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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒07‒27
eighty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Ignacio Perez Dominguez (European Commission - JRC); Thomas Fellmann (European Commission - JRC); Peter Witzke (EuroCARE GmbH); Franz Weiss (European Commission - JRC); Jordan Hristov (European Commission - JRC); Mihaly Himics (European Commission - JRC); Jesus Barreiro-Hurle (European Commission - JRC); Manuel Gomez Barbero (European Commission - JRC); Adrian Leip (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report highlights the importance of assessing emission mitigation from a multidimensional perspective. For this, a quantitative framework to analyse the potential contribution of different technological mitigation options in EU agriculture is described in this report. Within the boundaries of the analysis, the need to consider land use, land-use change and forestry emissions and removals for a comprehensive analysis of the sector’s potential contribution to achieve certain greenhouse gas mitigation targets is highlighted. The assessment of carbon dioxide emissions and removals is also important in light of the new flexibility introduced in the EU 2030 regulation framework. Regarding a possible ranking of mitigation technologies in terms of their mitigation potential and attached costs, the analysis clearly highlights the need to consider mitigation technologies as ‘a bundle’. It is important to avoid the simple aggregation of mitigation potentials by single measures without taking into account their interactions both from a biophysical and economic perspective. Moreover, the analysis quantifies how mitigation measures might influence differently the agricultural sector in different EU Member States, stating that there is no ‘one fits all’ rule that could be followed for selecting which mitigation technologies should be implemented at regional level. In the policy context of the European Green Deal, the Effort Sharing Regulation and the CAP-post 2020, our results imply that farmers should have flexibility with regard to which mitigation options to adopt in order to find the right mix fitting to the regional circumstances. |
| Keywords: | EU agriculture, climate change mitigation, technologies, land use and land use change, marginal abatement cost curves |
| JEL: | Q11 Q13 Q18 Q51 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc120355&r=all |
| By: | SOTO Iria (European Commission – JRC); BARNES Andrew; BALAFOUTIS Athanasios; BECK Bert; SANCHEZ FERNANDEZ Berta (European Commission – JRC); VANGEYTE Jurgen; FOUNTAS Spyros; VAN DER WAL Tamme; EORY Vera; GOMEZ BARBERO Manuel (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in the EU has to cope with global challenges such as climate change mitigation and making farming more efficient. The active management of agricultural practices using appropriate technologies and systems could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase agricultural productivity and income. However, information on the uptake, use and impacts of precision agriculture technologies (PAT) in the EU is so far sparse and site-specific. This technical report assesses the impact of PAT on GHG emissions and farm economics. To this end, a typology of PAT was created in order to identify those that had the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions. Secondly, five case studies were selected with the aim of identifying a range of EU countries, precision agriculture techniques and arable crop types that could realise the maximum potential economic and environmental benefits of adopting PAT. A survey was applied to 971 adopters and non-adopters of machine guidance and/or variable-rate nitrogen application technologies on the selected study cases with the aim of assessing the reasons behind uptake and the economic and environmental impacts of different approaches. Finally, economic and environmental impacts were investigated though a partial budgeting analysis and the Miterra-Europe model respectively. Results indicate that, although most surveyed farmers were aware of PAT, uptake rates are low. High investment costs, farm size and the farmers’ age were identified as barriers to the adoption of PAT. The survey reveals that adoption barriers might be overcome by boosting economic incentives that aim to improve economic performance both directly and indirectly. However, non-monetary incentives, such as technical advice or training, also seem to be of interest to the surveyed farmers. The results of the survey also show that information points, such as peer-to-peer learning, attendance at trade fairs, visits to (and by) researchers and industry dealers, have a positive effect on PAT uptake. The results of the partial budget analysis, where capital costs of the technologies are not included, indicate that impacts are highly variable by country, by farm type and size, and by technology. The results of the environmental impact analysis show that the introduction of PAT might have positive effects on the environment, with reductions in GHG emissions from the reduced application of fertiliser, reduced fertiliser production and reduced use of fuels. |
| Keywords: | Precision Agriculture, Climate change, Mitigation, Agriculture, efficiency,farming,technology, impacts, adoption |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc112505&r=all |
| By: | Nadal Egea, Alejandro; Aguayo, Francisco |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo se propone un enfoque sobre las causas del deterioro ambiental que integra el análisis en distintos niveles de organización económica, con especial atención en el nivel de las políticas macroeconómicas y sectoriales. En la segunda sección, aplicando este enfoque en una primera aproximación, se examina el proceso de reprimarización de las economías de América Latina. Se analiza el papel que desempeñan el comportamiento estratégico de las empresas, la integración de sectores primarios a los circuitos financieros globales, las políticas de desarrollo sectorial y las prioridades del modelo de política económica sobre el ritmo y el alcance del deterioro ambiental. En la tercera sección se examinan el carácter acumulativo e inercial del actual estilo de desarrollo en la región y las implicaciones relevantes de esta dinámica para el diseño de estrategias de transición a nivel sectorial. Finamente, se identifica un conjunto de principios básicos para reorientar la política macroeconómica hacia una postura activa y en concordancia con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, DETERIORO AMBIENTAL, DAÑO AMBIENTAL, MACROECONOMIA, POLITICA ECONOMICA, RECURSOS NATURALES, CONSERVACION DE RECURSOS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, MACROECONOMICS, ECONOMIC POLICY, NATURAL RESOURCES, RESOURCES CONSERVATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2020–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col031:45766&r=all |
| By: | SMIT Bert; JANSSENS Bas; HAAGSMA Wiepie; HENNEN Wil; ADRADOS Jose Luis; KATHAGE Jonas (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In order to contribute to the EU's ambitions to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, different technological and management options are being analysed. Within the agricultural sector, catch and cover crops (CCC) are considered a viable option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. CCC are crops grown for the protection of the agricultural land which would otherwise be bare against erosion and nutrient losses. They immobilise nitrogen such that it remains available in the soil after the harvest of the main crop for the next main crop. If managed correctly, catch and cover crops can enhance climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration (building up the soil organic carbon content of the soil) and reducing emissions from fertiliser production. In this report, we conduct a survey for different case study regions in Europe (Castilla y León in Spain; Sud – Muntenia in Romania; Centre in France; and Overijssel in the Netherlands) focusing on the mitigation and adoption potential. From the survey results we observe that CCC are mainly grown after wheat, barley, silage maize or sunflower, the most popular species being ryegrasses, mustards, clovers, vetch, oats, phacelia and rye. In most cases CCC are sown after the harvest of the main crop, after a seedbed preparation, and adopters generally do not apply irrigation, N-fertilisation (mineral or organic) or crop protection. The termination of these crops is in most cases by ploughing or by using herbicides (glyphosate). In Spain, the concept of CCC is not very well known. Common vetch was the most applied species, mostly after cereals but in some cases after sugar beet or potato. Part of the CCC was undersown. Irrigation and N-manure were often applied, but seedbed preparation, N-fertiliser and crop protection were not frequently mentioned. Half of the Spanish adopters did not harvest this crop and the other half harvested it for selling, for own use or for fodder. The majority of adopters used ploughing for termination of CCC. In France, unlike the other regions in the survey, a wide variety of CCC species was applied. Black oat (Avena strigosa), white mustard (Sinapis alba), common vetch (Vicia sativa) and Phacelia were most frequently mentioned, which were mostly sown after wheat and barley harvest. French farmers are in general well informed about catch and cover crops. While most farmers apply seedbed preparation, irrigation, N-fertilization and crop protection are not often applied. The large majority of French adopters did not harvest the CCC and terminated the crop through ploughing. Dutch respondents knew the CCC-concept, since most of them grew green maize on sandy soils as a part of their fodder production for their dairy herd. Thus, they had to comply with the Nitrates Directive to grow a CCC after the maize and they did that mostly after harvest. Half of them grew Italian or English ryegrass and the other half (cutting) rye. This practice led to a relatively long CCC-period on the field compared to the three other regions in the survey. Irrigation, N-fertilisation, N-manure and crop protection were not often applied, but all adopters applied seedbed preparation. Half of the CCC-growers terminated the crop through ploughing, a quarter through a different mechanical form and the others through herbicides. In Romania, not all farmers knew the concept of CCC-growing, although quite a share of the adopters did so as an obligation by the Romanian Agency for Payments and Intervention for Agriculture. Rapeseed and green peas were the most frequently applied CCC-species, after wheat or sunflower harvest and after a seedbed preparation. Like in the other regions, irrigation, N-fertilisation, N-manure and crop protection were not often applied. The majority of adopters did not harvest the crop and more than 80% of the adopters in Romania ploughed the CCC for termination. Farming activities related to the use of CCC take on average 3.4 hours per ha. The total cost of all inputs (seeds, fertiliser/manure, pesticides, water) and all operations (seedbed preparation, sowing, application of fertiliser/manure and plant protection, irrigation, fuel, harvest and termination, including contractors hired) is on average 144 €/ha. Adopters estimated that growing CCC reduces the fertiliser need of the following main crops by 6.6%, and increases yields of the following main crops by 4.2%. Most adopters grow CCC because of existing policies and most consider cultivation mandatory. Overall, agronomic reasons play a smaller role, and environmental motives are of little relevance to the adoption decision. The reasons why non-adopters do not grow CCC include a lack of benefits, high cost and labour requirements, lack of awareness, and unsuitable weather and crop rotations, among others. A majority of non-adopters indicate that they would start growing CCC if additional subsidies were provided. Estimated CCC adoption rates based on the share of farmers using CCC range from 12% in Castilla y León, 46% in Sud – Muntenia, 84% in Centre to 99% in Overijssel. However, most adopters grow CCC on only a small share of their arable land, with the exception of Overijssel. The estimated adoption rate based on the regional area potentially available for CCC cultivation (after cereals, protein and industrial crops) is well below 20% in the Spanish, Romanian and French regions and 90% in Overijssel. The adoption potential is combined with regionally differentiated estimates of carbon sequestration from CCC per hectare to calculate the total potential climate change mitigation from CCC in each of the case study regions. |
