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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒11‒23
forty-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | AGUIR BARGAOUI, Saoussen |
| Abstract: | The climate change matter is due to Green House Gas Emissions produced essentially by CO2 emissions. To overcome this problem, decision markers developed several policies among them the adoption of energy efficient measures and the development of renewable energies. Using a panel data analysis, this paper tries to investigate the impact of adoption of such solutions on emissions levels for 161 countries during the period 1985-2014. Estimation results demonstrate that the magnitude of emissions reduction is more important for energy efficiency and that the role of renewable energy still insufficient yet. Furthermore, we proved that non-renewable energy, income per capita and population growth are destructive facts of environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy, non-renewable energy, panel data, energy efficiency, carbon dioxide emissions |
| JEL: | Q20 Q30 Q42 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103853&r=all |
| By: | Kellner, Maximilian |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the political economy of government debt when elected politicians decide about the distribution of public funds between a clean and a polluting public good. When provision of the polluting good creates a stock of climate externalities, strategic incentives for the incumbent government arise from both a budget and emission interaction. In this framework, reelection uncertainty leads to inefficiently low public savings (or even debt) which are attenuated by the emission interaction, while first period pollution decreases regardless of the future government's identity. If the incumbent government competes for office against an environmentalists' party, the total welfare loss from emissions also decreases as a direct result of reelection uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | emission externality,public debt,political economy |
| JEL: | H23 H41 H63 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224561&r=all |
| By: | Schopf, Mark |
| Abstract: | The present paper analyzes the impact of a climate coalition's border carbon adjustment on emissions from commodity production, welfare and the coalition size. The coalition implements border carbon adjustment to reduce carbon leakage and to improve its terms of trade, while the fringe abstains from any trade policy. With symmetric countries, the optimal import tax or export subsidy is positive but smaller than the coalition's implicit emission price. With a linear-quadratic specification, the coalition exports the commodity. Total emissions decrease with the coalition size, and total welfare increases [decreases] with the coalition size if the coalition is large [small]. Then, the reduced climate costs outweigh [are outweighed by] the increased trade distortions. The unique stable coalition consists of three or more countries, including the grand coalition, and raises the welfare of each country compared to the business-as-usual equilibrium. If no [each] country implements a trade policy, the stable coalition consists of two [three] or less countries. Compared to the case in which only the coalition implements border carbon adjustment, the welfare of each country is reduced [if the stable coalition then consists of four or more countries]. All results are derived analytically. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Leakage,Climate Change,Environmental Policy,Nash Equilibrium,Terms of Trade |
| JEL: | F13 F18 H23 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224560&r=all |
| By: | Kolev, Galina |
| Abstract: | The paper represents a new reading of the traditional Ricardian theory of comparative advantages to tackle current challenges of environmental and climate policy. In the style of David Ricardo, it demonstrates that international trade is a positive-sum game in a twogoods, two-countries world where CO2 emission targets constrain the production possibilities. Extending the number of goods produced and allowing for transportation costs does indeed question the tradability of a number of goods as in the classical Ricardian world. However, the main findings still apply that international trade extends the consumption possibilities while furhter enabling policy makers to achieve their CO2 emission targets. This simple framework is a useful tool to show that the outcome does not depend on the CO2 pricing method or the price of CO2 certificates in both countries. The mutual benefit of international trade depends, however, on restraining CO2 emissions according to the targets set by the Paris Agreement, since the level of CO2 emissions is the scarce factor of production in the model. |
| Keywords: | Comparative advantage,Environment and trade,Green growth |
| JEL: | F11 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224646&r=all |
| By: | Birg, Laura; Voßwinkel, Jan |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interaction of environmental policy and green preferences under potential firm relocation. A green firm and a brown firm choose the environ- mental quality of their products. Both an emission tax and consumers'willingness to pay for green products encourage investment in environmental quality. Firms may relocate to avoid taxation or abstain from investment in environmental quality to produce at lower cost. If the green firm does not relocate, both the green firm and the brown firm provide higher quality levels. Compared to first-best taxation, the equilibrium emission tax is lower (higher) if only the brown (green) firm relocates. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy,emission tax,green consumers,relocation |
| JEL: | H23 F18 L13 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224639&r=all |
| By: | Fait, Larissa; Wetzel, Heike; Groh, Elke D. |
| Abstract: | The success of the energy transition is important in order to limit climate change and its consequences. However, the expansion of renewables faces several challenges. In particular, there is growing resistance to renewable projects at the local level. Therefore, we examine preferences for regionally produced green electricity as a way to increase acceptance. In addition, we investigate whether regional or environmental identity have an influence on these preferences. Therefore, we analyse data from a choice experiment conducted with 672 regional consumers in Germany. The sample is divided into 3 subgroups that face different priming treatments in order to determine the effects of identity salience. Our results show that, in addition to a green electricity mix, consumers have positive preferences for regional aspects of electricity contracts, such as the regional production or the regional ties of electricity suppliers. Moreover, respondents who were primed with their regional or environmental identity show a significantly higher willingness to pay for these attributes. While the priming for environmental identity strengthens the existing preferences, the regional priming seems to influence the underlying decision heuristics. Overall, our findings indicate that there is a clear preference for regional electricity and therefore it would be reasonable for electricity providers to offer regional electricity. Environmental and regional aspects should be emphasised in marketing, as these can have a significant impact on electricity contract choice. |
