|
on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒11‒16
eighty-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Olivier De Jonghe (National Bank of Belgium & Tilburg University); Klaas Mulier (Ghent University); Glenn Schepens (European Central Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that, when the price of emission allowances is sufficiently high, emission trading schemes improve the emission efficiency of highly polluting firms. The efficiency gain comes from a relative decrease in emissions rather than a relative increase in operating revenue. Part of the improvement is realized via the acquisition of green firms. The size of the improvement depends on the initial allocation of free emission allowances: highly polluting firms receiving more emission allowances for free, such as firms on the carbon leakage list, have a weaker incentive to become more efficient. For identification, we exploit the tightening in EU ETS regulation in 2017, which led to a steep price increase of emission allowances and made the ETS regulation more binding for polluting firms. |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate regulation;emission trading; firm behaviour |
| JEL: | D22 G34 G38 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202010-390&r=all |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Ralf Martin; Mirabelle Muûls; Ulrich J. Wagner |
| Abstract: | Market-based regulatory instruments hold the promise of correcting market failures at least cost. However, evidence on their efficacy remains scarce. We evaluate the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) - the world's first and largest market-based climate policy. Using administrative data on almost 4,000 French manufacturing firms, we estimate that the EU ETS induced regulated firms to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 8-12% compared to unregulated firms after the Pilot phase, a necessary condition for climate change mitigation. These reductions account for 26% of the concurrent decline in aggregate industrial emission in France. We do not estimate any negative effects on the scale of production; instead we find that firms reduced the emissions intensity of value added by making targeted investments. We find no evidence that firms outsourced production to unregulated firms or markets. Collectively, these findings suggest that the EU ETS induced global emissions reductions, a necessary and sufficient condition for mitigating climate change. |
| Keywords: | Emissions Trading System, carbon leakage, investment, climate policy |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 H23 L50 F18 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2020_232&r=all |
| By: | David Ardia (Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montréal); Keven Bluteau (Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montréal; Department of Economics, Ghent University); Kris Boudt (Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Economics, Ghent University; School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Koen Inghelbrecht (Department of Economics, Ghent University) |
| Abstract: | We empirically test the prediction of Pastor, Stambaugh, and Taylor 2020 that green firms can outperform brown firms when climate change concerns strengthen unexpectedly for S&P 500 companies over the period January 2010 - June 2018. To capture unexpected increases in climate change concerns, we construct a Media Climate Change Concern index using climate change-related news published by major U.S. newspapers. We find a negative relationship between the firms' exposure to the Media Climate Change Concerns index and the level of the firm's greenhouse gas emission per unit of revenue. This result implies that when concerns about climate change rise unexpectedly, green firms' stock price increases, while brown firms' stock price decreases. Further, using topic modeling, we analyze which type of climate change news drives this relationship. We identify five themes that have an effect on green vs. brown stock returns. Some of those themes can be related to change in investors' expectations about the future cash-ow of green vs. brown firms, while others cannot. This result implies that the relationship between concern and green vs. brown stock returns arises from both investors updating their expectations about the future cash-ows of green and brown firms and changes in investors' sustainability taste. |
| Keywords: | Asset Pricing, climate change, Sustainable Investing, ESG, Greenhouse, Gas Emission, Sentometrics, Textual Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202010-395&r=all |
| By: | Fawson, Chris; Cottle, Christopher; Hubbard, Hayden; Marshall, McKlayne |
| Abstract: | A rapidly increasing number of large U.S. companies are reporting use of an internal carbon price, in spite of the struggle to enact environmental regulation or reduction standards on carbon emissions in the United States. Such trends have created a growing interest in both how and why the private sector is using internal carbon pricing and what the implications of these developments will be. This paper examines the precise motives, methods and prices used by the U.S. private sector for incorporating an internal cost of carbon into their organizational strategies for the purpose of reducing carbon emissions. Careful analysis of reports from the CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project) suggests that the primary motives driving internal carbon pricing initiatives in the United States are investor relations, cost savings opportunities provided by reducing emissions, perceived physical risks associated with climate change (e.g., as severe weather or supply chain interference), and regulatory risk. Furthermore, shadow pricing and carbon offsetting are the most common methods of private-sector carbon pricing, and the average internal carbon price in the private sector is $40.09 per ton as of 2017. These trends are evaluated in the broader context of U.S. political developments, economic policies, and mechanisms for pricing carbon. This research should be particularly pertinent to private-sector shareholders and stakeholders, business owners, and executives—in addition to policy makers—as it provides unique insights into how private initiatives are advancing a commitment to CO2-induced climate change mitigation in the face of an increasingly uncertain public policy landscape. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cgouta:307178&r=all |
| By: | Moreaux, Michel; Amigues, Jean-Pierre |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency;carbon pollution; non-renewable resources;; renewable resources; abatement |
| JEL: | Q32 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:124872&r=all |
| By: | Wardle, Arthur R. |
| Abstract: | When the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) began mandating the use of corn ethanol in US fuels in 2006, many of its chief justifications were environmental. Commentators and policymakers assumed that some use of plant-based fuels would be less environmentally damaging than exclusive reliance on fossil fuels. Contrary to the optimism of early biofuel advocates, this paper documents a number of harmful environmental consequences of the Renewable Fuel Standard. The author finds that the Renewable Fuel Standard leads farmers to convert vast tracts of land, including previously unfarmed land, to corn farming and to unsustainably intensify production on existing farms. The author also finds that thecorn needed to fulfill the ethanol mandate demands heavy fertilization and irrigation in areas prone to fertilizer-linked water quality issues and drought, but fails to produce much net energy. Finally, the research concludes that ethanol is not meaningfully superior to gasoline in terms of carbon dioxide emissions and is worse for other pollutants. This report illuminates these and other problems with the widespread use of corn ethanol prompted by the Renewable Fuel Standard and makes recommendations for how to mitigate these impacts. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cgouta:307175&r=all |
| By: | Cong Ma (Department of Mathematics, University of Leuven, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University); Wim Schoutens (Department of Mathematics, University of Leuven); Jan Beirlant (Department of Mathematics, University of Leuven); Jan De Spiegeleer (Department of Mathematics, University of Leuven); Stephan Höcht (Assenagon GmbH,); Robert Van Kleeck (Assenagon GmbH,) |
| Abstract: | A green bond is a type of fixed-income security that raises money to invest in predetermined climate and environmental projects, in contrast to conventional debt instruments, where the use of proceeds is not specifed in the terms. The difference in yield between a green bond and an otherwise identical non-green bond of the same issuer and with the same terms is called the greenium. In this paper, we investigate this yield differential between green and conventional bonds. We estimate the greenium on the basis of the bond's asset swap spread (ASW) to investigate whether, consistent with a non-pecuniary motive for holding green assets, green labels are associated with a negative or positive yield gap with respect to ordinary bonds. We calculate and compare several descriptive statistics of green bonds and conventional bonds. Then, several statistical tests are implemented to analyze potential statistical differences between their return distributions. In our analysis, synthetic non-green bonds are constructed via interpolation of the ASW curve of non-green bonds. There are several ndings: (1) From a statistical point of view, no difference between the overall distribution, the mean or median of ASW changes is detected on individual bond pairs. However, our estimation of an overall greenium exhibits a level uctuating near zero over time with an overall average around -7 bps. (2) In addition, we see indications that the volatility of some green-bonds is lower than their non-green counterparts. (3) We see a lagging e ect between the greenium and stress in nancial markets. This could indicate that sustainable investments like green bonds are potentially more immune to systemic crises. |
| Keywords: | Green bond, Greenium, Return Distribution, Fat Tails, Non-normal Distribution |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202010-394&r=all |
| By: | Yagi, Michiyuki; Kokubu, Katsuhiko |
