (Italy)) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the effectiveness of placing microchips on the bags for the curbside collection in reducing the unsorted urban solid waste and increasing the fraction recycled. The microchip allows the waste collection company to identify the users that left the bags on the curb and check whether they properly sorted the waste. Our study is carried out in the Italian province of Macerata (Marche, Italy), where the bag microchips were introduced only in some municipalities in 2013. Exploiting monthly information on waste collection and natural experiment methods, we find that, two years after the programme start, the bag microchip increased the fraction recycled by 3-4.5 percentage points and decreased the monthly unsorted waste by 1-2 kilograms per capita. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: Recycling behavior; unsorted waste; microchip bags; natural experiment; difference-in-differences; synthetic control method |
| JEL: | C23 D78 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:449&r=all |
| By: | Jamal, Haroon |
| Abstract: | Education plays an important role in reducing vulnerability to economic, social and environmental dislocation and in developing more resilient systems. In 2030 global sustainable development agenda, goal 4 covers wide ranging aspects of education and learning including literacy assessment and childhood development. The SDG document proposes 7 main targets and 11 indicators to monitor the progress for this goal. However, the necessary data required for effective follow-up and review of the progress towards the implementation of many of the UN suggested indicators is not available in the context of Pakistan. The data gap analysis reveals that only 3 out of 11 indicators of SDG-4 may be estimated with the readily available data. Thus some initiatives in terms of policy formulation and new surveys are proposed for tracking the progress in implementing SDG-4. However, besides political will, these initiatives require lot of financial and human resources. The paper thus recommends to start the process of tracking SDG-4 with the mix of global and complementary national indicators for which reliable and national representative data is quickly available. This research note proposes implementable indicators of educational attainment and inequality and also provides baseline scenario for the year 2015. Overall, it is revealed that Pakistan is 61 percent of the way toward the targets (100%) in terms of proposed indicators related to SDG-4. |
| Keywords: | Education, Sustainable Development, SDGs, Pakistan |
| JEL: | I21 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:105138&r=all |
| By: | Wieland, Hanspeter; Lenzen, Manfred; Geschke, Arne; Fry, Jacob; Wiedenhofer, Dominik; Eisenmenger, Nina; Schenk, Johannes; Giljum, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Informed environmental-economic policy decisions require a solid understanding of the economy’s biophysical basis. Global physical input-output tables ( gPIOTs) collate a vast array ofinformation on the world economy’s physical structure and its interdependence with the environment. However, building gPIOTs requires dealing with mismatched and incompleteprimary data with high uncertainties, which makes it a time-consuming and labor-intensive endeavor. We address this challenge by introducing the PIOLab: A virtual laboratory for building gPIOTs. It represents the newest branch of the Industrial Ecology virtual laboratory (IELab) concept, a cloud-computing platform and collaborative research environment through which participants can use each other’s resources to assemble individual input-output tables targeting specific research questions. To overcome the lack of primary data, the PIOLab builds extensively upon secondary data derived from a variety of models commonly used in Industrial Ecology. We use the case of global iron-steel supply chains to describe the architecture of the PIOLab and highlight its analytical capabilities. A major strength of the gPIOT is its ability to provide mass-balanced indicators on both apparent/direct and embodied/indirect flows, for regions and disaggregated economic sectors. We present the first gPIOTs for 10 years (2008-2017), covering32 regions, 30 processes and 39 types of iron/steel flows. Diagnostic tests of the data reconciliation show a good level of adherence between raw data and the values realized in the gPIOT. We conclude with elaborating on how the PIOLab will be extended to cover other materials and energyflows. |
| Keywords: | Industrial ecology, material flow analysis, physical input-output tables, virtual laboratories, environmental input-output analysis, footprint, consumption-based indicators, iron, steel |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:7949&r=all |
| By: | Mathieu Doussineau (European Commission - JRC); Ales Gnamus (European Commission - JRC); Javier Gomez (European Commission - JRC); Silke Haarich (Spatial Foresight gmbh); Frank Holstein (Spatial Foresight gmbh) |
| Abstract: | In May 2019, DG MARE and the JRC published its Blue economy Report. The main focus was on boosting a "blue" economy, the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, through entrepreneurship, investment, and research and innovation. In order to better understand and illustrate the new opportunities coming from the Blue economy, this report introduces the emergent sector of Blue biotechnology. As one part of the larger Biotechnology sector, dedicated to marine bioresources, it is difficult to clearly define the sector. However, experts agree on the important value of the Blue biotechnology a) to make the existing sector of aquaculture and macroalgae harvesting more efficient and sustainable, and b) to develop new biological products and applications from marine bioresources with uses in energy, cosmetics, nutrition, health or manufacturing. 12 countries and 53 regions in the EU present linkages to the Blue biotechnology in their Smart Specialisation Strategies. A comprehensive screening of EU supported interventions in the current 2014-2020 funding period showed that € 238.6 million of EU funds have been invested in 182 projects and initiatives related to Blue biotechnology with a total budget of EUR 336 million. Smart Specialisation Strategies are a policy instrument which favour the discovery of innovation potential, also in the Blue biotechnology. |