| Keywords: | crop, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc116730&r=all |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Iheonu, Chimere; Odo, Kingsley |
| Abstract: | This paper complements existing literature by assessing the conditional relationship between renewable energy and environmental quality in a sample of 40 African countries for the period 2002 to 2017. The empirical evidence is based on fixed effects regressions and quantile fixed effects regressions. The findings from both estimation techniques show that renewable energy consistently decreases carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Moreover, the negative effect is a decreasing function of CO2 emissions or the negative effect of renewable energy on CO2 emissions decreases with increasing levels of CO2 emissions. In other words, countries with higher levels of CO2 emissions consistently experience a less negative effect compared to their counterparts with lower levels of CO2 emissions. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Panel econometrics; Renewable energy; Carbon emissions; Africa |
| JEL: | Q32 Q40 Q55 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:101860&r=all |
| By: | Iciar Pavez (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Zouhair Bouhsina (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural supply chains are providers and receivers of ecosystem services. Providers when supplying food, non-food products and services; and receivers as they benefit from natural resources (Le Roux et al., 2008). Agriculture and its supply chains must be considered as social-ecological systems due to the participation of different actors that interact within natural, economic, institutional and social dimensions (Moraine et al., 2015). Partners within the supply chains coordinate to organize exchanges while managing the natural resources and adapting to changes and uncertainties, whether linked to natural or to economic factors. This study focuses the analysis on two fruit-based food supply chains: apples and mangoes, particularly at the interface between agricultural raw materials and processing. Supply chains of fruits are especially complex. At the production stage, climate, i.e. sunlight, temperature, humidity among other agronomical factors, are source of variability and heterogeneity of the raw material. Beside the influence of climate on the quality attributes of fruit, climate also affects the apparition of plant diseases, which on one hand, have direct and harmful effects on fruit quality, and on the other, trigger the use of phytosanitary substances to control pests with the consequently emergence of chemical hazards due to residues in fruits. This complexity makes more difficult for growers and processors to control the food quality which is increasingly relevant and demanding. Quality has evolved towards a more comprehensive concept that beyond the organoleptic and nutritional attributes, involve the respect for sanitary, social and ecological considerations. Firms, i.e. growers, processors, traders and distributors of the supply chains, have the responsibility to satisfy consumer, to protect human health and to protect natural resources. Firms have also the challenge of ensuring their own position in a highly competitive and uncertain environment. To do so, they implement strategies to control quality and to protect assets involved in transactions with partners that can also be competitors (Menard, 2013:130). This study asks the question: How do firms manage the variability and the heterogeneity of fruits within the supply chains? To answer this question, our framework is the New Institutional Economics. We resort to the institutional analysis applied to the agricultural sector by Menard (2013, 2014, 2017), that allows a better understanding of the multilayer institutions in place to regulate the social-ecosystems. Using a qualitative method of analysis, we gathered primary information from 54 firms with a main focus on France for apples and mangoes (La Reunion), we also explored other European, Asian and Latin-American countries to have a wider scope of analysis and comparison. We uncover the main problems concerning quality of products, and the strategies of coordination adopted by firms within the supply chains. |
| Date: | 2018–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02737568&r=all |
| By: | Kamran, Hafiz Waqas; Haseeb, Muhammad; Nguyen, Thu Thuy; Nguyen, V.C. |
| Abstract: | The present investigation empirically determines the comparative as well as combine panel estimations for the relationship between climate change and bank stability in three selected ASEAN countries; Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand with the moderation of green financing and renewable energy. Five leading banks were chosen from each country based on green financing usage. The dependent variable was bank stability, which was proxies by z-score of ROA and ROE along with SDROA and SDROE. Climate change was the main independent variable, which was proxies by CO2 emission while the control variable was organization quality. Panel data estimation was applied using a fixed effect, random effect and pooled OLS technique along with the Hausman test and LM test. Both Hausman and LM tests were not significant which conformed pooled data estimation as the appropriate modelling. The comparative findings indicate that bank stability strongly decreased by climate change in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. The Green financing strongly enhances bank stability in the case of Malaysia and Thailand while renewable energy is a less important factor to enhance the bank stability for all the three countries. The moderation effect of green financing significantly enhances bank stability in the case of Malaysia and Thailand while the moderation effect of renewable energy enhances bank stability in the case of Malaysia and Indonesia only. The combined estimates conclude that climate changes strongly decreases the bank stability in the ASEAN region while the green financing and renewable energy positively influences the bank stability in this region with low significance. The moderation effect of green financing, as well as renewable energy positively, enhances the bank stability measures of ZROA and ZROE only in this region. The policy implication for this empirical investigation concludes that the policymakers in ASEAN region should promote green financing in all the banks with renewable energy in their economies as the source of alternative energy consumption to control to devastating changes in climate so that bank stability in this region is insured. |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:v48fa&r=all |
| By: | Lucas de Almeida Nogueira da Costa; André Albuquerque Sant?Anna; Carlos Eduardo Frickman Young |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of drought shocks in a vulnerable environment – the Brazilian Semi-Arid. We analyze the impact of drought shocks, measured as deviations from historical averages, on agricultural outcomes and land-use decisions in a region that suffers recurrently with drought. After controlling for municipality and year fixed effects, we use weather shocks to exactly identify outcomes. Our benchmark results show substantial effects on the loss of crop area and on the value of agricultural output. By investigating distributional effects, we are able to show that crops related to family farming suffer more from drought shocks. We follow our investigation by testing heterogeneity effects and show that adequate water provision and maintenance of forest cover help in reducing the impact of drought shocks. Finally, we show that drought shocks in the previous year affect deforestation in the following year. |
| Keywords: | Drought, Climate Change, Agricultural Output; Brazilian Semi-Arid |
| JEL: | Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000518:018213&r=all |
| By: | Ambec, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Environmental markets distribute tradable rights on natural resources that are available for free on the earth such as water, biomass or clean air. In a framework where users differ solely in respect of their access to the resource, I investigate the allocation of rights that are accepted in the sense that, after trading, users obtain at least what they can achieve by sharing the resources they control. I show that, among all accepted rights, the more egalitarian ones do not allow any redistribution among users. Consequently, compared to an efficient allocation of resources, the net trading of rights always increases inequality. |
| Keywords: | Common-pool resources, environmental externalities, property rights, cooperative game, fairness, tradable quotas, emission permits. |
| JEL: | C71 D02 D63 Q28 Q38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:124416&r=all |
| By: | Leonidas Mantzos (European Commission - JRC); Tobias Wiesenthal (European Commission - JRC); Frederik Neuwahl (European Commission - JRC); Mate Rozsai (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report describes the evolution of the EU energy system until the year 2050 under the assumption that no further policies and measures are introduced beyond the end of 2017. The results show that both the energy and the carbon intensity of the European economy remain on a declining path in the 'Central' scenario set-up, but will miss mid-century targets. This evolution is driven by the continued impact of policies that are already in place in combination with technology progress, as well as by structural changes and the development of the prices of fossil fuels and of the CO2 allowances under the EU Emissions Trading System. The EU target to reduce GHG emissions by at least 40% from 1990 levels in 2030 will not be met under the assumptions of the scenario, confirming the need for additional policies and measures. The Central scenario was developed with the JRC´s energy model POTEnCIA and serves as reference point to which policy scenarios can be compared. It is the result of a transparent and iterative interactive exercise between the JRC, other Commission services and Member States' national experts within the POTEnCIA modelling framework. |
| Keywords: | Energy, Modelling, Energy System, Climate, Scenario |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc118353&r=all |
| By: | Tomaso Ceccarelli (Wageningen University); Manuel Winograd (Wageningen University); Pedro Andres Garzon Delvaux (European Commission - JRC); Steven Hoek (Wageningen University); Sergio Gomez y Paloma (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Responding to the food security challenge in the Sahel mainly relies on the supply of goods and services from ecosystems of the region. The evolution of the Sahelian population in the wake of climate change questions whether available biomass from agriculture and natural vegetation will be covering future human needs. To explore this issue, we present a prospective study of the human carrying capacity of Sahel ecosystems balancing its biomass supply and demand to the year 2050. This was obtained by applying a net primary production (NPP) demand and supply model based on satellite derived NPP, the most reliable information on land cover, crop types and Land Utilisation Types (LUTs), as well as official production (completed by net trade flows) statistics from FAOSTAT and UN population projections. How four alternative agriculture scenarios affect the Sahel's carrying capacity, given its variability and expected vulnerability to climate change (CC), is also addressed contrasting possible futures. Results, expressed in terms of the human appropriation of NPP (HANPP), and supported by scenario narratives, show that HANPP evolves from the current 29% (food, feed and fuel components included) to 75%-88% depending on the scenario. The approach also generated HANPP maps indicating areas of special concern (“hot spots†) as well as those expected to generate opportunities (“hope spots†) in terms of local NPP supply and demand balance. The two scenarios with most agricultural technological improvements achieve the most favourable NPP food share results but fall short of compensating for a more than doubling demand over the same period. Today about 15% of food biomass is imported against an expected 40% by the year 2050 and up to 65% in the least favourable scenario of this prospective. These are conservative estimates as they do not account for the likely future change in individual dietary preferences and increases in consumption. Such projections point to the need to reinforce agriculture policy with complementary assertive strategies through the diversification of the economy and adapted regional trade policy. |