| Abstract: | In the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations (UN), goal 12 (“ensure sustainable consumption and production [SCP] patterns”) has eight outcome targets (12.1-12.8) and three targets for the means of implementation (MoI) (12.a-12.c). This “SCP-via-SDGs” approach is a much narrower, specific concept based on historical agreements that range from the Stockholm conference (1972) to the 10-Year Framework of Programmes (10YFP) (2012-2022). Meanwhile, “the academic SCP” is a highly interdisciplinary and complex approach that pursues an answer to what sustainability is, and it has not explicitly provided the SCP-via-SDGs framework at present. Thus, this study proposes a five-by-five framework for the SCP-via-SDGs approach from the production perspective (i.e., for individual firms), following the literature on corporate environmental management. The five stages (I-V) consider environmental management systems (EMS; I. strategy and process) for target 12.4, environmental management accounting (EMA; II. accounting and disclosure) for 12.6, and environmental management control systems (EMCS; III. financial, IV. environmental, and V. overall performance) for 12.2. Meanwhile, the five factors (1-5) consider the baseline and material flow (MF) factors (total waste, hazardous waste, raw materials used, and recycled waste) for targets 12.3 and 12.5. As an application, this study surveyed non-financial listed firms in Vietnam and compared the results to a previous study on Thailand. The results show that the firms are more likely to be at stage III (financial performance of EMCS) in Thailand and stage I or II (EMS or EMA) in Vietnam, suggesting that each market requires its own SCP policies, depending on the economic growth of each. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development goals; Sustainable consumption and production; Environmental management systems; Environmental management accounting; Thailand and Vietnam |
| JEL: | M11 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103931&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of political targets for greenhouse gas emissions and climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2082&r=all |
| By: | David Anthoff (University of California); Richard S. J. Tol (University of Sussex) |
| Abstract: | Weitzman's Dismal Theorem has that the expected net present value of a stock problem with a stochastic growth rate with unknown variance is unbounded. Cost-benefit analysis can therefore not be applied to greenhouse gas emission control. We use the Generalized Central Limit Theorem to show that the Dismal Theorem can be tested, in a finite sample, by estimating the tail index. We apply this test to social cost of carbon estimates from three commonly used integrated assessment models, and to previously published estimates. Two of the three models do not support the Dismal Theorem, but the third one does for low discount rates. The meta-analysis cannot reject the Dismal Theorem. |
| Keywords: | climate policy; dismal theorem; fat tails; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | C46 D81 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:1920&r=all |
| By: | Anna Belova; Brendan Casey; Cynthia Morgan; Carl Pasurka; Ron Shadbegian |
| Abstract: | In this paper we propose a new model to calculate changes in pollution abatement costs (PAC) when data on bad outputs and information on the cost of inputs assigned to pollution abatement activities are not available. To calculate the PAC of reducing bad output, we introduce a measure of abatement intensity that captures variation in the technologies used to reduce water discharges. We then decompose the change in PAC into three components to identify their relative contribution to changes in PAC: (1) changes in the level of inputs, (2) technological change, and (3) changes in pollution abatement intensity. These three components are estimated using data from 1997 to 2007 on a sample of pulp mills required to comply with effluent limits of the U.S. EPA’s Cluster Rule. We find technological change is consistently associated with declining PAC, while both changes in inputs and abatement intensity are associated with increasing PAC. |
| Keywords: | technological change, pulp and paper mills, Cluster Rule, pollution abatement costs, abatement intensity |
| JEL: | O33 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nev:wpaper:wp202003&r=all |
| By: | Lavaine, Emmanuelle; Majerus, Philippe; Treich, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | Although animal agriculture is critical to the subsistence of smallholders in some poor countries, the global detrimental impact of animal farming is now both well documented and overwhelming. Animal farming is a primary cause of deforestation (De Sy et al., 2015), biodiversity loss (Machovina et al., 2015), antibioresistance (O’Neill, 2015) and infectious diseases emergence and amplification (Rohr et al., 2019). Moreover, it contributes significantly to water pollution, water scarcity and climate change (Godfray et al., 2018; Poore & Nemecek, 2018; Springmann et al., 2017). Additionally, the exploitation of farmed animals, especially in its widespread intensive forms, raises various moral issues. In this paper, we discuss another impact of animal farming, that on air pollution and in turn on human health. While this impact is also potentially considerable, we stress that it has been largely overlooked by regulators as well as by researchers, and in particular by economists. |
| Date: | 2020–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:124874&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the impacts of weather shocks and climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2076&r=all |
| By: | Tian, Ruijie (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of carbon emissions trading schemes (ETS) on technical change proxied by the number of green patents in the context of the pilot ETS in China. I find a small increase of 0.16 patents per firm and year. A 10 percent increase in carbon prices increases green patents by 2 percent. The strongest effects are for the two regions in the upper range of carbon prices and for more productive firms. However, there are contrasting patterns at the extensive and intensive margins of green innovation: the pilot ETS reduces entry into green innovative activities but increases levels of innovating for firms that were innovative before they were regulated by ETS, especially for the more productive firms. This indicates that an important policy challenge is to encourage the firms covered by ETS to start innovation in green technologies; this applies particularly to the larger and more productive firms. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Pricing; Directed Technological Change; Innovation; Heterogeneous Firms. |
| JEL: | O33 O44 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0797&r=all |
| By: | Jayson Beckman, Maros Ivanic, Jeremy L. Jelliffe,; Felix G. Baquedano, and Sara G. Scott |
| Abstract: | The European Commission (EC) unveiled its Farm to Fork and Biodiversity Strategies that would impose restrictions on European Union (EU) agriculture through targeted reductions in the use of land, fertilizers, antimicrobials, and pesticides. The proposal also pledges to use EC trade policies and other international efforts to support this vision of sustainable agri-food systems, suggesting intentions to expand the reach of the policy beyond the EU. To examine the economic implications of the proposal, we performed a range of policy simulations on several of the proposed targets using three progressively broader adoption scenarios of the EC’s initiative. Under all these scenarios, we found that the proposed input reductions affect EU farmers by reducing their agricultural production by 7 to 12 percent and diminishing their competitiveness in both domestic and export markets. Moreover, we found that adoption of these strategies would have impacts that stretch beyond the EU, driving up worldwide food prices by 9 (EU only adoption) to 89 percent (global adoption), negatively affecting consumer budgets, and ultimately reducing worldwide societal welfare by $96 billion to $1.1 trillion, depending on how widely other countries adopt the strategies. We estimate that the higher food prices under these scenarios would increase the number of food-insecure people in the world’s most vulnerable regions by 22 million (EU only adoption) to 185 million (global adoption). |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerser:307277&r=all |
| By: | Hans Degryse (KU Leuven); Roman Goncharenko (KU Leuven); Carola Theunisz (KU Leuven); Tamas Vadasz (KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | What is the impact of environmental consciousness (i.e., being green) as borrower and as lender on loan rates? We investigate this question employing an international sample of syndicated loans over the period 2011-2019. We find that green firms borrow at a signicantly lower spread, especially when the lender consortium can also be classifed as green, i.e., when \green-meets-green". Further tests reveal that the impact of \green-meets-green" became significant and large negative only after the acceptance of the Paris Agreement in December 2015. We argue that this is evidence for lenders responding to policy events which affect environmental attitudes. |
| Keywords: | Paris Agreement, Green Firms, Green Banks, bank lending |
| JEL: | A13 G21 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202010-392&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the social cost of carbon |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2077&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the relative merits of development assistance and greenhouse gas emission reduction to reduce the economic impacts of climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2079&r=all |
| By: | Shize Qin; Lena Klaa{\ss}en; Ulrich Gallersd\"orfer; Christian Stoll; Da Zhang |
