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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Schultes, Anselm; Piontek, Franziska; Soergel, Bjoern; Rogelj, Joeri; Baumstark, Lavinia; Kriegler, Elmar; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Luderer, Gunnar |
| Abstract: | Current analyses of pathways limiting global warming to well below 2°C, as called for in the Paris Agreement, do not consider the climate impacts already occurring below 2°C. Here we show that accounting for these damages significantly increases the near-term ambition of transformation pathways. We use econometric estimates of climate damages on GDP growth and explicitly model the uncertainty in the time that damages persist and in the climate sensitivity. We find that carbon prices in 2030 are higher compared to the case where only the 2°C is considered; the median value is $115 per tonne of CO2. The long-term persistence of damages, while highly uncertain, is a main driver of optimal near-term climate policy. Accounting for damages on economic growth increases the gap between the currently pledged nationally determined contributions and the welfare-optimal 2030 emissions for 2°C by two thirds, compared to pathways considering the 2°C limit only. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Climate change mitigation; Climate change impacts; Climate policy; International climate policy; Paris Agreement; Transformation pathways; |
| JEL: | F53 O13 Q5 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103655&r=all |
| By: | Avik, Sinha; Tuhin, Sengupta |
| Abstract: | There is a limited number of studies on the estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions, though it is one of the most harmful greenhouse gases (GHGs) present in ambient atmosphere. In the wake of industrialization, it is necessary to understand the impact of energy consumption pattern on N2O emissions and revise the energy policies accordingly. In this study, we have analyzed the impact of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumptions on N2O emissions for APEC countries over the period of 1990-2015, and the analysis has been carried out following the EKC hypothesis framework. The results obtained from the study indicate the efficacy of the renewable energy solutions in having positive impact on environmental quality by helping to reduce the level of N2O emissions. The policy implications derived the results are designed keeping the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in mind, so that the energy policies can bring forth sustainability in the economic systems in these nations. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy; N2O Emissions; APEC Countries; SDG; sustainability |
| JEL: | Q53 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103717&r=all |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer; Carolyn Fischer |
| Abstract: | Several EU member states are exploring options for setting minimum domestic carbon prices within the EU Emission Trading System (ETS). First, a “TAX” policy would introduce a carbon tax equal to the difference between the prevailing ETS price and the targeted minimum price. Second, a national auction reserve price would “KILL” allowances by invalidating them until the ETS price equalled the national minimum price. Third, a government could require domestic overcompliance and “BILL” covered entities for extra allowances per ton of emissions, thereby increasing demand for allowances and pulling up the ETS price. We explore the implications of these policy options on national and ETS-wide carbon prices, revenues from emissions allowances, emissions, and economic welfare. We find that a national government’s preferred unilateral policy will depend on the extent to which it values the fiscal benefits of revenues, which favor TAX or to a lesser degree BILL, versus climate benefits, which favor KILL and also BILL, particularly for jurisdictions with more emissions to leverage for overcompliance. Our analysis can be generalized to other multilateral cap-and-trade systems where participants pursue more stringent internal emission pricing through unilateral policies. |
| Keywords: | CO2 price floor, emissions trading, carbon tax |
| JEL: | H23 Q58 D62 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8631&r=all |
| By: | Timothy Neal (UNSW School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This article uses satellite data to estimate the effectiveness of government protection on forested land across the globe over 2000-2018. Since deforestation is a significant contributor to precipitous declines in biodiversity, spillover of zoonotic viruses and climate change, measuring and analysing the effectiveness of protection is important for the future of conservation. It uses a regression discontinuity design at the boundaries of protected forest to overcome the fact that protection is not randomly assigned. It finds that many countries lack effective protection, and that effectiveness is strongly related to the quality of institutions and negatively related to economic development. |
| Keywords: | Regression Discontinuity, Climate Change, Biodiversity, Corruption |
| JEL: | C13 C21 P48 Q23 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:swe:wpaper:2020-15&r=all |
| By: | Julien Xavier Daubanes; Fanny Henriet; Katheline Schubert |
| Abstract: | We examine an open economy’s strategy to reduce its carbon emissions by replacing its consumption of coal—very carbon intensive—with gas—less so. Unlike the standard theoretical approach to carbon leakage, we show that unilateral CO2 reduction policies generate a higher leakage rate in the presence of more than one carbon energy source, and may turn counterproductive, ultimately increasing world emissions. We establish testable conditions as to whether a unilateral tax on domestic CO2 emissions increases the domestic exploitation of gas, and whether such a strategy increases global emissions. We also characterize this strategy’s implications for climate policy in the rest of the world. Finally, we present an illustrative application of our results to the US. |
| Keywords: | unilateral climate policy, carbon emission reduction, shale gas, gas-coal substitution, coal exports, carbon leakage, US policy, counter-productive policy |
| JEL: | Q58 H73 F18 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8590&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of afforestation and carbon capture and storage to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and of geoengineering |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2065&r=all |
| By: | Marianne Lefebvre (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage); Masha Maslianskaia Pautrel (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage); Pauline Laille |
| Abstract: | Final report of the project ACCERO led by the ministry for agriculture and food and the ministry of Ecological and Solidary Transition, with the financial support of the French Biodiversity Agency on "Call for research & innovation projects on the development of alternative solutions to plant protection products in gardens, green spaces and infrastructures" research call, with the fees for diffuse pollution coming from the Ecophyto plan. |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02519184&r=all |
| By: | Scita, Rossana; Raimondi, Pier Paolo; Noussan, Michel |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in the energy market. In the last years, demand for hydrogen has substantially increased worldwide, with several countries developing hydrogen national strategies, and private companies investing in the development of hydrogen related projects. Green hydrogen’s environmental sustainability and versatility contribute to its representation as the holy grail of decarbonisation. This working paper challenges this definition, by analysing the historical process which contributed to hydrogen’s rise, showing the current uses of hydrogen and the major obstacles to the implementation of a green hydrogen economy, and assessing the geopolitical implications of a future hydrogen society. Particularly, the paper shows that the hydrogen economy is still far from becoming reality. Even though investments in green hydrogen technologies and projects have increased over the last decade, there still remains a high number of unresolved issues, relating to technical challenges and geopolitical implications. Nonetheless, a clean hydrogen economy offers promising opportunities not only to fight climate change, but also to redraw geopolitical relations between states. The energy transition is already taking place, with renewable energies gradually eroding the global energy system based on fossil fuels. A global transformation, set in motion by the need to decarbonise the energy system, will have the potential to redraw international alliances and conflicts. In this context, hydrogen may play a crucial role. By 2050, hydrogen could indeed meet up to 24% of the world’s energy needs, thus highly influencing the geopolitical landscape. In this regard, the choice over which pathway to take for the creation of hydrogen value chains will have a huge geopolitical impact, resulting in new dependencies and rivalries between states. Conclusively, if national governments are willing to spur the emergence of a green hydrogen economy, they should heavily invest in research and development, encourage the development of a clean hydrogen value chain, and promote common international standards. Moreover, they should also take into account hydrogen’s geopolitical implications. If the hydrogen economy is well-managed, it could indeed increase energy security, diversify the economy, and strengthen partnerships with third countries. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemfe:305824&r=all |