| JEL: | C25 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224574&r=all |
| By: | Srihitha Baswapoor (MA Environmental Economics(student), Madras School of Economics); Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Coral reefs are the most ancient and diverse eco-systems on earth, occupying less than 1 percent of the ocean floor and host more than 25 percent of all known marine species of the world. Reefs provide wide range of economic and environmental services to millions of people. Despite their immense importance, coral reefs are being damaged and destroyed due to natural and anthropogenic activities. If the same situation continues, by 2030, 90 percent of the reefs will be in danger and are likely to cause hunger, poverty and political instability around the world as the livelihoods of millions of people would disappear. In this context, studying the status of coral reefs and increasing threats to them becomes extremely important. The objective of this study is to focus on the exploitation of corals, understand their importance and analyse government policies intended for its conservation and management. The reef formation in India is restricted to four major centres Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Reefs provide ecosystem services such as provisional, regulatory, cultural and supporting services. Climate change impacts of coral reefs are coral bleaching, sea level rise, stronger storms, ocean acidification and ozone layer depletion. The current law and policy framework for coral reefs in India is virtually non-existent except its protection through five Marine Protected Areas. Brief insights into international policy framework on coral reefs indicates that Australia has done a lot towards private sector involvement and local community participation in conservation of coral reefs, both of which India lacks. Similarly, Indonesia has good public awareness campaigns and capacity building programmes which could be implemented in India to improve reefs. Major policy suggestion made for improving the coral reef ecosystems in India is to have a separate legal status for them so as to regulate and prevent harmful activities |
| Keywords: | Coral reefs, Conservation, Ecosystem services, Climate change and Policy |
| JEL: | Q22 Q25 Q26 Q57 Q58 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2018-175&r=all |
| By: | Edith Ginglinger (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Climate risks, whether physical risks or transition risks, represent an increasingly important issue for companies, bankers and institutional investors. This article provides a review of the recent literature on the relationship between climate risks and finance. It examines institutional investors' perceptions of climate risks and reports findings on the impact of climate risks on the value of real estate, debt and equity. |
| Keywords: | climate finance,climate risk,climate change,natural disasters,environmental policy,ESG,institutional investors 2 |
| Date: | 2020–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02975207&r=all |
| By: | Hintermayer, Martin |
| Abstract: | Despite the reform of the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), discussions about complementing it with a carbon price floor (CPF) are ongoing. This paper analyzes the effect of a European CPF in the reformed EU ETS using a Hotelling model of the EU ETS, amended by the market stability reserve (MSR), and the cancellation mechanism. Two CPF designs are compared: (1) a buyback program and (2) a top-up tax. The buyback program sets a minimum price for the allowances from the implementation year onwards. After the announcement, firms anticipate the CPF, which immediately increases the carbon price to the discounted CPF level. Therefore, firms emit less and bank more allowances, leading to more intake into the MSR, and more cancellation of allowances. The top-up tax imposes a tax on emissions, which enhances the market price of allowances to the CPF level from the implementation year onwards. Firms increase their short-run emissions in anticipation of the upcoming tax. Only after the implementation year firms start to lower their emissions. Thus, the effect on aggregate cancellation is ambiguous. Despite being equivalent in a static setting, the design choice for the CPF matters in a dynamic context, such as the EU ETS. |
| Keywords: | Intertemporal Emission Trading,Carbon Price Floor,EU ETS |
| JEL: | H23 H32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224576&r=all |
| By: | Lee, Nathan; Stecula, Dominik (University of Pennsylvania) |
| Abstract: | While the U.S. Congress has repeatedly failed to pass national legislation to address climate change over the years, there has been much more progress among state and local governments. But is this progress on climate change policy at the subnational level merely a reflection of the dominance of the Democratic party in certain regions of the country, or does it reflect successful bipartisan action? In this essay, we present novel evidence from two surveys of subnational policymakers, conducted in 2015 and 2017, to demonstrate that there is widespread bipartisan agreement among Republican and Democrat policymakers at the subnational level about (1) the existence of global warming and (2) what to do about it. Specifically, a majority in both parties believe global warming is happening and support the use of renewable energy mandates—rather than cap-and-trade, carbon tax, or emissions standards—to address the problem. |
| Date: | 2020–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:znr52&r=all |
| By: | Sylvain Mondon (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM]) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development concerns can be approached and addressed at different levels from individual behaviors to international relation. Climate change is one of the most important issue for politics and media for many decades. Thus, many activities at different levels can be used for empirical research action. In this context we highlight a case of hybridization of disaster risk reduction operational device by climate change adaptation issues. By means of an exploratory qualitative research based on an analysis of practices along time using action viewpoint, a field for further investigation with a view to develop actionable knowledge for organization transformation is identified. |
