|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒12‒14
sixty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Steven Bond-Smith (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Rebecca Cassells (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Alan S Duncan (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Astghik Mavisakalyan (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Silvia Salazar (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin University); Maria Sandoval-Guzman (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin Business School); Richard Seymour (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin University); Chris Twomey (Western Australian Council of Social Service (WACOSS) and Bankwest Curtin Centre, Curtin Business School) |
| Abstract: | Green Shoots: Opportunities to grow a sustainable WA economy, the fifth report in the Focus on Industry series, looks at the green economy, taking stock of the current environmental footprint and development of ‘green’ sectors as well as identifying opportunities to grow a sustainable and diverse Western Australian economy. The challenges brought by climate change have highlighted the significant pressure we put on our resources. The pollution of our air, growing water scarcity and the increasing amount of waste has accelerated the loss of biodiversity and caused growing health concerns in our community. At the same time Western Australia is at a critical juncture in developing its long-term strategy to drive economic and social progress. It is important that our economy has the opportunity to thrive, but doing so in a responsible and sustainable way that respects our natural environment. The report’s findings look at the challenges in balancing economic prosperity with environmental sustainability, and provides a roadmap for Western Australia to transition to a more sustainable and resilient economic future. |
| Keywords: | Western Australia, green diversification, regional development, solar power, environmental impact, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions |
| JEL: | Q20 Q28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ozl:bcecrs:fi05&r=all |
| By: | Sharma, Rajesh; Sinha, Avik; Kautish, Pradeep |
| Abstract: | The reexamination of the existing economic and environmental policies in the South and Southeast Asian countries seems to be necessary, as these countries are struggling to achieve the goals of sustainable development. For suggesting a long-term environmental policy, we intend to examine whether the selected economic and demographic indicators have influenced the ecological footprint in the eight developing countries of Asia for the period of 1990-2015. The use of pooled mean group (PMG) approach allowed driving the long-run common coefficients, which may facilitate us to develop a common policy framework to fortify the environmental quality. The computed results confirmed that the selected variable are cointegrated in the long run; and, per capita income, nonrenewable energy usage, urbanization, fertility rate, and population density are observed as the significant drivers of the environmental pollution. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption restored the environmental quality in these countries. Based on the results, we recommend the need for the diversification of the energy-basket where the use of renewable energy resources to be enhanced. Further, by sensitizing the necessity of environmental conservation, governments should promote less carbon-intense economic and demographic practices across the industries and sectors. |
| Keywords: | Ecological footprint; South and Southeast Asia; Energy; Urbanization |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104245&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34202&r=all |
| By: | Niklas Potrafke; Kaspar Wüthrich |
| Abstract: | We examine how Green governments influence macroeconomic, education, and environmental outcomes. Our empirical strategy exploits that the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan gave rise to an unanticipated change in government in the German state Baden-Wuerttemberg in 2011. The incumbent rightwing government was replaced by a leftwing government led by the Green party. We use the synthetic control method to select control states against which Baden-Wuerttemberg’s outcomes can be compared. The results do not suggest that the Green government influenced macroeconomic outcomes. The Green government implemented education policies that caused comprehensive schools to become larger. We find no evidence that the Green government influenced CO2 emissions, particulate matter emissions, or increased energy usage from renewable energies overall. An intriguing result is that the share of wind power usage decreased relative to the estimated counterfactual. Intra-ecological conflicts and realities in public office are likely to have prevented the Green government from implementing drastic policy changes. |
| Keywords: | Green governments, partisan politics, synthetic control method, causal effects, Fukushima nuclear disaster, environmental policies, energy policies, renewable energies, comprehensive schools |
| JEL: | C33 D72 E65 H70 I21 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8726&r=all |
| By: | Michael J. Hammond; Jian Xie |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Water Resources Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33912&r=all |
| By: | Elsasser, Peter; Köthke, Margret; Dieter, Matthias |
| Abstract: | This working paper presents and substantiates a detailed concept for rewarding the ecosystem services of forests in Germany. The concept accounts for actually provided services (rather than for management measures), and focuses on the productivity of the particular forests/forest enterprises as well as on society’s demand for the individual forest services. The concept consists of two levels. Level 1 comprises global services, in particular for climate and biodiversity protection; here the amount of services provided and the respective payments are being deduced from international agreements and the corresponding national strategies, as far as possible. Level 2 comprises further recreational and protection services, where demand exhibits more pronounced regional and local differences; on this level, service amounts and the respective payments are determined by individual contracts, which require at least a pro-rata contribution of the interested stakeholders. Throughout, we legitimise the concept and its individual elements by relating it to the given legal situation, and to the results of democratic decision making. Finally, we discuss the conceivable incentive and steering effects of the proposal, and the necessary reforms of the existing subsidisation system for forestry. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:307495&r=all |
| By: | Olga Chiappinelli; Timo Gerres; Karsten Neuhoff; Frederik Lettow; Heleen de Coninck; Balázs Felsmann; Eugénie Joltreau; Gauri Khandekar; Pedro Linares; Jörn Richstein; Aleksander Śniegocki; Jan Stede; Tomas Wyns; Cornelis Zandt; Lars Zetterberg |
| Abstract: | This paper explores which climate-friendly projects could be part of the COVID-19 recovery while jump-starting the transition of the European basic materials industry. Findings from a literature review on technology options in advanced development stages for climate-friendly production and enhanced sorting and recycling of steel, cement, aluminium and plastics are combined with insights from interviews with 31 European industry stakeholders about the practical and economic feasibility of these technology options. Results indicate that with an estimated investment of 28.9 billion Euro, about 20% of EU’s basic materials could be produced through low-emission processes or additional recycling by 2025 with technologies that are commercially available or at pilot scale today. However, our stakeholder consultation also shows that in order to make these short-term investments viable in the long term, six main barriers need to be addressed, namely i) the lack of effective and predictable carbon pricing, ii) the limited availability of affordable green electricity, iii) the lack of a regulatory framework for circularity, iv) low technology readiness and funding, v) the lack of infrastructure for hydrogen, CO2 and power, and vi) the lack of demand for climate-friendly and recycled materials. Based on these insights, the paper proposes elements of a policy package that can create a long-term framework favourable for investments in these technologies and should ideally accompany the recovery package to give credibility to investors that the business case will last beyond the recovery timeframe. |
| Keywords: | Green COVID-19 Recovery; Industrial Decarbonisation; Policy Package; EU Green Deal; Technology Readiness |
| JEL: | L61 L65 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1921&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy Demand Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Pollution Management & Control Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34145&r=all |
| By: | Rafaty, R.; Dolphin, G.; Pretis, F. |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of carbon pricing on CO2emissions across five sectors for a panel of 39 countries over 1990-2016. Using newly constructed sector-level carbon price data, we implement a novel approach to estimate the changes in CO2emissions associated with (i) the introduction of carbon pricing regardless of the price level; (ii) the implementation effect as a function of the price level; and (iii) post-implementation marginal changes in the CO2price.We find that the introduction of carbon pricing has reduced growth in CO2emissions by 1% to 2.5% on average relative to counterfactual emissions, with most abatement occurring in the electricity and heat sector. Exploiting variation in carbon pricing to explain heterogeneity in treatment effects, we find an imprecisely estimated semi-elasticity of a 0.05% reduction in emissions growth per average $1/metric ton (hereafter abbreviated as: ton) of CO2.After the carbon price has been implemented, each marginal price increase of $1/tCO2 has temporarily lowered the growth rate of CO2emissions by around 0.01%. These are disappointingly small effects. Simulating potential future emissions reductions in response to carbon price paths, we conclude that –in the absence of complementary non-pricing policy interventions – carbon pricing alone, even if implemented globally, is unlikely to be sufficient to achieve emission reductions consistent with the Paris climate agreement. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Pricing, CO2 Emissions, Decarbonization, Carbon Tax, Climate Change, Climate Policy |