| Abstract: | The carbon footprint of Bitcoin has drawn wide attention, but Bitcoin's long-term impact on the climate remains uncertain. Here we present a framework to overcome uncertainties in previous estimates and project Bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint in the long term. If we assume Bitcoin's market capitalization grows in line with the one of gold, we find that the annual electricity consumption of Bitcoin may increase from 50 to 400 TWh between 2020 and 2100. The future carbon footprint of Bitcoin strongly depends on the decarbonization pathway of the electricity sector. If the electricity sector achieves carbon neutrality by 2050, Bitcoin's carbon footprint has peaked already. However, in the business-as-usual scenario, emissions sum up to 2 gigatons until 2100, an amount comparable to 6% of global emissions in 2018. Therefore, we also discuss policy instruments to reduce Bitcoin's future carbon footprint. |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2011.02612&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the economic impacts of climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2073&r=all |
| By: | Sheila Dow (Department of Economics, University of Victoria) |
| Abstract: | The way in which any topic is analysed in economics depends on methodological approach. The purpose here is to explore the argument that the way in which climate change is addressed depends on how economics is understood to relate to the physical environment and also to the social and ethical environment. This involves an exploration of the formation of knowledge, both in economics and in the economy. Alfred Marshall’s evolutionary approach to knowledge formation was central to his approach to economics and to his understanding of economic behaviour. Here we consider the application of Marshall’s approach to issues around climate change, through the lens of the subsequent development of evolutionary economics and ecological economics. |
| Keywords: | Alfred Marshall, evolutionary economics, environmental economics, ecological economics |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vic:vicddp:2001&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the economic impacts of climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2074&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the economic impacts of climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2075&r=all |
| By: | Franziska Schütze |
| Abstract: | A range of studies has analysed how climate-related risks can impact financial markets, focusing on equity and corporate bond holdings. This article takes a closer look at transition risks and opportunities in residential mortgages. Mortgage loans are important from a financial perspective due to their large share in banks’ assets and their long credit lifetime, and from a climate perspective due to their large share in fossil fuel consumption. The analysis combines data on the energy-performance of buildings with financial data on mortgages for Germany and identifies two risk drivers – a carbon price and a performance standard. The scenario analysis shows that expected credit loss can be substantially higher for a “brown” portfolio compared to a “green” portfolio. Taking climate policy into account in risk management and strategy can reduce the transition risk and open up new lending opportunities. Financial regulation can promote such behaviour. |
| Keywords: | Mortgages, residential buildings, carbon risks, transition risks, valuation, climate policy scenarios, policy and regulation |
| JEL: | G21 Q48 Q56 Q58 R38 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1910&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the impacts of and adaptation to climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2070&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the biological and health impacts of climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2069&r=all |
| By: | Hans Degryse (KU Leuven and CEPR); Tarik Roukny (KU Leuven); Joris Tielens (National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | In the race against climate change, financial intermediaries hold a key role in rapidly redirecting resources towards greener economic activities. However, this transition entails a dilemma for banks: entry of innovative and green firms in polluting industries risks devaluating legacy positions held with incumbent clients. As a result, banks exposed to such losses may be reluctant to finance innovation aiming to reduce polluting activities such as green house gas emissions. In this paper, we formalize potential banking barriers to investments in green firms that threaten the value of legacy contracts by affecting collateral pledged by incumbent clients to banks as well as probabilities of default. We show that themore homogeneous and concentrated the banking system is in a given industry, the fewer new innovative firms will be granted loanable funds. We further exploit data on credit allocations in Belgium between 2008 and 2018, to investigate the empirical relevancy of such barriers in polluting industries with larger exposures to green technology disruption. The results indicate that the market structure of the banking system may be key to facilitating a green economic transition highlighting the need for policies to address the role of brown legacy positions and heterogeneous bank business models. |
| Keywords: | Financial Intermediation, innovation, barriers, climate change |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202010-391&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of adaptation to climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2071&r=all |
| By: | Alessia Cafferata; Marwil J. Dávila-Fernández; Serena Sordi |
| Abstract: | Psychologists among other behavioural scientists refer to the tendency of favouring, interpreting, and searching for information that supports one's prior beliefs as confirmation bias. Using Twitter data, we illustrate how this might affect environmental attitudes by contrasting #ClimateChangeIsReal and #ClimateChangeHoax engagement. Given the relevance of the topic to the field, we develop an agent-based model to investigate how employment conditions affect attitudes towards climate policies under such a cognitive bias. It is shown that persistent endogenous fluctuations might emerge via a super-critical Neimark-Sacker bifurcation. Furthermore, depending on the individual's response to the collective opinion, we might have coexistence of periodic attractors as a representation of path dependence. In terms of policy implications, we highlight that the adoption of a successful green-agenda depends on the ability of policy-makers to take advantage of favourable employment rates while appealing to different framing strategies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, con rmation bias, sentiment dynamics, group e ect, adaptive learning. |
| JEL: | D91 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:839&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of adaptation to climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2072&r=all |
| By: | Clement Bonnet (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | The invention and the diffusion of environmental process of production and consumption goods are impeded by two market failures: the first on environment and the second on knowledge. The question arises whether the instruments aiming at correcting these market failures should be jointly designed or not. We investigate this question for a major instrument of support to innovation: the patent system. We demonstrate that a patent system and a discriminating environmental taxation that are jointly defined provide for a greater efficiency. We conclude that the two externalities interact with each other through the patent system. |
| Keywords: | environmental innovation,double externality,patent policy |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02971676&r=all |
| By: | Kreinin, Halliki |
| Abstract: | The "Just Transition" (JT) approach emerged as an answer to balancing human welfare, jobs and the need for deep decarbonisation. The concept was developed by trade unions in the industrialised world as a unifying rallying cry around the demand that ecological transformation be undertaken in a socially just way. Starting out in the US in the 1970s, it has increasingly been adopted and adapted by different groups, including unions and workers themselves, environmentalists, academics, governments, international institutions and nongovernmental organisations. While the flexibility of the concept and the easy translatability of “fairness” have arguably been its strength and the reason for its popularity, JT has also been criticised for its vagueness, inoperability in practice, and in particular for being used to fight for various, and sometimes antithetical, conceptualisations of justice. Without negating the political challenges of JTs, this paper will look at divergent types of current formulations of JT, within a modified framework of Hampton’s (2015) trade union climate approaches, which includes 1) "neoliberal political economy/market" (NPE), 2) "ecological modernisation/state" (EM), and 3) "social-ecological transformation" (SET) climate approaches. Different JT approaches are aligned along "Market Policies" and "Just Transition" axes (Figure 1) of which NPE and SET form two extreme approaches. This paper will elaborate on why a radical SET formulation of JT, which moves past only class-based climate approaches (Hampton’s (2015) Marxist Political Economy) to include broader critiques based on environmental justice, degrowth and ecofeminism, is needed to adequately challenge current multiple crises related to the environment and society. |
| Keywords: | Just Transition, social-ecological transformation, environmental labour studies |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:7813&r=all |
| By: | Kreinin, Halliki |
| Abstract: | The "Just Transition" (JT) approach emerged as an answer to balancing human welfare, jobs and the need for deep decarbonisation. The concept was developed by trade unions in the industrialised world as a unifying rallying cry around the demand that ecological transformation be undertaken in a socially just way. Starting out in the US in the 1970s, it has increasingly been adopted and adapted by different groups, including unions and workers themselves, environmentalists, academics, governments, international institutions and nongovernmental organisations. While the flexibility of the concept and the easy translatability of “fairness” have arguably been its strength and the reason for its popularity, JT has also been criticised for its vagueness, inoperability in practice, and in particular for being used to fight for various, and sometimes antithetical, conceptualisations of justice. Without negating the political challenges of JTs, this paper will look at divergent types of current formulations of JT, within a modified framework of Hampton’s (2015) trade union climate approaches, which includes 1) "neoliberal political economy/market" (NPE), 2) "ecological modernisation/state" (EM), and 3) "social-ecological transformation" (SET) climate approaches. Different JT approaches are aligned along "Market Policies" and "Just Transition" axes (Figure 1) of which NPE and SET form two extreme approaches. This paper will elaborate on why a radical SET formulation of JT, which moves past only class-based climate approaches (Hampton’s (2015) Marxist Political Economy) to include broader critiques based on environmental justice, degrowth and ecofeminism, is needed to adequately challenge current multiple crises related to the environment and society. |