| Abstract: | L'enjeu du développement durable peut être abordé et traité à différentes échelles allant des comportements individuels aux relations internationales. Le changement climatique étant en haut de l'agenda politique et médiatique depuis plusieurs décennies, de nombreuses activités, à différentes échelles, sont accessibles à une démarche de recherche empirique. Dans ce contexte nous mettons en évidence un cas d'hybridation de dispositif de réduction de risques de catastrophes par des problématiques d'adaptation au changement climatique. Au moyen d'une recherche exploratoire qualitative fondée sur la mise en perspective temporelle de pratiques en adoptant le point de vue de l'action, un champ d'investigation permettant d'établir des savoirs actionnables en matière de transformation organisationnelle est identifié. |
| Keywords: | hybridization,practices,climate,risks,transformation,pratiques,hybridation,climat,risques |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02967382&r=all |
| By: | Frédéric CHERBONNIER; Ulrich HEGE |
| Abstract: | We analyze optimal climate financial regulation to address the question when capital requirements should be differentiated in order to encourage climate related investments. We distinguish between two key dimensions of climate policies: carbon emissions (mitigation) and investment in climate resilience (adaptation), and consider two scenarios according to the efficient and inefficient carbon policies. We show that for financial regulators, the prospect of extreme climate shocks creates a rationale for differential capital requirements even when carbon prices are efficient. When extreme climate-related events occur, monetary and fiscal policies and financial regulators will optimally react with accommodating policies. The anticipation of such regulatory accommodation leads to distortions in private investment incentives. The optimal ex ante policy of regulators will attempt to correct for such biases. We also show that regulators should differentiate capital requirements when private agents insufficiently internalize the effects of investments in resilience. Finally, regulators should differentiate capital requirements that encourage both abatement and resilience investments when carbon policies are inefficient.This Research Paper is published in the framework of the International Research Initiative on Public Development Banks working groups and released for the occasion of the 14th AFD International Research Conference on Development. It is part of the pilot research program “Realizing the Potential of Public Development Banks for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals”. This program was launched, along with the International Research Initiative on Public Development Banks (PDBs), by the Institute of New Structural Economics (INSE) at Peking University, and sponsored by the Agence française de développement (AFD), Ford Foundation and International Development Finance Club (IDFC).Have a look on the key findings for a quick overview of the research resultsSee the video pitch |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11709&r=all |
| By: | Tobias Chilla (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen [Erlangen]); Anna Heugel (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen [Erlangen]); Thomas Streifeneder (EURAC Research); Elisa Ravazzoli (EURAC Research); Peter Laner (EURAC Research); Ulrike Tappeiner (EURAC Research); Francesca Teston (EURAC Research); Lukas Egarter (EURAC Research); Thomas Dax (Federal Institute for Less Favoured and Mountainous Areas); Ingrid Machold (Federal Institute for Less Favoured and Mountainous Areas); Marco Pütz (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL); Naja Marot (University of Ljubljana); Jean-François Ruault (UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture) |
| Abstract: | If you want to know how the Alps area will look like in 2050 our ESPON project Alps 2050 is the best source of information. The project focused on the challenges the broader Alpine area is facing such as specific geographical position, globalisation, demographic trends, climate change and its impact on the environment, biodiversity, territorial pattern of activities and living conditions. The major challenge for the Alpine area is to balance economic development and environmental protection in a way that will ensure quality and sustainable living standards for its inhabitants. The Alps 2050 project developed a unique atlas, to project these challenges and develop spatial visions and perspectives for the Alpine region towards the year 2050. It visualises the existing data from the project that show structures, patterns and trends that contextualise the spatial development, to fuel the debate on territorial development in the Alps. What is evident when reading the Atlas is that the Alpine region is certainly a very dynamic region offering multiple opportunities for future development without focusing solely on growth dynamic. But the territorial development in the Alpine Region is complex and diverse. Different maps tell different stories as sometimes it is the morphological context that sets the picture, the contrast between urban and rural areas or the differences between North and South or East and West. This complexity underlines the fact that spatial development is not determined only by mountains and morphology, it is equally a political process open for political struggles, societal debates and democratic decisions. Policymakers should consider this reality in their designing of territorial strategies. From a transnational perspective, the parallels can be perceived as common challenges that stand in the heart of macro-regional strategy implementation. At the same time, regional and national differences can be a potential for diversity, best developed on political levels of the European multi-level system in subsidiarity. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02929652&r=all |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics); Divya Jain,; Ashwin Ram; Satarup Rakshit |