| JEL: | Q43 Q48 Q54 Q58 H23 |
| Date: | 2020–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:20116&r=all |
| By: | Nguyen-Khoa, S.; McCartney, Matthew; Funge-Smith, S.; Smith, L.; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Dubois, M. |
| Abstract: | There is increasing recognition of the need to bring about changes across the full spectrum of agricultural practices to ensure that, in future, food production systems are more diverse, sustainable and resilient. In this context, the objectives of irrigation need to be much more ambitious, shifting away from simply maximizing crop yields to maximizing net benefits across a range of uses of irrigation water, including ecosystems and nature-based solutions. One important way to achieve this is by better integrating fisheries into the planning, design, construction, operation and management of irrigation systems. Irrigation – a major contributor to the Green Revolution – has significantly improved agricultural production worldwide, with consequent benefits for food security, livelihoods and poverty alleviation. Today, irrigated agriculture represents about 21 percent of cultivated land, but contributes approximately 40% of the total global crop production. Many governments continue to invest in irrigation as a cornerstone of food security and rural development. Investments in irrigation often represent a pragmatic form of adaptation to changing climatic conditions. This guide focuses on how to sustainably optimize and broaden the range of benefits from irrigation development - not only economic but also social and environmental benefits. It emphasizes the opportunities that fisheries could provide to increase food production and economic returns, enhance livelihoods and public health outcomes, and maintain key ecosystem services. The guide considers possible trade-offs between irrigation and fisheries, and provides recommendations on how these could be minimized. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2020–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:307599&r=all |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice A; Odhiambo, Nicholas M |
| Abstract: | The study investigates conclusions from the scholarly literature that for low and middle-income countries, higher income inequality is linked with lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Using a sample of 39 sub-Saharan countries consisting of lower- and middle-income countries, this study investigates how increasing inequality affects renewable energy consumption. Three income inequality indicators are used, namely: the Gini coefficient, the Palma ratio and Atkinson index. The empirical evidence is based on quadratic Tobit regressions. The investigated assumption is only partially valid because a net positive impact is apparent only in one of the three income inequality variables used in the study. Hence, it is difficult to establish whether the inequality or equality hypothesis underpinning the nexus between income inequality and renewable energy consumption hold for Sub-Saharan Africa. However, based on the significant results in terms of the threshold, the equality hypothesis is valid when the Atkinson index is below a threshold of 0.6180 while the inequality hypothesis becomes valid when the Atkinson index exceeds the threshold of 0.6180. Hence, as the main policy implication, for the equitable redistribution of income to be promoted and, therefore, for policies that favor income inequality for renewable energy consumption not to be encouraged, policy makers should keep the Atkinson index below a threshold of 0.6180. An implication for Europe and/or high income countries is provided, notably, that the equality hypothesis on the nexus between income inequality and CO2 emissions may not withstand empirical scrutiny but contingent on: (i) the measurements of income inequality and (ii) inequality thresholds when a specific income inequality measurement is retained. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:26932&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Finance and Financial Sector Development - Finance and Development Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33917&r=all |
| By: | Elsasser, Peter; Rock, Joachim; Rüter, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Rewarding environmental services of forestry is increasingly being demanded in Germany. Recently, four different proposals have been mooted which particularly relate to the climate protection service of forests. The present Working Paper appraises and compares the possible effects of these four proposals, with regard to their possible incentive and distributional impacts; their consequences for forest enterprises, downstream markets and the existing subsidisation system in Germany; the criteria applied for securing the climate stability of forests; the administrative implications of the individual proposals; and their compatibility with rules of the international climate regime, and the evidence based carbon balance of forestry and wood utilisation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:307494&r=all |
| By: | Mathias Mier; Kais Siala; Kristina Govorukha; Philip Mayer |
| Abstract: | We use the cross-impact balance analysis to develop narratives that differ in the level of political collaboration (in terms of the stringency of the EU climate policy) and physical collaboration (possible expansion of transmission capacity between countries) in the European power market. Applying a CGE model and two power market models, we quantify the impact of the two dimensions on emission, abatement cost, and electricity prices until 2050. The most collaborative narrative leads to CO2 emissions of 90 to 139 Mt, abatement cost of 245 to 271 EUR/ton CO2, and prices of 56 to 67 EUR/MWh in 2050. The least collaborative one has emissions of 848 to 1013 Mt, cost of 378 to 559 EUR/ton, and prices of 47 to 57 EUR/MWh. In all narratives, countries at the periphery of the European market tend to experience lower prices and e.abate more, whereas prices are higher and abatement lower in central and Southeast Europe. |
| Keywords: | Collaboration, energy transition, decarbonization, European power market, , transmission, renewable energy, energy system modeling |
| JEL: | C61 C68 Q40 Q41 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_343&r=all |
| By: | Aditya Goenka (University of Birmingham); Lin Liu (University of Liverpool); Nguyen, Manh-Hung (Toulouse School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Preliminary evidence indicates that pollution increases severity and likelihood of Covid- 19 infections as is the for many other infectious diseases. This paper models the interaction of pollution and preventive actions on transmission of infectious diseases in a neoclassical growth framework where households do not take into account how their actions affects disease transmission and production activity results in pollution which increases likelihood of infections. Household can take private actions for abatement of pollution as for controlling disease transmission. Disease dynamics follow SIS dynamics. We study the difference in health and economic outcomes between the decentralized economy, where households do not internalize the externalities, and the socially optimal outcomes, and characterize the taxes and subsidies that will decentralize the socially optimal outcomes. Thus, we examine the question whether there are sufficient incentives to reduce pollution, both at the private and public levels, once its effects on disease transmission is taken into account. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, pollution, environmental policy, infectious disease, Green Recovery, dynamic Pigovian taxes |
| JEL: | I15 Q53 H23 E22 C61 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bir:birmec:20-29&r=all |
| By: | Dieter, Matthias; Weimar, Holger; Iost, Susanne; Englert, Hermann; Fischer, Richard; Günter, Sven; Morland, Christian; Roering, Hans-Walter; Schier, Franziska; Seintsch, Björn; Schweinle, Jörg; Zhunusova, Eliza |
| Abstract: | Overarching objective of the EU biodiversity strategy for 2030 is recovering biodiversity by strengthening the protection and restoration of nature. Key elements are the creation of protected areas on at least 30% of Europe's land and sea area, including stronger protective measures for forests. However, any implementation of dedicated measures will reduce roundwood production in EU member states. It is to be expected that parts of this reduced roundwood production will be compensated by increasing roundwood production in non-EU countries. There is a fundamental risk of biodiversity losses in non-EU countries accompanying such leakage of roundwood produc-tion. From a global perspective, such biodiversity losses must be opposed to biodiversity gains in EU countries. The presented study provides a first assessment of possible leakage effects and rep-resents the state of work as of September 2020. At first, the presented study provides an estimate of the decline in roundwood production in EU member states as a result of implementing partial or full production restrictions in forests. In a second step, implications of reduced roundwood production within EU-27 on global wood markets are assessed. Finally, leakage of roundwood production to non-EU countries is evaluated using in-dicators related to governance, sustainable forest management, biodiversity, forest condition, de-forestation pressure and socio-economic aspects. In order to estimate the reduction in roundwood production in EU countries firstly three single implementation measures are assessed and then consolidated