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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒10‒19
fifty-four papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Derek Lemoine |
| Abstract: | I show that commonly proposed emission taxes are not optimal for controlling climate change: they can achieve zero emissions but cannot induce negative emissions. The first-best policy charges firms period by period for leaving a stock of carbon in the atmosphere, not just for injecting carbon into the atmosphere. I develop a feasible version of this policy that requires emitters to post an upfront bond that finances a transferable asset (a “carbon share”). The regulator reduces this asset's face value as damages accumulate and pays out the asset's remaining face value once its holder removes the underlying unit of carbon from the atmosphere. I show that the optimal bond is equal to the maximum possible marginal damage from climate change, with the carbon share paying a dividend as long as the worst-case is not realized. Quantitatively, a bond that is double the optimal emission tax is sufficient to provide optimal carbon removal incentives in 95% of cases. |
| JEL: | G12 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27880&r=all |
| By: | Harvey, John T.; Butt, Ali A.; Saboori, Arash; Lozano, Mark T.; Kim, Changmo; Kendall, Alissa |
| Abstract: | California state government has established a series of mandated targets for reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change. With a multiplicity of emissions sources and economic sectors, it is clear that no single change the state can make will enable it to achieve the ambitious goals set by executive orders and legislation. Instead, many actors within the state’s economy—including state agencies such as the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)—must make multiple changes to their own internal operations. The focus of this study and technical memorandum is to examine several strategic options that Caltrans could adopt to lower its GHG emissions in operating the California (CA) state highway network and other transportation assets so it can help meet the state’s GHG reduction goals. Although many GHG reduction strategies appear to be attractive, simple, and effective, most also have limitations, trade-offs, and unintended consequences that cannot be identified without a preliminary identification and examination of the full system they operate in and their full life cycle. To achieve the most rapid and cost-effective changes possible, the costs, times to implement, and difficulty of implementation should also be considered when the alternative strategies are being prioritized. This project first developed an emissions reduction “supply curve” framework by using life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate full-system life cycle environmental impacts and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to prioritize the alternative GHG-reduction strategies based on benefit and cost. This framework was then applied to an example set of strategies and cases for Caltrans operations. This technical memorandum presents the results of the supply curve framework’s development and its application to six strategies for changing several Caltrans operations identified by the research team. The six strategies were: (1) pavement roughness and maintenance prioritization, (2) energy harvesting using piezoelectric technology, (3) automation of bridge tolling systems, (4) increased use of reclaimed asphalt pavement, (5) alternative fuel technologies for the Caltrans vehicle fleet, and (6) solar and wind energy production on state right-of-ways. A summary of the methodology and the resulting supply curve that includes all the strategies considered and ranked is published in a separate white paper. This technical memorandum provides the details, assumptions, calculation methods, and results of the development of the GHG reduction supply curve for each strategy. Although this current study’s scope is limited to development of a supply curve for GHG emissions only, there are plans to expand the study’s scope to include other environmental impacts and to develop supply curves for them as well. |
| Keywords: | Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Supply curve, life cycle assessment, life cycle cost analysis, decision support, California state level strategies, carbon reduction, greenhouse gas emissions |
| Date: | 2020–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0mx245rd&r=all |
| By: | Jagu, E.; Massol, O. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the deployment of a shared CO2 transportation infrastructure needed to support the combined emergence of Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Fossil energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). We develop a cooperative game-theoretic approach to: (i) examine the conditions needed for its construction to be decided, and (ii) determine the break-even CO2 value needed to build such a shared infrastructure. In particular, we highlight that, as biogenic emissions are overlooked in currently-implemented carbon accounting frameworks, BECCS and CCS emitters face asymmetric conditions for joining a shared infrastructure. We thus further examine the influence of these carbon accounting considerations by assessing and comparing the break-even CO2 values obtained under alternative accounting rules. We apply this modeling framework to a large contemporary BECCS/CCS case-study in Sweden. Our results indicate that sustainable and incentive-compatible cooperation schemes can be implemented if the value of CO2 is high enough and show how that value varies depending on the carbon accounting framework retained for negative emissions and the nature of the infrastructure operators. In the most advantageous scenario, the CO2 value needs to reach 112€/tCO2, while the current Swedish carbon tax amounts to 110€/tCO2. Overall, these findings position pragmatic policy recommendations for local BECCS deployment. |
| Keywords: | Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Storage; Negative emissions; CO2 transportation; infrastructure; cooperative game theory; carbon accounting |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cty:dpaper:20/15&r=all |
| By: | Jaccard, Ivan; Benmir, Ghassane; Vermandel, Gauthier |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the biggest economic challenges of our time. Given the scale of the problem, the question of whether a carbon tax should be introduced is hotly debated in policy circles. This paper studies the optimal design of a carbon tax when environmental factors, such as air carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), directly affect agents' marginal utility of consumption. Our first result is that the optimal tax is determined by the shadow price of CO2 emissions. We then use asset pricing theory to estimate this implicit price in the data and find that the optimal tax is pro-cyclical. It is therefore optimal to use the carbon tax to \cool down" the economy during periods of booms and to stimulate it in recessions. The optimal policy not only generates large welfare gains, it also reduces risk premiums and raises the average risk-free real rate. The effect of the tax on asset prices and welfare critically depends on the emission abatement technology. JEL Classification: Q58, G12, E32 |
| Keywords: | bond premium puzzle, climate change, compensation effect, natural rate of interest, optimal policy, welfare |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20202477&r=all |
| By: | Liebich, Lena; Nöh, Lukas; Rutkowski, Felix; Schwarz, Milena |
| Abstract: | The transformation of economies towards significantly reduced CO2 consumption raises high investment and capital requirements. Financial and capital markets can help to mobilize the necessary funds for global investment needs and to steer capital towards sustainable investments. Moreover, potential disruptive impacts of climate change on the financial system have started to become more apparent recently and require central banks, regulators and supervisors to take a conscious look at the risks and opportunities of climate change for financial intermediaries and markets. This article offers a comprehensive discussion on how green finance has been evolving thus far and explores the opportunities and key developments ahead with particular emphasis on four selected highly topical issues: 1) the introduction of German green government bonds, 2) obstacles to the correct pricing of climate-related risks, 3) the EU taxonomy that has recently been put forward to develop a uniform classification of sustainable economic activities as well as 4) the role of central banks in fostering the transition to a low-carbon economy. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:svrwwp:052020&r=all |
| By: | Elsasser, Peter; Rock, Joachim; Rüter, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Rewarding environmental services of forestry is increasingly being demanded in Germany. Recently, four different proposals have been mooted which particularly relate to the climate protection service of forests. The present Working Paper appraises and compares the possible effects of these four proposals, with regard to their possible incentive and distributional impacts; their consequences for forest enterprises, downstream markets and the existing subsidisation system in Germany; the criteria applied for securing the climate stability of forests; the administrative implications of the individual proposals; and their compatibility with rules of the international climate regime, and the evidence based carbon balance of forestry and wood utilisation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:305678&r=all |