| Keywords: | Just Transition, social-ecological transformation, environmental labour studies |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:7814&r=all |
| By: | Sanghamitra Mukherjee; Tensay Meles; L. (Lisa B.) Ryan; Séin Healy; Robert Mooney; Lindsay Sharpe; Paul Hayes |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the motivations behind the adoption of key renewable energy technologies in an early adopter market. Notwithstanding their social benefits, uptake of electric vehicles, heat pumps, and solar photovoltaic panels remains low, necessitating targeted measures to address this. We conducted a comprehensive survey of a nationally representative sample of Irish households and analysed this rich dataset using pairwise group comparisons and a factor analysis combined with a logit regression model. We found fundamental differences between adopters and non-adopters. Current adopters tend to be younger, more educated, of higher socio-economic status, and more likely to live in newer buildings of generous size than non-adopters. Environmental attitudes are an insufficient predictor of uptake - whilst non-adopters self-report as being more sustainable, adopters believe that their own decisions impact climate change. Importantly, social processes will be instrumental in future uptake. Word-of-mouth recommendation will matter greatly in communicating the use and benefits of technologies as evident from the significantly larger social networks that current adopters enjoy. Using these insights, policy incentives can be designed according to public preferences. |
| Keywords: | Household survey; Technology adoption; Heat pumps; Solar PVs; Electric vehicles; Consumer behaviour |
| JEL: | D1 D9 O3 Q4 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucn:wpaper:202026&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the distribution of the economic impacts of climate change |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2078&r=all |
| By: | Phillips, Willard; Thorne, Elizabeth; Roopnarine, Camille |
| Abstract: | Over the past 50 years, the global annual production of plastics has increased dramatically, from 15 million tons in 1964 to roughly 311 million tons by 2014. This spectacular growth has occurred due to its unrivalled physical properties, which allow it to be widely applied in diverse economic production processes, at low cost. One of its main appplications has been in the packaging industry where roughly 26% of the global volume of plastics is used. More importantly, as much as 95% of plastic packaging – estimated at USD 80 – 120 billion annually - is for single-use, either as packaging or as items intended to be used only once before they are discarded as waste or recycled. Of this amount, only 5% is routinely recycled, and with the bulk ending up either in landfills, water courses or even oceans. Single-use plastics have become a major global threat to public health and the natural environment. On this basis, many countries have implemented various legal and policy sanctions to limit and or control the use of single-use plastics in their economies. Within the Caribbean subregion, as many as twenty-seven countries and territories have legislated or proposed some form of policy controls on reducing the use of plastics over the past decade. The present study examines the economic implications of a ban on single-use plastics proposed for implementation in Trinidad and Tobago in 2020. Applying a cross-section analysis, the potential direct impacts to the economy were assesed at roughly 0.058% of annual GDP, to be borne by six key economic subsectors. A revised incentive framework, enhanced waste management infrastructure, public education and awareness raising initiatives were identified as important policy elements to be undertaken in the implementation of the ban. Given several limitations of the research, this economic assessment is deemed to be at best a lower bound estimate of the total potential economic impacts. |
| Keywords: | PLASTICOS, PRODUCTOS PLASTICOS, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, MEDIO AMBIENTE, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, INDUSTRIA DEL PLASTICO, COSTOS, COVID-19, PLASTICS, PLASTIC PRODUCTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, PLASTICS INDUSTRY, COSTS, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2020–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:46280&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the impacts of climate change on economic growth |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2080&r=all |
| By: | Strulik, Holger; Werner, Katharina |
| Abstract: | We investigate renewable resources when the harvesting agents face self-control problems. Individuals are conceptualized as dual selves. The rational long-run self plans for the infinite future while the affective short-run self desires to maximize instantaneous profits. Depending on the degree of self-control, actual behavior is partly driven by short-run desires. This modeling represents impatience and present bias without causing time inconsistent decision making. In a model of a single harvesting agent (e.g. a fishery), we discuss how self-control problems affect harvesting behavior, resource conservation, and sustainability and discuss policies to curb overuse and potential collapse of the resource due to present-biased harvesting behavior. We then extend the model to several harvesting agents and show how limited self-control exacerbates the common pool problem. Finally, we investigate heterogenous agents and show that there are spillover effects of limited self-control in the sense that perfectly rational agents also behave less conservatively when they interact with agents afflicted by imperfect self-control. |
| Keywords: | self-control,temptation,renewable resource use,sustainability,common pool resource management |
| JEL: | D60 D90 Q20 Q50 Q58 O40 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:408&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the impacts of climate on economic development |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2081&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of certainty equivalents for climate policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | D81 D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2089&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the dismal theorem on climate policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | D81 D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2090&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the equity weights for climate policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | D63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2091&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the ethics of climate policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2092&r=all |
| By: | Li, Ya-Wei (Jake) |
| Abstract: | Because habitat loss is the primary threat to most species listed under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), the requirement to designate critical habitat under the ESA intuitively appeals to many conservationists. As the ESA approaches 50 years of implementation, however, it has become clear to many people that species recovery does not always require or even benefit from critical habitat. In some situations, critical habitat may even undercut incentives for private landowners to help recover species. In other situations, however, critical habitat offers indirect or direct benefits to conservation. What are the situations when designation benefits recovery, has no effect on recovery, and undercuts recovery? And how should the US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service decide whether and how to designate critical habitat in each of those situations, especially on private lands, after considering the benefits and costs of designation for recovery? This paper offers perspectives on these questions and a worksheet that the agencies can use to methodically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of designating an area as critical habitat. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cgouta:307170&r=all |
| By: | Jenkins, Megan E.; Simmons, Randy; Wardle, Camille |
| Abstract: | Elinor Ostrom was the first woman awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Ostrom studied the management of shared environmental resources. Her work focused on how human beings come together to solve social dilemmas such as how a resource held in common should be managed. This edited volume builds on Ostrom’s research with six chapters by renowned environmental scholars. Each chapter explores a particular issue in environmental policy by carefully analyzing how institutions impact environmental outcomes and considering what might be done to improve those outcomes. The volume begins with an examination of resource governance in the American West and how institutions developed to govern a complex and demanding landscape. It then explores the largely successful multi-stakeholder approach to the management of the greater sage grouse in the western U.S. The third chapter explores the role of American and Canadian indigenous groups in governing Pacific salmon fisheries. Chapter four examines Ostrom’s response to Garrett Hardin’s classic “Tragedy of the Commons,” which claims that unchecked human population growth is destined for tragedy. The fifth chapter bridges the work of Gary Libecap on property rights with Ostrom’s work on polycentric governance. And the sixth and final chapter explores how the development of markets for industrial byproducts helped clean up the commons. As Ostrom noted in her Nobel Lecture, “We need to ask how diverse polycentric institutions help or hinder … the achievement of more effective, equitable, and sustainable outcomes at multiple scales.” This edited volume sheds light on how allowing people to experiment with different institutional approaches results in innovative solutions to today’s most pressing environmental problems. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cgouta:307179&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the impact of uncertainty, irreversibility and learning on climate policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | D81 D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2088&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the secondary benefits of climate policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2084&r=all |