| Keywords: | adaptation to climate change, agricultural policy, biomass, ecosystem, food security, goods and services, management of resources, production, research report, Sahel |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc108643&r=all |
| By: | Rafael Wildauer (Department of International Business and Economics, University of Greenwich); Stuart Leitch (University of Greenwich); Jakob Kapeller (Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institute for Comprehensive Analysis of the Economy, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal (EGD) is the European Union’s flagship strategy to tackle climate change. This policy study compares the ambition and scale of the EGD with the current relevant scientific literature. The goal is to assess whether the current proposals are capable of fulfilling the EU’s commitment to limit global warming to 1.5°C in line with the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, European Green Deal, Global Warming |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ico:wpaper:111&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Allen; Stéphane Dees; Jean Boissinot; Carlos Mateo Caicedo Graciano; Valérie Chouard; Laurent Clerc; Annabelle de Gaye; Antoine Devulder; Sébastien Diot; Noémie Lisack; Fulvio Pegoraro; Marie Rabaté; Romain Svartzman; Lucas Vernet |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an analytical framework to quantify the impacts of climate policy and transition narratives on economic and financial variables necessary for financial risk assessment. Focusing on transition risks, the scenarios considered include unexpected increases in carbon prices and productivity shocks to reflect disorderly transition processes. The modelling framework relies on a suite of models, calibrated on the high-level reference scenarios of the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). Relying on this approach, the ACPR has selected a number of quantitative scenarios to be submitted to agroup of voluntary banks and insurance companies to conduct the first bottom-up pilot climate-related risk assessment. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Scenario Analysis, Economic Modelling, Financial Stability . |
| JEL: | C60 E50 G32 O44 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:774&r=all |
| By: | Jan F. Kiviet (University of Amsterdam and Stellenbosch University) |
| Abstract: | Intermittently Singapore suffers from severe air pollution in periods of intense forest and peatland fires on neighboring South-Asian islands. A recent American Economic Review article modeled the causal relationships between fire intensity in Indonesia and air pollution (PSI) in Singapore, and between PSI and health clinic visits in Singapore. We find serious flaws in the quantitative assessment of these relationships. Attempts are made to repair these using the same classic methodology and data, but also by alternative methods requiring less speculative assumptions. Although actually more detailed data are required, also some results are produced which seem more credible. |
| Keywords: | endogeneity robust inference, environmental economics, health economics, instrument invalidity, sensitivity analysis |
| JEL: | C12 C13 C26 I1 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sza:wpaper:wpapers345&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | A conjuntura atual do Brasil e dos países no mundo todo é marcada pela busca da recuperação do dinamismo econômico e da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Nesse contexto, a Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) das Nações Unidas vem desenvolvendo o Big Push para a Sustentabilidade, uma abordagem renovada para apoiar os países da região na construção de estilos de desenvolvimento mais sustentáveis, por meio da coordenação de políticas para promover investimentos transformadores desses estilos. O Escritório da CEPAL em Brasília e o Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos (CGEE), com a participação de diversos parceiros, desenvolveram o projeto Grande Impulso Energia (Energy Big Push) Brasil, buscando evidências para a promoção de investimentos em inovação para uma transição energética em bases sustentáveis no país. O mergulho nas páginas desta publicação permitirá ao leitor ampliar sua compreensão sobre o panorama de investimentos em inovação energética, o desempenho de tecnologias de baixo carbono e o quadro de políticas para aumento das competências tecnológicas em energias limpas, contribuindo para um grande impulso energético no Brasil. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, ENERGIA SOSTENIBLE, INVERSIONES, INVESTIGACION Y DESARROLLO, CARBONO, POLITICA ENERGETICA, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, TECNOLOGIA DE LA ENERGIA, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENERGY RESOURCES, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, INVESTMENTS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, CARBON, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45695&r=all |
| By: | Robert M’Barek (European Commission - JRC); George Philippidis (European Commission - JRC); Tevecia Ronzon (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In this study we build model-based scenarios following the European Commission's Global Energy and Climate Outlook to 2050, which constitutes a central element of EU's vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. Results of this study indicate that in the reference scenario (REF) economic growth in developing and emerging countries remains strong towards 2050, while global income disparities persist. Over time, the economy is projected to become more energy-efficient, creating more wealth per GHG emissions. However, in absolute terms, GHG emissions keep growing by one third. The global food production increases by about 60% to feed the growing and richer world population, requiring 8% more land and related resources. The two Bioeconomy Strategy objectives on climate change and reduction of fossil-based energy use are largely reached. Important investments in innovation are a precondition for making these fundamental changes in the economy. It is accompanied by benefits also for resource usage, e.g. less land is used due to overall efficiency improvements and reduced climate change induced land yield reductions. The potential usage of this land must be carefully evaluated given the expected increase in land use over time. The circular bioeconomy has adequate macroeconomic conditions to evolve, as the high carbon price makes innovative bio-based industries more competitive in replacing conventional fossil-based inputs to petroleum blending, aviation and chemicals sectors. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy, MAGNET, CGE, transition, carbon-neutral, foresight |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc118064&r=all |
| By: | Guillaume Gruère (OECD); Makiko Shigemitsu (OECD); Scarlett Crawford (University Paris-Est Créteil) |
| Abstract: | This report takes stock of agriculture and water policy changes from 2009 to 2019 and assesses the alignment of these changes with relevant sections of the OECD Council Recommendation on Water and the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan on water and food security. The analysis builds on results from a 2019 survey on agriculture and water policy changes which gathered responses from 38 countries – including OECD countries, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Cabo Verde – and the European Union. A methodology was developed to convert survey responses into indices of alignment of policy changes with OECD and G20 recommendations. Results show that changes in water and agriculture policies from 2009 to 2019 were uneven across countries and investigated policy areas (water governance, water quality, water quantity and water risks), with some countries undertaking important reforms whereas others mainly improved existing policies. On average, alignment indices suggest that agriculture and water policies in responding countries progressed towards the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. In order to advance further, relatively water abundant countries should pay attention to their approach to manage water quantity and risks under climate change, all countries should consider improving their policies to reduce pollution from agriculture, and selected countries should consider making additional efforts to recover water charges and to use pricing instruments, in line with the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. Policy changes by responding G20 member countries have also been in the direction of the 2017 G20 Agriculture Ministerial Action Plan. However, some of these changes are partial, particularly those on water use efficiency and resilience, and those supporting responsible investment in agriculture and water. |
| Keywords: | policy evaluation, reform process, Water governance, water pollution, water risks, water scarcity |
| JEL: | Q18 Q25 Q28 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:144-en&r=all |
| By: | Michael D. Bauer; Glenn D. Rudebusch |
| Abstract: | The level of the social discount rate (SDR) is a crucial factor for evaluating the costs of climate change. We demonstrate that the equilibrium or steady-state real interest rate is the fundamental anchor for market-based SDRs. Much recent research has pointed to a decrease in the equilibrium real interest rate since the 1990s. Using new estimates of this decline, we document a pronounced downward shift in the entire term structure of SDRs in recent decades. This lower new normal for interest rates and SDRs has substantially boosted the estimated economic loss from climate change and the social cost of carbon. |
| Keywords: | social discount rate; cost of carbon; natural rate of interest; r-star |
| JEL: | E43 E44 Q54 H43 |
| Date: | 2020–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:88357&r=all |
| By: | Rodríguez, M; Van den Bijgaart, Inge |
| Abstract: | Despite ambitious climate goals and already substantial stocks of developed fossil energy reserves, development of new fossil energy reserves continues to be high. This raises concerns, as it reinforces the fossil industry’s opportunities and incentives to continue extraction, and may necessitate abandonment of developed fossil reserves to meet climate targets. In this paper, we analyze the energy transition, considering fossil exploration and development activities. We provide conditions for when the fossil industry will abandon reserves, and establish that continued exploration of fossil resources is not incompatible with abandoning developed reserves. The first-best implementation of a carbon budget always involves reserve abandonment, and thus exploration that pushes developed reservesin excess of the remaining budget. A quantitative assessment reveals that a volume equal to 9-19% of current oil and gas reserves are optimally abandoned, and that, even under a 1.5?C warming target, positive exploration of new reserves is justified for another decade. |
| Keywords: | carbon budget; energy transition; fossil exploration; nonrenewable resources; renewableenergy; stranded assets. |
| JEL: | Q21 Q31 Q35 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000092:018249&r=all |