| By: | Dina Kassab (Cairo University); Chahir Zaki (Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University and Economic Research Forum) |
| Abstract: | This paper explains vagueness in International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) by the heterogeneity in institutional capacities of the negotiating countries. Using a game-theoretic model, where information regarding institutional capacities of potential participants is asymmetric, this paper endogenizes countries’ participation and compliance behavior and explains the level of ambiguity in the IEA design, thus contributing to a more realistic modeling of the treaty formation. It is shown that (1) generally, a country is more likely to ratify a given agreement the larger the number of its ratifiers and the closer its institutional capacity relative to that of the other ratifiers, (2) countries with higher institutional capacities are more likely to ratify precise agreements and to comply to their obligations therein, (3) an increased level of precision in the agreement is likely to increase participation when the distribution of institutional capacities of negotiating countries is skewed to the right or slightly skewed to the left, and (4) in the case where institutional capacities are quite skewed to the left or uniformly distributed, more ambiguity is required to increase participation; this is the case where countries agree to disagree regarding the implementation of the IEA. To test our theoretical predictions, we use a dataset with information on countries’ ratification behavior towards five climate change-related IEAs (Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement) from 1980 to 2018 and construct our own index of agreements precision by focusing on six criteria (specifity of controlled substances and time schedule; numerical mitigation targets; clarity of implementation mechanism; reporting, monitoring and review process; sanctions for noncompliance and incentives for developing countries). Our empirical results show that (i) there exists a band-wagon effect in countries’ ratification decisions, (ii) large institutional differences reduce this bandwagon effect and hence the likelihood of ratification, (iii) vagueness reduces countries’ incentives to ratify, yet, (iv) when countries ratify vague agreements, the latter are likely to be less binding and consequently are associated to more CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2020–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1405&r=all |
| By: | Melissa Chow; Jordan Stanley |
| Abstract: | During the twenty-first century, hurricanes, heavy storms, and flooding have affected many areas in the United States. Natural disasters and climate change can cause property damage and could have an impact on a variety of business outcomes. This paper builds upon existing research and literature that analyzes the impact of natural disasters on businesses. Specifically, we look at the differential effect of eight hurricanes during the period 2000-2009 on establishments in coastal counties relative to establishments in coastal-adjacent or inland counties. Our outcomes of interest include establishment employment and death. We find that following a hurricane event, establishments located in a coastal county have lower employment and increased probability of death relative to establishments in non-coastal counties. |
| Keywords: | hurricane, natural disaster, coasts, employment, exit. |
| JEL: | D22 L20 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:20-27&r=all |
| By: | Gabrielle Bouleau (LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UNIV GUSTAVE EIFFEL - Université Gustave Eiffel); Rémi Barbier (ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg); Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille (HMMN - Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Manche Mer du nord, IFREMER Centre Manche Mer du Nord, - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer); Bruno Tassin (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech, LEESU - Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12); Arnaud Buchs (IEPG [2020-....] - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble [2020-....] - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....], GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Grenoble INP [2020-....] - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2020-....] - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....]); Florence Habets (LGE - Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | European stakeholders engaged in combatting the eutrophication of the North Sea welcomed three Water Framework Directive innovations: a more holistic approach to quality, the binding nature of WFD objectives, and greater public participation. Twenty years later, however, there has been a disappointing amount of progress in the reduction of diffuse pollution. In the Seine River Basin, the amount of livestock rearing is low; yet the basin is subject to significant diffuse pollution due to agriculture. This paper reports our study of this case; we examine the literature on WFD implementation policy in order to identify the physical and social causes of this failure to reduce diffuse pollution. We show that the nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides that affect ground, surface and marine waters are attributable to structural changes in agricultural production rather than to inefficient farming practices. We describe how a series of instruments that were designed to combat the diffuse agricultural origins of pollutants have had little effect. We identify the main obstacles to improvement as being the dispersion of the targeted public and the dispersion of benefits, given the current nature of legitimacy in the European Union. This case illustrates the fact that intensive agricultural production has an impact on water quality far beyond the problem of excess manure from livestock production. |
| Keywords: | Seine River Basin,France,WFD,intensive agriculture,regulatory space,output legitimacy,policy implementation,Diffuse pollution |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02957812&r=all |
| By: | Evelyn Dietsche |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the potential impacts of the transition to a low-carbon future for the taxation of extractive resources. The global debate on climate change has firmly moved on from the question of whether countries ought to shift towards such a future to that of how they are going to achieve it. |
| Keywords: | Taxation, Climate change, low-carbon future, carbon pricing, Domestic revenue mobilization, Extractives |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-125&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of technical options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2062&r=all |
| By: | Kristine Grimsrud; Cathrine Hagem (Statistics Norway); Arne Lind; Henrik Lindhjem |
| Abstract: | Negative environmental externalities associated with wind power plants depend on the physical characteristics of turbine installations and associated power lines and the geographical siting. We derive analytically an environmental taxation scheme for achieving the efficient spatial distribution of new wind power production, taking account of both production and environmental costs. Further, we illustrate the analytical results by means of a detailed numerical energy system model for Norway. We show that a given target for wind power production can be achieved at a significantly lower social cost by implementing a tax scheme, compared to the current situation with no environmental taxes. We also show that the environmental costs associated with both turbines and power lines were crucial to the efficient spatial allocation of wind power plants. |
| Keywords: | Wind power; wind power plant; renewable energy; environmental externalities; environmental taxes; energy system model |
| JEL: | H23 Q42 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:938&r=all |
| By: | Fox, Caterina |
| Abstract: | In the area of green consumption there is a gap between the environmental concern expressed by people and the actions they are prepared to take as consumers. This so-called 'green gap' phenomenon means that while consumers' environmental beliefs are stable or even intensifying, they do not necessarily behave in an eco-friendly way or buy environmentally minded products. In this study, the green gap was explored by focusing on the formation of 'green' attitudes towards organic produce. Specifically, the role of values and specific vs. general environmental beliefs was examined. Data was collected via a standardized, quantitative survey (n=278) and analyzed with the help of hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Universalism values and specific environmental beliefs emerged as predictors of positive attitudes towards organic fruit and vegetables. Thus, the use of universalism values is recommended for the segmentation of the green market. Furthermore, marketers should communicate very clearly how buying organic will benefit the environment. |