| Keywords: | Smart specialisation, Blue economy, Blue biotechnology, emerging sector, regional policy |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc122818&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Giglio; Bryan Kelly; Johannes Stroebel |
| Abstract: | We review the literature studying interactions between climate change and financial markets. We first discuss various approaches to incorporating climate risk in macro-finance models. We then review the empirical literature that explores the pricing of climate risks across a large number of asset classes including real estate, equities, and fixed income securities. In this context, we also discuss how investors can use these assets to construct portfolios that hedge against climate risk. We conclude by proposing several promising directions for future research in climate finance. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate risk, physical risk, transition risk, ESG |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8772&r=all |
| By: | Carola Phung (I3 - Immunologie - Immunopathologie - Immunothérapie - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Florence Charue-Duboc (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Sociotechnical niche is the relevant space to foster sustainability transitions. With this research we propose to better understand and characterize the emergence and diffusion processes of the sociotechnical niche. We rely on the case of a local authorities association dedicated to waste management. Acting on its territory, this public actor pursues a waste reduction strategy. It launches a strategy to foster innovation projects and new recycling chains through various cooperations. We see how a niche can emerge from its territorial dimension, and how the expertise of the "acteur moteur" reinforces attractiveness of the niche for other actors. |
| Abstract: | La niche sociotechnique constitue l'espace privilégié pour développer des innovations favorables à la transition écologique. L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre et caractériser ses modes d'émergence et de diffusion. Nous nous appuyons ici sur le cas d'un syndicat de traitement d'ordures ménagères qui mène sur son territoire administratif une politique d'innovation et de coopérations multiples, afin de valoriser les déchets à travers de nouvelles filières de recyclages. Nous voyons comment émerge une niche à partir de cet ancrage territoriale, et comment l'expertise construite d'un « acteur moteur » consolide la niche et augmente son attractivité vis-à-vis d'acteurs venus de l'extérieur. |
| Keywords: | sociotechnical niche,territory,innovation,attractiveness,emergence,niche sociotechnique,territoire,attractivité,économie circulaire |
| Date: | 2020–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03059762&r=all |
| By: | Camille Toussaint (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); H. Dumez (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Given the drafting of new plans for Moon or Mars, and the growth of the market for satellites, both private and military, the space industry is booming. However the exponential increase in the quantity of trash in orbit around Earth jeopardizes its growth — a situation typical of what has been called a metaproblem, which requires coordination among many different actors. The problem of space debris has three interdependent momentums, each requiring different forms of action: contain the present situation to keep it from deteriorating; stimulate the invention of solutions for the future; and clean up existing debris to eliminate this heritage from the past. Four ways to settle this problem are identified with the help of scenario planning (Schoemaker, 1995; Wiebe et al., 2018), each taking account of the variety of actors (public and private) and of possible forms of coordination (market and regulations). |
| Abstract: | Avec le développement de nouveaux projets vers la Lune ou vers Mars, avec la croissance du marché des satellites privés et militaires, le secteur spatial est en pleine expansion. Ces activités sont aujourd'hui menacées par l'augmentation exponentielle du nombre de déchets en orbite autour de la Terre. Le cas présente les caractéristiques de ce que Cartwright (1987) a appelé un « méta-problème ». Un tel type de problème suppose en effet la coordination d'acteurs multiples et hétérogènes. Le cas des débris spatiaux montre qu'il se décompose par ailleurs en trois dynamiques interdépendantes mais exigeant des formes d'actions différentes : contenir au présent l'aggravation de la situation, impulser de nouvelles solutions pour l'avenir et nettoyer les débris existants pour effacer l'héritage du passé. Reposant sur l'approche des scénarios (Schoemaker, 1995 ; Wiebe et al., 2018), cet article identifie quatre voies de résolution de ce problème. Chacune tient compte de l'hétérogénéité des acteurs, publics et privés, et des modes de coordination possibles, marché et régulation. |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03059669&r=all |
| By: | Eßer, Jana; Frondel, Manuel; Sommer, Stephan |
| Abstract: | Die Bereitschaft, freiwillige Zahlungen zum Ausgleich von CO2-Emissionen zu leisten, etwa bei Flügen, hat in den vergangenen Jahren erheblich zugenommen. Eine Möglichkeit, diese Kompensationsbereitschaft weiter zu erhöhen, besteht in der Aktivierung einer sozialen Norm, indem darauf aufmerksam gemacht wird, dass ein Emissionsausgleich gesellschaftlich erwünscht ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht dieser Beitrag die Bereitschaft, die durch Flugreisen verursachten CO2-Emissionen durch den Kauf von Ausgleichszertifikaten zu kompensieren anhand eines diskreten Entscheidungsexperimentes, das in eine Erhebung aus dem Jahr 2019 eingebettet wurde. Dabei wurde eine soziale Norm in zufälliger Weise vorgegeben, ebenso wie eine von drei Kompensationshöhen von 5, 10 oder 15 Euro. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass 57,0% der Probanden sich dafür entscheiden, die Emissionen eines künftig anstehenden Fluges auszugleichen. Hierbei gibt es nur geringe, statistisch nicht signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der Gruppe, die mit einer sozialen Norm konfrontiert wurde, und der Kontrollgruppe. Auch die Kompensationshöhe scheint keinen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf die Kompensationsbereitschaft zu haben, möglicherweise weil die Unterschiede in den Kompensationshöhen gering sind. |