for Germany: (i) 10 % share of forest area set-aside, (ii) non-utilization of “old-growth forests” and (iii) 30 % share of protected forest areas under Habitats Directive management requirements. As a result, the potential roundwood production in Germany declines on average within the period examined (2018 – 2052) by 23.96 million m³/a to 52.77 million m³/a or to 69 %. In the following calculations, this reduction share is assigned to all EU-27 countries. Modelling international roundwood production leakage using the Global Forests Products Model GFPM projects an overall roundwood production decrease of 42 % in the EU-27 for the year 2050. Increased roundwood production in non-EU countries would compensate for 73 % of the de-creased roundwood production in the EU. The remaining 27 % can be understood as price-induced reduction of wood products consumption. Until 2050 EU-27’s decreased roundwood production would mainly be offset by increased production in the USA. According to the modelling results, 26 % of decreased roundwood production are leaked to the USA. Further leakage occurs to Russia (12 %), Canada (9 %) und Brazil (8 %). Differentiating non-consumption into soft- and hardwood, non-consumption of hardwood is more pronounced (39 %) than non-consumption of softwood (11 %). Consumption of fuelwood declines by 67 % but its production does not shift to non-EU countries. Basically, fuelwood is consumed to a much smaller share, due to increasing prices and the following assumed transition to other energy sources. Only small leakages are calculated for pulp and paper products. Leakages for sawn wood and wood-based panels show comparable rela-tive changes to those modelled for roundwood production. Implementation of the EU biodiversity strategy causes decreasing roundwood production in EU member states and increasing roundwood production in non-EU countries. The expected addi-tional production would be shifted to countries that have a significantly higher proportion of intact forest areas compared to the EU, but already have lost significant amounts of these areas in recent years. The described leakage poses a threat to the remaining intact forest areas in non-EU-countries. Non-EU countries with a modelled roundwood production increase often show smaller biomass stocks and higher shares of already degraded area than EU-27 member states. Either this could indicate a further threat or a potential for promoting afforestation measures to buffer pres-sure on natural forests. Further protection measures in the EU would further increase the discrepancy to protection measures of other countries. In non-EU countries, net deforestation is higher, significantly lower proportions of forest areas are placed under protection and less money is spent on the conserva-tion of biodiversity than in EU countries. The average Red List Index indicates an increased threat of extinction of species for non-EU countries. Also, income disparities are higher in non-EU coun-tries than in EU member states. For particularly poor countries, the shift of roundwood production could mean an opportunity to benefit from potential job creation, but on the other hand there is also the risk of displacement effects for often subsistence-based income groups. Countries with high additional roundwood production and high vulnerability should be primarily focused on in the risk assessment. Immediate risks are further endangerment of already endan-gered species, reduction of intact forest area, increase of degraded land area and increased net deforestation. At a global scale it is expected that positive biodiversity effects in the EU due to additional protection are counteracted by negative effects in non-EU countries. Thus, European policy measures should focus particularly on these countries in order to buffer potential leakage effects by strengthening sustainable forest management and respective governance. The presented report constitutes a pre-study on leakage effect of the EU biodiversity strategy. It uses information and data that is available at this point. However, for a more detailed analysis further data from EU member states and further development of the applied methods are neces-sary. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:307498&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Global Environment Facility Governance - International Governmental Organizations |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34328&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Conflict and Fragile States Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Water Resources Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34058&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The study investigates conclusions from the scholarly literature that for low and middle-income countries, higher income inequality is linked with lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Using a sample of 39 sub-Saharan countries consisting of lower- and middle-income countries, this study investigates how increasing inequality affects renewable energy consumption. Three income inequality indicators are used, namely: the Gini coefficient, the Palma ratio and Atkinson index. The empirical evidence is based on quadratic Tobit regressions. The investigated assumption is only partially valid because a net positive impact is apparent only in one of the three income inequality variables used in the study. Hence, it is difficult to establish whether the inequality or equality hypothesis underpinning the nexus between income inequality and renewable energy consumption hold for Sub-Saharan Africa. However, based on the significant results in terms of the threshold, the equality hypothesis is valid when the Atkinson index is below a threshold of 0.6180 while the inequality hypothesis becomes valid when the Atkinson index exceeds the threshold of 0.6180. Hence, as the main policy implication, for the equitable redistribution of income to be promoted and, therefore, for policies that favor income inequality for renewable energy consumption not to be encouraged, policy makers should keep the Atkinson index below a threshold of 0.6180. An implication for Europe and/or high income countries is provided, notably, that the equality hypothesis on the nexus between income inequality and CO2 emissions may not withstand empirical scrutiny but contingent on: (i) the measurements of income inequality and (ii) inequality thresholds when a specific income inequality measurement is retained. |
| Keywords: | Gender, economic inclusion, tax performance, sustainable development, Africa |
| JEL: | H20 H71 I28 J08 J21 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/094&r=all |
| By: | Hendrik Davi (URFM 629 - Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes [Avignon] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laetitia Tuffery (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Emanuel Garbolino (Climpact Data Science); Bernard Prévosto (RECOVER - Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bruno Fady (URFM 629 - Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes [Avignon] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | One of the greatest challenges when addressing issues in complex social-ecological systems (SES), is the need for an efficient interdisciplinary framework when large-magnitude social and ecological disturbances occur. Teams comprising of scientists from different backgrounds and disciplines are frequently called upon to propose research methods and results that can be useful for policy and decision makers. However, most of the outcomes from these pluri-disciplinary teams appear extremely difficult to implement within a bigger picture because concepts, hypotheses, methods, and results are specific to each discipline. Here, we propose a reverse-engineering (RE) method to define the scientific needs that could help policy makers and citizens to assess the impacts of socioeconomic "disruptors" on social-ecological systems. We present this method using the example of an ongoing wood biomass energy plant (Gardanne) in the French Mediterranean region. In the Mediterranean region, species diversity is high, the forest cover is ample, but difficult access and low forest productivity make any biomass policy an ecological and social disruption. Our method is based on three complementary approaches to (1) describe the social-ecosystems, (2) draw up a map of interactions between actors and the impacts on the ecosystem, and (3) identify relevant questions needed for a global analysis of the impacts and potentialities of adaptation of actors and the ecosystems to the perturbation and the connections needed between the different disciplines. Our analysis showed that knowledge gaps have to be filled to assess forest resource vulnerability and better estimate how the different resource used (solid wood, biomass, landscape) competed together. Finally, we discuss how this method could be integrated into a broader transdisciplinary work allowing a coproduction of knowledge and solutions on a SES. |
| Keywords: | forest,interdisciplinary,model,reverse-engineering,wood energy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03010363&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Renewable Energy Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Achieving Shared Growth |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33904&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Dechezlepretre; Sam Fankhauser; Matthieu Glachant; Jan Stoever; Simon Touboul |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Environmental Engineering Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change Science and Technology Development - Technology Innovation |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33883&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Water Resources Management Information and Communication Technologies - Digital Divide Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34272&r=all |