| Keywords: | Green gap,organic,consumer behavior,attitude formation,theory of planned behavior |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhma:32020&r=all |
| By: | Benjamin Ouvrard (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Arnaud Reynaud (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laetitia Tuffery (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In a global context of increasing water scarcity, reducing water use in the agricultural sector is one of the spearheads of sustainable agricultural and environmental policies. New technologies such as smart water meters are promising tools for addressing this issue, but their voluntary adoption by farmers has been limited. Conducting a discrete choice experiment with randomized treatments, we test two policy instruments designed to foster the voluntary adoption of smart water meters: a conditional subsidy and green nudges. The conditional subsidy is offered to farmers who adopt a smart meter only if the rate of adoption in their geographic area is sufficiently high (25%, 50% or 75%). In addition, we implement informational nudges by providing farmers specific messages regarding water scarcity and water management. With the responses of 1,272 French farmers, we show that both policy instruments are effective tools for fostering smart water meter adoption. Surprisingly, our results show that the willingness to pay for the conditional subsidy does not depend on the collective adoption threshold. We also demonstrate that farmers who receive an informational nudge are more likely to opt for a smart water meter. This result calls for a careful joint design of these two policy instruments.. |
| Keywords: | Behavioural economics,Choice experiment,Nudges,French farmers,Smart water meters,Social norms. |
| Date: | 2020–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02958784&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2060&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the impact of policy choices on the costs of greenhouse gas emission reduction |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2067&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of saving energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2063&r=all |
| By: | Vo, Duc |
| Abstract: | This study is conducted to examine the concerns of the foreign direct investment (FDI) causing environment degradation and also to test the validity of the traditional Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in the context of emerging markets in the Asian region. Data of these countries from 1980–2016 are utilised. This study employs panel cointegration Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), which treats the endogeneity problem, and its estimators are adjusted for serial correlation. Moreover, this study also uses panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), which includes contemporaneous value, leads and, lags of the first di�erence of the regressors to correct endogeneity problems and serial correlations. Findings from this study indicate that the pollution heaven hypothesis and the EKC curve are generally valid in the region. In addition, FDI has a strong impact on the environment. |
| Keywords: | FDI; environment degradation; pollution heaven hypothesis FMOLS; DOLS; causality; Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q4 Q43 Q48 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103292&r=all |
| By: | Carolyn Fischer; Timothy Meyer |
| Abstract: | EU-Biodiesel (Indonesia) is the latest in two lines of cases. On the one hand, the case offers yet another example of the Dispute Settlement Body striking down creative interpretations of antidumping rules by developed countries. Applying the Appellate Body’s decision in EU-Biodiesel (Argentina), the panel found that the EU could not use antidumping duties to counteract the effects of Indonesia’s export tax on palm oil. On the other hand, the decision is another chapter in the battle over renewable energy markets. Both the EU and Indonesia had intervened in their markets to promote the development of domestic biodiesel industries. The panel’s decision prevents the EU from using antidumping duties to preserve market opportunities created by its Renewable Energy Directive for its domestic biodiesel producers. The EU has responded in two ways. First, through regulations that disfavor palm-based biodiesel, but not biodiesel made from other foodstocks, such as rapeseed oil commonly produced in the EU. Second, the EU has imposed countervailing duties on Indonesian biodiesel, finding that Indonesia’s export tax on crude palm oil constitutes a subsidy to Indonesian biodiesel producers. The EU’s apparently inelastic demand for protection raises two questions: First, when domestic political bargains rest on both protectionist and non-protectionist motives and policies have both protectionist and non-protectionist effects, what are the welfare consequences of restraining only overt protectionism? Second, under what circumstances may regulatory approaches be even less desirable than duties for addressing combined protectionist and environmental interests, and would the WTO have the right powers to discipline them in an environmentally sound way? |
| Keywords: | World Trade Organization, antidumping, biodiesel, climate governance, economic development. |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2019/80&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of models to estimate the costs of greenhouse gas emission reduction |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2066&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the Kaya Identity to decompose past trends and future projections of greenhouse gas emissions |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2061&r=all |
| By: | Emilio Padilla Rosa (Departament d'Economia Aplicada, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona); Evans Jadotte (World Bank, Macro Economics, Trade and Investment Global Practice) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the differences in CO2 emissions per capita between developing countries and how these are influenced by a series of affluence, structural, demographic and climatic variables. We first perform a regression analysis to ascertain the determinants of CO2 emissions, providing new evidence for the case of developing countries. The results indicate an N-shaped relationship with GDP per capita and a negative impact of the agriculture share and average daily minimum temperatures, while urbanization and the share of potentially active population would be positively correlated with emissions per capita. By using the regression-based inequality decomposition method, our analysis indicates the weight of each significant determinant in explaining the inequality in CO2 emissions per capita between developing countries. The main contributor to this inequality is economic affluence, while the potentially active population factor is the second main contributor. We study their change over time and the relevance of each factor in the changes experienced by inequality. Some of our results contrast with similar studies for more heterogeneous samples including developed countries. We derive some implications for environmental policy in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emission drivers; CO2 emission inequality drivers; CO2 inequality; developing countries; regression-based inequality decomposition. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2012&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of application of the contingent choice method to value carbon offsets |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, contingent choice, choice modelling, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2036&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of switching fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, undergraduate, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2064&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the Ecological Footprint and similar indicators |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, ecological footprint, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | E01 Q50 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2058&r=all |
| By: | Michael Coury |