| By: | Olivier De Groote (Toulouse School of Economics, University of Toulouse Capitole); Axel Gautier (IHEC Liège, University of Liège); Frank Verboven (Department of Economics, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | To combat climate change, governments are taking an increasing number of technologyspecific measures to support green technologies. In this paper, we look at the very generous subsidy policies to solar PVs in the three regions of Belgium to ask the question of how voters responded to these programs. We provide evidence that voters did not reward the incumbent government that was responsible for the program, as predicted by the ‘buying-votes’ hypothesis. Instead, we find that voters punish the incumbent government because of the increasing awareness of the high financing costs. These did not only affect the non-adopting electricity consumers who did not benefit from the programs, but also the adopting prosumers, who saw unannounced new costs such as the introduction of prosumer fees to get access to the grid. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202010-389&r=all |
| By: | Torelli, Riccardo; Balluchi, Federica |
| Abstract: | The relationship between biodiversity and ethics is complex and concern the broader environmental ethics. In the agricultural industry, these issues are fundamental and, in the context of agro-biodiversity, bread production activity plays a primary role. Artisanal bread and its derivatives represent basic food products and a short supply chain, with only one intermediate step between the producer of the raw material (flour) and the consumer, represented by bakery. Furthermore, bakery industry is characterized by different needs, motivations, evaluations and ethical/moral values, as well as philosophical considerations towards nature, of producers and consumers. Through a multiple case study on four specific companies of the interesting and relevant natural and sustainable bakery industry, our aim is to understand what are the motivations and ethical-moral drives behind specific ideological and operational choices that have an impact on nature and its biodiversity. It is also intended to investigate how the different ethical-philosophical approaches to nature lead to economic and management choices that are also very distant from each other and have different impacts on the protection and promotion of agricultural biodiversity. This study has allowed to place the positions and choices of some entrepreneurs and artisans in the different ethical approaches to nature and therefore to biodiversity. It was also possible to highlight how the different behaviours of consumers and producers arise from the ethical conceptions through which they look at reality and the consequences of their choices on production and sales activities. |
| Date: | 2020–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:sxzjf&r=all |
| By: | Lyna González (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain); Jordi Perdiguero Garcia (Department of Applied Economics, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain); Alex Sanz Fernández (Department of Economics and Economic History, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona 08193, Bellaterra, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Many cities in Spain are wrapped in air containing excessive levels of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, generally a problem in big cities caused by traffic. Pollutants largely associated with volume of traffic in urban cities and their outlying areas, such as Madrid and Barcelona, which is suffering from one of the worst levels of air pollution in the country. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 96.8% of Spain population breathe pollutant air. This paper shows empirical evidence about the contribution of public transport in the air quality of Barcelona using public transport strikes, through econometric analysis based on data from 2008 - 2016. During the study period, there were 147 days affected by some type of public transport strike:bus (57), metro (21), train (71) and tram (4) system, against 4 general strikes. The estimates indicate that public transit strikes have a statistically significant and positive effect on the concentration level of SO2, CO, PM10 and NOX in all over the city, especially in the case of metro and train. These results also allows us to understand better how commuters substitute transports modes between them and what policies can be implemented to increase the use of public transports. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution; Public transport strike; Econometric regression analysis; Public Transport Substitution |
| JEL: | C33 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2008&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of hyperbolic time discounting |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | H43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2086&r=all |
| By: | Luis Escalante (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Helene Maisonnave (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | Climate change affects men and women differently and pre-existing gender disparities may be worsened. In Bolivia, high vulnerability levels and gender disparities exist in terms of education, access to employment, and poverty, making women a highly vulnerable population group. Our analysis uses a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model that explicitly incorporates household production with a gender focus, linked with micro-simulations to assess the effects of climate change on poverty and inequality in Bolivia. Two scenarios are evaluated. The first scenario refers to damages and losses of capital and land in the agricultural and livestock sector due to climatic events, while the second scenario analyses the decrease in agricultural production yields. The simulations reveal that the climatic scenarios have negative impacts on the Bolivian economy, with the agricultural sector being the most affected. The results also reveal that climate change affects employment negatively in both simulations, and further increases the burden of domestic work, especially for women thus increasing their vulnerability. Furthermore, both simulations reveal negative impacts on poverty and inequality, with women being more affected than men. The results reveal that Bolivian women are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change than men. |
| Keywords: | CGE,Climate change,Gender,Unpaid work,Poverty,Latin America,Bolivia JEL: C68,J16,Q54,O54 |
| Date: | 2020–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02970249&r=all |
| By: | Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Matthew J. Neidell; Nicholas J. Sanders; Gregor Singer |
| Abstract: | Influenza and air pollution are significant public health risks with large economic consequences shared across the globe. The common etiological pathways through which they harm health present an interesting case of compounding risk via interacting externalities. Using regional and temporal variation in pollution and disease transmission, we find exposure to more air pollution significantly increases influenza hospitalizations. By exploiting the random deviations in influenza vaccine effectiveness over time, we show high influenza vaccine effectiveness neutralizes this relationship. This suggests seemingly disparate policy actions of pollution control and expanded vaccination provide greater returns than found when studied in isolation. |
| JEL: | H23 I12 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27982&r=all |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van; Vuong, Quan-Hoang |
| Abstract: | Global climate change gives rise to a growing threat of extinction to mankind, yet the current approach and solutions have appeared to be insufficient to combat it effectively. We have critically reviewed and discussed the solutions pathways for the problem. Our key message in this short paper is that enterprises solely cause global environmental problems but underestimating their role in solving the problem could be a terrible mistake since they have a great amount of potential to solve the environmental problem. We nominate the environmental cultural value as the 11th human-culture because it can shape human progress towards “environmentalism”. The new environmental cultural value includes two mutually interacting attributes. First, money cannot trade for environmental deficits. Second, environmental embellishment value needs to become a new “measure of profit”, priced at least on par with monetary value. Perceiving and agreeing to the new environmental cultural values-based approach is hard, but vital. We confirm that the environmental cultural value transition and or transformation in enterprises may take time and request several mutually interacting conditions such as gracious and receptive attitude, no prejudice, big vision, and common interests. The insights of this paper could illustrate some policy implications to engage and harness incorporates imbued with the environmental cultural values for addressing global environmental climate change. |
| Date: | 2020–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xzsjg&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of axioms for intertemporal welfare functions |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | H43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2087&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the Ramsey Rule for time discounting |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | H43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2085&r=all |