| By: | Isermeyer, Folkhard; Nieberg, Hiltrud; Banse, Martin; Bolte, Andreas; Christoph, Inken; Dauber, Jens; de Witte, Thomas; Dehler, Marcel; Döring, Ralf; Elsasser, Peter; Fock, Heino; Focken, Ulfert; Freund, Florian; Goti, Leyre; Heidecke, Claudia; Kempf, Alexander; Koch, Gerald; Kraus, Gerd; Krause, Andreas; Kroiher, Franz; Lasner, Tobias; Lüdtke, Jan; Olbrich, Andrea; Osterburg, Bernhard; Pelikan, Janine; Probst, Wolfgang Nikolaus; Rahmann, Gerold; Reiser, Stefan; Rock, Joachim; Röder, Norbert; Rüter, Sebastian; Sanders, Jürn; Stelzenmüller, Vanessa; Zimmermann, Christopher |
| Abstract: | In der vorliegenden Stellungnahme setzt sich das Thünen-Institut mit der Frage auseinander, wie sich wichtige Strategiepapiere, die die EU-Kommission und die Bundesregierung im zurückliegenden Jahr veröffentlicht haben, voraussichtlich auf Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft und Fischerei auswirken werden. Im Einzelnen handelt es sich um: Green Deal, Farm-to-Fork-Strategie, Biodiversitätsstrategie 2030, Aktionsprogramm Insektenschutz. Die Strategiepapiere sind zumeist vage formuliert und lassen hinsichtlich der jeweils erforderlichen Politikmaßnahmen einen weiten Interpretationsspielraum zu. Eine solide quantitative Politikfolgen-abschätzung ist somit nicht möglich, denn deren Ergebnisse hingen von zahlreichen (spekulativen) Annahmen über konkrete Politikmaßnahmen ab. Außerdem weisen die Papiere erhebliche thema-tische Überschneidungen auf, d. h. ein und dasselbe Themenfeld (z. B. Klimaschutz, Biodiversität) wird in mehreren Strategiepapieren adressiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschränkt sich die vorliegende Stellungnahme darauf, für die Gesamtheit der Strategien qualitativ abzuschätzen, wie sich bestimmte Themenfelder voraussichtlich entwickeln werden, sofern die Politik die in den Strategien deklarierten Ziele mit bestimmten Maßnahmen (Politikoptionen) verfolgen wird. Aus dieser Diskussion der verschiedenen Politikoptionen werden Empfehlungen an die Politik abgeleitet. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:307496&r=all |
| By: | Bazhanov, Andrei |
| Abstract: | Hamilton (2016) shows that a general closed imperfect economy with extraction cost and any substitutability among inputs is sustainable along an exponentially decreasing path of extraction (EDP) under a generalized Hartwick rule with resource rent measured in SEEA-2012 (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting) units. Mathematically, the result is correct. The problem is that Hamilton offers this approach as "the correct policy rule for sustainability," although this saving rule may be inapplicable to real economies because the prescribed investment may exceed output. In particular, the Cobb-Douglas economy's output goes to zero along EDP even if there is no cost, no health damage from resource use, and all output is invested. The economy with infinite elasticity of substitution between the resource and capital may be sustainable along EDP depending on initial conditions. This result extends Hartwick (2003) disclaimer about substitutability among inputs to the generalized version of the rule. Moreover, the result shows that the assessment of sustainability and accounting prices for real economies depends, besides allocation mechanism, on specification of technology and initial conditions. |
| Keywords: | Natural nonrenewable resource; Imperfect economy; Resource policy; Sustainability accounting price |
| JEL: | Q32 |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104316&r=all |
| By: | Reaser, Jamie; Tabor, Gary M.; Becker, Daniel; Muruthi, Philip; Witt, Arne; Woodley, Stephen J.; Ruiz-Aravena, Manuel; Patz, Jonathan Alan MD, MPH (University of Wisconsin-Madison); Hickey, Valerie; Hudson, Peter |
| Abstract: | Earth systems are under ever greater pressure from human population expansion and intensifying natural resource use. Consequently, novel micro-organisms that cause disease are emerging, dynamics of pathogens in wildlife are altered by land use change bringing wildlife and people in closer contact. We provide a brief overview of the processes governing ‘land use-induced spillover’, emphasising ecological conditions that foster ‘landscape immunity’ and reduce the likelihood of wildlife that host pathogens coming into contact with people. If ecosystems remain healthy, wildlife , and people are more likely to remain healthy too. We recommend practices to reduce the risk of future pandemics through protected and conserved area management. Our proposals reinforce existing conservation strategies while elevating biodiversity conservation as a priority health measure. Pandemic prevention requires that human health be regarded as an ecological service. We call on multi-lateral conservation frameworks to recognise that protected area managers are in the frontline of public health safety. |
| Date: | 2020–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:bmfhw&r=all |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Sengupta, Tuhin; Saha, Tanaya |
| Abstract: | Since the inception of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Asia Pacific countries are facing difficulties in attaining the SDG objectives, as maintaining the environmental quality has been a challenge for them. In this study, we have revisited the technology policies of these countries, and in doing so, we have tried to address the problem of environmental degradation, while addressing the issues of sustainable economic growth, clean and affordable energy, and quality education. In this pursuit, we have designed two indices for environmental degradation and technological advancement, and then analyzed the association between them following the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Following IPAT framework, and by using quantile approach, over a period of 1990-2017, we have found that the turnaround points of EKCs rise with the rise in quantiles, i.e. quantiles with low pollutions are having turnaround points within sample range, whereas quantiles with high pollutions are having turnaround points outside sample range. Using Rolling Window Heterogeneous Panel Causality test, unidirectional causality has been found running from technological advancement to environmental degradation. Following the results obtained from the analysis, we have tried to address the objectives of SDG 13, SDG 4, SDG 8, SDG 9, SDG 7, and SDG 10. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals; Technology policy; Research and Development, Asia Pacific; Environmental quality |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104249&r=all |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Sengupta, Tuhin; Alvarado, Rafael |
| Abstract: | Since the inception of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Next 11 (N11) countries are facing difficulties in attaining the SDG objectives, as maintaining the environmental quality has been a challenge for them. In this study, we have revisited the technology policies of these countries, and in doing so, we have tried to address the problem of environmental degradation, while addressing the issues of sustained economic growth, clean and affordable energy, and quality education. In this pursuit, we have designed two indices for environmental degradation and technological advancement, and then analyzed the association between them following the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The empirical analysis has been done by IPAT framework, and by using bootstrapped quantile regression and rolling window heterogeneous panel casualty tests, over a period of 1990-2017. Following the results obtained from the analysis, we have tried to address the objectives of SDG 13, SDG 4, SDG 8, SDG 9, SDG 7, and SDG 10. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals; Technology policy; R&D, Next 11; Environmental quality |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104247&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport and Trade Logistics Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Green Issues Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Infrastructure Finance |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34101&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism Environment - Water Resources Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34070&r=all |
| By: | André de Palma; Shaghayegh Vosough; Robin Lindsey (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | Road traffic is a major contributor to air pollution which is a serious problem in many large cities. Experience in London, Milan, and Stockholm indicates that road pricing can be useful in reducing vehicle emissions as well as congestion. This study uses the dynamic traffic network simulator METROPOLIS to investigate the effectiveness of tolls to target emissions and congestion externalities on a stylized urban road network during a morning commuting period. The concentration and spatial distribution of four pollutants are calculated using a Gaussian dispersion model that accounts for wind speed and direction. Single and double cordon tolls are evaluated, as well as flat tolls that do not change during the simulation period and step tolls that change at half-hourly intervals. The presence of emission externalities raises optimal toll levels, and substantially increases the welfare gains from tolling although the advantage of step tolls over flat tolls is lower than if congestion is the only externality. The individual welfaredistributional effects of tolling vary strongly with residential and workplace locations relative to the cordon, and also differ for the windward and leeward sides of the city. |
| Keywords: | congestion, dynamic traffic simulation, emissions, pollution dispersion, tolls |
| JEL: | H2 R41 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2020-09&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Forestry Management Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Forests and Forestry Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34149&r=all |
| By: | Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Llorca, Manuel (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Meeus, Leonardo (Florence School of Regulation (FSR), Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Italy and Vlerick Energy Centre, Vlerick Business School, Belgium); Schittekatte, Tim (Florence School of Regulation (FSR), Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Italy and Vlerick Energy Centre, Vlerick Business School, Belgium) |