| Abstract: | How does exposure to risk shape individual preferences for an expanded state? I examine this question in the context of a source of risk prominently featured in the public discourse: climate change. I use variation in California wildfire activity to study how demand for government services evolves following exposure to climate change associated disaster events. I find that Census block groups experiencing a large fire in the two years preceding a biennial Congressional election increase support by 0.7 percentage points for ballot initiatives which expand government spending and taxation. Preference for a more activist state is stronger on the issues rendered most salient by fire exposure, as I document a larger increase of 2.6 percentage points in support for ballot initiatives endorsed by pro-environment interest groups. The effect of fire exposure is stronger in more Republican areas and decays with distance from a fire. The effect does not appear to be driven by shifts in voter registration or turnout, suggesting that the mechanism is indeed changes in individual preferences rather than compositional changes in the electorate. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pit:wpaper:7023&r=all |
| By: | Li, Gang |
| Abstract: | In a two-sector general equilibrium model with pollution (arising from production) affecting the productivity, I examine in both autarky and trade equilibria the equivalence between tax and quota, that is, whether they can replace each other to achieve the same environmental goals. I show that (i) sometimes tax cannot achieve what quota can; (ii) the equivalence/non-equivalence between tax and quota may change due to trade liberalization; (iii) the choice of numeraire matters under tax regulation. |
| Keywords: | Pollution tax; emission quota; production externalities; numeraire |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103463&r=all |
| By: | Golub, Alexander; Govorukha, Kristina; Mayer, Philip; Rübbelke, Dirk |
| Abstract: | The effects of extreme weather events, such as heat waves and droughts are taken into account in both global and European policies. Accordingly, the protection of critical infrastructures and in particular, the resilience of the energy sector was the subject of intense research. There are regional differences in the degree of exposure to extreme events. In Northern Europe, their intensity has increased dramatically within a decade. In our analysis we identify emerging risks of extreme weather events, in particular, droughts and high temperatures, for the German power sector. Furthermore, we consider how European policy addressed these severe risks. Our analysis is based on extensive datasets covering temperature and drought data for the last 40 years. We find evidence of a higher frequency of power plants outages as a consequence of droughts and high temperatures. We investigate increases in the wholesale electricity price and price volatility and develop a capacity-adjusted drought index. The results are used to assess the monetary loss of power plant outages due to heatwaves and droughts. We stress that increasing frequencies of such extreme weather events will aggravate the observed problem, especially with respect to the transition of the power sector. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemff:305822&r=all |
| By: | Chigumira, Gibson; Dube, Cornelius; Mudzonga, Evengelista; Chiwunze, Gamuchirai; Matsika, Wellington |
| Abstract: | Zimbabwe is richly endowed with natural resources which include renewables (land; forest, water; wildlife; sunshine) and non-renewables (oil; gas; minerals) among others. The exploitation of these natural resources present immense opportunities to sustain high levels of income based resource rents. The purpose of this study is to provide policy makers and the broader public with information that can be used to inform the strategies designed to ensure that the country fully realises benefits of its rich natural resources endowments to drive economic growth and transformation to achieve the upper middle income status by 2030. While the country has diverse natural resource the study is not exhaustive but exploratory and only focused on a few natural resources: minerals; forestry; wildlife and solar energy. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:zepars:305818&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sharma, Rajesh; Sinha, Avik; Jiao, Zhilun |
| Abstract: | Several Asian countries are facing challenges regarding accomplishment of the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and India is facing a similar situation. Following this, this study talks about designing an SDG framework for India, which can be used as a benchmark for the other Asian countries. In this pursuit, this study looks into whether per capita income, energy use, trade openness, and oil price have any impact on CO2 emissions between 1980 and 2019. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach proves that the fluctuations in independent variables have an asymmetric long-term impact on CO2 emissions. The results reveal that the prevailing economic growth pattern in India is environmentally unsustainable, because of its dependence on fossil fuel-based energy consumption and imported crude oil. Import substitution has been identified as one of the first stepping stones to address this issue, and accordingly, a multipronged SDG framework has been designed based on the direct and extended version of the study outcomes. While the Central policy framework shows a way to address SDG 7, SDG 8, SDG 12, and SDG 13, the Tangential policy framework shows the way to sustain the Central policy framework by addressing SDG 4. |
| Keywords: | CO2, Energy, India, NARDL, Oil Prices, SDG |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103428&r=all |
| By: | Shunta Yamaguchi |
| Abstract: | Many governments are increasingly recognising the need to ensure that trade and investment agreements reflect environmental concerns to help achieve overarching environmental goals and to increase their public acceptability. In particular, investment liberalisation and protection, as well as environmental sustainability are essential elements to consider in these agreements to foster economic integration and require coherent policy approaches.In this context, this report investigates possible approaches that can help ensure policy coherence between investment and environment related provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs). As investment related articles appear not only in RTAs but more broadly in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and in other international investment agreements (IIAs), the work extends to trade and investment agreements that encompass RTAs, BITs and other IIAs. The report highlights available practices to ensure that investment related provisions reaffirm the domestic environmental policy space. |
| Keywords: | bilateral investment agreements, environment policy, environmental provisions, free trade agreements, green investment, international investment agreements, investment policy, Regional trade agreements, trade and environment, trade and investment agreements, trade policy |
| JEL: | F18 F53 P45 R11 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaaa:2020/03-en&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the possibility to stimulate economic growth through greenhouse gas emission reduction |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, climate change, postgraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2068&r=all |
| By: | Weinian Hu; Jacques Pelkmans |
| Abstract: | EU/China bilateral trade policy is largely conducted via a myriad of ‘trade-related’ Dialogues, nearly 50. Both the sheer quantity and the scope are conspicuous. We undertake a first attempt to map and assess these EU/China Dialogues, as far as is possible given the lack of transparency and paucity of hard data. We identify seven functions of the Dialogues. Four key questions are posed: (1) can the web of bilateral Dialogues be seen as an ‘unbundled’ FTA? (not really) ; (2) can Dialogues improve or delay market access? (if not about applied tariffs, both can be found, but easier access may well dominate because of the ‘lesser restrictions’ approach via Chinese reforms stimulated via Dialogues) ; (3) can Dialogues stimulate ‘sustainable development’, both socially and in environment & climate ? (yes, in both) ; (4) can Dialogues address ‘systemic differences’ ? (surely not directly, but in roundabout ways via reforms, selectively). |
| Keywords: | EU-China trade policy , EU-China economic cooperation , sustainable development , bilateral dialogues |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2020/46&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This research focuses on assessing how improving openness influences CO2 emissions in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is based on 49 countries in SSA for the period 2000-2018 divided into: (i) 44 countries in SSA for the period 2000-2012; and (ii) 49 countries for the period 2006-2018. Openness is measured in terms of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments. The following main findings are established. First, enhancing trade openness has a net positive impact on CO2 emissions, while increasing FDI has a net negative impact. Second, the relationship between CO2 emissions and trade is a Kuznets shape, while the nexus between CO2 emissions and FDI inflows is a U-shape. Third, a minimum trade openness (imports plus exports) threshold of 100 (% of GDP) and 200 (% of GDP) is beneficial in promoting a green economy for the first and second sample, respectively. Fourth, FDI is beneficial for the green economy below critical masses of 28.571 of Net FDI inflows (% of GDP) and 33.333 of net FDI inflows (% of GDP) for first and second samples, respectively. It follows from findings that while FDI can be effectively managed to reduce CO2 emissions, this may not be the case with trade openness because the corresponding thresholds for trade openness are closer to the maximum limit. This study complements the extant literature by providing critical masses of Trade and FDI that are relevant in promoting the green economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/072&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the incidence of environmental pollution and policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, environmental justice, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | J15 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2052&r=all |