| By: | Dorothée Brécard (LEAD - Laboratoire d'Économie Appliquée au Développement - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are exerting growing pressure on firms to eliminate product components (such as palm oil) that are harmful to the environment (such as rainforests) or replace such components with NGO-certified sustainable components. Under which conditions does NGO pressure lead firms to eliminate basic components from their products or, alternatively, substitute damaging components with certified sustainable components? What are the ensuing effects on market structure, environmental quality, and social welfare? The paper addresses these issues using a model of two-dimensional vertical product differentiation. It shows that, for an NGO that collects certification fees to accrue its budget and finance its awareness campaign, it may — paradoxically — be optimal to reduce the certified product's market share and eventually evict it. |
| Keywords: | Biofuels,NGO,Eco-label,Environmental quality,Product differentiation,Palm oil |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02878337&r=all |
| By: | Tatyana Deryugina; Nolan H. Miller; David Molitor; Julian Reif |
| Abstract: | Policies aimed at reducing the harmful effects of air pollution exposure typically focus on areas with high levels of pollution. However, if a population’s vulnerability to air pollution is imperfectly correlated with current pollution levels, then this approach to air quality regulation may not efficiently target pollution reduction efforts. We examine the geographic and socioeconomic determinants of vulnerability to dying from acute exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. We find that there is substantial local and regional variability in the share of individuals who are vulnerable to pollution both at the county and ZIP code level. Vulnerability tends to be negatively related to health and socioeconomic status. Surprisingly, we find that vulnerability is also negatively related to an area’s average PM2.5 pollution level, suggesting that basing air quality regulation only on current pollution levels may fail to effectively target regions with the most to gain by reducing exposure. |
| JEL: | I14 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27357&r=all |
| By: | Helman, David (The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University); Zaitchik, Ben; Funk, Chris |
| Abstract: | There is an active debate regarding the influence that climate has on the risk of armed conflict, which stems from challenges in assembling unbiased datasets, competing hypotheses on the mechanisms of climate influence, and the difficulty of disentangling direct and indirect climate effects. We use gridded historical conflict records, satellite data, and land surface models in a structural equation modeling approach to uncover the direct and indirect effects of climate on violent conflicts in Africa and the Middle East (ME). We show that climate–conflict linkages in these regions are more complex than previously suggested, with multiple mechanisms at work. Warm temperatures and low rainfall direct effects on conflict risk were stronger than indirect effects through food and water supplies. Warming increases the risk of violence in Africa but unexpectedly decreases this risk in the ME. Furthermore, at the country level, warming decreases the risk of violence in most West African countries. Overall, we find a non-linear response of conflict to warming across countries that depends on the local temperature conditions. We further show that magnitude and sign of the effects largely depend on the scale of analysis and geographical context. These results imply that extreme caution should be exerted when attempting to explain or project local climate-conflict relationships based on a single, generalized theory. |
| Date: | 2020–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:eartha:9en6q&r=all |
| By: | Massimo Filippini (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich and Universita della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland); Suchita Srinivasan (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Voluntary approaches to environmental policy can contribute to stemming environmental degradation in developing countries with weak institutions. We evaluate the role of a behavioral anomaly, limited attention paid by owners or managers, in explaining the voluntary adoption of environmental certification by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the food and beverage industry in Vietnam. We find that firms where owners or managers were inattentive were 30 percentage points less likely to receive environmental certification. Moreover, this effect is larger for firms that were previously inspected for technical violations, and that exported or bribed, and it is weaker for household enterprises. |
| Keywords: | Voluntary environmental standards; Limited attention; Small and medium enterprises; Food and beverage industry; Vietnam |
| JEL: | D22 D83 D91 O13 Q56 Q59 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:20-338&r=all |
| By: | Agatz, N.A.H.; Fan, Y.; Stam, D.A. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the effectiveness of incentives on delivery service time slot choices. In particular, we focus on the use of green labels that specify time slot as environmentally friendly and that intrinsically motivate customers to choose a specific delivery time slot in lieu of price incentives based on extrinsic motivation. We argue this is important since green labels’ intrinsic nature affects costumer choice in fundamentally different ways than price incentives. We conduct two experiments and two simulation studies to study effects of using green labels. Our experimental findings suggest that: (1) green labels are an effective tool to steer shoppers toward a certain delivery option, (2) green labels are more effective for people who are more eco-conscious, (3) green labels remain effective in the presence of price incentives, while price incentives offer little added value beyond that of just green labels, and (4) the effectiveness of green labels versus price discounts remains high when time slots are less appealing (longer). Our simulation findings suggest that green slots, compared to price incentives or no incentives, offer providers a way to effectively steer consumer time slot choices to yield shorter routes, fewer delivery vehicles used, and more per-customer revenue. We thus conclude that steering individuals to select delivery time slots through intrinsic motivation via green labels may be a promising, no-cost direction for (online) retailers and an important topic for research. |
| Keywords: | customer behavior, green label, intrinsic incentive, attended home delivery |
| Date: | 2020–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureri:128912&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The Caribbean subregion is exceptionally vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events. Vulnerability is a key multidimensional concept at the heart of resilience building, relating to each country’s multiple spatial and socioeconomic risks and conditions. In fact, due to its geographical location and concentration of population and activities in low-lying coastal areas, the Caribbean is the second most hazard-prone region in the world...Moreover, impacts of extreme weather events on Caribbean small economies are of national proportions. For example, in the hurricane season of 2017, the total cost of Hurricanes Irma and Maria in the British Virgin Islands and in Sint Maarten exceeded their respective national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (ECLAC, 2019). |
| Keywords: | COOPERACION REGIONAL, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PUEBLOS INDIGENAS, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, JUVENTUD, COMUNICACIONES, GESTION DEL CONOCIMIENTO, DESARROLLO DE CAPACIDAD, FINANCIACION, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, PREPARACION PARA CASOS DE DESASTRES, ALIVIO DE LA DEUDA, ESTADOS PEQUEÑOS, PAISES INSULARES EN DESARROLLO ISLAS, ISLAS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, REGIONAL COOPERATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, YOUTH, COMMUNICATIONS, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, CAPACITY BUILDING, FINANCING, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, DEBT RELIEF, SMALL STATES, DEVELOPING ISLAND COUNTRIES, ISLANDS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:45737&r=all |
| By: | Adele Morris; Noah Kaufman; Siddhi Doshi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the implications of a carbon-constrained future on coal-reliant county governments in the United States. We review modeling projections of coal production under reference and climate policy scenarios and argue that some state and local governments face important revenue risks. Complex systems of revenue and intergovernmental transfers, along with insufficiently-detailed budget data, make it difficult to parse out just how exposed jurisdictions are to the coal industry. A look at three illustrative counties shows that coal-related revenue may fund a third or more of their budgets. When the results of regression analysis of 27 coal-reliant counties are extrapolated outside the sample to the demise of the industry, they suggest these counties could lose on average about 20 percent of their revenue. This does not account for the potential downward spiral of other revenues as the collapse of the dominant industry erodes the tax base. Coal-dependent communities have issued a variety of outstanding bonds that will mature in a time frame in which climate policy is likely. Our review of illustrative bonds indicates that municipalities have not appropriately characterized their coal-related risks. Ratings agencies are only now beginning to document the hazardous exposure of some local governments to the coal industry. Climate policies can be combined with investments in coal-dependent communities to support their financial health. A logical source of funding for such investments would be the revenues from a price on carbon dioxide emissions, a necessary element of any cost-effective strategy for addressing the risks of climate change. We discuss how a small fraction of revenue from a federal carbon price in the United States could fund billions of dollars in annual investments in the economic development of coal-dependent communities and direct assistance to coal industry workers. |
| JEL: | H2 H7 H71 H74 H83 Q32 Q4 Q48 Q5 Q52 Q54 Q58 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27307&r=all |
| By: | Michael MacLeod (Scotland’s Rural College); Ilkka Leinonen (Scotland’s Rural College); Eileen Wall (Scotland’s Rural College); Jos Houdijk (Scotland’s Rural College); Vera Eory (Scotland’s Rural College); Jay Burns (Scotland’s Rural College); Bouda Ahmadi (FAO); Manuel Gomez Barbero (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report reviews the existing evidence regarding the current and potential use of animal breeding to reduce GHG emissions. It also comments on the likely impact of breeding on farm economics, identifies barriers to achieving GHG reductions via breeding and highlights some future research needs. The project focuses on the following livestock commodities within the EU-28: cattle meat, cattle milk, pigmeat, chicken meat and hen’s eggs. Together these account for approximately 95% of the emissions from European livestock (measured from cradle to farm gate, i.e. including on-farm emissions plus emissions arising pre-farm from the production of inputs such as feed, fertiliser and fuel). |
| Keywords: | EU agriculture, climate change mitigation, technologies, livestock sector, animal breeding. |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc117897&r=all |