| By: | Backstrom, Jesse |
| Abstract: | Hydraulic fracturing activity has increased rapidly in the U.S. over the last decade and a half. During this time, operators have learned to complete wells that are more productive by increasing the amount of water, among other inputs, used in well stimulations. Since many unconventional oil and gas plays are located in relatively arid regions, the industry’s increasing water use has created concerns over its impacts on local availability. However, management of water resources in these areas is complicated, partly due to state laws that largely allow unrestricted groundwater pumping by landowners, but also because the industry’s reporting of water use is not particularly transparent. In this paper, I study two interrelated issues on water use in hydraulic fracturing. First, using a proprietary dataset of well-level completion reports in Texas, the author shows how operators’ propensity to report detailed information on water use varies depending on whether the well is located within a groundwater conservation district. Second, the author shows a causal link between water use in hydraulic fracturing and declining local groundwater levels. The findings are helpful to inform discussions about the management of groundwater resources by shedding light on the importance of precise data on both the industry’s use and on water availability. Potential policy considerations include expanding reporting requirements to include total water use per well by both source and type, and incentivizing operators to use online water sourcing methods that would enable formal accounting for water transactions. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cgouta:307177&r=all |
| By: | Reinhardt, Karl; Deakin, Elizabeth SM., J.D. |
| Abstract: | This research projects evaluates the social, environmental, and safety impacts of shared electric scooters (e-scooters)’ through a literature review, a nationwide scan of state and local laws and regulations, and a case study of Oakland’s experience with e-scooters, including an analysis of the city’s user survey and our own in-depth interviews. E-scooters offer an enjoyable, low-cost travel option, but are used mainly by young, affluent, white males. To improve equity, cities are requiring e-scooter rental companies to serve low-income and minority communities and some further mandate that a share of the e-scooters accommodate people with disabilities. E-scooters are quiet and produce no tailpipe emissions, but their cumulative environmental impact depends on their manufacture, useful life, disposal, and use. In early applications, rental e-scooters survived less than a year. Some 30-50 percent of e-scooter trips replace short auto trips. Cities and states can improve e-scooter safety by encouraging helmet use, offering rider training, limiting speeds, improving pavements, managing parking, and calming traffic. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Scooters, electric vehicles, vehicle sharing, regulations, travel behavior, traffic safety, equity, environmental impacts |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt8x67x360&r=all |
| By: | Banie Naser Outchiri (Université de Sherbrooke) |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to contribute to the improvement of decomposition analyses for better policy-making. This is achieved under Shapley (1953)/Sun (1998)’s approach, by taking into account the net entry effect of products. Indeed, we propose to estimate the standard errors of contributions using bootstrapped normal-approximation confidence interval in order to investigate whether or not effects are significantly different from zero at standard significance levels. Therefore, our work introduces a new criterion for the choice of decomposition approaches, so-called accuracy criterion. The application is based on a decomposition of CO2 emissions embodied in China’s bilateral trade (EEBT). The results show that omitting the net entry effect can lead to under- or over-estimates of the contributions, wrong signs and even a wrong order of magnitude of the contributions, and incorrect estimation of the effects’ accuracy. Also, the analyses reveal that the effects may have different accuracy levels and some effects (even those with large magnitude contributions) may be non-significantly different from zero. This implies that there are effects that are not relevant to the explanation of China’s EEBT. Our results therefore suggest that not considering the net entry effect or not being aware of the effects’ accuracy may lead to incorrect economic interpretations and misguided policy-making. Another interesting point arising from the methodology is that the complexity of S/S’s approach, as the number of effects increases, should go hand in hand with the results’ accuracy. Hence, from this standpoint, the S/S’s approach should be preferred when the number of effects is high, contrary to what is stated in the literature. |
| Keywords: | Decomposition analysis, Shapley (1953)/Sun (1998)’s approach, Bootstrapped confidence interval, Net entry effect, Effects’ accuracy. |
| JEL: | C18 C43 P28 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shr:wpaper:20-11&r=all |
| By: | Perrin, Richard; Silva, Felipe; Fulginiti, Lilyan E; Schoengold, Karina |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2019–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaece:307118&r=all |
| By: | Cheng Cheng |
| Abstract: | Hydraulic fracturing stimulates fracture swarm in reservoir formation though pressurized injection fluid. However restricted by the availability of formation data, the variability embraced by reservoir keeps uncertain, driving unstable gas recovery along with low resource efficiency, being responsible for resource scarcity, contaminated water, and injection-induced earthquake. Resource efficiency is qualified though new determined energy efficiency, a scale of recovery and associated environmental footprint. To maximize energy efficiency while minimize its' variation, we issue picked designs at reservoir conditions dependent optimal probabilities, assembling high efficiency portfolios and low risk portfolios for portfolio combination, which balance the variation and efficiency at optimal by adjusting the proportion of each portfolio. Relative to regular design for one well, the optimal portfolio combination applied in multiple wells receive remarkable variation reduction meanwhile substantial energy efficiency increase, in response to the call of more recovery per unit investment and less environment cost per unit nature gas extracted. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2010.15223&r=all |
| By: | Ayodele Odusola |
| Abstract: | Globalization has transformed the entire world into a borderless entity, making it very difficult to separate domestic policies from foreign ones. The interdependency of economies has made African countries more vulnerable to any given policy error or economic shocks in a foreign country. Domestic policy decisions have global repercussions. Besides, the unsustainable production and consumption systems (including greenhouse emissions associated with industrialization and urbanization) in the largest economies of the world unequivocally contribute to the rising impact of climate change in Africa – the continent that contributed to climate change the least, yet has the weakest capacity to manage its impacts. How does this dynamically changing development context affect the implementation of SDGs in Africa? What are the emerging opportunities and challenges associated with the implementation of SDGs in Africa? What specific actions should Africa and the rest of the world take to ensure the objective of ‘leaving no one behind’ in Africa by 2030 is realized? These are some of the questions this paper will address. However, it is first important to know: why are the SDGs important to Africa? |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:undprp:307329&r=all |
| By: | Jansen, Jim; Stokes, Jeff |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2019–08–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaece:307106&r=all |
| By: | Clement Bonnet (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Chaire économie du climat - Chaire économie du climat) |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02971680&r=all |
| By: | Emanuele Campiglio; Simon Dietz; Frank Venmans |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202010-393&r=all |
| By: | Khuong, Phuong M.; Scheller, Fabian; McKenna, Russell; Keles, Dogan; Fichtner, Wolf |
| Abstract: | Photovoltaic (PV) has recorded an impressive development in the last years. The increasing economic potential and further technological improvement will continue to reduce the cost of PV. However, it is not yet well adopted by household customers. Adversely, there is lacking empirical evidence for understanding residential PV adoption behaviour, which this study addresses with empirical research. Although a variety of models can be used to explain social acceptance (SA) and willingness to pay (WTP) for renewable energy, they overlook the connection between SA and WTP in the final purchase decision of a decision-maker. Based on a survey of both SA and WTP in the same observation sample of 2039 Vietnamese residents, this study introduces well-established models with a new linking psychological and economic aspects to measure multiple outcomes involving residential PV behaviours to testing hypotheses with no precedent in the literature. The theoretical and integrative moderated mediation models help to understand residential PV behaviour and suggest solutions for development by revealing how different factors affect SA and WTP in different manners. Environmental interest reveals the predictive power within the SA and WTP behaviour models. Meanwhile, PV knowledge drives SA, but not WTP in Vietnam. Attitude and Perceived behavioural control not only impact SA and WTP directly but also mediate the effect of Environmental interest and SA and WTP. Age & Marital status & Children and Place of residence are important covariates that drive in the SA and WTP models, respectively. Lastly, Income is the covariate in the SA model, but the moderator in the WTP model. In practical implications, this study provides evidence that residential PV is a lifestyle product rather than an economical product, but it is not considered as an essential good for household customers. Thereby, suggestions are given to policymakers and stakeholders to promote market development. |