| By: | Foster, Gillian Joanne; Lamura, Maddalena Josefin; Hackel, Jakob |
| Abstract: | The report ”Kultur-Token Sustainable Business Model:Visualizing, Tokenizing, and Rewarding Mobility Behavior in Vienna, Austria” is the result of an ongoing scientific collaboration between the Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics and the City of Vienna. This case study uses business modeling to understand the project Kultur-Token and serves as a strategic tool for both the management team as well as external stakeholders. The report documents the process of development of the Kultur-Token, describes it’s purpose and features, the goals and stakeholders involved until the suspension of the test phase at the end of march 2020, as the Covid-19 pandemic restricted both mobility and cultural activities. |
| Keywords: | Kultur-Token, App, mobility, sustainable business model, tokenizing mobility behavior, Vienna, cryptoeconomics, low carbon mobility, token, culture, rewards, mobility tracking, public transport, mobility behavior goal, City of Vienna |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus051:7777&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the policy implications of the environmental Kuznets curve |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, environmental Kuznets curve, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2051&r=all |
| By: | J.-M. GERMAIN (Insee); T. LELLOUCH (Insee) |
| Abstract: | Respecter les engagements climatiques qui découlent des accords de Paris sur le climat nécessite des moyens financiers importants que l’on évalue ici à l’aide d’un modèle macroéconomique combinant un critère de répartition intergénérationnelle de l’effort climatique et des hypothèses sur l’efficacité des technologies de décarbonation. Les résultats montrent que pour la France, la trajectoire actuelle d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre n’est pas soutenable, au sens où pour atteindre l’engagement de neutralité carbone en 2050, le niveau annuel de dépenses pour le climat devrait augmenter de manière très substantielle, à 4.5 % du PIB contre 1.9 % actuellement. Ces évaluations permettent d’en déduire un prix social du carbone ou valeur de l’action climat,significativement réévaluée à la hausse par rapport aux évaluations précédentes, dans le sillage des résultats de la commission Quinet en 2019. De telles évaluations de trajectoire d’émissions et de prix social du carbone pourraient constituer le point d’entrée d’une comptabilité économique environnementale qui intègre la dégradation du patrimoine naturel induite par les activités économiques. |
| Keywords: | Soutenabilité, changement climatique, prix du carbone, épargne nette ajustée |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 Q56 E01 E21 O13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nse:doctra:g2020-09&r=all |
| By: | Yoo, Sunbin; Koh, Kyung Woong; Yoshida, Yoshikuni |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether the contrasting set of transportation policies in Korea---reductions in fuel taxes and increases in diesel automobile prices---has decreased emissions. Using a random-coefficient discrete choice model and hypothetical policy sets, we estimate the automobile demand of consumers, the market share of cars by fuel type, and total emissions, assuming that consumer preferences for driving costs change over time. Then, we separately analyze the effect of each policy set on automobile sales and emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter. Our analyses reveal that Korean consumers have become more sensitive toward fuel costs over time and that the emission consequences of Korean policies depend on consumer preferences. |
| Keywords: | Discrete Choice, Demand Estimation, Emissions, Transportation, Fuel Cost |
| JEL: | D1 D12 R4 R41 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103311&r=all |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | On December 11 2019, the European Commission released a communication outlining a blueprint for a “European Green Deal”. To clarify its scope and limits, this Policy brief offers a critical examination of the main concepts that underpin and frame it: carbon neutrality, decoupling, resource efficiency, inclusive growth and just transition. [First paragraph] |
| Keywords: | European Green Deal; European Commission; Main concepts |
| Date: | 2020–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5h72jqj51784nakihclqujf0ke&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of on efficient stock pollution |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, Pareto optimality, cost-benefit analysis, stock pollution, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | D61 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2019&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of on efficient flow pollution |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, Pareto optimality, cost-benefit analysis, flow pollution, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | D61 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2018&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the contingent choice method to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, contingent choice, choice modelling, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2035&r=all |
| By: | Burdett, Ashley; Etheridge, Ben; Spantig, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Mental well-being has declined during the Covid-19 pandemic in several developed countries, and particularly in the UK. Given the resurgence of the disease in western Europe during autumn 2020 and concurrently increasing restrictions, we investigate the possible effect on well-being of a winter lockdown. Using local variation during the spring lockdown in the UK, we found little effect of weather (temperature and rainfall) on well-being. This finding is despite a strong effect of weather on mobility in parks during the same period. Together, our results suggest a limited role for recreational mobility in maintaining well-being during this period. Our evidence suggests that winter weather will not exacerbate the well-being costs of lockdowns. |
| Date: | 2020–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ese:iserwp:2020-13&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the contingent value method to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, contingent valuation, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2032&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the Weitzman Theorem applied to environmental policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2046&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the environmental Kuznets curve |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, environmental Kuznets curve, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2049&r=all |
| By: | Gocht, Alexander; Consmüller, Nicola; Thom, Ferike; Grethe, Harald |
| Abstract: | Genome edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulation, however, diverges regarding the classification of genome edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome edited crops, while in the European Union they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish products from genome edited plants compared to non-genome edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose to not import anymore agricultural and food products based on crops, for which genome edited varieties are available. As a consequence, crop products, for which the EU is currently a net importer, would become more expensive in the EU and production would intensify. Furthermore, strong substitution among products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production and trade. We analyse the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy on the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CAPRI. Our results indicate that effects on agricultural and food prices as well as farm income are strong, and the intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as increases in global greenhouse gas emissions. This suggests that the trade effects should be taken into account when developing domestic regulation for genome edited crops. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:305817&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of trade and the environmental Kuznets curve |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, environmental Kuznets curve, international trade, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2050&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of an application of the contingent value method to value Stonehenge |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, contingent valuation, stonehenge, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2033&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of corporate environmental accounting and reporting |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, corporate accounting, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | M40 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2059&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of environmental taxes |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2044&r=all |