| Abstract: | Due to rapid economic expansion, India has one of the world's fastest growing energy markets and is expected to be the second-largest contributor to the increase in global energy demand by 2035, accounting for 18% of the rise in global energy consumption. Household sector is one of the largest users of energy in India, counting for about 30 per cent of final energy consumption (excluding energy used for transport) reflecting the importance of that sector in total national energy scenario. The pattern of household energy consumption represents the status of welfare as well as the stage of economic development. Household energy consumption is expected to increase in future along with growth in economy and rise in per capita incomes. This paper analysis the manifold aspects of anthropogenic activities with focus on household characteristics influencing the residential carbon dioxide emissions. Data on expenditure incurred for purchase used for both indoor and outdoor use as well as the socio-economic indicators have been taken into account to estimate their contribution to the level of emissions. The various indicators of household expenditure have been categorized separately under technological innovations, affluence, household demographics, biophysical characteristics and control variables. The theories of Ecological Modernization, Political Economy and Human Ecology have been highlighted to discuss the significance of household energy consumption pattern. Household income in India has increased considerably in line with economic growth over the last decades. In this study, household data has been extracted from India Human Development Survey- II (IHDS – II), 2011- 12 which is a cross sectional survey conducted by ICPSR 36151. The expenditures on energy consumption and emission factors are to a great extent influenced by the factors that are beyond the control of humans such as development trends regarding urban forms and infrastructure. In this study we have used household data which makes it an expanding literature to anthropogenic environmental degradation |
| Keywords: | urbanization, carbon emission, ecological modernization, energy consumption, economic expansion, human ecology, political economy |
| JEL: | C01 O31 Q4 Q55 Q18 R21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2018-169&r=all |
| By: | Rhiannon Jerch; Matthew E. Kahn; Gary C. Lin |
| Abstract: | Since 1980, over 2,000 local governments in US Atlantic and Gulf states have been hit by a hurricane. Such natural disasters can exert severe budgetary pressure on local governments' ability to provide critical infrastructure, goods, and services. We study local government revenue, expenditure, and borrowing dynamics in the aftermath of hurricanes. These shocks impact, both, current local public resources through reducing tax revenues and expenditures, as well as future local public resources through increasing the cost of debt. Major hurricanes have much larger effects than minor hurricanes: major storms cause local revenues to fall by 6 to 7%. These losses persist at least ten years after a hurricane strike, leading to a 6% decline in expenditures on important public goods and services and a significant increase in the risk of default on municipal debt. Our results reveal how hurricanes can create a "vicious cycle" for local governments by increasing the cost of debt at critical moments after a hurricane strike, when localities are in greatest need of funding sources. Cities deemed riskier by ratings agencies face higher borrowing costs and thereby face constraints to invest in climate change adaptation. Municipalities with a racial minority composition above their state median suffer expenditure losses 9% greater and debt default risk 8 times larger than white communities in the decade following a hurricane strike. These results suggest that climate change can exacerbate environmental justice challenges. |
| JEL: | H72 H74 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28050&r=all |
| By: | Karine Constant (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UNIV GUSTAVE EIFFEL - Université Gustave Eiffel); Marion Davin (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article examines how pollution and its health effects during childhood can affect the dynamics of inequalities among households. In a model in which children's health is endogenously determined by pollution and the health investments of parents, we show that the economy may exhibit inequality in the long run and be stuck in an inequality trap with steadily increasing disparities, because of pollution. We investigate if an environmental policy, consisting in taxing the polluting production to fund pollution abatement, can address this issue. We find that it can decrease inequality in the long run and enable to escape from the trap if the emission intensity is not too high and if initial disparities are not too wide. Otherwise, we reveal that a policy mix with an additional subsidy to health expenditure may be a better option, at least if parental investment on children's health is sufficiently efficient. |
| Keywords: | Pollution,Health,Human capital,Childhood,Overlapping generations,Inequality. |
| Date: | 2020–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02990775&r=all |
| By: | Régis MARODON |
| Abstract: | The great planetary challenges, be it the climate, loss of nature or human solidarity, call for concerted actions at all levels, on a scale commensurate with the problems. Yet, this transformative change, which requires mobilising actors across the board, cannot be achieved overnight. A transitional period will be needed to allow the actors to build socio-economic models attuned to this vision. While multilateralism is struggling to meet these challenges, public development banks – whether operating at sub-national, national, regional or international level – can cooperate and contribute to the search for economic and social models that hold promise for the future. Building on their dual role as a provider of public funding and an enabler to leverage private finance, Public Development Banks (PDBs) need to acquire the tools and indicators to help them select and support low-carbon initiatives as a priority. They need to put in place “sustainable development analytical tools” allowing them to select operations on the basis of criteria other than purely financial ones and, where necessary, propose long-term loans for high impact operations. They must also ensure that none of their financing is likely to encourage activities at odds with the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those on climate and nature. This paper explores the reasons why development banks can play a leading role in promoting the transition to sustainable development. It proposes five recommendations for decision-makers in order to help build the conditions for a successful transition.This Research Paper is published in the framework of the International Research Initiative on Public Development Banks working groups and released for the occasion of the 14th AFD International Research Conference on Development. It is part of the pilot research program “Realizing the Potential of Public Development Banks for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals”. This program was launched, along with the International Research Initiative on Public Development Banks (PDBs), by the Institute of New Structural Economics (INSE) at Peking University, and sponsored by the Agence française de développement (AFD), Ford Foundation and International Development Finance Club (IDFC).Have a look on the key findings for a quick overview of the research resultsSee the video pitch |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11701&r=all |
| By: | Bühl, Vitus; Schmidt, Robert C. |