| By: | Gerling, Charlotte; Strum, Astrid; Wätzold, Frank |
| Abstract: | Grasslands make up a large part of cultural landscapes, for example in Europe, and provide an important habitat for many species. Climate change impacts grasslands directly by influencing the climatic conditions that determine grass growth. This may lead to changes in the profit-maximising timing of grassland use by farmers. Additionally, by influencing the yield of the grassland, climate change may have an impact on the opportunity costs of conservation. We have developed a model to investigate these two factors: 1) How does climate change impact the profit-maximising timing of grassland use and 2) How does it impact selected opportunity costs of conservation? The model includes a climate model and a vegetation model to assess the changes in a case study region in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. We consider two RCP scenarios. Results show that the timing of the first cut is expected to occur increasingly early under climate change and costs of conservation measures are larger under more profound climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change impact, grassland, conservation, timing of land use |
| JEL: | Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:102945&r=all |
| By: | Simon Chazel; Sophie Bernard; Hassan Benchekroun |
| Abstract: | What are the consequences of primary mineral constraints on the energy transition? Low-carbon energy production uses green capital, which requires primary minerals. We build on the seminal framework for the transition from a dirty to a clean energy in Golosov et al. (2014) [9] to incorporate the role played by primary minerals and their potential recycling. We characterize the optimal paths of energy transition under various scenarios of mineral constraints. Mineral constraints limit the development of green energy in the long run: low-carbon energy production eventually reaches a plateau. We run our simulations using copper as the limiting mineral and we allow for its recycling. In all our scenarios, we find that allowing for mineral recycling delays by 40-60 years the plateau of green capital. After five to six decades, green energy production is 50% lower than in the benchmark model. GDP is 3-8% lower than in the infinite mineral scenario after 30 decades. |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition,Green Capital,Recycling,Circular Economy,Mineral Constraint,Dynamic General-Equilibrium Model, |
| Date: | 2020–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2020s-51&r=all |
| By: | Simonis, Udo Ernst |
| Abstract: | New Deal: Einzelne Autoren und Institute, einige Regierungen und die Vereinten Nationen haben die Wiederbelebung und das Ergrünen eines alten Begriffs propagiert - Green New Deal. Um was es dabei geht oder gehen sollte, war aber höchst heterogen. Mit der Vorlage des Konzepts eines "European Green Deal" seitens der EU-Kommission im Dezember 2019 ist eine neue Dynamik entstanden, die nun der praktischen Umsetzung harrt. |
| Keywords: | Roosevelt's New Deal,Green New Deal,European Green Deal,Entkopplung,De-Karbonisierung,De-Materialisierung,Re-Naturierung,Klimaneutralität,Kreislaufwirtschaft,schadstofffreie Umwelt,Natur-nahe Gesellschaft,New Deal (Roosevelt),Green New Deal,European Green Deal,Decoupling,Decarbonisation,Dematerialisation,Renaturation,Climate neutrality,Circular economy,Emission-free environment,Nature-based society |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbeme:eme2020002&r=all |
| By: | Manganelli, Simone; Piras, Francesco; Agnoletti, Mauro |
| Abstract: | Throughout the covid‐19 emergency, health authorities have presented contagion data divided by administrative regions with no reference to the type of landscape, environment or development model. This study has been conducted to understand whether there is a correlation between the number of infections and the different rural landscapes of the country. Italy’s rural landscape can be classified in four types, according to the intensity of energy inputs used in the agricultural process, socioeconomic and environmental features. Type A includes areas of periurban agriculture surrounding the metropolitan cities, type B areas of intensive agriculture with high concentration of agroindustry, type C hilly areas with highly diversified agriculture and valuable landscape, and type D high hills and mountains with forests and protected areas. Areas A and B are located in the plains, covering 21% of the territory and accounting for 57% of the population. They produce most of the added value, consume high levels of energy and represent the main source of pollution. Areas C and D cover 79% of the territory and 43% of the population. We find that provinces with 10% more type C and D areas exhibit on average 10% fewer cases of contagion. The result is statistically significant, after controlling for demographic, economic and environmental characteristics of the provinces. The pollution produced in more energy‐intensive landscape has triggered an intense debate of how to ensure the economic competitiveness of Italian agriculture, without compromising environmental integrity or public health. Our findings speak to this debate, by suggesting that planning for more rural territory with lower energy inputs may come with the added benefit of new development opportunities and decreasing the exposure of the population to covid‐19. . Cost benefit‐analyses should take into account that policies aimed at repopulating more rural areas may reduce the economic impact of covid‐19 and of potential future pandemics. JEL Classification: Q1, Q15, O13 |
| Keywords: | environment, exposure to covid‐19, sustainable agriculture |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20202478&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This paper sets out a new framing of the challenges and opportunities for scaling up financing and investment for a sustainable ocean economy. It examines the particular challenges associated with financing sustainable ocean activities across different sectors and explores promising financing instruments, including by identifying learnings from elsewhere in the green finance sphere.This paper contributes to the OECD horizontal ocean project. To support government efforts to transition to a more sustainable ocean economy, the OECD is mobilising expertise across multiple policy fronts, covering environmental, economic, financial and social dimensions. Working with both developed and developing countries, the OECD aims to ensure that all societies can harness the benefits of the ocean on a sustainable and inclusive basis. |
| Date: | 2020–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:22-en&r=all |
| By: | Andersen, Torben M.; Bhattacharya, Joydeep; Liu, Pan |
| Abstract: | Climate change policies create intergenerational winners and losers because the costs come first and the benefits later. In such cases, Kaldor-Hicks cost-benefit analysis seeks potential Pareto-improvements by showing the hypothetical potential for the winners to compensate the losers via lump-sum transfers. In their absence, once a costly climate policy is actually implemented, it unleashes distortions and general-equilibrium effects rendering unclear whether Kaldor-Hicks potential improvements lead to actual improvements. We study policies which, once implemented, would pass the Pareto test that no generation subsequent to policy action be made worse off than before. We develop a stylized climate-economy model in which production by the current generation generates pollution which “damages†production for future generations. Over time, the business-as-usual (BAU) economy gets increasingly polluted, consumption falls, and generational welfare levels decline. A government introduces costly pollution abatement and finances it via distorting taxes and the sale of debt (“green bonds†). Pollution levels start to decline, generating downstream welfare gains which may be taxed – without hurting anyone, in a Pareto sense – to help finance the policy and pay off the debt. Along the transition, every generation faces less pollution, consumes more and is happier than if life had continued in the BAU world. |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202003010800001070&r=all |
| By: | Pauline Castaing (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In semi-arid lands, the resilience of farmers facing climate change is uncertain. The main objective of this paper is to explore whether mutual assistance within a group of cotton farmers implies reduced adoption of risk-mitigating strategies. I investigate the case of Burkina Faso where cotton farmers collectively purchase inputs from the cotton wholesale companies and pay for their purchase under the constraint of joint liability. Specifically, I try to understand whether this joint liability is correlated with the adoption of strategies which reduce exposure to climatic risks. I proxy peer pressure by the size of the network and find it to be associated with reduced investment in both incremental and transformational self-protection against weather shocks. |
| Keywords: | Burkina Faso,Joint liability,group lending |
| Date: | 2020–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02942129&r=all |
| By: | Valeriya Azarova; Mathias Mier |