| By: | Alhassan A. Karakara (CEPDeR, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria); Evans S. Osabuohien (CEPDeR, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | There are few studies on the determinants of energy consumption of households in Africa, particularly in Ghana. Thus, this study identifies the drivers of households’ fuel consumption for domestic purposes and examines two fuel categories (‘clean’ fuels versus ‘dirty’ fuels). The study used Demographic and Health Survey data that has a sample of 11,835 households across Ghana. Binary categorical models (binary logistic and binary probit) were used to investigate whether a household uses ‘clean fuel’ or ‘dirty fuel’, which are estimated with socio-economic variables and spatial disparity (regional location). The results suggest that households’ energy consumption is affected by socio-economic variables and rural households are more deprived than urban households in adopting clean fuels. Also, male-headed households have a higher likelihood than female-headed households to adopt clean fuels. Many households choose clean fuels for lighting than they do for cooking as wealth status improves. However, solid fuels such as charcoal and firewood remain the dominant fuel used for cooking by the majority of households. The use of these dirty fuels could hamper the health status of households because of indoor pollution. The study recommends that policies should be geared towards the provision of clean and better energy sources to households. |
| Keywords: | ‘Clean’ fuels, ‘Dirty’ fuels, household fuel adoption, household fuel consumption, Energy usage, Ghana. |
| JEL: | O13 P28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/075&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of applications of the Environmental Domestic Product |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, environmental domestic product, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | E01 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2056&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the possible problems with the contingent value method |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, contingent valuation, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2034&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of measuring productivity growth in the presence of unaccounted natural resources |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, productivity growth, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | O47 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2048&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the travel cost method to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, revealed preference, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2028&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the theory of the Environmental Domestic Product |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, environmental domestic product, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | E01 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2055&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the role of valuation in taxation and cost-benefit analysis |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, Pigou tax, cost-benefit analysis, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | D61 Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2024&r=all |
| By: | Reaser, Jamie; Hund, Brookline E.; Ruiz-Aravena, Manuel; Tabor, Gary M.; Patz, Jonathan A.; Becker, Daniel; Locke, Harvey; Hudson, Peter; Plowright, Raina |
| Abstract: | Anthropogenic land use change is the major driver of zoonotic pathogen spillover from wildlife to humans. In response to the global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (the agent of COVID-19 disease), there have been renewed calls for landscape conservation as a disease preventive measure. While protected areas are a vital conservation tool for wildlands, more than 50% of habitable land is now human-modified and thus requires strategic, site-based measures to prevent land use-induced spillover, especially by managing landscape immunity and the dynamics of animal-human proximity. Crisis is a conversation starter for reimagining and recommitting ourselves to what is most vital and generative. Here we provide a brief overview of zoonotic spillover concepts and dynamics from a conservation practitioner perspective and outline a landscape-oriented policy agenda to minimize the risk of future large-scale zoonoses outbreaks. Among other things, we need to recognize human health as a vital ecological service, ensure ecological resilience, and facilitate public investment in biosecurity to sustain economic viability and human well-being. Landscape management approaches to spillover risk reduction are part of a toolkit that includes ecological, veterinary, and medical interventions, disease surveillance, and wildlife trade policy measures. |
| Date: | 2020–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:7gd6a&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of benefit transfer to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, revealed preference, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2037&r=all |
| By: | Renaldi, Renaldi (Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford); Hall, Richard (Energy Transitions Ltd.); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Roskilly, Anthony P. (Department of Engineering, Durham University) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the experience curves of low-carbon domestic heating technologies in the United Kingdom between 2010 and 2019. The deployment of these technologies has been acknowledged as one of the main actions toward decarbonising the heating sector. In the UK, several deployment oriented policies have been implemented, such as the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI). In this study, we focus on the following domestic heating technologies: air-source heat pumps, ground-source heat pumps, solar thermal collectors, and biomass boilers. Condensing combination gas boilers are also included to act as the baseline/incumbent technology. Using UK installation cost data for 2010 to 2019, we found that low-carbon heating technologies had experience rates of; air source heat pumps -2.3± 5%, ground source heat pumps -0.8±4%, biomass boilers 0.1±2%, and solar thermal 13±5%, all significantly lower than the re-ported learning rates of similar technologies in the literature. Furthermore, we found that gas boilers have reached the floor price at approximately £30/kW. The resulting experience rates can be used in energy economics models and to inform policymakers in developing further deployment programs. |
| Keywords: | Experience curves; Learning curves; Experience rates; Low-carbon heating; Heat decarbonisation |
| JEL: | O33 P18 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2020_016&r=all |
| By: | Comello, Stephen; Glenk, Gunther; Reichelstein, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Comprehensive global decarbonization will require that transportation services cease to rely on fossil fuels. Here we develop a generic life-cycle cost model to address two closely related questions central to the emergence of sustainable transportation: (i) the utilization rates (hours of operation) that rank-order alternative drivetrains in terms of their cost, and (ii) the cost-efficient share of clean energy drivetrains in a vehicle fleet of competing drivetrains. Calibrating our model framework in the context of urban transit buses, we examine how the comparison between diesel and battery-electric buses varies with the specifics of the duty cycle (route). We find that even for less favorable duty cycles, battery-electric buses will entail lower life-cycle costs once utilization rates exceed 20% of the annual hours. Yet, the current economics of that particular application still calls for a one-third share of diesel drivetrains in a cost-efficient fleet. |
| Keywords: | clean energy vehicles,transportation services,life-cycle cost,fleet optimization |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:20054&r=all |