| Abstract: | In this age of low-cost capital and stimulus packages, is it the best time to heavily invest in tomorrow’s energy networks and research infrastructure? In the academic literature it is widely acknowledged that innovation is key to decarbonise the energy sector and foster sustainable development. However, post liberalisation has been struggling to promote R&D and innovation. Is this the case of business, regulatory, or policy failure, or are there other factors involved? In this paper, we discuss the reasons for slow uptake of new technologies in energy networks and propose some remedies for the European context, where innovation in the area of energy networks is crucial for the implementation of the Green Transition. The solutions to address this shortfall need to be considered in an overarching manner. The specific points raised here are based on incentive regulation, the establishment of competitive funding models like Ofgem’s Low Carbon Network Fund and a large European collaborative research hub. |
| Keywords: | Energy network infrastructure; European green deal; Innovation; Research and development |
| JEL: | L50 L90 O30 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2020_018&r=all |
| By: | Bruno Conte; Klaus Desmet; Dávid Krisztián Nagy; Esteban Rossi-Hansberg |
| Abstract: | This paper quantitatively assesses the world's changing economic geography and sectoral specialization due to global warming. It proposes a two-sector dynamic spatial growth model that incorporates the relation between economic activity, carbon emissions, and temperature. The model is taken to the data at the 1º by 1º resolution for the entire world. Over a 200-year horizon, rising temperatures consistent with emissions under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 push people and economic activity northwards to Siberia, Canada, and Scandinavia. Compared to a world without climate change, clusters of agricultural specialization shift from Central Africa, Brazil, and India's Ganges Valley, to Central Asia, parts of China and northern Canada. Equatorial latitudes that lose agriculture specialize more in nonagriculture but, due to their persistently low productivity, lose population. By the year 2200, predicted losses in real GDP and utility are 6% and 15%, respectively. Higher trade costs make adaptation through changes in sectoral specialization more costly, leading to less geographic concentration in agriculture and larger climate-induced migration. |
| Keywords: | climate change; quantitative economic geography; spatial growth |
| JEL: | O4 Q54 R13 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1221&r=all |
| By: | Felix Lung; Cristina Stefan |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Commodity Risk Management Environment - Natural Disasters Finance and Financial Sector Development - Insurance & Risk Mitigation Science and Technology Development - Climate and Meteorology |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34314&r=all |
| By: | Pia Pohatu (Hikurangi Enterprises Limited); Sophie O’Brien (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Leo Mercer (Victoria University of Wellington) |
| Abstract: | Domestically and abroad, government policies aim to increase afforestation and provide the many environmental and social benefits that afforestation can deliver. For multiply-owned M?ori land in Aotearoa New Zealand, decision-makers often face extra challenges that may hinder their ability to meet aspirations for afforesting their land, despite the availability of various support programmes. We explore the decision-making processes of a sample of M?ori landowners in Te Tair?whiti to understand the extent to which funding programmes and afforestation incentives from the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme enable them to meet their own aspirations for their land. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 M?ori land-use decision-makers that represent a range of M?ori landowner entity types, including M?ori incorporations, ahuwhenua trusts, ahuwhenua trusts administered by Te Tumu Paeroa and family trusts. Several key challenges emerged that are faced by our sample of M?ori land decision-makers. These relate to: the historical context of M?ori land use and development; governance; accessing expertise and resourcing; communication; the logistics of native forestry establishment; and challenges specific to the NZ ETS. We also identified key areas where additional support could yield substantial gains for M?ori land decision-makers. These include increasing access to understandable and context-specific expert advice; investing in lasting working relationships; providing support to develop robust business cases and planting plans for native forestry; tailoring policy to be flexible to individual land blocks’ starting lines; and tailoring policy to acknowledge the ways in which M?ori traditionally engaged with native forestry. |
| Keywords: | M?ori land, land-use decision-making, native forestry, New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme |
| JEL: | D71 D81 Q15 Q23 Q54 Q56 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:20_13&r=all |
| By: | Felix Kapfhammer; Vegard H. Larsen; Leif Anders Thorsrud |
| Abstract: | The positive relationship between real exchange rates and natural resource income is well understood and studied. However, climate change and the transition to a lower-carbon economy now challenges this relationship. We document this by proposing a novel news media-based measure of climate change transition risk and show that when such risk is high, major commodity currencies experience a persistent depreciation and the relationship between commodity price fluctuations and currencies tends to become weaker. |
| Keywords: | Exchange Rates, Climate, Risk, Commodities |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bny:wpaper:0093&r=all |
| By: | Cavalcanti, T.; Hasna, Z.; Santos, C. |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the aggregate and distributional effects of climate change mitigation policies using a multi-sector equilibrium model with intersectoral input–output linkages and worker heterogeneity calibrated to different countries. The introduction of carbon taxes leads to changes in relative prices and inputs reallocation, including labor. For the United States, reaching its Paris Agreement pledge would imply at most a 0.6% drop in output. This impact is distributed asymmetrically across sectors and individuals. Workers with a comparative advantage in dirty energy sectors who do not reallocate bear relatively more of the cost but constitute a small fraction of the labor force. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, carbon taxes, worker heterogeneity, labor reallocation |
| JEL: | E13 H23 J24 |
| Date: | 2020–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:20117&r=all |
| By: | Levente Timar (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Eyal Apatov (Oranga Tamariki, Ministry for Children) |
| Abstract: | Climate models indicate that New Zealand’s farms will be increasingly exposed to adverse climate events in the future. In this study, we empirically investigate drought impacts on farm enterprises by linking financial, agricultural and productivity data from Statistics New Zealand’s Longitudinal Business Database (LBD) with historical weather data from NIWA. Our sample consists of an unbalanced panel of over 67,000 observations of livestock farm enterprises between 2002 and 2012. We run a set of panel regressions with time and farm fixed effects to estimate the effect of changes in drought intensity on gross output, profit per hectare, current loans and intermediate expenditure of dairy and sheep-beef farms. To explore factors of resilience to droughts, we also examine how the estimates change with different farm characteristics. Most (but not all) of the estimated drought effects are significant, consistent across various specifications and of the expected sign. However, we have limited success in conclusively identifying farm characteristics that affect drought outcomes in our data. |
| Keywords: | Drought, farm enterprise, resilience, panel data, fixed effects |
| JEL: | Q12 C23 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:20_14&r=all |
| By: | Harvey, John PhD; Saboori, Arash; Miller, Marshall PhD; Kim, Changmo PhD; Jaller, Miguel PhD; Lea, Jon; Kendall, Alissa PhD; Saboori, Ashkan |
| Abstract: | California’s truck fleet composition is shifting to include more natural gas vehicles (NGVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and it will shift more quickly to meet state greenhouse gas (GHG) emission goals. These alternative fuel trucks (AFTs) may introduce heavier axle loads, which may increase pavement damage and GHG emissions from work to maintain pavements. This project aimed to provide conceptual-level estimates of the effects of vehicle fleet changes on road and bridge infrastructure. Three AFT implementation scenarios were analyzed using typical Calif. state and local pavement structures, and a federal study’s results were used to assess the effects on bridges. This study found that more NGV, EV, and FC trucks are expected among short-haul and medium-duty vehicles than among long-haul vehicles, for which range issues arise with EVs and FCs. But the estimates predicted that by 2050, alternative fuels would power 25–70% of long-haul and 40–95% of short-haul and medium-duty trucks. AFT implementation is expected to be focused in the 11 counties with the greatest freight traffic—primarily urban counties along major freight corridors. Results from the implementation scenarios suggest that introducing heavier AFTs will only result in minimal additional pavement damage, with its extent dependent on the pavement structure and AFT implementation scenario. Although allowing weight increases of up to 2,000 lbs. is unlikely to cause major issues on more modern bridges, the effects of truck concentrations at those new limits on inadequate bridges needs more careful evaluation. The study’s most aggressive market penetration scenario yielded an approximate net reduction in annual well-to-wheel truck propulsion emissions of 1,200–2,700 kT per year of CO2 -e by 2030, and 6,300–34,000 kT by 2050 versus current truck technologies. Negligible effects on GHG emissions from pavement maintenance and rehabilitation resulted from AFT implementation. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Trucks, electric vehicles, emissions, alternate fuels, greenhouse gasses, pavement distress, pavement performance, highway bridges, life cycle analysis |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4z94w3xr&r=all |