| Abstract: | In the presence of a tipping point for dangerous climate damages, the cooperation problem of climate protection can be transformed into a coordination problem that is much easier to deal with (Barrett, 2013). This holds in particular if the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that triggers the catastrophe is precisely known, while the well-known free-rider problem re-appears if the location of the threshold is sufficiently uncertain. In this paper, we focus on the question how the non-signatories (outsiders of a climate agreement) coordinate to avoid the catastrophe, if the tipping point is known. In particular, in light of a multiplicity of equilibria in this coordination problem, the assumption that outsiders will always successfully coordinate to avoid the threshold, even if this is in their collective interest, seems overly optimistic. We analyze how the probability that the outsiders coordinate on an equilibrium in which the threshold is avoided, affects the incentives of countries to join the climate coalition. In some cases, there are multiple equilibria at the participation stage: an equilibrium with full participation, and an equilibrium in which a much smaller coalition forms - just large enough to achieve an outcome in which the catastrophe is avoided with positive probability. |
| Keywords: | tipping point,climate catastrophe,coordination game,international environmental agreement,climate cooperation |
| JEL: | D62 F53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224649&r=all |
| By: | Eurich, Marina; Berlemann, Michael |
| Abstract: | The ongoing process of climate change goes along with an increase in the frequency and severity of various sorts of natural disasters. While the existing literature has almost exclusively focused on studying the direct effects resulting from different types of disasters, the effect of changing disaster risk so far has largely been neglected. In this paper we study the effect of hurricane risk on individual self-reported life satisfaction. In order to do so we combine geo-referenced survey data from the U.S. Gallup Daily Survey and hurricane data for the United States. Using Willoughby's (2006) wind field model we construct time-varying indicators of hurricane risk on the zip-code-level for the period of 2010 to 2018, based on historical hurricane data. We then study whether the time-varying hurricane risk indicators affect self-reported life satisfaction in a two-way fixed effects model. Our findings indicate that regions with comparatively high hurricane risk report significantly lower levels of life satisfaction than their counterparts in less hurricane-prone regions, even after controlling for zip-code-specific, time-specific and individual-specific differences. Thus, the impacts of natural disasters on life satisfaction tend to be underestimated when focusing on the direct effects exclusively. |
| Keywords: | Hurricane risk,Life Satisfaction,Global Warming |
| JEL: | Q54 I31 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224624&r=all |
| By: | Jesse F. Buchsbaum; Catherine Hausman; Johanna L. Mathieu; Jing Peng |
| Abstract: | In electricity markets, generators are rewarded both for providing energy and for enabling grid reliability. The two functions are compensated in separate markets: energy markets and ancillary services markets. We provide evidence of changes in the fuel mix in the energy market that is driven by exogenous changes in an ancillary services market. We provide quasi-experimental evidence and a theoretical framework for understanding the mechanism, showing that it results from the multi-product nature of conventional power plants combined with discontinuities in costs. As a result, policy changes relating to grid operations, grid reliability, or climate change could have unintended effects. As an example, our results have particular relevance given the increased deployment of batteries for ancillary services -- we show that such deployment has the potential to increase carbon dioxide emissions in the short term. |
| JEL: | L21 L94 L98 Q42 Q48 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28027&r=all |
| By: | Gavard, Claire; Kirat, Djamel |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement established a new mechanism by which a country can offset some of its emissions reductions in other countries. Its design is still under negotiation. While taking advantage of cheaper abatement opportunities enables efficiency gains, the impact on the price volatility in the emission trading schemes is unclear. We conduct an empirical analysis of the short-term impacts of these credits on the standard carbon markets, using the European Union experience with accepting credits for compliance in the second phase of its scheme. With vector-autoregressive models allowing regime changes at a priori unknown dates, we analyze the structural relationship between the prices of allowances and credits. Although one might expect that the allowance and credit markets influence one another, we find that, before November 2011, knowing the credit price variations helps to better predict the allowance price variations while, after November 2011, it is the opposite. We explain this by expectations and restrictions regarding credits. For the transmission of shocks and the impact on volatility, the influence is mainly from allowances to credits. The allowance price volatility explains between 56% and 72% of the credit volatility whereas the latter explains less than 2% of the former. |
| Keywords: | emissions trading,European allowances,international credits,causality analysis |
| JEL: | C32 C58 F18 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:20058&r=all |
| By: | Nguyen, Minh-Hoang |
| Abstract: | I reviewed and gave some opinions on the book titled "Environmental Psychology: An Introduction" by Linda Steg, Judith I. M. De Groot. Given the lack of consideration of culture in environmental issues, I suggest utilizing the Mindsponge theory as a founding theory for integrating cultural values in environmental psychology research. |
| Date: | 2020–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ps7f9&r=all |
| By: | Sonal Barve (Research Intern, Reserve Bank of India); K.S.Kavikumar (Professor, Madras School of Economics); Brinda Viswanathan (Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | There are several reasons for farmer depression leading sometimes to the extreme measure of committing suicide. Globalization, commercialization, modernisation, erratic climatic conditions, individual expectations, contagion and government policies are some of the reasons attributed to farmer‘s suicides. This study examines linkages between weather shock induced changes in agricultural productivity and farmer‘s suicides in India using fixed effects panel data model with 25 Indian states and 14 years (1996-2009). Estimates from single equation model show no direct effect of weather shocks on farmer suicides while a two-equation specification – one for count of farmer suicides with endogenous agricultural variable and an agricultural equation with weather shocks – yields useful insights. The results from first stage estimation as expected suggest that (low) rainfall shock and high temperature shock adversely affect crop yield per hectare, while regions with higher share of irrigated area are able to counter to some extent the adverse effects of weather shocks. The negative binomial regression model for farmer suicide includes predicted yield along with one-period lag of farmer suicides and state‘s suicide rates to capture the contagion effect. The results show that contagion effects are strong on farmer‘s suicides while predicted crop yield has negative and significant influence indicating that farmer suicides are indirectly associated with weather shocks via the changes in agricultural productivity |