| By: | Paul Malliet (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte où l'humanité doit réduire drastiquement ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre afin de limiter la hausse des températures, la mesure des émissions carbone est devenue un enjeu essentiel du XXIe siècle. L'essor des échanges commerciaux et la globalisation de la chaine de valeur rendent par ailleurs de plus en plus difficile la traçabilité des impacts climatiques et environnementaux des biens et des produits que nous consommons en France. Le concept d'empreinte carbone s'inscrit dans une démarche complémentaire de celle des inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre généralement utilisés dans le cadre des négociations internationales autour des enjeux climatiques, en proposant d'imputer l'ensemble des émissions induites par un processus de production d'un bien ou d'un service à son consommateur final. [Premier paragraphe] |
| Keywords: | Empreinte carbone; Ménages français; Impacts climatiques |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/8mjf9ttru8kmqnq8f9r3io4ih&r=all |
| By: | Voshmgir, Shermin; Wildenberg, Martin; Rammel, Christian; Novakovic, Tatjana |
| Abstract: | This is an output paper of the applied research that was conducted between July 2018 - October 2019 funded by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) and conducted by the Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and RCE Vienna (Regional Centre of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development). |
| Date: | 2019–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus051:7464&r=all |
| By: | Voshmgir, Shermin; Wildenberg, Martin; Rammel, Christian; Novakovic, Tatjana |
| Abstract: | This is an output paper of the applied research that was conducted between July 2018 - October 2019 funded by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) and conducted by the Research Institute for Cryptoeconomics at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and RCE Vienna (Regional Centre of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development). |
| Date: | 2019–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus051:7453&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of environmental subsidies |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2045&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the use of random utility models in the travel cost method to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, revealed preference, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2029&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the Coase Theorem applied to environmental policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2043&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of voluntary agreements for environmental policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2042&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of externalities and Pigou taxes |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, Pareto optimality, market economy, externalities, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | D62 H23 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2015&r=all |
| By: | Friedrich, Marina; Mauer, Eva-Maria; Pahle, Michael; Tietjen, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Price formation in the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS) has persistently puzzled economists and policy makers. In recent years, the empirical literature investigating this topic has expanded considerably, but a synthesis of what could be learned about price formation as a whole including the last wave of research is still missing. To fill this gap, we review the empirical literature structured along three categories of price drivers and related econometric methods. For better guidance of the reader, we draw on a simple theoretical model of price formation that we subsequently extend to connect the three different strands of literature: demand-side fundamentals, regulatory intervention and finance. In particular the insights from the second and third strand challenge the widespread view that allowance markets primarily reflect marginal abatement costs. Accordingly, the next wave of research should focus on shedding light on the complex interplay of compliance, regulatory uncertainty and financial trading motives. |
| Keywords: | emission trading,EU ETS,price formation,literature review |
| JEL: | Q48 Q50 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:225210&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the principles of stated preference methods to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2031&r=all |
| By: | Roland Hodler (SoDa Laboratories, Monash University); Michael Lechner (SoDa Laboratories, Monash University); Paul A. Raschky (SoDa Laboratories, Monash University) |
| Abstract: | We reassess the effects of natural resources on economic development and conflict, applying a causal forest estimator and data from 3,800 Sub-Saharan African districts. We find that, on average, mining activities and higher world market prices of locally mined minerals both increase economic development and conflict. Consistent with the previous literature, mining activities have more positive effects on economic development and weaker effects on conflict in places with low ethnic diversity and high institutional quality. In contrast, the effects of changes in mineral prices vary little in ethnic diversity and institutional quality, but are non-linear and largest at relatively high prices. |
| Keywords: | resource curse, economic development, conflict, causal machine learning, Africa |
| JEL: | C21 O13 O55 Q34 R12 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajr:sodwps:2020-01&r=all |
| By: | Robert L. Ceres; Chris E. Forest; Klaus Keller |
| Abstract: | Decisions on how to manage future flood risks are frequently informed by both sophisticated and computationally expensive models. This complexity often limits the representation of uncertainties and the consideration of strategies. Here, we use an intermediate complexity model framework that enables us to analyze a rich set of strategies, objectives, and uncertainties. We find that allowing for more combinations of risk mitigation strategies can expand the solution set, help explain synergies and trade-offs, and point to strategies that can improve outcomes. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2010.12043&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of alternatives to cost-benefit analysis |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, Pareto optimality, cost-benefit analysis, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | D61 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2020&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of instruments for environmental policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2047&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of willingness to pay and willingness to accept compensation as values of the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, stated preference, revealed preference, equivalent variation, compensating variation, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2038&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of hedonic pricing to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, revealed preference, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2030&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Khraief, Naceur; L. Czudaj, Robert |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the nonlinear pass-through from economic growth to renewable energy consumptionby applying a Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model (NARDL) for G7 countries. This study covers the period of 1995Q1-2015Q4. The recent approach allows for empirical tests of short-run and long-run asymmetric responses of renewable energy consumption to positive and negative shocks stemming from economic growth. The results reveal that renewable energy consumption responds asymmetrically to economic growth in the long-run for France, Japan, Italy and the UK. However, we find no evidence for a long-run equilibrium between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Germany, Canada and the US. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Nonlinear ARDL |
| JEL: | Q2 |