| By: | Dieter, Matthias; Weimar, Holger; Iost, Susanne; Englert, Hermann; Fischer, Richard; Günter, Sven; Morland, Christian; Roering, Hans-Walter; Schier, Franziska; Seintsch, Björn; Schweinle, Jörg; Zhunusova, Eliza |
| Abstract: | Übergeordnetes Ziel der Biodiversitätsstrategie für 2030 der EU ist die Erholung der biologischen Vielfalt durch Verstärkung des Schutzes und der Wiederherstellung der Natur. Schlüsselelemente zur Erreichung der Ziele sind u.a. die Schaffung von Schutzzonen auf mindestens 30 % der Land- und Meeresgebiete und ein strengerer Schutz der europäischen Wälder. Die Implementierung kon-kreter Maßnahmen im Wald wird sich unmittelbar auf die Rohholzproduktion in den EU-Mitgliedsstaaten auswirken. Es ist jedoch zu erwarten, dass mindestens ein Teil der Rohholzpro-duktion in sogenannte Drittstaaten verlagert wird. Mit solchen Verlagerungseffekten besteht ganz grundsätzlich die Gefahr des Verlustes von Biodiversität in den betreffenden Drittstaaten. Aus ei-ner globalen Perspektive müssen diese Biodiversitätsverluste dem Biodiversitätsgewinn in der EU gegenübergestellt werden. Für die Abschätzung des Einschlagsrückgangs werden drei verschiedene Umsetzungsmaßnahmen anhand verfügbarer Modellergebnisse für Deutschland untersucht und miteinander verschnitten: (i) 10 % Flächenanteil von Stilllegungsflächen im Wald, (ii) Verzicht auf die Holznutzung auf allen Standorten mit „old-growth forest“ und (iii) 30 % Anteil der verbleibenden Flächen mit natur-schutzfachlichen FFH-Bewirtschaftungsauflagen. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass unter diesem Szenario das potenzielle Rohholzaufkommen in Deutschland im Mittel für den Betrachtungszeitraum 2018 bis 2052 um insgesamt 23,96 Mio. m³/a auf 52,77 Mio. m³/a bzw. auf 69 % reduziert würde. Diese prozentuale Reduktion wird für die folgenden Berechnungsschritte auf alle EU-27-Länder übertragen. Die Modellierung der internationalen Produktionsverlagerung mit Hilfe des globalen Holzmarkt-modells GFPM ergibt für das Jahr 2050 einen projizierten Einschlagsrückgang von 42 % in der EU-27. Eine erhöhte Produktion in Drittstaaten würde 73% dieses Einschlagsrückgangs kompensieren, der Rest wäre preisbedingt als Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Holzprodukten zu interpretieren. Die in der EU-27 verringerte Rohholzproduktion würde bis 2050 vor allem durch die erhöhte Pro-duktion von Rohholz in den USA abgefangen; ca. 26 % des gesamten Einschlagsrückgangs verlagern sich in den Modellierungsergebnissen dorthin. Weitere Verlagerungen würden nach Russland (12 %), Kanada (9 %) und Brasilien erfolgen (8 %). Betrachtet man den Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Holzprodukten, so zeigt das Modell in der Differenzierung nach Laub- und Nadelholz, dass der Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Laubholz mit 39% deutlich stärker ausfällt als der Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Nadelholz von 11%. Für Brennholzsortimente wäre die geringste Verlagerung zu erwarten. Hier zeigen die Ergebnisse einen hohen Rückgang des Verbrauchs. Grund sind deutlich steigende Preise und die Erwartung, dass Konsumenten dann auf andere Energieträger umsteigen. Für Produkte aus Papier und Pappe wurden geringe Verlagerungen errechnet. Die Verlagerungsef-fekte in der Schnittholz- und Holzwerkstoffproduktion entsprächen denen der Rohholzproduktion. Die Modellierung der internationalen Produktionsverlagerung mit Hilfe des globalen Holzmarkt-modells GFPM ergibt für das Jahr 2050 einen projizierten Einschlagsrückgang von 42 % in der EU-27. Eine erhöhte Produktion in Drittstaaten würde 73% dieses Einschlagsrückgangs kompensieren, der Rest wäre preisbedingt als Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Holzprodukten zu interpretieren. Die in der EU-27 verringerte Rohholzproduktion würde bis 2050 vor allem durch die erhöhte Pro-duktion von Rohholz in den USA abgefangen; ca. 26 % des gesamten Einschlagsrückgangs verlagern sich in den Modellierungsergebnissen dorthin. Weitere Verlagerungen würden nach Russland (12 %), Kanada (9 %) und Brasilien erfolgen (8 %). Betrachtet man den Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Holzprodukten, so zeigt das Modell in der Differenzierung nach Laub- und Nadelholz, dass der Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Laubholz mit 39% deutlich stärker ausfällt als der Verzicht auf die Verwendung von Nadelholz von 11%. Für Brennholzsortimente wäre die geringste Verlagerung zu erwarten. Hier zeigen die Ergebnisse einen hohen Rückgang des Verbrauchs. Grund sind deutlich steigende Preise und die Erwartung, dass Konsumenten dann auf andere Energieträger umsteigen. Für Produkte aus Papier und Pappe wurden geringe Verlagerungen errechnet. Die Verlagerungsef-fekte in der Schnittholz- und Holzwerkstoffproduktion entsprächen denen der Rohholzproduktion. Durch Umsetzung von Maßnahmen der EU-Biodiversitätsstrategie würde die zu erwartende Mehr-produktion von Rohholz in Drittstaaten verlagert, die im Durchschnitt eine signifikant weniger nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung haben und einen im Vergleich zur EU noch signifikant höheren Anteil an intakten Waldflächen aufweisen, in den vergangenen Jahren aber deutliche Anteile dieser Flächen verloren haben. Eine Bedrohung dieser noch intakten Waldflächen kann durch die Verla-gerungseffekte nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Drittstaaten, für die eine Produktionserhöhung er-wartet wird, weisen meist niedrigere Biomassevorräte und höhere Anteile bereits degradierter Landfläche auf als in der EU-27. Dies könnte einerseits eine weitere Gefährdung und andererseits auch ein Potenzial zur Förderung von Aufforstungsmaßnahmen zur Pufferung von Druck auf Na-turwälder andeuten. Die Umsetzung weiterer Schutzmaßnahmen in der EU würde die Diskrepanz zu den Schutzmaß-nahmen der Drittstaaten weiter vergrößern, da in den Drittstaaten die Nettoentwaldung höher ist, geringere Waldflächenanteile unter Schutz gestellt sind und weniger Geld für die Erhaltung der biologischen Vielfalt ausgegeben wird als in der EU. Der mittlere Rote Liste Index weist für die Drittstaaten auf ein erhöhtes Risiko des Artensterbens hin. In den meisten Drittstaaten sind Ein-kommensunterschiede größer als in EU-27-Ländern. Für besonders arme Länder könnte eine Ver-lagerung der Holzproduktion Arbeitsplätze schaffen, andererseits besteht das Risiko von Verdrän-gungseffekten für häufig Subsistenz-basierte Einkommensgruppen. Stark von Produktionsverlagerungen betroffene Länder mit hoher Vulnerabilität rücken bei der Ri-sikobewertung in den Vordergrund. Auf diese Länder sollten sich politische Maßnahmen besonders konzentrieren, um potenzielle Verlagerungseffekte abzufedern. Zusammenfassend ist zu erwarten, dass die durch Unterschutzstellung erzielten positiven Biodiver-sitätseffekte in der EU durch negative Effekte in Drittstaaten mit weniger nachhaltiger Waldbewirt-schaftung konterkariert werden. Konkrete Risiken bestehen in einer stärkeren Gefährdung bedroh-ter Arten, Reduktion intakter Waldflächen, Zunahme degradierter Landflächen und verstärkter Nettoentwaldung. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellen die Ergebnisse die Effekte der EU-Biodiversitätsstrategie in Frage, wenn die Auswirkungen auf globaler Ebene betrachtet werden. Die Implementierung der EU-Biodiversitätsstrategie müsste durch Maßnahmen zur Stärkung von nachhaltiger Waldwirtschaft und entsprechender Governance in Drittstaaten flankiert werden, um mögliche Verlagerungseffekte zu mildern. Zusammenfassend ist zu erwarten, dass die durch Unterschutzstellung erzielten positiven Biodiver-sitätseffekte in der EU durch negative Effekte in Drittstaaten mit weniger nachhaltiger Waldbewirt-schaftung konterkariert werden. Konkrete Risiken bestehen in einer stärkeren Gefährdung bedroh-ter Arten, Reduktion intakter Waldflächen, Zunahme degradierter Landflächen und verstärkter Nettoentwaldung. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellen die Ergebnisse die Effekte der EU-Biodiversitätsstrategie in Frage, wenn die Auswirkungen auf globaler Ebene betrachtet werden. Die Implementierung der EU-Biodiversitätsstrategie müsste durch Maßnahmen zur Stärkung von nachhaltiger Waldwirtschaft und entsprechender Governance in Drittstaaten flankiert werden, um mögliche Verlagerungseffekte zu mildern. Der vorliegende Bericht ist als Vorstudie zu verstehen. Er basiert auf zurzeit verfügbaren Informa-tionen. Für genauere Aussagen sind detailliertere Daten aus den EU-27-Ländern und Weiterent-wicklungen in der Methodik notwendig. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:307497&r=all |
| By: | Christa D. Court (Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida); Elham Erfanian (Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: | The World Economic Forum has consistently ranked water crises as one of the top five most impactful issues facing humanity, alongside but not completely separate from issues such as climate change and natural disasters (World Economic Forum, 2019). A growing population and changing climate will only further stress the constrained water system. Acute and ongoing societal disruptions, caused by significant declines in the available quality and quantity of fresh water around the globe, underscore the importance of water to human life and a functional society. The papers in this special issue highlight the role that regional scientists can and should play in informed decision-making related to water at the local, regional, and national scale. |
| Keywords: | Water, Regional Science, Integrated Analysis, Open Science |
| JEL: | Y2 Q25 R1 |