| Abstract: | The EU implemented the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) in response to the 2008 financial crisis to deal with short-term impacts of future shocks, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. We link a model that intertemporally optimizes the handling of banked allowances every five years with one that simulates the annual working of the EU ETS including the MSR with its potential cancelling. Neglecting the pandemic, 2.16 billion allowances are cancelled. Accounting for the pandemic, 0.28 billion additional allowances are cancelled if the European economy fully recovers by 2021, which even overcompensates the 2020 drop in CO2 emissions. Additional cancelling increases when the pandemic lasts longer, meaning that the MSR even outperforms its initial purpose. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19 pandemic, EU ETS, Market Stability Reserve, decarbonization |
| JEL: | C61 H23 Q41 Q51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_338&r=all |
| By: | Harvey, John; Butt, Ali A.; Saboori, Arash; Lozano, Mark; Kim, Changmo; Kendall, Alissa |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this white paper is to provide Caltrans with a methodology that uses LCA and LCCA analyses to create a “supply curve” that ranks the different strategies/actions that can be taken to reduce GHG emissions and lessen any other environmental impacts that affect ecosystems and human health. For Caltrans to implement the proposed methodology, the process must be validated and assessed using currently available actions. This white paper presents the methodology and demonstrates its initial use in quantifying and ranking several potential strategies. |
| Keywords: | Physical Sciences and Mathematics |
| Date: | 2019–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7208x78q&r=all |
| By: | Reitmann, Ann-Kristin |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the effect of training and extension services on environmental conservation attitudes among small-scale coffee farmers in Colombia. Post-harvest coffee processing is traditionally very water-intensive and poses a threat to the environment, which is why it is of particular importance to improve the coffee farmers' environmental attitudes. Theory predicts that improved attitudes towards a certain behavior will under certain circumstances also translate into behavioral changes - hence, in this context, an increase in environmental conservation. Two different measures of attitudes on environmental conservation are assessed: stated attitudes (self-reported survey questions) and revealed attitude (elicited via a framed field experiment). For the latter, farmers were offered to donate an endowment to a local reforestation project, where the farmers' willingness to donate is assumed to correlate with the valuation of environmental conservation. Based on the lower bound estimates, I do not find significant impacts of training participation on stated or revealed attitudes towards environmental conservation. Yet, at the upper bound, a positive and statistically significant effect on stated attitudes can be detected. This paper also makes a methodological contribution by critically reflecting on the suitability of both attitude measures to proxy for environmental conservation attitudes. |
| Keywords: | stated attitudes,revealed attitudes,environmental conservation,framed field experiment,Colombia |
| JEL: | D91 O13 O22 Q12 Q20 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:upadvr:v8220&r=all |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Odhiambo, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | This study assesses how globalisation modulates the effect of environmental degradation on inclusive human development in 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), using data for the period 2000 to 2012. The empirical results are based on the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The following main findings are established. First, a trade openness (imports + exports) threshold of between 80-120% of GDP is the maximum level required for trade openness to effectively modulate CO2 emissions (metric tonnes per capita) and induce a positive effect on inclusive human development. Second, a minimum threshold required for trade openness to modulate CO2 intensity (kg per kg of oil-equivalent energy use) and induce a positive effect on inclusive human development is 200% of GDP. Third, there is a net positive effect on inclusive human development from the relevance of trade openness in modulating the effect of CO2 emissions per capita on inclusive human development and a negative net effect on inclusive human development from the importance of trade openness in moderating the effect of CO2 intensity on inclusive human development. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103143&r=all |
| By: | Isermeyer, Folkhard; Nieberg, Hiltrud; Banse, Martin; Bolte, Andreas; Christoph-Schulz, Inken Birte; de Witte, Thomas; Dehler, Marcel; Döring, Ralf; Elsasser, Peter; Fock, Heino Ove; Focken, Ulfert; Freund, Florian; Goti-Aralucea, Leyre; Heidecke, Claudia; Kempf, Alexander; Koch, Gerald; Kraus, Gerd; Krause, Andreas; Kroiher, Franz; Lasner, Tobias; Lüdtke, Jan; Olbrich, Andrea; Osterburg, Bernhard; Pelikan, Janine; Probst, Wolfgang Nikolaus; Rahmann, Gerold; Reiser, Stefan; Rock, Joachim; Röder, Norbert; Rüter, Sebastian; Sanders, Jürn; Stelzenmüller, Vanessa; Zimmermann, Christopher |
| Abstract: | In der vorliegenden Stellungnahme setzt sich das Thünen-Institut mit der Frage auseinander, wie sich wichtige Strategiepapiere, die die EU-Kommission und die Bundesregierung im zurückliegenden Jahr veröffentlicht haben, voraussichtlich auf Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft und Fischerei auswirken werden. Im Einzelnen handelt es sich um: Green Deal, Farm-to-Fork-Strategie, Biodiversitätsstrategie 2030, Aktionsprogramm Insektenschutz. Die Strategiepapiere sind zumeist vage formuliert und lassen hinsichtlich der jeweils erforderlichen Politikmaßnahmen einen weiten Interpretationsspielraum zu. Eine solide quantitative Politikfolgen-abschätzung ist somit nicht möglich, denn deren Ergebnisse hingen von zahlreichen (spekulativen) Annahmen über konkrete Politikmaßnahmen ab. Außerdem weisen die Papiere erhebliche thematische Überschneidungen auf, d. h. ein und dasselbe Themenfeld (z. B. Klimaschutz, Biodiversität) wird in mehreren Strategiepapieren adressiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschränkt sich die vorliegende Stellungnahme darauf, für die Gesamtheit der Strategien qualitativ abzuschätzen, wie sich bestimmte Themenfelder voraussichtlich entwickeln werden, sofern die Politik die in den Strategien deklarierten Ziele mit bestimmten Maßnahmen (Politikoptionen) verfolgen wird. Aus dieser Diskussion der verschiedenen Politikoptionen werden Empfehlungen an die Politik abgeleitet. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:156&r=all |
| By: | Alexander Rincón Ruiz; Gonzalo Andrés Duarte Hurtado; Catherine Agudelo; Alexander Riaño; Zulyana Sánchez |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo busca evidenciar cómo el análisis de escenarios puede ser un método para la gestión participativa de un conflicto socioambiental. Esto por medio de la visualización de posibilidades que partan de la sostenibilidad social, económica y ambiental y que incluyan alternativas, intereses, retos y puntos de negociación desde las comunidades. En función de tal objetivo, el páramo de Santurbán ha sido elegido objeto de estudio. En lo metodológico se realizó compilación de información, análisis de coberturas y talleres de análisis de escenarios realizados en la provincia de Soto norte, basados en la metodología de Rincón et al., (2017, 2018). Finalmente se presentan las posibles respuestas a la situación del páramo, haciendo uso de la información recopilada estipulando una serie de recomendaciones para la protección del ecosistema y sus comunidades, que reflejan la importancia de crear procesos de inclusión de los actores locales en la elaboración de futuros posibles. *** This research evidence how scenario analysis can be a fundamental method for the participatory management of a socio-environmental conflicts, through the visualization of alternative possibilities from social, economic and environmental sustainability, that includes alternatives, interests, challenges and points of negotiation from the communities of the Santurbán páramo (one of the most important páramos in the Colombia). From a methodological point of view, a review of information and a land cover analysis were carried out, additionally different scenario analysis workshops were developed in Soto Norte, based on the methodology of Rincón et al. (2017, 2018). Finally, the alternatives are presented, making use of the information collected, doing recommendations for the protection of the ecosystem and its communities, showing the importance of creating processes of inclusion of local actors in the elaboration of possible futures. |
| Keywords: | conflicto ambiental, páramos, gobernanza ambiental, Santurbán |
| JEL: | Q01 Q20 Q28 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000178:018442&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Clootens (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, EHESS, Centrale Marseille, AMSE); Francesco Magris (DEAMS, University of Trieste, Italy and LEO, University of Orléans, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a public debt stabilization constraint in an overlapping generation model in which non-renewable resources constitute a necessary input in the production function and belong to agents. It shows that stabilization of public debt at high level (as share of capital) may prevent the existence of a sustainable development path. Public debt thus appears as a threat to sustainable development. It also shows that higher public debt-to-capital ratios (and public expenditures-to-capital ones) are associated with lower growth. Two transmission channels are identified. As usual, public debt crowds out capital accumulation. In addition, public debt tends to increase resource use which reduces the rate of growth. We also show that the economy is characterized by saddle path stability. Finally, we show that the public debt-to-capital ratio may be calibrated to implement the social planner optimal allocation. |