| Keywords: | : Farmer Suicide; Weather Shocks; Agricultural Productivity;Contagion Effect |
| JEL: | Q54 O13 D19 O10 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2019-185&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuel Hache (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marine Simoën (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Gondia Sokhna Seck (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Clement Bonnet (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Aymen Jabberi (ECL - École Centrale de Lyon - Université de Lyon); Samuel Carcanague (IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques) |
| Abstract: | Concrete is the most widely used manmade material in the world with an annual production of about 10 billion tons globally. Its use outpaces that of historically important materials such as wood or stone in modern urbanism. Concrete is closely tied to the energy transition. As a structural material, concrete is used in multiple sectors, including energy. Because the concrete content of a power plant varies depending on the technology, the energy transition is expected to impact future demand for concrete. At the same time, concrete production is known to be highly polluting as one of its major components is cement, produced by an industry that is one of the main emitters of carbon dioxide worldwide. This dual aspect explains the aim of this study: understanding concrete (and therefore cement) demand under the energy transition policies described in the IEA's 2017 Energy Transition Policy (ETP) report and quantifying CO2 emissions from cement production for the energy sector. Based on a simple model, the study is looks at global and regional levels to take into account potential local disparities. The results demonstrate that the decarbonization of the power sector will have a limited impact on global cement demand, but that it could be more challenging for some regions where the new power production mix would require large concrete structures. This model could be a useful decision-making tool in assessing the relative impact of any public energy transition scenarios on raw materials such as cement at the highest level of disaggregation, as well as enabling better sub-sectorial screening. |
| Keywords: | construction materials,power sector,cement,concrete,Energy transition |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02978242&r=all |
| By: | Gutsche, Gunnar; Wetzel, Heike; Ziegler, Andreas |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the determinants of socially responsible investing (SRI) at the individual investor level. We examine data from an incentivized framed field experiment, which was part of a survey among a representative sample of financial decision makers in German households. Thus, we provide a new approach to elicit preferences for SRI. We further extend the set of potential determinants of SRI and consider all economic preferences according to Falk et al. (2018) and the Big Five personality traits. The analysis reveals that these factors are only of minor relevance in comparison to financial literacy, environmental values, and social norms. |
| Keywords: | Socially responsible investing,economic preferences,personality traits,framed field experiment |
| JEL: | G11 Q56 G02 A12 A13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224542&r=all |
| By: | Momsen, Katharina; Ohndorf, Markus |
| Abstract: | We investigate if people exploit moral wiggle room in markets when revelation is stochastic and the revealed information is potentially erroneous. In our laboratory experiment, subjects purchase products associated with co-benefits represented as a contribution to carbon offsets purchased by the experimenters. Information on the size of this contribution is unobservable at first, but can be actively revealed by the consumer. In seven treatments, we alter the information structure as well as the perceived revelation costs. We find strong evidence of self-serving information avoidance in treatments with simple stochastic revelation and reduced reliability of the information, representing potentially 'fake' news. The propensity to avoid information increases with the introduction of nominal information costs, which are in fact not payoff-relevant. We conclude that, generally, self-serving information avoidance can arise in market situations if specific situational excuses are present, which could explain the demand for products associated with 'green-washing'. |
| Keywords: | Information avoidance,experiment,carbon offsets,moral wiggle room,green consumption,fake news |
| JEL: | C91 D12 D64 D89 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224637&r=all |
| By: | Werner, Katharina; Strulik, Holger |
| Abstract: | We investigate renewable resources when the harvesting agents face self-control problems. Individuals are conceptualized as dual selves. The rational long-run self plans for the infinite future while the affective short-run self desires to maximize instantaneous profits. Depending on the degree of self-control, actual behavior is partly driven by short-run desires. This modeling represents impatience and present bias without causing time inconsistent decision making. In a model of a single harvesting agent (e.g. a fishery), we discuss how self-control problems affect harvesting behavior, resource conservation, and sustainability and discuss policies to curb overuse and potential collapse of the resource due to present-biased harvesting behavior. We then extend the model to several harvesting agents and show how limited self-control exacerbates the common pool problem. Finally, we investigate heterogenous agents and show that there are spillover effects of limited self-control in the sense that perfectly rational agents also behave less conservatively when they interact with agents afflicted by imperfect self-control. |
| Keywords: | self-control,temptation,renewable resource use,sustainability,common pool resource management. |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224628&r=all |
| By: | MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC); EDWARDS John; LARANJA Manuel |