| Date: | 2019–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rri:wpaper:2019rp04&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Commodity Risk Management Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Natural Disasters Finance and Financial Sector Development - Insurance & Risk Mitigation Science and Technology Development - Earth Sciences & GIS Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34090&r=all |
| By: | Urquiza, Anahí; Billi, Marco |
| Abstract: | Entender qué es la seguridad energética e hídrica y su relación directa con la pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe aporta una nueva visión a esta problemática. Una definición adecuada que tenga en cuenta la compleja heterogeneidad y realidad de la región cobra aún más relevancia frente a la crisis sanitaria provocada por el COVID-19, que se superpone a otros complejos desafíos ya existentes en la región y que limitan el logro de un desarrollo sostenible. Este informe, además de destacar la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas para la comprensión del problema, destaca la importancia de considerar la heterogeneidad de las necesidades y capacidades de los distintos países de la región. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS HIDRICOS, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA, SEGURIDAD ENERGETICA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECURSOS NATURALES, POLITICA ENERGETICA, POLITICA DE AGUA, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, WATER RESOURCES, ENERGY RESOURCES, WATER SUPPLY, ENERGY SECURITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, ENERGY POLICY, WATER POLICY, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS |
| Date: | 2020–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46408&r=all |
| By: | Mevlude Akbulut Yuksel and (Department of Economics, Dalhousie University); Catherine Boulatoff (Department of Economics, Dalhousie University) |
| Date: | 2020–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dal:wpaper:daleconwp2020-06&r=all |
| By: | Gerlagh, Reyer (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Heijmans, Roweno J.R.K. (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Rodendahl, Knut Einar |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:a629a851-9ea0-4022-aa1b-ca5ee2fa9f34&r=all |
| By: | Zerbib, Olivier David (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:f0eaf05f-2a04-4ca0-84e3-39529fa29c61&r=all |
| By: | David King (Arizona State University) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the challenges to transport justice in the context of zero-car-growth policies. It analyses the car-dependence created by sprawling cities that necessitate access to automobiles if citizens want to fully participate in the economy, maintain social connections and achieve a desirable quality of life. It specifically highlights the complications this presents for cities in their efforts towards environmental, equity and economic goals largely achieved through reduced car use. |
| Date: | 2020–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/12-en&r=all |
| By: | Anna M. Dugan (University of Graz, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change and FWF Doctoral Program Climate Change); Timo Trimborn (Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the effects of a declining social discount rate (SDR) on the optimal extraction of non-renewable resources and economic growth. For this purpose, we introduce time-consistent hyperbolic utility discounting into models of resource extraction. First, we investigate a small model of pure resource extraction holding constant the magnitude of discounting for hyperbolic and exponential discounting. We show that resource use is more conservative under hyperbolic discounting resulting in a permanently higher resource stock. Second, we introduce hyperbolic discounting into the seminal Dasgupta-Heal-Solow-Stiglitz (DHSS) model and derive analytically that positive long-run consumption growth requires a lower rate of technological progress under hyperbolic discounting. We show numerically that resource use is more conservative under hyperbolic discounting in the medium- and long-run. |
| Keywords: | Hyperbolic discounting, social discount rate, non-renewable resource extraction, Dasgupta-Heal-Solow-Stiglitz model |
| JEL: | Q30 C60 H30 |
| Date: | 2020–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aah:aarhec:2020-17&r=all |
| By: | Duc Duy Nguyen (King's College London); Steven Ongena (Bank of ItalyUniversity of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Swiss Finance Institute; KU Leuven; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)); Shusen Qi (Xiamen University - School of Management); Vathunyoo Sila (University of Edinburgh) |
| Abstract: | We show that lenders charge higher interest rates for mortgages on properties exposed to a greater risk of Sea Level Rise (SLR). This SLR premium is not evident in short-term loans and is not related to borrowers’ short-term realized default or creditworthiness. Further, the SLR premium is smaller when the consequences of climate change are less salient and in neighborhoods with more climate change deniers. Overall, our results suggest that mortgage lenders view the risk of SLR as a long-term risk, and that lack of attention and beliefs are potential barriers that inhibit the pricing of climate-related risk in residential mortgage markets. |
| Keywords: | bank loans, residential mortgage, climate change risk, sea level rise |
| JEL: | G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2097&r=all |
| By: | Syed Abul, Basher; A.K. Enamul, Haque |
| Abstract: | Using cumulative confirmed cases of Covid-19 covering 163 countries, this paper tests several hypotheses that have received extensive attention in the popular media and academic research during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Our goal is to identify lessons for designing better public health policies in the post-pandemic era based on the past 6 months’ experiences of these 163 countries. Based on 2SLS regression, we derive the following lessons. First, providing universal health care is a significant public health strategy for countries to help deal with similar outbreaks in the future. Second, tackling air pollution is a win–win solution, not only for better preparedness against Covid-19 or other airborne diseases, but also for the environment and climate change. Third, lockdowns may help to reduce community spread but its impact on reducing Covid-19 incidence is not statistically significant. Similarly, antimalarial drugs have no significant effect on reducing the spread of the disease. Fourth, countries should encourage home-based work as much as possible until some treatment or cure is found for the virus. Fifth, the lessons of past SARS experience helped contain the spread of the infection in East Asian countries; other countries must adjust their social and cultural life to the new normal: wearing masks, washing hands, and keeping a distance from others in public places. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19 pandemic, Universal health care, Air pollution, Public policy |
| JEL: | I1 I18 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104337&r=all |
| By: | Benchekroun, H.; Ray Chaudhuri, A. (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Tasneem, Dina |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:41c456ca-4ff9-470d-a93b-40d648459ddb&r=all |
| By: | Laura Patel; Sara Trab Nielsen |
| Keywords: | Energy - Electric Power Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Renewable Energy Energy - Solar Energy Poverty Reduction - Migration and Development |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33951&r=all |
| By: | Mwanda Phiri; Shimukunku Manchishi |
| Abstract: | The successful use of special economic zones as economic tools for export-led industrial development in East Asia propelled a wave of similar initiatives across Africa. In Southern Africa, Zambia and South Africa instituted special economic zones in their respective legal and institutional frameworks in the 2000s as mechanisms for catalysing industrialization and employment creation by means of domestic and foreign investments. |
| Keywords: | Special Economic Zones, Agglomeration, Industrialization, job creation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-160&r=all |
| By: | Ghamsi Deffo, Salomon Leroy; Adjoumessi Houmpe, Donald; Dasi Yemkwa, Gyslin Hermann |
| Abstract: | Recent studies have shown that economies rich in natural resources (NR) are generally less developed than those which do not have them. However, the CEMAC countries are not excluded from this observation; hence the aim of our study is to determine on the first hand the effects of natural resources on economic development in CEMAC countries and on the other hand, analyze the contribution of human capital in the transmission of these effects. Results of the estimation by the fixed-effect method show that the abundance of natural resources measured by: total rent, oil rent and forest rent has a negative and significant effect on economic development. Likewise, human capital contributes to the transmission of these effects. The minimum education rate beyond which natural resources no longer have a negative effect on economic development, measured by the logarithm of GDP, is approximately 0.52, 0.51 and 0.48 respectively when considering total rent, oil rent and forest rent. This result is confirmed when using two stages least squared and maximum likelihood method. |
| Keywords: | Natural rent, economic development, human capital |
| JEL: | A1 E0 Q0 Q3 |
| Date: | 2020–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:104492&r=all |
| By: | Javier Pantoja Robayo (School of Economics and Finance, Universidad EAFIT. Medellin, Colombia); Juan C. Vera (Tilburg School of Economics and Management, Tilburg University, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | We present the closed-form solution to the problem of hedging price and quantity risks for energy retailers (ER), using financial instruments based on electricity price and weather indexes. Our model considers an ER who is intermediary in a regulated electricity market. ERs buy a fixed quantity of electricity at a variable cost and must serve a variable demand at a fixed cost. Thus ERs are subject to both price and quantity risks. To hedge such risks, an ER could construct a portfolio of financial instruments based on price and weather indexes. We construct the closed form solution for the optimal portfolio for the mean-Var model in the discrete setting. Our model does not make any distributional assumption. |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2011.08620&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Extension Agriculture - Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34069&r=all |