| Keywords: | non-renewable resources; growth; public finances; overlapping generations |
| JEL: | Q32 Q38 H63 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2032&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Clootens (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Francesco Magris (DEAMS - Università degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali, Matematiche e Statistiche "Bruno de Finetti" (DEAMS), LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans - UO - Université d'Orléans - Université de Tours - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a public debt stabilization constraint in an overlapping generation model in which non-renewable resources constitute a necessary input in the production function and belong to agents. It shows that stabilization of public debt at high level (as share of capital) may prevent the existence of a sustainable development path. Public debt thus appears as a threat to sustainable development. It also shows that higher public debt-to-capital ratios (and public expenditures-to-capital ones) are associated with lower growth. Two transmission channels are identified. As usual, public debt crowds out capital accumulation. In addition, public debt tends to increase resource use which reduces the rate of growth. We also show that the economy is characterized by saddle path stability. Finally, we show that the public debt-to-capital ratio may be calibrated to implement the social planner optimal allocation. |
| Keywords: | non-renewable resources,growth,public finances,overlapping generations |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02952314&r=all |
| By: | Olayide, Olawale E.; Sangare, Saadatou A.; Koo, Jawoo; Xie, Hua |
| Abstract: | Small-scale irrigation has been identified as a potential adaptation strategy for climate change and boosting food security and livelihoods in dry regions. This study presents the analysis of the potential adoption of small-scale irrigation in two West African countries (Mali and Niger) by using a spatially explicit analytical framework. It underscores the need for strategically investing in the management of ground and surface water resources for the development of small-scale irrigation systems in the two countries. The study implemented an agent-based modeling technique to simulate small-scale irrigation decisions at the district and national level. The results revealed that, while small-scale irrigation can increase crop productivity in both countries, its adoption may be constrained by water scarcity and tensions in water allocation. Strategic water resource development plans should be established to ensure efficient and sustainable irrigation schemes, especially for areas with high potential profitability. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:305676&r=all |
| By: | Wes Austin (Georgia State University, USA); Stefano Carattini (Georgia State University, USA); John Gomez Mahecha (Georgia State University, USA); Michael Pesko (Georgia State University, USA) |
| Abstract: | We examine the relationship between contemporaneous fine particulate matter exposure and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality using an instrumental variable approach based on wind direction. Harnessing daily changes in county-level wind direction, we show that arguably exogenous fluctuations in local air quality impact the rate of confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19. In our preferred high dimensional fixed effects specification with state-level policy and social distancing controls, we find that a one µg=m^3 increase in PM 2.5 increases the number of confirmed cases by roughly 2% from the mean case rate in a county. These effects tend to increase in magnitude over longer time horizons, being twice as large over a 3-day period. Meanwhile, a one µg=m^3 increase in PM 2.5 increases the same-day death rate by 3% from the mean. Our estimates are robust to a host of sensitivity tests. These results suggest that air pollution plays an important role in mediating the severity of respiratory syndromes such as COVID-19, for which progressive respiratory failure is the primary cause of death, and that policy levers to improve air quality may lead to improvements in COVID-19 outcomes. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper2016&r=all |
| By: | Weninger, Quinn; Perruso, Larry; Bunzel, Helle |
| Abstract: | This paper consistently estimates the structural properties of a fishery resource extraction technology. We overcome two ubiquitous features of fisheries data generating processes that invalidate classical estimators: unobservability by the researcher (but partial observability by fishermen) of the fish stock, and endogenous production decisions that vary with private information about stock abundance and economic variables. We adopt methods used in fisheries stock assessment to control for unobserved stock effects on productivity. A nonlinear instrumental variables estimator controls for endogenous choices of the output mix. The approach is applied to the US Gulf of Mexico commercial reef fish fishery. Comparison with an estimator that ignores latent stock abundance and endogeneity in production indicates substantial bias which can be linked to past fishery management failure. |
| Date: | 2019–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:201911110800001058&r=all |
| By: | Evans, Keith S.; Lian, Carl; Weninger, Quinn |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates harvesting efficiency for the universe of vessels that participated in the West Coast groundfish trawl fishery two years prior to and six years following the intro- duction of an individual fishing quota (IFQ) regulation. Our economic efficiency measures control for delayed fleet restructuring and potentially confounding effects of unobserved stock abundance and/or other time-varying factors. We find that under IFQs, redundant vessel capital exited the groundfish fishery at a rate of 5.77% per year, and resource rent increased at a rate of 6.02% per year. Annual resource rent is estimated at $31.26 million in the sixth year of the IFQ regulation, with additional gains of $5.059 million per year pend- ing due to incomplete fleet rationalization. Our findings suggest that efficiency gains from reversing the economic tragedy of the commons in fisheries derive in large part from costs savings that may take years to materialize. Efficiency gains under IFQ regulations may be substantially larger than acknowledged in earlier literature. |
| Date: | 2020–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202007280700001075&r=all |
| By: | Narvarte, Alejandra; Zanfrillo, Alicia Inés; Artola, María Antonia |
| Abstract: | Tendencias globales como la sostenibilidad de las prácticas organizativas, adhesión a estándares internacionales y reducción de residuos se perciben en las exigencias de la sociedad a través de la presión legislativa y la demanda de transparencia informativa sobre acciones responsables con el medio ambiente y en concordancia con los intereses de sus grupos de interés. Conscientes de la importancia de disminuir el impacto de las actividades sobre el ambiente y competir en un entorno globalizado que exige protocolos de sostenibilidad, las organizaciones de nuestro país han comenzado a realizar el inventario de los gases de efecto invernadero cuantificando las fuentes de emisión para el desarrollo del ciclo de vida de los bienes junto con los recursos naturales y energéticos empleados para ello. El propósito de nuestro trabajo consiste en determinar los efectos ambientales de la adopción de la modalidad a distancia en las carreras de grado de una universidad de gestión pública argentina a efectos de comprobar la reducción que se realiza sobre la emisión de los gases efecto invernadero -GEI- y la disminución de los costos de transporte correspondiente a los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran un ahorro significativo en los efectos indirectos de los GEI, como la movilidad de los estudiantes y en los costos del transporte mientras que para los efectos directos los ahorros se concentran en la disminución del consumo energético de luminarias y equipamiento informático. |
| Keywords: | Entornos Virtuales; Responsabilidad Social; Huella de Carbono; Costos; Desarrollo Sostenible; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3385&r=all |
| By: | Roberta De Santis; Piero Esposito; Cecilia Jona-Lasinio |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the environmental regulation-productivity nexus for 14 OECD countries over the years 1990-2015 and discuss its main policy challenges. Our findings support the hypothesis that environmental policies generate positive productivity returns through innovation as suggested by Porter and Van Der Linde (1995). We find that environmental policies have a productivity growth-promoting effect. Both market and non-marked based policies exert a positive but differentiated impact on labour and multifactor productivity growth. Environmental policy measures generate also potentially mixed redistributive impacts. As for specific polices, green taxes display the largest effect on multifactor productivity although with potentially negative redistributive impact. We also find that environmental regulation exerts indirect positive effect on productivity growth fostering capital accumulation especially in high ICT intensive countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation, productivity, innovation, Porter hypothesis |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eiq:eileqs:158&r=all |