| By: | Jerome Dumortier; Amani Elobeid (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | We assess the regional differences of three carbon tax scenarios on U.S. agriculture in terms of commodity prices, crop production, and farm income. Our model covers corn, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat between 2018 and 2030 and carbon prices ranging from $62 to $144 t-1 CO2-e at the end of the projection period. The basis for the analysis are the carbon tax projections from the 2020 Annual Energy Outlook produced by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Our county-level results indicate the smallest percentage decline in terms of net revenue in the U.S. Midwest despite the operating cost for corn increasing the most. We find that the increase encourages the reduction in corn area which raises corn prices such that the overall decline in net returns is small relative to other crops. Net returns for wheat in Kansas, Montana and the Dakotas decline the most. From a policy perspective, it is important to note that crop prices together with input cost are increasing and thus, the decline in net returns for farmers is offset to a certain degree. We hypothesize that the presence of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) dampens some of the declines in net returns because the retirement of cropland increases commodity prices for counties remaining in crop production. |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:20-wp606&r=all |
| By: | Maria Blanco (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)); Peter Witzke (EuroCARE GmbH); Jesus Barreiro-Hurle (European Commission - JRC); Pilar Martinez (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)); Guna Salputra (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Since 2012 the JRC has been working on the development of a water module in the CAPRI model to allow expanding the analysis of agricultural policy to cover water related issues. This report describes the latest improvements to the module including the change to 2012 base year, the update of the water data used and the spatial coverage, the inclusion of water as a production factor for rain-fed agriculture. In addition, it describes several aspects for further developments of the CAPRI water module, such as: to account for competition between agricultural and non-agricultural water use as well as extending the water module to non-EU regions. The usefulness of the update is shown with two stylized scenarios reflecting impacts of climate change both in terms of less water availability for irrigation and precipitation. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, irrigation, water economics, modelling, CAPRI |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc114371&r=all |
| By: | Loske, Reinhard |
| Abstract: | This paper reflects on the links between the current COVID-19-crisis and the climate and biodiversity crises. It argues that the present pandemic and nonsustainable development on a global scale have similar roots: from ignoring natural boundaries to denying scientific facts, from over-globalisation to a one-sided economic understanding of public services, from a systematic undervaluation of caring activities to consumerism and growth-fetishism. As result our societies became less resilient and more vulnerable over the last decades. Various policy proposals to overcome these undesirable developments are presented in the paper, including selective de-globalisation, regionalization, circular economy, global fairness, the strengthening of public goods and a strategy of democracydriven "glocalisation". |
| Keywords: | COVID-19-crisis,climate and biodiversity crises,common roots,re-embedding the economy in nature and society,global fairness,"glocalisation" |
| JEL: | B52 B59 D62 F02 F41 F55 F60 G38 Q01 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cuswps:62&r=all |
| By: | Radomir Mach (a Charles University, Faculty of Humanities, Environment Center, Jose Martiho 407/2; Prague 6, Czech Republic); Milan Scasny (Charles University, Environment Center, Jose Martiho 407/2, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Opletalova 26, 110 00, Prague, Czech Republic); Jan Weinzettel (Charles University, Environment Center, Jose Martiho 407/2, Prague 6, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | If environmental footprint attributable to various consumption patterns are evaluated, monetary transactions in the environmentally-extended input-output analysis need to be linked to household-specific expenditures. However, while the former are recorded in basic prices, the latter is typically recorded in purchaser's prices, adding a commodity tax and margins to basic prices. Product homogeneity assumption —inherent to input-output analysis — implies that two identical products sold to consumers with different retail trade margins are responsible for different footprints. In this paper we investigate how footprint attributable to Food and Goods is affected across household income classes if we relax the homogeneity assumption and assume different allocations of retail trade margins across the income classes. While different allocations affect footprints of the two Consumption groups significantly, in particular in the highest deciles, the effect on total footprint is very small, up to 10% even for two extreme cases of margins allocation. |
| Keywords: | Environmentally extended input–output analysis, carbon footprint, GHG emissions, retail trade margins, product homogeneity assumption, sensitivity analysis |
| JEL: | C67 R15 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2020_19&r=all |
| By: | Raymond van Der Wijngaart (Wageningen University); John Helming (Wageningen University); Claire Jacobs (Wageningen University); Pedro Andres Garzon Delvaux (European Commission - JRC); Steven Hoek (Wageningen University); Sergio Gomez y Paloma (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The report assesses the potential of developing irrigation in the Niger River Basin under various agricultural scenarios accounting for biophysical and socio-economic variables, and for expected climate change. Irrigation potential is assessed in two parts. The first reviews recent literature in English and French (2010 onwards) on sustainable irrigation potential in the Sahel (i.e. Lake Chad basin, Niger, Senegal Volta River basins). Sahel agriculture possesses a significant irrigation potential. However, estimates fluctuate greatly depending on the scale of irrigation schemes, whether the resource is surface or ground water, expected and actual irrigation costs but also on determinants of success of irrigation schemes, including the varying effects when interacting with other inputs, such as fertilisers. Past, and not always successful, efforts were based on large public irrigation schemes (i.e. river dams and related canals). In a growing number of contexts, investments in small and micro-irrigation systems are identified as more desirable than conventional large schemes. Existing small-scale irrigation systems in the region are known to be developing however limited systematised evidence exists. The realisation of this potential is very sensitive to the costs of irrigation, among the highest in the world, with some technologies more sensitive than others (i.e. small river diversions). Moreover, irrigation potential is influenced by synergies among irrigation and other agricultural production technologies – it is maybe worthwhile to recall that irrigation potential is not a static concept, but it is contingent on levels of other inputs. Hence, irrigation investments need to be put in the broader context of productivity enhancement, rural development efforts and global changes such as urbanisation The development of irrigation in the Sahel and in the Niger River basin in particular is a key intervention area for agriculture and development policy in general. Current policy identifies irrigation development as an instrument fostering food security. However, from the angle of optimization, rainfed agriculture retains the larger potential for development when looking at costs and overall potential profits. Moreover, support to the development of irrigated agriculture needs to be fully integrated with a relevant and adapted support to agriculture in general, particularly with regards to how it mitigates risk. Access to irrigation is expected to expand farmers' production opportunities. It mitigates production risks, even in low quantities as crop-saving irrigation. By reducing risk, it encourages farmers to make more intensive use of inputs and land. Moreover, this dynamic effect is also influenced by the type of irrigation systems accessed. For example, the literature has identified that farmers which have some off-farm income are particularly interested in investing in agriculture if irrigation is made available, whereas other groups may be interested in improving first their access to credit for farm inputs with then a view on irrigation. How production risks are perceived need to be clearly identified so that the irrigation systems fostered can be seen as risk-reducing Functioning supply chains would also make irrigation more profitable as they reduce losses of potentially more valuable products from irrigated agriculture and enhance market access. Recently, registered regional increases in groundwater storage have been associated to diffuse recharge, partially compensating for groundwater withdrawal associated with irrigation development. Hence, hinting at some level of sustainability in the use of groundwater for small-scale irrigation in the Sahel, despite the risks associated with salinization. The second part focuses on the Niger Basin to assess and quantify its irrigation potential through modelling. The model uses static biophysical and socio-economic indicators in model optimising profits of mainly smallholder farms under 4 possible agricultural scenarios with distinctive productivity levels. In general, the projected irrigated area does not evolve much between scenarios mainly because of high productions costs associated with increased irrigation. Although irrigation potential is theoretically large, investing in both irrigated and rainfed input intensification offers the largest potential gains. The results for total irrigation potential in terms of farmed area are in the range of 0.6-09M hectares, from the estimated current 0.53M hectares of irrigated land under the most productive scenario in terms of agricultural yields. However, even the most yielding scenario results of the current study are significantly lower than previous estimates developed in the literature, and depend on assumed irrigation and input costs. The specific strengths of this new estimation are that of using input costs from recent agricultural surveys (i.e. LSMS-ISA) along with crop suitability maps. Its main limitation is that is does not distinguish between irrigation technologies and related costs, constraining estimates to a generic (gravity) irrigation. In turn, the expansion of agriculture is exogenously determined and does not depend upon the variables analysed. |
| Keywords: | adaptation to climate change, agricultural policy, irrigated agriculture, irrigation, Niger, research report, Sahel |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc108657&r=all |
| By: | Isabelle Tritsch (IMAGES-Espace DEV - Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement - UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Benoit Mertens (IMAGES-Espace DEV - Institut de Modélisation et d'Analyses en géo-environnement et santé - Espace Développement - UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UM - Université de Montpellier - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles); Patrick Meyfroidt (ELI - Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain); Christophe Sannier (SIRS - Systèmes d'Information à Référence Spatiale - Systèmes d'Information à Référence Spatiale); Jean-Sylvestre Makak (GEOCOM - Geospatial Company); Kenneth Houngbedji (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | To allow for the production of timber while preserving conservation values, forestry regulations in the Congo Basin have made Forest Management Plans (FMP) mandatory in logging concessions. This paper uses original high-resolution maps of forest-cover changes and official records on the activities of logging concessions to analyze the impact of FMP on deforestation in this region. We apply quasi-experimental and difference-indifference approaches to evaluate the change in deforestation in concessions managed under an approved FMP. We find that between 2000 and 2010, deforestation was 74% lower in concessions with an FMP compared to others. Building on a theory of change, further analyses revealed that this decrease in deforestation takes time to occur and is highest around communities located in and nearby logging concessions, and in areas close to previous deforestation. These findings suggest that FMP help avoid deforestation by allowing logging companies to rotate cycles of timber extraction, thereby avoiding the overexploitation of areas that were previously logged, and by the better regulation of access to concessions by closing former logging roads to limit illegal activities such as shifting agriculture, hunting and the illegal harvest of timber or fuel-wood. |