| Keywords: | Developing country,Willingness to pay,Social acceptance,Residential photovoltaic |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:46&r=all |
| By: | Tobias Holmsgaard Larsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Thomas Lundhede (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Søren Bøye Olsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | This report summarizes the main results from a choice experiment survey addressing peoples’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improvements in surface water quality as well as groundwater quality. A particular novel focus is on estimating the extent to which WTP is impacted by the time lags and outcome uncertainties that commonly occur in practice when implementing new policies to improve water quality. The survey is conducted across four different case areas in four different countries, involving responses from more than 3000 respondents. Results generally confirm previous findings that people on average have quite high WTP for improvements in water quality, both in relation to surface water and groundwater. In addition, the results show that the WTPs reduce significantly with increasing time lags and outcome uncertainty in relation to the actual water quality improvements. |
| Keywords: | Economic Valuation, Choice Experiment, Water Quality, Outcome Uncertainty, Time Lags |
| JEL: | C83 D60 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2020_12&r=all |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | Transitions have a bad name. Rob Hopkins, who arguably introduced the word ‘transition’ into the environmental lexicon, is said to have chosen the most neutral expression possible, so that reluctant consumers and businesses would not be frightened by the hard choices and sacrifices entailed by living in harmony with the biosphere (as opposed to blindly destroying it). Transitions are supposed to be painless. What is worse, the French historian Jean-Baptiste Fressoz has convinc- ingly argued that ‘energy transition’ is an expression coined by indus- trial lobbies in the mid-1970s to prevent the idea of ‘energy crisis’ from taking hold in western minds. Transitions are supposed to never really happen (and remain, forever, ideas for tomorrow). And yet, the concept of transition is actually a very powerful tool to think about what we should be doing in the face of worsening ecolog- ical crisis—and to act upon it. Imagining a transition means having to answer three fundamental questions: why is the world we live in not desirable anymore, what world do we want and how to get from here to there? |
| Keywords: | Transition juste; Economie de l'environnement; Economie écologique |
| Date: | 2020–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/7tfs0l6nfn9qmatuqt3ni7485k&r=all |
| By: | Timothy N. Cason (Purdue University); Lana Friesen (School of Economics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia); Lata Gangadharan (Monash University) |
| Date: | 2020–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uq2004:637&r=all |
| By: | Podestá, Andrea |
| Abstract: | A los desafíos habituales de política fiscal que los países de América Latina y el Caribe deben enfrentar a fin de cumplir con los ODS se ha sumado la necesidad de implementar políticas activas para enfrentar la pandemia del COVID-19 y mitigar los efectos económicos, sanitarios y sociales que esta genera. En el presente documento se analiza la evolución de las erogaciones públicas según el propósito de las políticas y examina de manera detallada cuáles han sido las prioridades del gasto durante los últimos años en los países de América Latina y el Caribe, con el fin de contribuir a fundamentar la discusión regional sobre el rol del Estado en el marco de la Agenda 2030. |
| Keywords: | GASTOS PUBLICOS, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, POLITICA FISCAL, CONDICIONES ECONOMICAS, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, IGUALDAD, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, FISCAL POLICY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, SOCIAL SECURITY, EQUALITY |
| Date: | 2020–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col037:46276&r=all |
| By: | Balluchi, Federica; Furlotti, Katia; Torelli, Riccardo |
| Abstract: | Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) is crucial in providing transparent and reliable information. Company characteristics play a key role in CSRD, but legislation is important and positive in increasing the number of companies, which make complete and transparent sustainability disclosure and stimulating CSR initiatives. In 2016, for the first time, Italian Legislative Decree 254/2016 requires ‘public interest entities’, to integrate statutory financial statements with disclosure of environmental, social and governance strategies from financial year 2017 onwards. This chapter investigates the role of company characteristics in influencing voluntary disclosure. The analysis focused on voluntary CSRD (2007–2016) implemented by Italian listed companies in the 10-year period, and shows that in a non-mandatory context the number of CSR reports published grew steadily. It reveals the voluntary behavior of Italian companies, compliance with the requirements of the Decree with reference to the different dimensions of sustainability, and to the use of international standards and guidelines. Findings show also a marked increase of the number of companies, which, in 2017, produced a non-financial report after the entry into force of the new law. The strength of this work is that it investigates what happened in the decade preceding the introduction of the new law tracing the relationship between historical situation, business characteristics and the requirements of the legislative decree. These results and the immediate impact of the new regulation are interestingly linked to the relationship between law and sustainable development and will be directly and indirectly useful for scholars, managers and national and international regulators. |
| Date: | 2020–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9agvf&r=all |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE [1977-2015] - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes [1977-2015] - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG [?-2019] - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble [?-2019]) |
| Abstract: | GDP has become an essential indicator in the study of international relations, particularly for classifying states in their obsession with economic growth and development. While the economic aggregate itself is not lacking in conceptual simplifications that are sometimes debatable, its use is also dangerous at a time when the production system must be questioned in favour of sustainable development. It is therefore urgent to construct sets of indicators adapted to the questions asked and to abandon GDP to its sole meaning that retained by statisticians. In conclusion, the responsibility of statisticians is not only in the construction of useful aggregates to better understand the world around us, it is also to constantly remind us of the interest, but also the strict limits of their own conceptual constructions. |
| Abstract: | Le PIB est devenu un indicateur essentiel dans l'étude des relations internationales, notamment pour classer les Etats dans leur obsession de croissance et de développement économiques. Si l'agrégat économique lui-même ne manque pas de simplifications conceptuelles parfois discutables, l'usage que l'on en fait est aussi dangereux au moment où le système de production doit être remis en cause en faveur d'un développement soutenable. Il est donc urgent de construire des ensembles d'indicateurs adaptés aux questions posées et abandonner le PIB à sa seule signification, celle retenue par les statisticiens. En conclusion, la responsabilité des statisticiens n'est pas seulement dans la construction d'agrégats utiles pour mieux comprendre le monde qui nous entoure, elle est aussi de rappeler constamment l'intérêt, mais aussi les limites strictes de leurs propres constructions conceptuelles. |
| Keywords: | State power,Statitics,GDP,sustainable development PIB,Statistiques,Statistique,PIB,développement durable,puissance des Etats |
| Date: | 2020–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02972830&r=all |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE [1977-2015] - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes [1977-2015] - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG [?-2019] - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble [?-2019]) |
| Abstract: | GDP has become an essential indicator in the study of international relations, particularly for classifying states in their obsession with economic growth and development. While the economic aggregate itself is not lacking in conceptual simplifications that are sometimes debatable, its use is also dangerous at a time when the production system must be questioned in favour of sustainable development. It is therefore urgent to construct sets of indicators adapted to the questions asked and to abandon GDP to its sole meaning that retained by statisticians. In conclusion, the responsibility of statisticians is not only in the construction of useful aggregates to better understand the world around us, it is also to constantly remind us of the interest, but also the strict limits of their own conceptual constructions. |
| Abstract: | Le PIB est devenu un indicateur essentiel dans l'étude des relations internationales, notamment pour classer les Etats dans leur obsession de croissance et de développement économiques. Si l'agrégat économique lui-même ne manque pas de simplifications conceptuelles parfois discutables, l'usage que l'on en fait est aussi dangereux au moment où le système de production doit être remis en cause en faveur d'un développement soutenable. Il est donc urgent de construire des ensembles d'indicateurs adaptés aux questions posées et abandonner le PIB à sa seule signification, celle retenue par les statisticiens. En conclusion, la responsabilité des statisticiens n'est pas seulement dans la construction d'agrégats utiles pour mieux comprendre le monde qui nous entoure, elle est aussi de rappeler constamment l'intérêt, mais aussi les limites strictes de leurs propres constructions conceptuelles. |