| Abstract: | The Portuguese region of Alentejo was one of the first to explore how support for the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP) can go digital during the challenging times of the COVID-19 pandemic. 47 stakeholders participated in the online event, staggered over two half-days, to discuss challenges, opportunities and needs of the region in the field of sustainable bioeconomy. Inadequate framework conditions (legal and infrastructures) and disarticulation between skills needs and education/training available were highlighted as some of the barriers to innovation. Greater articulation between the different actors in the value chain and a more integrated/systemic approach are some of the identified needs of the market. |
| Keywords: | bioeconomy, Portugal, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc122316&r=all |
| By: | Grüner, Sven |
| Abstract: | Informed decisions are the cornerstone of a functioning democracy. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, to explore who is good at distinguishing between true and false, and, second, to learn something about mechanisms to debunk false news stories. In an experimental study, subjects were shown several news studies and asked to rate them as true or false. After this exercise, the subjects received systematically varied information about the correctness of the news stories depending on the experimental condition they had been assigned to. After a delay of three weeks, the subjects were shown the news studies again to find out which one works best. Our main findings are (i) The perceived familiarity with news stories increases the propensity to accept them as true. Actively open-minded thinking helps to distinguish between true and false. But the willingness to think deliberately does not seem to be important. (ii) By repeating false news stories, subjects are more likely to adequately identify them later (i.e., no evidence for a familiarity backfire effect). However, it decreased the ability to adequately identify correct news stories. A somewhat reverse, but weaker effect occurs when true stories are repeated: the correct identification of correct news stories is more successful, but the opposite holds for the identification of false news stories. Detailed explanations of why the false news stories contain false content increases the correct identification of false news stories, but the ability to correctly identify correct news stories is detrimental. |
| Keywords: | False news stories,narratives,cognitive reflection test,actively open-minded thinking,environmental economics,experimental economics |
| JEL: | C91 D91 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc20:224621&r=all |
| By: | Julie Le Gallo (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Youba Ndiaye (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | How do countries respond to other countries when setting the level of their environmental expenditures? Using data from 1995-2017 on a sample of 28 OECD countries, we examine the nature and extent of strategic interactions in environmental expenditures among OECD countries using a spatial Durbin model including economic and political control variables and both economic and spatial weight matrices reflecting several interaction mechanisms. The results show the existence of significant positive spatial dependence in environmental spending suggesting that OECD countries consider their neighbors' behavior when making policy choices related to environmental expenditures. We also find that the most populous countries or those with high unemployment tend to spend less for environment while countries with a large urban population set higher levels of environmental expenditures. The results are robust to the inclusion of strong cross-sectional dependence under the form of common factors. |
| Keywords: | Environmental expenditure,Strategic interaction,Spatial econometrics,Common factors |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02974683&r=all |
| By: | Gunner, S.M.; Moll, J.W. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cantrf:305857&r=all |
| By: | Gunner, S.M.; Moll, J.W. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf17:305857&r=all |
| By: | Jordan, William A. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf17:305862&r=all |
| By: | Allen, David; Sandakchiev, Danail; Hooper, Vincent; Ivanov, Ivan |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to examine the causality between DUST, CO2 and temperature for the Vostok ice core data series [Vostok Data Series], dating from 420 000 years ago, and the EPICA C Dome data going back 800 000 years. In addition, the time-varying volatility and coefficient of variation in the CO2, dust and temperature is examined, as well as their dynamic correlations and interactions. We find a clear link between atmospheric C02 levels, dust and temperature, together with a bi-directional causality effects when applying both Granger Causality Tests (1969) and multi-directional Non-Linear analogues, i.e. Generalized Correlation. We apply both parametric and non-parametric statistical measures and testing. Linear interpolation with 100 years and 1000 years is applied to the three variables, in order to solve the problem of data points mismatch among them. The visualizations and descriptive statistics of the interpolated variables (using the two periods) show robustness in the results. The data analysis points out that variables are volatile, but their respective rolling mean and standard deviation remain stable. Additionally, 1000 years interpolated data suggests positive correlation between temperature and CO2, while dust is negatively correlated with both temperature and CO2. The application of the non-parametric Generalized Measure of Correlation to our data sets, in a pairwise fashion suggested that CO2 better explains temperature than temperature does CO2, that temperature better explains dust than dust does temperature, and finally that CO2 better explains dust than vice -versa. The latter two pairs of relationships are negative. The summary of the paper presents some avenues for further research, as well as some policy relevant suggestions. |
| Keywords: | CO2, Temperature, Dust, Causality, Ice Core, Generalized Correlation |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103862&r=all |
| By: | Hyde, Kelly |
| Abstract: | Up to 45 million Americans in a given year are potentially exposed to contaminated drinking water, increasing their risk of adverse health outcomes. Existing literature has demonstrated that individuals respond to drinking water quality violations by increasing their purchases of bottled water and filtration avoidance, thereby avoiding exposure to contaminants. This paper demonstrates that poorer households, for whom the costs of avoidance comprise a greater share of disposable income, bear disproportionate costs of water quality violations in the United States. Following a health-based water quality violation, poor households' expenditure on nutritious grocery products in a nationally representative panel differentially decreases by approximately $7 per month. This is associated with a decrease of about 1,500 calories per household member per day, placing these individuals at a higher risk of food insecurity. This finding suggests that the indirect costs of drinking water contamination through economic channels exacerbate health disparities associated with poverty. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:703&r=all |