| Keywords: | Congo Basin,Matching,Forest Management Plan,FSC Certification,Deforestation |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02793204&r=all |
| By: | Niko Jaakkola; Antony Millner |
| Abstract: | Disagreements about normative aspects of social time preferences have led to estimates of the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) that differ by orders of magnitude. We investigate how disagreements about the SCC change if planners are non-dogmatic, i.e., they admit the possibility of a change in their normative views, and internalise the preferences of future selves. Although non-dogmatic planners may disagree about all the contentious aspects of social time preferences, disagreements about the SCC reduce dramatically. Admitting the possibility of a change in views once every 40 years results in a 4.6-fold reduction in the range of recommended SCCs. |
| JEL: | D61 D63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27413&r=all |
| By: | Kovalevsky, Dmitry V.; Hewitt, Richard J |
| Abstract: | Successful implementation of environmental policies, including climate adaptation and mitigation policies, requires careful consideration of regional and local conditions. Consequently, there is growing understanding that regional models are needed to support climate and environmental policy making. Such models need to take into account the dynamics of geographical space as well as historic and expected future land use change patterns. One relevant geographical modelling approach is based on cellular automata (CA) which has a prominent track record of successful application to a diverse range of geographical problems. Traditionally, CA models are calibrated to reproduce the footprint of actor decision-making manifested in historical land use dynamics, and then projected forward to explore the effect of the observed dynamics on future periods. However, this is a poor representation of the way the world actually works, since policy decisions reflect current needs and priorities, not historic ones. Such a model cannot help us understand how decision-making actors might respond spontaneously to emerging land use outcomes. For these reasons, we believe there is considerable scope for existing CA-based geographical models to be improved by introducing realistic representations of the dynamic behaviour of decision-making actors. We present a modelling approach which retains the well-attested benefits of CA land use models, but which allows greater flexibility in modelling the dynamic behaviour of actors for particular “policy driven” land uses. To implement our approach, we integrate the APoLUS model (APoLUS stands for Actor, Policy and Land Use Simulator) – an open-source, multi-platform model based on geographical CA – with a system dynamics (SD) model describing the actor dynamics. The SD model is tailored to reproduce the dynamics of interaction (and possible conflicting interests) of a number of aggregate actors that might influence regional development in general and might affect (either in positive or in negative way) the implementation of policy under study in particular. In the present paper, we describe new developments in the actor dynamics model family, progressing beyond earlier work in three key ways: (i) incorporating the 2 possible ‘regime shifts’ that might be related, in particular, to election cycles; (ii) describing in more detail the economic drivers of actor dynamics; (iii) introducing the stochasticity in a SD model. |
| Date: | 2020–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5wsng&r=all |
| By: | Furlan Amaral, Daniel (Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Óleos Vegetais (ABIOVE)); Bento de Souza Ferreira Filho, Joaquim (Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” at University of Sao Paulo); Luis Squarize Chagas, André (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Adami, Marcos (Centro Regional da Amazônia - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) |
| Abstract: | In the 1990s and 2000s, soybean farming grew sharply, particularly in states located in Brazil’s mid-west region. To curb deforestation, the Federal Government implemented the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon Region (PPCDAm). At the same time, soy-buying companies and Civil Society Organizations implemented the Soy Moratorium. This paper focused on the major role of these initiatives in decreasing soybean farming in areas deforested after 2006 and on their importance in achieving this result. We considered rich database deforestation, soybean planted area, and other critical explained variables, and used spatial panel models to a balanced database of 287 municipalities over eight years. The results confirm that lower deforestation rates in the biome laid the foundation for reducing soybean farming in the Amazon biome. However, since 2008, when the Soy Moratorium was launched, there was a structural decline in this relationship, and new plantations began to represent a small percentage of newly deforested areas. The soybean production chain is modern and organized in regional hubs and that its growth stems from stable institutional conditions in municipalities and their surroundings, as well as from the availability of skilled labor and credit. Therefore, government programs to reduce deforestation made room for specific private actions focused on soybean farming that created a new environment for agricultural expansion in line with Brazilian law and environmental commitments. The Soy Moratorium reinforced this new order, and this production chain became a case study on public and private governance, given its importance in reducing soybean farming in deforested areas after the cut-off date. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture; Amazon Biome; Deforestation; Soy Moratorium |
| JEL: | R10 |
| Date: | 2020–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2020_003&r=all |
| By: | Bejarano-Salcedo, Valeria; Caicedo-García, Edgar; Lizarazo-Bonilla, Nilson Felipe; Julio-Román, Juan Manuel; Cárdenas-Cárdenas, Julián Alonso |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta una caracterización de los fenómenos meteorológicos de El Niño y La Niña, y una descripción de sus principales efectos sobre la inflación en Colombia. Estos episodios climáticos se vienen presentando desde hace siglos en el territorio nacional, generando cambios en el nivel de temperaturas y precipitaciones en la mayor parte del territorio colombiano, sin que hayan tenido históricamente un patrón regular de ocurrencia y de intensidad. Durante la ocurrencia de El Niño se destaca el efecto negativo sobre el sector agropecuario, que impacta fuertemente los precios de la canasta de alimentos y en menor medida la inflación anual al consumidor. A pesar de la no sistematicidad en la ocurrencia de estos eventos climáticos, la inflación de alimentos, la inflación al consumidor y el precio relativo de los alimentos muestran comportamientos alcistas durante la ocurrencia de El Niño. Durante La Niña se presenta una disminución de los precios al consumidor. El precio relativo de los alimentos muestra disminuciones al concluir cualquiera de los dos fenómenos. |
| Keywords: | El Niño; Clima; Efectos Socio-Económicos; Rendimientos agrícolas; Inflación al consumidor; Pronóstico de inflación |
| JEL: | E31 Q11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rie:riecdt:49&r=all |
| By: | SMIT Bert; HAAGSMA Wiepie; JANSSENS Bas; VAN DER MEER Ruud; HENNEN Wil |
| Abstract: | In task 1 of the project, the central question is to collect all available information on the current and past adoption and mitigation of CCC in the EU. This report provides definitions and details of the different types of CCC, their management practices, adoption and mitigation potential in the different farming systems and regions of the EU. |
| Keywords: | CCC |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc118095&r=all |
| By: | Stéphan Marette; Anne-Célia Disdier; John C. Beghin |
| Abstract: | We compare consumers' attitude towards and willingness to pay (WTP) for gene-edited (GE) apples in Europe and the US. Using virtual choices in a lab and different technology messages, we estimate WTP of 162 French and 166 US consumers for new apples, which do not brown upon being sliced or cut. Messages center on (i) the social and private benefits of having the new apples, and (ii) possible technologies leading to this new benefit (conventional hybrids, GE, and genetically modified (GMO)). French consumers do not value the innovation and actually discount it when it is generated via biotechnology. US consumers do value the innovation as long as it is not generated by biotechnology. In both countries, the steepest discount is for GMO apples, followed by GE apples. Furthermore, the discounting occurs through "boycott" consumers who dislike biotechnology. However, the discounting is weaker for US consumers compared to French consumers. Favorable attitudes towards sciences and new technology totally offset the discounting of GE apples. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:20-wp604&r=all |
| By: | Cristina de Gispert (Institut d’Economia de Barcelona (IEB) / Universitat de Barcelona); Maria Börjesson (VTI Swedish Transport Research Institute / KTH Royal Institute of Technology); Gonzalo Delacámara (IMDEA Water Institute); Ignasi Puig Ventosa (ENT Environment & Management) |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieb:report:ieb_report_1_2020&r=all |
| By: | Magali Aubert (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Geoffroy Enjolras (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Many farms are developing more environmentally-friendly practices in order to meet the phytosanitary requirements of both private actors and public authorities. This article analyses the essential contribution of EU subsidies to reducing pesticide use. We use the highly- accurate FADN database from 2007 to 2015y to measure pesticide use and relate it to public subsidies received by farmers within the implementation of the rural development policy for the period 2007 to 2013. The influence of EU subsidies on pesticide use is measured through an econometric model using panel data. In addition to the individual, structural and financial factors which usually explain the implementation of environmentally-friendly practices, our study emphasizes the role of EU subsidies. The results show that overall payments as well as payments from the 1st pillar increase pesticide use while payments from the 2nd pillar lead to a decreasing intensity of pesticide expenditure. Other key individual, structural and financial factors at farm level also have contrasting effects on pesticide use. The efficiency of public policies towards the issue of environmentally-friendly practices is therefore questioned. |
| Keywords: | fadn,france,pesticides,EU subsidies |
| Date: | 2018–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02734754&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call to achieve peace and prosperity for all by 2030, leaving no one behind. This paper summarises available evidence to measure the distance that OECD countries need to travel in order to reach SDG targets related to women and girls. It finds that 102 of the 247 indicators in the UN Global Indicator Framework are gender-related. However, in practice, data for OECD countries are available for only 35 indicators, distributed across 9 of the 17 goals. Based on available data, OECD countries are on average closest to meeting targets for women on Health (Goal 3), mortality from homicides and occupational injuries (Goals 16 and 8). Conversely, they are further away from targets in three areas: personal safety (Goal 16), equal representation (Goals 9 and 5) and healthy life-styles (Goals 2 and 3). Where data is available for both men and women, the evidence shows that women are closer to SDG targets than men on all indicators related to Health (Goal 3), but are further away from targets in many employment-related targets (Goals 8 and 9) as well as on feeling safe (Goal 16) and ICT skills (Goal 4). No data are available for the planet goals (Goals 6, 12, 13, 14 and 15), for which few indicators are identified as gender-related. |