| Keywords: | GDP,Statitics,State power,sustainable development,Statistiques,puissance des Etats,développement durable,PIB |
| Date: | 2020–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02973800&r=all |
| By: | Emil Heesche (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Mette Asmild (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | The Danish water regulator uses, among other things, Data Envelopment Analysis to create a pseudo-competitive environment for the water companies. The benchmarking results are used to set an individual revenue cap for each company. The benchmarking model is currently criticized for not including the companies’ supply quality and thereby has an omitted variable bias problem. The regulator has, therefore, initiated an extensive effort to try to incorporate supply quality in the regulation. One problem the regulator has encountered is that incorporating supply quality in the benchmarking model tends to increase the revenue caps more than desired. The regulator does, however, not have any prior information about the quality variables and their trade-offs to the remaining variables which make it challenging to reduce the supply quality’s impact on the revenue caps. In this paper, we analyze the facet structure when incorporating three quality variables into the existing model. The facet structure gives important insights into the trade-offs between the companies costs and their level of quality. We argue that it is generally sensible to investigate the facet structure and ensure that it is trustworthy before calculating efficiency scores, in order to increase the credibility of the results. By using an outlier detection model on the estimated trade-offs we use the insights for the facet structure to create weight restrictions between costs and quality, which gives the companies incentives to reveal private information about their true trade-offs. This can help the regulator incorporate quality in the model without allowing the efficiency scores to increase excessively due to the increase in dimensionality. In addition, we propose to set weight restrictions based on the consumer’s willingness to pay for quality to avoid the companies choosing a level of quality that is higher than what the consumers are willing to pay. |
| Keywords: | Data Envelopment Analysis; Regulation; Facet structure; Weight restrictions; Trade-off |
| JEL: | C02 C14 C51 C52 C61 C67 L51 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2020_13&r=all |
| By: | Clement Bonnet (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Samuel Carcanague (IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques); Emmanuel Hache (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Gondia Seck (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Marine Simoën (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles) |
| Abstract: | Cette étude cherche à analyser trois enjeux au coeur de la transition vers les énergies renouvelables (ENR): (1) l'importance des matériaux nécessaires à la production des technologies des ENR ; (2) les dynamiques d'innovation dans ces technologies et le rôle qu'elles confèrent aux règles de la propriété intellectuelle ; (3) les interactions entre la transition énergétique et les économies exportatrices de combustibles fossiles. Ces trois sous-systèmes interagissent au sein du système plus large que constitue la géopolitique des énergies renouvelables. Les interactions entre ces différentes dimensions s'avèrent essentielles à analyser dans le cadre de la coopération internationale pour la lutte contre le changement climatique et pour comprendre les futurs jalons d'un nouvel ordre énergétique mondial. L'originalité de ce travail est de démontrer que l'analyse de la transition énergétique ne doit pas se restreindre aux liens entre les politiques climatiques, l'innovation et le déploiement des ENR. Une vision plus large est nécessaire pour prendre en compte dans un premier temps les rétroactions négatives du déploiement des ENR via les secteurs des hydrocarbures et des métaux. D'autre part, il convient d'analyser de plus près la rétroaction de l'innovation sur les politiques climatiques pour s'assurer qu'une boucle positive se forme. Trois conclusions peuvent être tirées de ce travail au niveau national ou international en matière de politiques publiques : - Les pouvoirs de marché des pays producteurs des matériaux de la transition énergétique risquent de s'accentuer dans les années à venir et les politiques de recyclage pourraient permettre de réduire le coût de la transition énergétique ; - Les politiques climatiques doivent s'assurer que les droits de propriété intellectuelle ne deviennent pas un point de blocage de la négociation climatique ; - La diversification des économies productrices d'hydrocarbures est déterminante pour le déploiement des ENR et, plus largement, sur le rythme et les modalités de la transition énergétique au niveau global. En définitive, dans un contexte de généralisation des technologies bas-carbone, |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02971706&r=all |
| By: | Susanto, Stefanny Magdalena |
| Abstract: | Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara kepulauan yang memiliki sumber daya laut melimpah dan selalu menjadi target nelayan dari berbagai negara yang dilengkapi dengan alat pancing modern, sementara nelayan domestik masih dihadapkan pada sejumlah pembatasan terkait penggunaan alat pancing. Hal ini membuat pemerintah, melalui Kementerian Kelautan perikanan, membentuk kebijakan baru yaitu Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 12 Tahun 2020 tentang Pengelolaan Lobster dan Kepiting di Wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang memperbolehkan penggunaan alat tangkap yang pada kebijakan sebelumnya dilarang untuk digunakan. |
| Date: | 2020–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uz46f&r=all |
| By: | Campbell, Ben; Rihn, Alicia; Campbell, Julie |
| Abstract: | Historically, plant purchases frequently occur in physical retail centers (e.g., mass merchandisers, garden centers, etc.). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the adoption of retail measures to reduce disease transmission and spread, including stay-at-home/lockdown orders, retail store closures, limited retail occupancy and social distancing. Consequently, consumers’ ability to shop for products in-store was impacted and opened the opportunity to use nontraditional sales methods. This report provides a summary of consumers’ perceived plant purchasing behavior in the southeast U.S. Data was collected using an online survey which was conducted during the last week of July 2020. Responses were collected from an online panel of consumers in eight southeast states. A total of 670 consumers from Alabama (n=67), Florida (n=121), Georgia (n=168), Louisiana (n=37), Mississippi (n=25), North Carolina (n=63), South Carolina (n=120) and Tennessee (n=69) completed the survey. The survey addressed consumers’ shopping behavior for ornamental plants, how those behaviors changed during the pandemic and their anticipated shopping behavior after the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Marketing |
| Date: | 2020–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaeer:307266&r=all |
| By: | Mihalyi, David |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the factors affecting the speed at which newly discovered oil and gas fields are developed. Using data from over 25,000 oil and gas assets globally I demonstrate that both asset and country characteristics are critical in determining which assets reach production stage. I analyze the effects of countries adopting a set of market oriented reforms, to shed light on the impacts of institutional changes on petroleum extraction timeline. Mitigating climate change will require a large share of the world's already discovered fossil resources to stay underground. The results of this study can help inform how petroleum producers may respond to the energy transition underway. My findings also calls into question the assumption used in earlier research that giant oil and gas discoveries can be considered exogenous in their impacts on subsequent production. |
| Keywords: | resource curse, natural resources, oil discovery, institutions, liberalization |
| JEL: | P50 Q33 Q35 |
| Date: | 2020–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103725&r=all |
| By: | A.A. Tijani; Masuku M. B (Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria) |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:368&r=all |
| By: | Gustafson, Christopher |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2019–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaece:307112&r=all |
| By: | Simon Levin; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | This survey provides: a description of common and distinct characteristics of economic and ecological systems; examples of the ways in which these characteristics can be incorporated into models adequately describing the co-evolution of the two component systems to produce a unified economic-ecological system in time, space and appropriate scale; and a discussion of policy design when the policy maker takes into account this co-evolution, along with potential biases when the co-evolution is ignored. We propose the development of integrated assessment models of the co-evolving systems which will embody the variety of common and distinct characteristics identified in this survey. We expect that such an approach will provide useful insights regarding the efficient management of co-evolving ecological-economic systems. |
| Keywords: | economic-ecological systems, co-evolution, space, scale, heterogeneity, uncertainty |
| JEL: | Q5 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2034&r=all |
| By: | Alex Fernández Poulussen |
| Abstract: | España, como país de marcado carácter agroexportador, es uno de los países más expuestos a importantes riesgos hídricos, lo cual genera importantes implicaciones económicas. En este artículo se presenta el concepto estrés hídrico y se cuantifica su nivel en distintas zonas de España para posteriormente realizar un análisis más amplio de otros aspectos de riesgo hídrico y las distintas fuentes de datos existentes que permiten conocerlos en detalle. |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2020-33&r=all |