| By: | Purvey, Ralph |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf17:305859&r=all |
| By: | Liu, Bo (Southern New Hampshire University); Hirsch, Barry (Georgia State University) |
| Abstract: | Winter weather affects hours worked. We examine how work hours reported in the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) vary with respect to snowfall in 265 metropolitan areas over the years 2004-2014. The effects of snowfall on work hours vary across types of workers, occupation, industry, and region. Losses in work hours due to snow events are particularly large in the South and among construction workers. An average daily inch of snowfall during a reference week reduces work by about an hour. Few of the hours lost from large snowfalls are "made-up" in subsequent weeks. A "back-of-an-envelope" calculation suggests that in an average year, snow leads to a 0.15 percent loss in annual hours worked, a small but nontrivial impact. |
| Keywords: | work hours and snow, regional adaptation, heterogeneity by industry, occupation, work type |
| JEL: | J22 O4 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13831&r=all |
| By: | Samantha Attridge; Jiajun Xu; Kevin P. Gallagher |
| Abstract: | In this paper, the authors examine the role of development finance institutions (DFIs) in piloting clean energy transitions by conducting in-depth case studies with representative multilateral development banks (MDBs) and national development banks. Their key findings include: (a) technical risk is the most compelling challenge for piloting new clean energies with huge uncertainties, and development-oriented DFIs endowed with industrial expertise can make forwardlooking pilot investments (sometimes throughout the supply chain) to demonstrate the viability of new technologies to attract private capital to follow suit; (b) policy and regulatory risks are a key hindrance in scaling up clean energies, and as public entities development banks have comparative advantages of coordinating and even shaping policy discussions with government agencies to mitigate such policy and regulatory risks; and (c) foreign exchange risk is an undeniable challenge for NDBs to attract foreign investment or for MDBs to invest renewable energy projects in developing countries especially given the fact that shadow financial markets make hedging costly, which encourages MDBs to explore local (green) bond issuances.This Research Paper is published in the framework of the International Research Initiative on Public Development Banks working groups and released for the occasion of the 14th AFD International Research Conference on Development. It is part of the pilot research program “Realizing the Potential of Public Development Banks for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals”. This program was launched, along with the International Research Initiative on Public Development Banks (PDBs), by the Institute of New Structural Economics (INSE) at Peking University, and sponsored by the Agence française de développement (AFD), Ford Foundation and International Development Finance Club (IDFC).Have a look on the key findings for a quick overview of the research resultsSee the video pitch |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11711&r=all |
| By: | Ahmed Iraqi (CENTRIS - Centre de Recherches Internationales et Stratégiques) |
| Date: | 2020–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02963309&r=all |
| By: | Whelan, Mary S. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf17:305850&r=all |
| By: | Robinson, Raymond M. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf17:305879&r=all |
| By: | Wilson, F.R.; Innes, J.D.; Kilburn, P.R.J. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf17:305882&r=all |
| By: | Wilson, F.R.; Innes, J.D.; Kilburn, P.R.J. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cantrf:305882&r=all |
| By: | Samantha ATTRIDGE (Overseas DevelopmenT Institute); Jiajun XU (Institute of New Structural Economics at Peking University); Kevin P. GALLAGHER (Global Development Policy Center at Boston University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine the role of development finance institutions (DFIs) in piloting clean energy transitions by conducting in-depth case studies with representative multilateral development banks (MDBs) and national development banks. Our key findings include: (a) technical risk is the most compelling challenge for piloting new clean energies with huge uncertainties, and development-oriented DFIs endowed with industrial expertise can make forward looking pilot investments (sometimes throughout the supply chain) to demonstrate the viability of new technologies to attract private capital to follow suit; (b) policy and regulatory risks are a key hindrance in scaling up clean energies, and as public entities development banks have comparative advantages of coordinating and even shaping policy discussions with government agencies to mitigate such policy and regulatory risks; and (c) foreign exchange risk is an undeniable challenge for NDBs to attract foreign investment or for MDBs to invest renewable energy projects in developing countries especially given the fact that shadow financial markets make hedging costly, which encourages MDBs to explore local (green) bond issuances. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11702&r=all |
| By: | Armelle Mazé (SADAPT - Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Aida Calabuig Domenech (SADAPT - Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Isabelle Goldringer (GQE-Le Moulon - Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article, using an institutional and political ecological perspective, analyses the role of knowledge networks supporting peasant seed groups in France. These groups promote a dynamic approach to agrobiodiversity restoration , developing new models of collaborative "peer-to-peer genetics" and distributed participatory breeding. Our analysis focuses here on the small grain cereal participatory breeding group. Based on detailed qualitative surveys and a network formalization, our study provides a better understanding of how these peasant seed groups self-organized and of how their horizontal and distributed network structure favors the dynamics of collective learning and knowledge spillovers. Further directions for policy making are discussed in support of more resilient plant breeding and agrobiodiversity restoration in European agricultural landscapes. |
| Keywords: | IAD/SESF,Social-ecological fit theory,Institutional economics,Peer-to-peer production,Participatory breeding,Community-based conservation,Seed Commons |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02979810&r=all |
| By: | Smith, T.B. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf17:305871&r=all |