| Keywords: | gender, measurement, SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals |
| JEL: | J16 |
| Date: | 2020–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2020/02-en&r=all |
| By: | Froehlich, Halley E.; Gentry, Rebecca; Lester, Sarah E.; Cottrell, Richard S.; Fay, Gavin; Branch, Trevor A.; Gephart, Jessica A.; White, Easton R; Baum, Julia K. |
| Abstract: | The United States seafood industry is undergoing rapid change, as a result of the current trade war with China, ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, and new governance mandates. The new Executive Order (EO) on Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth, signed in May 2020, proposes wild-capture fisheries deregulation and prioritization of aquaculture (i.e., aquatic farming), with an emphasis on offshore development. Recent disruption of wild-caught seafood supply and demand could create space for sustainable aquaculture growth, but expansion could also undermine wild fisheries livelihoods and economics if integrated management between industries is ignored. Here, we review the current state of US seafood and outline five guiding principles to better manage US fisheries and aquaculture: (1) make precise and strategic fisheries reforms that continue to support sustainable wild fisheries, (2) integrate aquaculture and fisheries using an ecosystem-based approach, (3) address social resistance to aquaculture, (4) improve aquaculture data collection, and (5) reconcile nationalism in a global market. Implementation of these principles is critical for balancing social-ecological trade-offs amongst wild captured and farmed seafood systems, and for ensuring a more resilient US seafood sector under an anticipated future of increased volatility. |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vcn2d&r=all |
| By: | Melo Leon, Sioux Fanny; Riveros Salcedo, Leidy Cáterin; Romero Otálora, Germán; Alvarez, Andrés Camilo; Díaz Giraldo, Carolina; Calderón Díaz, Silvia Liliana |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo cuantifica el impacto de futuras sequías en Colombia, mediante el cálculo de los costos económicos que tuvo para el país el fenómeno El Niño ocurrido en 2015. En particular, este documento estima los efectos que una disminución del recurso hídrico - producto de un evento de variabilidad climática como El Niño- tiene sobre los sectores económicos, y valora la pérdida del ecosistema de bosque que generan los incendios forestales. Los resultados indican que una reducción en un 20% de las cantidades de agua y el aumento en un 4,5% de los precios de la energía eléctrica impactan, de manera conjunta, el 0,6% del PIB. Por su parte, los servicios ecosistémicos que los bosques dejan de proveer a la economía cuando hay pérdida de la cobertura vegetal, producto de los incendios, fueron valorados en un 0,1% del PIB sólo para el año 2015. En ese sentido, no tomar medidas de adaptación a la variabilidad tiene costos de al menos 0,7% del PIB. |
| Keywords: | Fenómeno El Niño; recurso hídrico; insumo producto; cambio climático; agua |
| JEL: | Q51 C67 Q25 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rie:riecdt:55&r=all |
| By: | Mechthild Donner (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Anne Verniquet; Agnès de Souza; Jan Broeze (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Jim Groot (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Katrin Kayser (International Biogas and Bioenergy Competence Center - Partenaires INRAE); Romane Gohier (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Hugo de Vries (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | In the transition from a linear, ‘take-make-dispose' economy to a sustainable usage of all renewable resources in circular or cascading ways, stakeholders' strategies striving for value creation are adapted. Implementing a circular economy requires a change at a system level, involving all actors of value chains within diverse economic sectors. At an enterprise level, innovative business models are needed that offer market opportunities for new products. Circular business models deal with the question of how to create, deliver and capture value with and within closed material loops. We aim to understand under which conditions new business models within the agricultural sector successfully contribute to a circular economy. 33 cases have been studied and semi-structured interviews have been performed, in order to investigate critical success factors. Results show that various success factors exist, which can be grouped in five categories: (1) technical and logistic, (2) economic, financial and marketing, (3) organisational and spatial, (4) institutional and legal, and (5) environmental, social and cultural factors. Findings indicate that the transition to a circular economy in the agricultural sector let individual business models evolve towards dynamic and integrated business models in which the macro-environment sets the boundary conditions for successful operations. Moreover, there is a high degree of interactions between all actors in the circle. This implies that not only an individual companies' business model is impacted, but that a new, integrated business model for all circle actors is required, asking for an open and flexible management and a transparent communication. |
| Keywords: | business model,agro-waste management,value creation,circular economy |
| Date: | 2019–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02790667&r=all |
| By: | Gabor, Daniela |
| Abstract: | The Wall Street Consensus (WSC) is an elaborate effort to reorganize development interventions around selling development finance to the market. The Billions to Trillions agenda, the World Bank 'Maximizing Finance for Development' or the G20 'Infrastructure as an Asset Class' all call on international development institutions and governments of poor countries to ‘escort capital’ – the trillions of institutional investors – into ‘investable development bonds’, preferably in local currency. For this, the 10 WSC commandments aim to simultaneously reorganize local financial systems around bond market-based finance and forge the de-risking state. The state derisks bond finance for institutional investors by extending guarantees and subsidies to cover (i) demand risks attached to user-fees for (PPP) infrastructure, (ii) political risk attached to policies such as nationalization, higher minimum wages and climate regulation, (iii) climate risks that may become part of regulatory frameworks as material credit risks and (iv) bond market (liquidity) risks that complicate foreign investors’ exit from development assets. The WSC narrows the scope for a green developmental state that could design a just transition to low- carbon economies. |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:wab8m&r=all |
| By: | Geoffroy Enjolras (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Magali Aubert (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to examine how crop insurance influences pesticide use, the two decisions being strategic for risk management at the farm scale. Using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), we consider French farms which cultivate field crops and wine-growing, the two main sectors that participate the most to crop insurance and that use intensively pesticides. The paper implements propensity score matching, difference-in-differences models and a combination of these two methods in order to compare populations of insured and non-insured farmers. The analysis is performed between 2008 and 2012 given a strategic change in the crop insurance system in 2010 that strongly incites farmers to purchase crop insurance with private companies. At the same time, pesticide use was progressively discouraged through public policies. Estimations show that while pesticide use decreases for all crops, the purchase of crop insurance policies softens this reduction for field crops and fasten it for wine-growing. These results emphasize a possible substitutability between crop insurance and pesticides as risk management tools. |
| Date: | 2018–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02734724&r=all |
| By: | Magali Aubert (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Geoffroy Enjolras (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to examine how crop insurance influences pesticide use, the two decisions being strategic for risk management at the farm scale. Using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), we consider French farms which cultivate field crops and wine-growing, the two main sectors that participate the most to crop insurance and that use intensively pesticides. The paper implements propensity score matching, difference-in-differences models and a combination of these two methods in order to compare populations of insured and non-insured farmers. The analysis is performed between 2008 and 2012 given a strategic change in the crop insurance system in 2010 that strongly incites farmers to purchase crop insurance with private companies. At the same time, pesticide use was progressively discouraged through public policies. Estimations show that while pesticide use decreases for all crops, the purchase of crop insurance policies softens this reduction for field crops and fasten it for wine-growing. These results emphasize a possible substitutability between crop insurance and pesticides as risk management tools. |
| Keywords: | crop insurance,fadn,france,pesticides |
| Date: | 2018–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02736927&r=all |
| By: | Arango-Aramburo, Santiago; Vallejo, Juan Pablo; Riveros Salcedo, Leidy Cáterin; Melo Leon, Sioux Fanny; Pinchao, Andrés; Díaz Giraldo, Carolina; Calderón Díaz, Silvia Liliana; Romero Otálora, Germán; Alvarez-Espinoza, Andrés Camilo |
| Abstract: | Este documento analiza la incidencia de la política climática internacional en la planeación y el desarrollo del sistema eléctrico de Colombia. Particularmente, estudia las implicaciones que tendría el cumplimiento de las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas (NDC) presentadas en el Acuerdo de Paris sobre el Sistema Interconectado Nacional. Para lograrlo, este documento se apoyó de las modelaciones realizadas por Arango-Aramburo, et al., (2018), quienes identificaron posibles trayectorias de adaptación del sector eléctrico colombiano, considerando que los escenarios de cambio climático podrían alterar los aportes hídricos a las centrales hidroeléctricas. Los resultados muestran que, ante el incumplimiento del Acuerdo de París, se produciría una disminución en la disponibilidad de generación hidroeléctrica que conduciría a la puesta en marcha de estrategias de adaptación del sistema eléctrico basadas en el uso de combustibles fósiles. En contraste, en el escenario que se implemente el Acuerdo, con su nivel actual de ambición, la disminución en la disponibilidad hídrica en el largo plazo sería menor, y las alternativas de adaptación se dirigirían a emplear energéticos convencionales –carbón, gas– con mecanismo de captura o a diversificar las fuentes de energía hacia las renovables, usando tecnologías como la solar y la eólica. |
| Keywords: | Cambio climático; Acuerdo de París; hidroeléctricas; energías renovables; TIAM-ECN; GCAM; Phoenix; MEG4C |
| JEL: | F64 Q25 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rie:riecdt:56&r=all |
| By: | Schmidt, Ulrich |
| Abstract: | Aktuelle Studien haben berechnet, dass das Elektroauto bereits beim jetzigen Strommix in Deutschland eine positive Klimabilanz besitzt. Der Autor stellt jedoch fest, dass diese Studien den erhöhten Stromverbrauch, der aus dem Ausbau der Elektromobilität resultiert, vernachlässigen. Er zeigt, dass bei Berücksichtigung des erhöhten Stromverbrauchs Elektroautos tatsächlich zu 73% höheren Treibhausgasemissionen führen als moderne Diesel-PKWs. Als Begründung führt er an, dass es umweltschonender ist, erneuerbare Energien zur Reduzierung der Verstromung von Kohle zu nutzen, als damit Elektroautos zu betanken. |