| By: | Antonio Savoia; Kunal Sen |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the recent literature on the developmental effects of resource abundance, assessing likely effects and channels with respect to income inequality, poverty, education, and health. To date, this area has received less analysis although it is relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals agenda, as a significant number of the world poor live in African resource-rich economies. We argue that the presence of a natural resource sector per se does not necessarily translate into worse development outcomes. The natural resource experience varies to a significant extent. |
| Keywords: | resource abundance, Inequality, Institutions, Sustainable Development Goals, Poverty |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-123&r=all |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, IMéRA - Institute for Advanced Studies - Aix-Marseille University); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL [2020-....] - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble [2020-....] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....] - Grenoble INP [2020-....] - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology [2020-....] - UGA [2020-....] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....]); Salvatore Federico (DEPS - Dipartimento di Economia Politica e Statistica - UNISI - Università degli Studi di Siena); Fausto Gozzi (LUISS - Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli [Roma]) |
| Abstract: | We study the joint determination of optimal investment and optimal depollution in a spatiotemporal framework where pollution is transboundary. Pollution is controlled at a global level. The regulator internalizes that: (i) production generates pollution, which is bad for the wellbeing of population, and that (ii) pollution flows across space driven by a diffusion process. We solve analytically for the optimal investment and depollution spatiotemporal paths and characterize the optimal long-term spatial distribution when relevant. We finally explore numerically the variety of optimal spatial distributions obtained using a core/periphery model where the core differs from the periphery either in terms of input productivity, depollution efficiency, environmental awareness or self-cleaning capacity of nature. We also compare the distributions with and without diffusion. Key aspects in the optimal policy of the regulator are the role of aversion to inequality, notably leading to smoothing consumption across locations, and the control of diffusive pollution adding another smoothing engine. |
| Keywords: | decision analysis,pollution control,geography,transboundary pollution,infinite dimensional optimal control problems |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02949275&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Daniel Nachtigall; Balazs Stadler |
| Abstract: | This study empirically assesses the impact of energy prices and environmental policy stringency (EPS) on manufacturing employment in OECD countries over the period 2000- 2014. At the sector level, increases in energy prices and in EPS have a negative and statistically significant impact on total employment in the manufacturing sector. Energy-intensive sectors are most affected, while the impact is not statistically significant for less energy-intensive sectors. Even in highly energy-intensive sectors, however, the size of the effect is relatively small. Moreover, higher energy prices increase the probability of firm exit, but they have a statistically significant and small positive effect on the employment level of surviving firms. Accelerated firm exit allows surviving firms to expand, boosting firm-level employment. Therefore, the analysis demonstrates that there exist transition costs in the short run to imposing stricter environmental policies, as some workers are forced to move away from affected firms and sectors, even if many of these job losses are unlikely to be permanent as laid-off workers may ultimately find other jobs, notably in the services sector. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1625-en&r=all |
| By: | Clay, Lucas; Perkins, Katharine; Motallebi, Marzieh; Plastina, Alejandro; Singh Farmaha, Bhupinder |
| Abstract: | Cover crops are becoming more accepted as a viable best management practice because of their ability to provide important environmental and soil health benefits. Because of these benefits, many land managers are strongly encouraging the use of cover crops. Additionally, there is limited information on farmers′ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of implementing cover crops. Many farmers state that they do not have enough money or time to implement cover crops. In an attempt to gather more data about the adoption rate and perceptions of cover crops in South Carolina, a survey was sent to 3000 row crop farmers across the state. Farmers were asked whether they implement cover crops and their perceptions of the benefits and challenges associated with implementation. Furthermore, questions were asked regarding the impact of row cropping on their environment to gauge farmer′s education level on environmental impacts. Responses showed many people are implementing cover crops; however, there are still differences in perceptions about benefits and challenges between those who are adopting cover crops and those who are not. This research assesses these differences and aims to provide a baseline for focusing cover crop programs to tackle these certain challenges and promote the benefits. |
| Date: | 2020–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202008210700001704&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Don, Anurasiri Nalaka Geekiyanage; Arachchillage, Aruna Prasad Nissanka; Mukherjee, Sacchidananda; Fatimah, Yuti Ariani |
| Abstract: | In 1987, the Brundtland Commission introduced the term “sustainable development” to highlight the needs for taking the future generations into account. The term has evolved from only focusing on the human kind to reconciliation between humans and nature. On one hand, this evolution opens space for nature and vulnerable people to be acknowledged, on the other hand, it raises difficulties in implementing the idea due to its heterogeneity. By the mid 1990s, for instance, there were more than 100 definitions of sustainability (Marshall and Toffel, 2005). Rather than following previous scholars trying to find a general definition for sustainability, we try to approach it through the idea of translation. From this perspective, diversity is being bounded via others’ right such as a practice is wrong whenever it might harm others and not because it looks different. Based on the argument above, we look at the energy sector within Asian countries in an attempt to increase variety in understanding sustainability. |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5bgz6&r=all |
| By: | Liu, Hongxing; Zhang, Wendong; Irwin, Elena; Kast, Jeffrey; Aloysius, Noel; Martin, Jay; Kalcic, Margaret |
| Abstract: | We develop the first spatially integrated economic-hydrological model of the western Lake Erie basin that explicitly links economic models of farmers' field-level Best Management Practice (BMP) adoption choices with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nutrient management policies. We quantify the tradeoffs between phosphorus reduction and policy costs and find that a hybrid policy that couples a fertilizer tax with cost-share payments for subsurface placement is the most cost-effective. We also find that economic adoption models can overstate the potential for nutrient reduction by ignoring biophysical complexities and thus demonstrate the importance of coupling economic and biophysical models for efficient policy design. |
| Date: | 2019–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:201908010700001088&r=all |
| By: | Gandarilla, Omar; Carosso, Giovanni A; Mostajo-Radji, Mohammed A |
| Abstract: | Sustainable food production in developing countries is challenging, as it requires balancing scalability with respect for local culture and traditions. Bolivia represents a particularly interesting example; with over 36 recognized indigenous groups encompassing over 70% of the country’s population in a relatively small territory, Bolivia is considered one of the most diverse countries in the world (Ferreira et al., 2019). Agriculture in Bolivia employs over 5% of the country’s population and represents over 14% of its GDP. Yet, the introduction of new agribusiness approaches has often been met with resistance by the local communities. For example, the use of transgenic seeds in Bolivia is forbidden by law, with a single exception in soybean production (Avila and Izquierdo, 2006). As result, Bolivia is at a disadvantage in relation to its neighbors in agricultural production. In addition, high costs of transport and export of produce due to the landlocked nature of the country, compounded by logistic difficulties of exporting through a third country, highlight the need of policies that facilitate a larger and more efficient food production. |