| By: | Asha Williams |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Disaster Management Social Protections and Labor - Safety Nets and Transfers Social Protections and Labor - Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34200&r=all |
| By: | Aud Tennøy; Oddrun Helen Hagen |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses Norway’s zero-growth objective for passenger car traffic. It focuses on Oslo’s experience with removing parking space, improving walking and cycling conditions and reducing road capacity on main motorways. The paper highlights the effectiveness of reallocating road and street space to achieving more sustainable uses, reducing car-dependency and lowering traffic volumes. |
| Date: | 2020–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/14-en&r=all |
| By: | Valentina Romagnoli (Ramboll, Munich, Germany); Joachim Felix Aigner (Ramboll, Munich, Germany); Thomas Berlinghof (Ramboll, Munich, Germany); Niki Bey (Technical University of Denmark); Jan-Markus Rodger (Ramboll, Hamburg, Germany); Cordelia Patz (Ramboll, Hamburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | The present study identifies, describes and assesses in detail opportunities and threats for the Circular Economy arising from E-commerce. A broad literature research and direct stakeholder input led to the identification of 18 opportunities and 23 threats for the Circular Economy, allocated to 7 different clusters. Most of the identified threats refer to “Logistics and transport†, while opportunities refer mainly to the topics “Accessibility of information†and “Digitalisation†. By means of a comparative assessment in the current situation and future optimistic and pessimistic potential developments, the direct and indirect effects of the opportunities and threats have been evaluated, with specific focus on 7 selected product categories. In total, 11 opportunities and 16 threats have been assessed as either medium or highly relevant. The assessment revealed that most of the threats classified as highly relevant belong to the cluster “Logistics and transport†, including induced parcel transport, parcel return and inefficient transport, while most of the highly relevant opportunities are to be found in the cluster “Accessibility of information†, as in the case of second-hand commerce or product portfolio. |
| Keywords: | E-commerce, circular economy, sustainable development, single digital market, packaging waste, induced parcel transport, carbon footprint |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc122233&r=all |
| By: | Gerlagh, Reyer (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); van Tilburg, Rens; van Wijnbergen, Sweder; Carton, Linda |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:5d6cf09d-3b5c-42e5-95db-f9a26a509a4a&r=all |
| By: | Manara, Martina; Regan, Tanner |
| Abstract: | Many African cities face extremely high rates of informal land ownership. Governments implement land titling projects to alleviate poverty and facilitate urban development in these unplanned and rapidly urbanizing cities. However, these programs often register low uptake. We suggest addressing this problem with a pricing strategy that elicits local demand for titles from community leaders. We study the demand for title deeds in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, where the fixed costs of surveying and planning have been covered, conducting two lab-in-the-field experiments with 90 local leaders and 146 property owners. Demand for property titles, as elicited by the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) method, while largely below current fees, is substantial. We then ask if local leaders can help predict this demand ex-ante. We find that leaders have accurate information about both the aggregate demand curve in their neighbourhoods, as well as, the ability to distinguish variation in willingness-to-pay across owners in their neighbourhood. Predictions of aggregate demand deteriorate under an environment where the responses of leaders are used to allocate subsidies, but an incentive scheme of cash prizes is able to mitigate this. To keep leaders from misreporting, an appropriately designed policy will compensate leaders for accuracy. |
| Keywords: | property rights; willingness-to-pay; subsidy targeting |
| JEL: | O12 O17 H41 R22 D82 |
| Date: | 2020–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:107538&r=all |
| By: | Vollebergh, Herman (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Romijn, G.; Tijm, Joep; Brink, Corjan; Bollen, J. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:90f1bf2a-7652-4199-99c6-96fd8a9d9b3b&r=all |
| By: | Schittekatte, Tim (Florence School of Regulation (FSR), Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Italy and Vlerick Energy Centre, Vlerick Business School, Belgium); Meeus, Leonardo (Florence School of Regulation (FSR), Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Italy and Vlerick Energy Centre, Vlerick Business School, Belgium); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Llorca, Manuel (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | Regulation cannot always move as fast as innovation. Regulatory experiments enable real-life testing of new products, services or business models by allowing derogations from existing rules while maintaining the protection of energy consumers. The outcomes of these experiments inform future regulation. In this chapter, we discuss experiences with regulatory experimentation in the energy sector of three pioneering countries: the Netherlands, Great Britain and Italy. We compare the implementations along six dimensions: eligible project promoters, scope of the derogations, length of the derogations, administration of the experiments, funding, and transparency. We also describe how the early approaches have evolved in these countries. Finally, we look ahead and discuss how learnings can be applied to enable experimentation at the European level involving technologies that are expected to become important to enable the green transition. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Research and development; Energy regulation; Energy retail; Green deal |
| JEL: | L50 L90 O30 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2020_019&r=all |
| By: | Lota Tamini; Bernard Korai; Laurence Poulin; Bignon Aurelas Tohon; Wajdi Hellali |
| Abstract: | Face à l’inexistence d’un cadre global permettant d’évaluer les performances de durabilité de la filière bioalimentaire, les décideurs publics et privés, les populations ainsi que les acteurs propres à cette industrie ont émis une volonté de disposer d’un outil simple, clair et d’une portée transversale permettant d’apprécier et de suivre leurs progrès. À cet effet, cette étude propose quatre indicateurs pour la dimension Environnement, six pour la dimension Gouvernance, trois pour la dimension Social et cinq pour la dimension Économie. |
| Keywords: | , Secteur bioalimentaire,Durabilité,Outil |
| Date: | 2020–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2020rp-27&r=all |
| By: | Cinar, Ozan; Nakagawa, Shinichi (University of New South Wales); Viechtbauer, Wolfgang (Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | Meta-analyses in ecology and evolution typically include multiple estimates from the same study and based on multiple species. The resulting dependencies in the data can be addressed by using a phylogenetic multilevel meta-analysis model. However, the complexity of the model poses challenges for accurately estimating model parameter. We therefore carried out a simulation study to investigate the performance of models with different degrees of complexities. While the overall mean was estimated with little to no bias irrespective of the model, only the model that accounted for the multilevel structure and that incorporates both a non-phylogenetic and a phylogenetic variance component provided confidence intervals with approximately nominal coverage rates. We therefore suggest that meta-analysts in ecology and evolution use the phylogenetic multilevel meta-analysis model as the de facto standard when analyzing multi-species datasets. |
| Date: | 2020–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:su4zv&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agribusiness Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Crops & Crop Management Systems Agriculture - Food Security Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Poverty Reduction - Inequality |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34012&r=all |
| By: | Elena Lopez Gunn; Elisa Vargas Amelin |
| Abstract: | Este articulo resume los aspectos claves de la seguridad hídrica y las aguas subterráneas, analizando su papel y relevancia en áreas clave donde una mejor gobernanza aumentaría la seguridad hídrica. En concreto se analiza la relevancia de las aguas subterráneas en diferentes actividades económicas, así como su vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático, y se examina como su buena gestión aporta resiliencia al sistema. También se aborda la cooperación transfronteriza, la estabilidad política y los conflictos en algunos “puntos calientes” de uso intensivo de las aguas subterráneas. Finalmente se identifican aspectos claves de gobernanza para proponer posibles principios rectores o puntos críticos para garantizar la seguridad hídrica. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2020-40&r=all |
| By: | Paulus, David; Meesters, Kenny (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Vries, Gerdien de; Walle, Bartel Van de (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:5e5a778f-bda8-4612-b780-bdf335da033c&r=all |