| Date: | 2020–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103525&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of direct regulation for environmental policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2041&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of defensive expenditure to value the environment |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, revealed preference, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2027&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of instruments for environmental policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2039&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of instruments for environmental policy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, policy instruments, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2040&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the history of environmental and resource economics from William Stanley Jevons to Arthur Cecil Pigou |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, history of economics, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | B13 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2003&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the history of environmental and resource economics from Adam Smith to John Stuart Mill |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, history of economics, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | B12 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2002&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | History of environmental and resource economics from Zhong Guan to Francois Quesnay |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, history of economics, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | B11 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2001&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the types of value |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, total economic value, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2023&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the history of value |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | B10 Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2021&r=all |
| By: | Klaus Wälde (Johannes Gutenberg University) |
| Abstract: | Hintergrund: Gesundheitspolitische Maßnahmen werden mit der Anzahl der SARS‐ CoV‐2 Neuinfektionen begründet. Vielfach wird behauptet, die Anzahl der CoV‐2 Neuinfektionen sei durch die Anzahl der Testungen beeinflusst. Damit stellt sich die Frage, ob CoV‐2 Neuinfektionen ein gutes Maß für die tatsächliche Stärke einer Epidemie sind. Methode: Das klassische SIR Modell der Epidemiologie wird um Testungen erweitert. Es wird angenommen, dass der wahre Verlauf der Epidemie nicht beobachtet werden kann. Er muss vielmehr aus der Anzahl der gemeldeten Infektionen abgeleitet werden. Der Informationsgehalt der Anzahl der Neuinfektionen wird mittels eines mathematischen Modells analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Anzahl der Neuinfektionen ist ein verzerrter Indikator für den tatsächlichen Verlauf einer Epidemie. Unterschiedliche Gründe für Testungen (symptombezogen, repräsentativ oder z.B. Reiserückkehrer) führen zu dieser Verzerrung. Schwellenwerten von z.B. 50 Neuinfektionen pro 100.000 Einwohner über die letzten 7 Tage, die vor wenigen Monaten noch sinnvoll waren, fehlt heute eine gute Grundlage und sollten nicht mehr verwendet werden. Schlussfolgerung: Informativere Indikatoren bauen auf Covid‐19 Fallzahlen auf. Diese Daten liegen auf verschiedenen Ebenen vor, sind jedoch der Öffentlichkeit nicht ohne weiteres zugänglich. Würden sie ausgewertet werden, hätten gesundheitspolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland wieder eine Fundierung. |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:2023&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of strong sustainability |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, strong sustainability, deep ecology, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2011&r=all |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera Helena; Mota, Catherine Rebouças |
| Abstract: | Na Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) o desenvolvimento sustentável é traduzido como um dos pilares da governança mediante a concepção da Coerência de Políticas para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se como a OCDE operacionaliza a Coerência de Políticas para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e qual a sua relação e importância para a Governança Pública e para a adequação com os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Agenda 2030. |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:537&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the history of environmental and resource economics from Kenneth Boulding to Michael Greenstone |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, history of economics, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2004&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of utilitarianism |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, welfare, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | H43 I30 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2007&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the Pareto optimum in a market economy |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, Pareto optimality, market economy, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | D50 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2014&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of libertarianism |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, welfare, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | H43 I30 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2006&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of naturalism |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, welfare, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | H43 I30 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2005&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of Gross Domestic Product |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, GDP, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | E01 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2054&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of weak sustainability |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, weak sustainability, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2010&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of sustainability |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, sustainability, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2009&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the role of valuation in compensation |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, value, compensation, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2025&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of property rights |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, Pareto optimality, market economy, public goods, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | H41 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2016&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the three pillars sustainability |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, sustainability, Tinbergen rule, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2012&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Video discussion of the Genuine Savings indicator |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, genuine savings, adjusted net savings, undergraduate, video |
| JEL: | E01 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susvid:2057&r=all |
| By: | Marina Friedrich; Sébastien Fries; Michael Pahle; Ottmar Edenhofer |
| Abstract: | Long-term commitment is crucial for the dynamic efficiency of intertemporal cap-and-trade programs. Discretionary interventions in such programs could destabilize the market, and necessitate subsequent corrective interventions that instigate regulatory instability (Kydland and Prescott, 1977). In this work, we provide evidence for this claim from the EU’s cap-and-trade program (EU-ETS). We ground our analysis in the theoretical finance literature, and apply a mixed method approach (time-varying regression, bubble detection, crash-odds modelling). We find that the recent EU-ETS reform triggered market participants into speculation, which likely led to an overreaction that destabilized the market. We discuss how the smokescreen politics behind the reform, which manifested itself in complex rules, was crucial for this outcome. We conclude that rules only ensure long-term commitment when their impact on prices is predictable. |
| Keywords: | rules vs. discretion, cap-and-trade, overreaction, allowance pricing |
| JEL: | Q48 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8637&r=all |
| By: | Assia Elgouacem |
| Abstract: | Reform of support for fossil fuels is often identified as a priority for a country’s fiscal consolidation efforts and for climate action to align financial flows with low-carbon pathways. Its implementation, however, remains elusive for many countries as they face seemingly irreconcilable policy agendas of economic growth and sustainability coupled with potential political backlash against austerity and rising costs. This paper provides a sequential approach that may assist in providing support for the analysis to a well-informed reform process. Deploying the suggested tools can help policy makers to identify the most distorting government support measures and alternative or complementary policies that deliver the sought-after objectives more efficiently and effectively. The work presented here draws on the OECD’s longstanding experience and tradition in measuring and tracking support measures for fossil fuels, primarily in its Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels (Inventory hereafter) and accompanying reports. |
| Keywords: | coal, energy, fossil fuel subsidies, fossil fuel subsidy reform, fossil fuels, gas, government support, oil, reform, subsidies, tax expenditures, tax incentives |
| JEL: | H23 E64 Q38 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:168-en&r=all |