| Date: | 2020–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:etz7j&r=all |
| By: | Hamid, Nazrah Abdul; Muda, Ruhaini; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Omar, Normah; Nadzri, Farah Aida Ahmad |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the relationship between social capital on the green growth in Malaysia, with the aim of ascertaining whether faith based social capital has a role in sustaining economic growth. The study utilizes the annual data over the period of 1970-2015. This study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and causality using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The findings demonstrate the long and short-run associations between social capital and green growth in Malaysia. The causality only runs in a unidirection from social capital to the green economic growth. The findings have important policy implications for green economic growth measurement to account for social well-being and to fulfil the objectives of Islamic Sharia. |
| Date: | 2020–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g9zc2&r=all |
| By: | Iost, Susanne; Geng, Natalia; Schweinle, Jörg; Banse, Martin; Brüning, Simone; Jochem, Dominik; Machmüller, Andrea; Weimar, Holger |
| Abstract: | The transition of the current economic system from non-renewable and fossil-based towards a more sustainable system using renewable resources is a dedicated objective of the German Na-tional Bioeconomy Strategy. In order to provide sound information on the status of the bioecon-omy, a monitoring concept that assesses the bio-based resources and sustainability effects associ-ated with German bioeconomy was developed. The general monitoring approach includes a definition of the bioeconomy and its implementation in terms of material flows and economic sectors at a given point in time. Based on this, available data is collected and bio-based material flows and economic sectors are quantified. These quanti-fications are used in the following sustainability assessment of material flows and economic sec-tors. This procedure can be repeated, starting again with a definition of bioeconomy that may change over time according to changing policies, market development and public perceptions of bioeconomy. Thus, bioeconomy monitoring considers the dynamics of the bioeconomy transition concerning processes, products, available data and connected sustainability goals. Understanding and quantifying material flows provides the foundation for comprehending the pro-cessing of biomass along value chains and final biomass uses. They also provide information for sustainability assessment. For biomass from agriculture, forests and fisheries including aquacul-ture, relevant material flows are compiled. Material flow data is not available consistently but must be collected from a broad variety of sources. Consequently, inconsistencies regarding reference units and conversion factors arise that need to be addressed further in a future monitoring. Bio-based shares of economic sectors can be quantified using mostly official statistics, but also empirical data. Bio-based shares vary considerably between economic activities. The manufacture of food products, beverages and wooden products has the highest bio-based shares. Bioeconomy target sectors like chemicals, plastics and construction still have rather small bio-based shares. The suggested assessment of sustainability effects foresees two complimentary levels of evalua-tion: material flows and economic sectors. The latter quantifies total effects of bioeconomy in a country and relates them to the whole economy or parts of it. The presented indicators were se-lected based on the Sustainability Development Goal Framework, the German Sustainable Devel-opment Strategy and the availability of data. The selection of effects and indicators to be measured in a future monitoring is a crucial point of any quantification. With sustainability being a normative concept, societal perceptions of sustainability should be taken into consideration here. In that con-text, we suggest to follow the approach of LOFASA for indicator selection. Sustainability assess-ment of material flows is demonstrated on the example of softwood lumber material flow and its core product EPAL 1 pallet using a combination of material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. Major challenges for a future monitoring of the bioeconomy’s resource base and sustainability are availability of detailed and aggregated data, identification of bio-based processes and products within the economic classifications, identification and quantification of interfaces between bio-mass types, selection of indicators for sustainability assessment and the inclusion of bio-based ser-vices. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:305677&r=all |
| By: | Pamela Mcelwee (Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University); Esther Turnout (Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PSE - Paris School of Economics, UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne); Jennifer Clapp (School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo); Cindy Isenhour (Department of Anthropology & Climate Change Institute, University of Maine); Tim Jackson (Center for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity, University of Surrey); Eszter Kelemen (ESSRG ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH GROUP HUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Daniel Miller (Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Graciela Rusch (NINA - Norwegian Institute for Nature Research); Joachim Spangenberg (SERI - Sustainable Europe Research Institute); Anthony Waldron (Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Cambridge University); Rupert Baumgartner (University of Graz); Brent Bleys (Ghent University); Michael Howard (University of Maine); Eric Mungatana (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Hien Ngo (IPBES); Irene Ring (Technische Universität Dresden); Rui Ferreira dos Santos (Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon,) |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-02954370&r=all |
| By: | Harashima, Taiji |
| Abstract: | Progressive income taxes have usually been justified on the basis of the ability-to-pay (ATP) and equal sacrifice principles, but how ATP and sacrifice should be measured remains unsettled. In this paper, I present an alternative rationale for progressive taxes on the basis of the concept of sustainable heterogeneity (SH). I conclude that income taxes have to be progressive for SH to be achieved, and therefore, progressive income taxes can be justified without relying on the ATP and equal sacrifice principles. In addition, for SH to be achieved, households should also be burdened with taxes to cover expenses for achieving policy objectives other than SH in proportion to their incomes, that is, roughly in relation to their consumption, such as the case with a value-added tax. |
| Keywords: | Ability-to-pay principle; Benefit principle; Equal sacrifice principle; Progressive tax; Social welfare; Sustainable heterogeneity |
| JEL: | D63 H21 H24 |
| Date: | 2020–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:102937&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Siwar, Chamhuri; Molla, Rafiqul Islam; bin Toriman, Mohd Ekhwan; Talib, Basri Abdul |
| Abstract: | The changing natures of climatic factors have different impacts on agriculture based on areas, periods and crops. Farmers are the most vulnerable group who are affected both directly and indirectly through climatic changes. In the study area in Malaysia, climatic changes have adverse impacts on farmers. Due to climatic change productivity and profitability of paddy cultivation have declined in the Integrated Agricultural Development Area, North-West Selangar. Farmers perceive that paddy cultivation is no longer profitable due to low productivity as a result of climatic changes. They now prefer full-time to part-time engagement in paddy cultivation. Heavy government subsidy and encouragement are not enough; it requires increase in productivity and profitability of paddy cultivation for making its viable and sustainable sector. All efforts of mitigation and adaptation must be pursued to counter the adverse impacts of climatic changes and increase the productivity of paddy cultivation in the area. It is observed that there is a high degree of income inequality among the paddy farmers in the study area. |
| Date: | 2020–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gwmr6&r=all |
| By: | Ohlmeyer, Martin; Mennicke, Friederike; Poth, Saskia |