| Keywords: | Diskretes Entscheidungsexperiment,Panelerhebung,Klimawandel |
| JEL: | D12 C25 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:139&r=all |
| By: | Bastien Baldacci; Dylan Possama\"i |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the recent studies on the green bond market, we build a model in which an investor trades on a portfolio of green and conventional bonds, both issued by the same governmental entity. The government provides incentives to the bondholder in order to increase the amount invested in green bonds. These incentives are, optimally, indexed on the prices of the bonds, their quadratic variation and covariation. We show numerically on a set of French governmental bonds that our methodology outperforms the current tax-incentives systems in terms of green investments. Moreover, it is robust to model specification for bond prices and can be applied to a large portfolio of bonds using classical optimisation methods. |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2101.00648&r=all |
| By: | Hebinck, Aniek; Zurek, Monika; Achterbosch, Thom; Forkman, Björn; Kuijsten, Anneleen; Kuiper, Marijke; Nørrung, Birgit; van ’t Veer, Pieter; Leip, Adrian |
| Abstract: | The growing acknowledgement that food systems require transformation has led to a call for comprehensive sustainability assessments to support decision-making. For frameworks to serve sustainability governance, they must show the trade-offs and unintended consequences that might result from policy decisions across key goals relevant to food system actors. This paper reviews existing literature and frameworks and builds on stakeholder input to present a sustainability compass with associated metrics for food system assessments. The compass defines sustainability scores for four societal goals, underpinned by areas of concern. The operationalisation approach for assessment balances policy-usability, system complexity and comprehensiveness, while providing actionable insights. It concludes by outlining additional challenges for research to continue development of food system frameworks that support sustainability governance. |
| Date: | 2020–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ab8ts&r=all |
| By: | Laurence Delattre (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marta Debolini (EMMAH - Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes - AU - Avignon Université - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean Paoli; Claude Napoleone (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Michel Moulery; Lara Leonelli (SPE - Sciences pour l'environnement - UPP - Université Pascal Paoli - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Santucci |
| Abstract: | Farm abandonment and over-extensification trends in less-favored livestock breeding areas in the Mediterranean have led to socio-environmental issues that are difficult to assess and address, due to the characteristics of these areas (e.g., poor data availability and reliability). In a study case that presents many of the characteristics common to these areas, we combine qualitative and quantitative approaches to assess (i) the relationship between livestock production and land-cover change and (ii) the drivers of farmer decisions, concerning the types of livestock they breed. We show that the Common Agricultural Policy's objective of open-landscape preservation cannot be achieved through the observed livestock management practices, with the most heavily CAP subsidy-dependent activities (e.g., suckler-cow breeding) having one of the weakest contributions to this objective. We also econometrically show that suckler-cow breeding is more likely to be adopted as a complementary or main activity in farms facing a labor scarcity and land abundance context. These results complement the literature and contribute to the discussion regarding the design of CAP support for less-favored Mediterranean areas. |
| Keywords: | Mediterranean mountainous landscape,farmer choice drivers,extensive livestock systems,Common Agricultural Policy,land-use change,less favored areas (LFA) |
| Date: | 2020–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03064829&r=all |
| By: | Marini, Annalisa |
| Abstract: | Drawing on the most recent advances of the panel VAR literature, we apply a framework to investigate the impact of weather on banana export prices towards the United Kingdom. This methodology can address some of the limitations of alternative approaches and it can also be generalized to assess the impact of weather on a variety of commodity markets characterized by a network structure. The results show that (i) while shocks to temperatures affect commodity prices, precipitations are less relevant; (ii) an increase in temperatures is likely to increase prices; (iii) the impact on prices is not only direct but it spills over to other exporting countries; (iv) simulating a scenario compatible with global warming we fi�nd that it is likely to lead to a substantial increase in commodity prices and spillover effects; (v) these effects are ampli�ed if we account for a contemporaneous shock to the economy. We discuss implications for global food security, which can be useful for policy implementation. |
| Keywords: | PVAR, Commodity Price Transmission, Spillovers, Cli- mate Change |
| JEL: | C3 F1 Q17 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104572&r=all |
| By: | Shilp Verma; Manisha Shah |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage Water Resources - Flood Control Water Resources - Groundwater Water Resources - Irrigation and Drainage |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33240&r=all |