| Abstract: | Der Mensch hält sich überwiegend in Innenräumen auf. Somit ergibt sich die Forderung nach einer unbedenklichen Innenraumluftqualität. Neben zahlreichen anderen Faktoren wie Lüftungs- und Nutzerverhalten wird die Innenraumluftqualität auch von den verwendeten Bauprodukten beeinflusst, somit auch von Holz und Holzwerkstoffen. Es existieren Bewertungskriterien für diese Eigenschaft, die aber Besonderheiten der Holzverwendung derzeit unberücksichtigt lassen. Daher sollten in diesem Forschungsvorhaben wissenschaftlich belastbare Kriterien für die Bewertung der Abgabe von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen von Holz-Bauprodukten unter Berücksichtigung von realistischen Einbaubedingungen erarbeitet werden. Ziel war eine Bewertung der Produkte im Hinblick auf ihre beabsichtigte Verwendung in unterschiedlichen Bauteilen zu ermöglichen, bei der auch unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren einer realistischen Einbausituation betrachtet werden. Dazu wurden vier Modellhäuser mit unterschiedlichen Wandkonstruktionen und Materialkombinationen gefertigt und auf dem Gelände des Thünen-Instituts aufgestellt. Die Baumaterialien, die zur Errichtung der Modellhäuser verwendet wurden, wurden normgerecht in Emissionskammern hinsichtlich ihrer VOC-Abgabe geprüft. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit der Raumluftkonzentration der Modellhäuser verglichen. Um eine Aussage über zu erwartende langfristige Raumluftkonzentrationen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen und deren Abhängigkeit von den jahreszeitlichen Temperatur- und Luftfeuchteänderungen zu erhalten, wurden die Modellhäuser über einen Zeitraum von 114 Wochen regelmäßig beprobt. Daraus sollte abgeschätzt werden, ob eine Aussage über das Langzeitverhalten der Materialien bei einer Untersuchung über den normativ vorgesehenen Zeitraum von 28 Tagen repräsentativ ist. Darüber hinaus sollten in der Arbeit weitere Einflussfaktoren auf die Raumluftkonzentration systematisch bewertet werden: Innen- und Außenklima sowie Luftwechselraten. Aus den Erkenntnissen sollten Schlussfolgerungen für eine zukünftige Betrachtung von Holzprodukten im verbauten Zustand bezüglich ihrer Emissionsbewertung gezogen und Handlungsempfehlungen für Anwender, Industrie, Behörden, Ausschreibung und Auftragsvergabe abgeleitet werden. Die Kammermessungen ergaben, dass die eingesetzten Konstruktionsmaterialien aus Holz flüchtige organische Verbindungen in erwartetem Umfang abgaben: Produkte aus Nadelholz emittierten hauptsächlich Terpene, neben Aldehyden und organischen Säuren. Vollholzelemente aus Kiefer wiesen im Vergleich die höchsten Konzentrationen auf. Holzwerkstoffe emittierten VOC wie der Rohstoff, aus dem sie hergestellt waren, allerdings veränderten sich die Verhältnisse der Stoffzusammensetzung durch die Herstellungsprozesse. Die Messungen von OSB und Spanplatten ergaben höhere Aldehyd-Emissionen und die der Dämmstoffe hauptsächlich Essigsäure-Emissionen. In der Raumluft der Modellhäuser wurden vorrangig Aldehyde und Terpene, und damit VOC, die die Holzmaterialien emittierten, gemessen. Zu Beginn der Messungen nahmen die Konzentrationen aller VOC ab. In den Frühlings- und Sommermonaten stiegen die Konzentrationen wieder an, sanken dann wiederum im darauffolgenden Herbst und Winter. Die Ausgangskonzentrationen wurden während des gesamten Verlaufs nicht wieder erreicht. Es wird somit erkennbar, dass die Konzentrationen in den Modellhäusern dem Grunde nach abnahmen, wie dies auch bei den Produktprüfungen über einen Zeitraum von 28 Tagen und länger zu beobachten ist. Allerdings wird diese Konzentrationsabnahme von den Außen- und Innentemperaturen überlagert: Bei höheren Temperaturen sind die Konzentrationen grundsätzlich höher. Die höchsten Werte wurden jeweils im Sommer und die Minima im Winter gemessen. Grundsätzlich hatte der Luftwechsel einen Einfluss auf die Raumluftkonzentration der Modellhäuser, der im Bereich zwischen 0 h-1 und 0,5 h-1 deutlicher war als zwischen 0,5 h-1 und 1 h-1. [...] |
| Keywords: | VOC,Emissionsprüfung,Innenraumluft-Konzentrationen,Holzbau,Klimabedingungen,emission test,indoor air concentration,wood construction,climate conditions |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:81&r=all |
| By: | Castro Campos, Bente; Petrick, Martin |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305583&r=all |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Nnanna, Joseph |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the role of income levels (low and middle) in modulating governance (political and economic) to influence inclusive human development. The empirical evidence is based on interactive quantile regressions and forty-nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2002.The following main findings are established. First, low income modulates governance (economic and political) to positively affect inclusive human development exclusively in countries with above-median levels of inclusive human development. It follows that countries with averagely higher levels of inclusive human development are more likely to benefit from the relevance of income levels in influencing governance for inclusive development. Second, the importance of middle income in modulating political governance to positively affect inclusive human is apparent exclusively in the median while the relevance of middle income in moderating economic governance to positively influence inclusive human development is significantly apparent in the 10th and 75th quantiles. Third, regardless of panels, income levels modulate economic governance to affect inclusive human development at a higher magnitude, compared to political governance. Policy implications are discussed in the light of the post-2015 agenda of sustainable development goals and contemporary development paradigms. This study complements the extant sparse literature on the inclusive human development in Africa. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development; Income levels; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | D31 I10 I32 K40 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:103142&r=all |
| By: | Rodríguez, Carla; Julca, Dolfer |
| Abstract: | La gestión del cierre de una mina es un reto ambicioso para los países de la región andina, teniendo en cuenta que arrastran una cantidad considerable de pasivos ambientales que representan un riesgo potencial para la sociedad y para el desarrollo sostenible. En este documento se describe y analiza la gestión del cierre de minas en el Perú, con el fin de identificar la responsabilidad del titular de una operación minera, los aspectos técnicos requeridos por la autoridad para garantizar que se cumplan el objetivo del cierre y la etapa posterior al cierre, así como los instrumentos financieros que aseguren y garanticen ante el Estado peruano el cumplimiento de los compromisos y obligaciones asumidas en el plan de cierre. El estudio abarca todas las fases de la gestión de cierre y presenta estadísticas y ejemplos concretos para identificar buenas prácticas mineras; también se reflexiona sobre los aspectos de mejora necesarios para lograr cierres de minas sostenibles en el tiempo. |
| Keywords: | MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, CIERRE DE MINAS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, DERECHO MINERO, DATOS ESTADISTICOS, COSTOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, ASPECTOS TECNICOS, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, MINE CLOSURES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, MINING LAW, STATISTICAL DATA, COSTS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, TECHNICAL ASPECTS, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2020–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46076&r=all |
| By: | Marshall Burke; Anne Driscoll; David Lobell; Stefano Ermon |
| Abstract: | Accurate and comprehensive measurements of a range of sustainable development outcomes are fundamental inputs into both research and policy. We synthesize the growing literature that uses satellite imagery to understand these outcomes, with a focus on approaches that combine imagery with machine learning. We quantify the paucity of ground data on key human-related outcomes and the growing abundance and resolution (spatial, temporal, and spectral) of satellite imagery. We then review recent machine learning approaches to model-building in the context of scarce and noisy training data, highlighting how this noise often leads to incorrect assessment of models’ predictive performance. We quantify recent model performance across multiple sustainable development domains, discuss research and policy applications, explore constraints to future progress, and highlight key research directions for the field. |
| JEL: | C45 C55 O1 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27879&r=all |
| By: | Moya, Ezequiel; Dominguez Marzano, Facundo |
| Abstract: | El Municipio del Partido de General Pueyrredón, es el encargado de la recolección de residuos sólidos urbanos. La misma se realiza a través de una empresa privada mediante licitación pública internacional. Este servicio incluye la recolección de residuos sólidos domiciliarios -que deben ser separados en origen- y de poda, el barrido de calles y avenidas y la limpieza de playas públicas -no concesionadas-. Los residuos son transportados al Área de Disposición Final de Residuos del Partido. Aquellos que son separados en origen se dirigen a la Instalación de Recuperación de Materiales -IRM-, operada por recuperadores pertenecientes a la Cooperativa Común Unidad de Recuperadores Argentinos -CURA-. Aunque, no todos los residuos sólidos llegan al destino de la planta de recuperación, sino que una gran cantidad de residuos reciclables no son recuperados al no ser separados en origen, otros son desplazados por el agua de las lluvias desde las calles de la ciudad hacia el mar y suelen terminar en las orillas de la playa. Esto afecta el patrimonio ambiental que posee la ciudad, generando principalmente un perjuicio en las condiciones naturales del mar y, consecuentemente, en el turismo -que es la principal actividad de la ciudad-. La acumulación de desechos en vertederos o rellenos sanitarios genera graves problemas al medio ambiente, debido a que no se le realiza ningún tratamiento al residuo ni tampoco hay recuperación de energía. En resumen, los residuos sólidos que no son tratados generan contaminación del aire, napas y ecosistemas terrestres Es necesario contar con información cualitativa y cuantitativa sobre este impacto negativo al medio ambiente, que sea de utilidad para la toma de decisiones que contribuyan al uso sustentable y sostenible de los recursos naturales. En ese sentido, creemos que es nuestra responsabilidad poner la contabilidad al servicio del medio ambiente. La Contabilidad Ambiental puede definirse como "La parte de la Contabilidad aplicada cuyo objeto son las relaciones entre una entidad y su medio ambiente, lo cual requiere precisar tanto el concepto de entidad como el de medio ambiente. El medio ambiente de una entidad puede definirse como su entorno natural, o bien como su entorno vital, abarcando, en este segundo caso, el entorno natural, cultural y social de la entidad a lo largo de un determinado periodo de tiempo" (Fernández Cuesta, 2004, p. 33). El presente trabajo tiene como objeto analizar la Gestión de Residuos Sólidos en la ciudad de Mar del Plata y su impacto al medioambiente desde la perspectiva de la Contabilidad Social y Ambiental. En la primer parte del mismo nos proponemos caracterizar a la ciudad de Mar del Plata, su sistema de gestión de residuos y la normativa aplicable en general y en específico la aplicable a nivel municipal. Luego de ello, analizaremos algunos conceptos de la Contabilidad Ambiental para finalizar aplicándolos al caso particular. |
| Keywords: | Contabilidad; Medio Ambiente; Residuos Sólidos; |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3294&r=all |
| By: | CONTE KEIVABU, Risto |
| Abstract: | Research highlighted a negative effect of extreme temperature on school performance, especially for ethnic minorities and low status students. This article inquires how SES and gender moderate the effect of temperature on test scores. The focus on gender differences is granted by recent experimental studies that exposed a positive effect of temperature on girl’s test scores. In this research, I use the Italian administrative dataset INVALSI combined with measures of temperature on the test day at the provincial level based on the ERA-5 Land database. The results highlight a negative effect of temperatures below 10°C and no effect of temperatures above 30°C on math test scores, although heterogeneity across gender. Females benefit from higher temperature but males do not. Temperature shocks and school year exposure confirm the pattern. Conversely, no SES differences are observed. |
| Date: | 2020–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:whtf5&r=all |
| By: | Gaëlle Le Treut (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2020–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02949396&r=all |
| By: | Gaëlle Le Treut (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Université Paris-Saclay - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2020–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-02949396&r=all |
| By: | Plastina, Alejandro; Lence, Sergio H.; Ortiz-Bobea, Ariel |
| Abstract: | Despite the major role of climate in agricultural production, few studies have analyzed how weather fluctuations affect the measurement and decomposition of Total Factor Productivity (TFP). This article proposes a novel framework to decompose TFP change accounting for the influence of weather. Specifically, we estimate the contribution of weather variations, technical change, technical and allocative efficiency, as well as markup, scale and price effects to TFP change. The underlying technology is represented by a multi-input, multi-output flexible input distance function with quasi-fixed inputs of production, and is estimated for major U.S. producing regions using Bayesian methods. To assess the role of weather in the decomposition of TFP growth, we contrast findings from our proposed method with those of a baseline model that ignores weather effects. Overall, our TFP growth estimates are highly similar to those obtained from official USDA indices. However, we find that the contribution of non-weather components to TFP is 14% lower when we account for weather variations. This weatherrelated bias is particularly strong in the Central region of the country. This overestimation of TFP growth that is attributable to non-weather components in previous research thus implies that estimated rates of return to public R&D are also overestimated, which has profound policy implications. This is the first study to document how ignoring weather can bias the decomposition of TFP change estimates. |
| Date: | 2019–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:201911120800001087&r=all |
| By: | Chai, Huajun; Rodier, Caroline; Song, Jeffery; Zhang, Michael |
| Abstract: | Parking has long been an urban planning challenge. Providing parking in city centers is land-intensive and expensive. Moreover, drivers searching for scarce parking can increase congestion, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Use of automated vehicles to drop off and pick up travelers could reduce the demand for parking, which could reduce VMT and associated emissions and allow urban spaces currently used for parking to be converted to more beneficial uses. However, automated vehicles could also have negative consequences. They could generate empty vehicle travel and more cross-traffic movements due to drop-offs and pick-ups which could increase congestion, VMT, and GHG emissions. Researchers at the University of California, Davis modeled the travel effects of changes in drop-off and pick-up activity and parking supply that might be triggered by widespread automated vehicle use in San Francisco’s city center. A primary goal of this research was to determine an optimal level of automated vehicle adoption that minimizes negative consequences. The researchers also modeled methods to control these negative consequences, including expanding drop-off and pick-up zones and imposing auto pricing policies to curb demand. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Autonomous vehicles, Central business districts, City planning, Curb side parking, Exhaust gases, Parking demand, Traffic models, Travel behavior, Vehicle miles of travel |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt03c3c2d4&r=all |
| By: | Bukhovets, Oksana; Schroers, Jan Ole |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi18:305624&r=all |
| By: | Zanfrillo, Alicia Inés; Artola, María Antonia |
| Abstract: | El propósito del trabajo es determinar la huella de carbono -HC- en una institución de educación superior de gestión pública argentina analizando los requerimientos informativos para su cálculo a fin de establecer sus limitaciones y realizar aportes al diseño de políticas institucionales. Si bien las universidades informan su quehacer en materia ambiental, desarrollan programas de conducta responsable y adhieren a redes y estándares internacionales para promover el compromiso con la sociedad y el entorno, se encuentra ausente la cuantificación de las emisiones contaminantes que permitan establecer planes para su reducción. Se abordó una investigación cuantitativa, de tipo descriptiva, para determinar la HC en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata del año 2018 desde dos propuestas: el Método de las Cuentas Contables Comparadas o MC3 (Doménech, 2004) y una metodología específica para universidades (Álvarez y Heras, 2008). Para el cálculo de cada tipo de emisión se accedió a estados contables, facturas, notas e informes de los sistemas de Compras, Suministros y Registraciones. Los resultados muestran una mayor proporción de emisiones directas por la combustión de gas natural frente a una menor contribución de las indirectas por movilidad de la comunidad académica con un total de 150,76 kgCO2eq. per cápita para el año de estudio. El análisis revela las dificultades para el cálculo de la HC centradas en la falta de institucionalización de esta métrica. La adopción de un enfoque proactivo en el desarrollo de planes de mejora que permitan la reducción y/o compensación de las emisiones implicará no solo la adopción de nuevas tecnologías, más eficientes, que reemplacen las existentes de mayor consumo energético, sino, además, la disposición de sistemas que brinden información tanto de la dotación tecnológica y su grado de obsolescencia como sobre el impacto ambiental de su empleo. |
| Keywords: | Instituciones de Enseñanza Superior; Huella de Carbono; Impacto Ambiental; Sistemas de Información; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3348&r=all |
| By: | Lacaze, María Victoria |
| Abstract: | Esta columna sintetiza los puntos centrales de la tesis doctoral de la autora. Dicho trabajo evaluó si el eco-etiquetado de alimentos pesqueros opera como una medida no arancelaria en el comercio global de dichos productos. |
| Keywords: | Comercio Mundial; Productos Pesqueros; Restricciones a los Intercambios; Seguridad Alimentaria; Modelo Gravitacional; |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3345&r=all |
| By: | Amina Said Alsayyad (IPC-IG); Abdel-Hameed Hamdy Nawar (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "A igualdade entre mulheres e homens como beneficiários do desenvolvimento, o empoderamento feminino e a eliminação da discriminação contra as mulheres são valores fundamentais, consagrados na Carta das Nações Unidas. Para se alcançar a igualdade de gênero, é necessário que estejam disponíveis evidências para iluminar as diferenças e as desigualdades entre as situações de mulheres e homens em todas as áreas da vida". (...) |
| Keywords: | estatisticas, genero, capazes, suprir, lacunas, monitoramento, prestação, contas, Objetivos, Desenvolvimento, Sustentável |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:433&r=all |