| Keywords: | Elektromobilität,Klimawandel,Treibhausgasemissionen,Kohleverstromung,electric cars,climate change,greenhouse gas emissions,coal |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:143&r=all |
| By: | Andreas Loschel; Michael Price; Laura Razzolini; Madeline Werthschulte |
| Abstract: | This study explores whether negative income shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic affect the demand for environmental policy. By running a survey in Germany in May 2020, we show that there is a large and negative correlation between the COVID-19 income shocks and the willingness to support green policies. Importantly, this relation is separate from the effect of long-run income. Building on the first evidence, our study provides directions for future valuation studies. Specifically, our results provide a proof of concept that welfare analyses based on willingness-to-pay estimates to assess the benefits of an environmental good or the cost of an environmental damage may be downward biased if temporary changes in income are not considered. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:framed:00710&r=all |
| By: | Schlosser, Nina |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, electric automobility is considered to be the magic bullet in combating the heating climate. The necessary raw materials for the transformation of automobility in the global North, however, originate mainly from the global South to where the socialecological costs are externalised. While the global North's externalisation society with its imperial mode of living drives the electric vehicle forward in the fast lane, it is the internalisation society of the global South that cushions the hidden costs from which nature as a whole and a particular part of the population increasingly suffer. Nonetheless, the propertied class with its immense power resources, and hopeful wage earners with their desire for a peripheric imperial mode of living defend this construct successfully from outside attacks to this day as the Chilean case proves. This contribution intends to reveal the social-ecological costs resulting from the lithium extraction in Chile as result of the electrification of passenger cars in the EU, on the one hand, and to explain the muddle of power structures, especially in the global South, on the other, while giving the responsible actors a face and the parties concerned a voice. |
| Keywords: | electric automobility,Imperial Mode of Living,externalisation,Peripheric Mode of Living,internalisation,lithium,Chile |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:1442020&r=all |
| By: | Nicholas Ryan (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); Anant Sudarshan (Energy Policy Institute, University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | Common resources may be managed with inefficient policies for the sake of equity. We study how rationing the commons shapes the efficiency and equity of resource use, in the context of agricultural groundwater use in Rajasthan, India. We ï¬ nd that rationing binds on input use, such that farmers, despite trivial prices for water extraction, use roughly the socially optimal amount of water on average. The rationing regime is still grossly inefficient, because it misallocates water across farmers, lowering productivity. Pigouvian reform would increase agricultural surplus by 12% of household income, yet fall well short of a Pareto improvement over rationing. |
| Keywords: | Common resources, Agricultural productivity, Misallocation, Sustainable development |
| JEL: | D24 Q15 Q56 O13 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2239&r=all |
| By: | Mafini Dosso (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The International Workshop on Science, Technology and Innovation Roadmaps for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) took place in Kigali, January 9th-10th 2020. It was the first Workshop organised by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) that addressed Smart Specialisation for Territorial and Industrial Development in Rwanda. In line with the EU Green Deal and the objectives of the Government of Rwanda, the workshop emphasised the sharing of best practices between various countries and taking an evidence-based approach, with localisation of actions and prioritisation of efforts. Follow-up Smart Specialisation cooperation with Rwanda is now taking place in the framework of the JRC Exploratory Research activity on "Smart Specialisation in Innovative and Informal African Economies". |
| Keywords: | Smart specialisation, sub-saharan Africa, Rwanda, territorial and industrial development, innovation policy |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc120181&r=all |
| By: | Mostapha Kalami Heris; Shahryar Rahnamayan |
| Abstract: | One of the widely used models for studying economics of climate change is the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and Economy (DICE), which has been developed by Professor William Nordhaus, one of the laureates of the 2018 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Originally a single-objective optimal control problem has been defined on DICE dynamics, which is aimed to maximize the social welfare. In this paper, a bi-objective optimal control problem defined on DICE model, objectives of which are maximizing social welfare and minimizing the temperature deviation of atmosphere. This multi-objective optimal control problem solved using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) also it is compared to previous works on single-objective version of the problem. The resulting Pareto front rediscovers the previous results and generalizes to a wide range of non-dominant solutions to minimize the global temperature deviation while optimizing the economic welfare. The previously used single-objective approach is unable to create such a variety of possibilities, hence, its offered solution is limited in vision and reachable performance. Beside this, resulting Pareto-optimal set reveals the fact that temperature deviation cannot go below a certain lower limit, unless we have significant technology advancement or positive change in global conditions. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2007.00449&r=all |
| By: | José García-Quevedo (Institut d’Economia de Barcelona (IEB) / Universitat de Barcelona); Andreas Löschel (University of Münster); Joachim Schleich (Grenoble Ecole de Management (GEM)); Joan Batalla-Bejerano (Fundación para la Sostenibilidad Energética y Ambiental (FUNSEAM) / Universitat de Barcelona) |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieb:report:ieb_report_3_2019&r=all |
| By: | Yassine Talas (G-SCOP_CC - Conception collaborative - G-SCOP - Laboratoire des sciences pour la conception, l'optimisation et la production - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INPG - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Lamiae Benhayoun-Sadafiyine (TIM - Département Technologies, Information & Management - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School, LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School); Marie-Anne Le Dain (G-SCOP_CC - Conception collaborative - G-SCOP - Laboratoire des sciences pour la conception, l'optimisation et la production - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INPG - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Buying firms collaborate with suppliers in New Product Development (NPD) to better leverage their resources and knowledge. Prior studies' results on IT contribution to NPD project performance are mixed, and none investigated this effect for collaborative buyer-supplier NPD projects. This study adopts a contextual functional approach to explore how the effective use of IT functionalities for the three classical IT-enabled NPD activities, namely Project and Process Management (PRM), Knowledge Management (KM), and Cooperative Work (CW), impacts NPD project success in terms of project performance but also regarding the contextual factor of collaboration quality. A series of multiple linear regressions is performed to test these effects using data from a survey with 90 firms involved in collaborative NPD projects with suppliers. As results, the effective use of all IT functionalities directly improves collaboration quality, while only KM directly affects project performance. PRM and CW contribute to this performance only indirectly through collaboration quality. Hence, this study emphasizes the importance of considering a functional approach when studying the impact of IT effective use on NPD project success, and of taking into account the project context. Additionally, it incites practitioners to build a conducive collaboration climate to benefit from using IT functionalities. |
| Date: | 2020–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02643299&r=all |
| By: | Bejarano-Salcedo, Valeria; Cárdenas-Cárdenas, Julián Alonso; Julio-Román, Juan Manuel; Caicedo-García, Edgar |
| Abstract: | Proponemos nuevos modelos para el efecto de “El Niño Southern Oscillation”, ENSO, sobre los precios de los alimentos en Colombia. Estudiamos el efecto del “Oceanic Niño Index”, ONI, la medida de ENSO preferida, y de las precipitaciones locales sobre los precios de los alimentos perecederos. Estos modelos surgen de hechos estilizados conocidos, los cuales resumimos en este escrito, y admiten representaciones tiempo-variantes espacio-estado, de las que derivamos las reglas óptimas de pronóstico. Encontramos que una función de transferencia simple, condicional a la intensidad de ENSO, es suficiente para explicar estas relaciones. En adición al bien conocido hecho que la Niña tiene un efecto distinto al del Niño sobre los precios de los alimentos, también hallamos que el efecto de ENSO cambia con su intensidad. Reconocer que el ONI es un indicador imperfecto de las condiciones climáticas locales mejora el ajuste de nuestro modelo, lo cual se refleja en sus pronósticos. El modelo para la precipitación, sin embargo, no necesita de este recurso. También surgen ganancias en eficiencia debido al modelamiento de la heterocedasticidad. Finalmente, estos modelos pueden servir para entender el efecto de ENSO en otras variables como el PIB. |
| Keywords: | Inflación de alimentos; El Niño; Pronóstico de inflación; Política Monetaria |
| JEL: | C53 E31 E37 E58 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rie:riecdt:50&r=all |
| By: | Anmina Murielle Djiguemde (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, UM - Université de Montpellier); Dimitri Dubois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mabel Tidball (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Alexandre Sauquet |
| Abstract: | We study the exploitation behavior of two symmetrical farmers using groundwater table as in Rubio & Casino (2003), where water extraction is the only input in the production process of these farmers, and the dynamic is given by the evolution of the level of the water table. In our model, strategic interaction is introduced through extraction costs which negatively depend on the level of the water table. We made the assumption that the groundwater has a flat bottom, parallel sides, and that its natural recharge is provided by a constant and positive amount of rain. Another assumption is that farmers behave non cooperatively, by maximizing their actualized utilitarian criteria. We study this model in continuous time with an infinite horizon, and consider the equilibrium paths of the four following types of behavior : myopic, feedback, open-loop and social optimum. We also studied the same model in discrete time in order to see if our results will approch those in continuous time. Unlike some articles in the literature that find different results between continuous time and discrete time, we found that the discrete time model gives results equivalent to those of the continuous time, but with the condition that discretization in time is small enough. We test the behaviors using two different protocols in the laboratory (experimental economics) for both treatments in continuous and discrete time. |
| Date: | 2018–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02791021&r=all |
| By: | Borba, Bruno |
| Abstract: | Este documento foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto “Big Push para a Mobilidade Sustentável no Brasil” com o objetivo de investigar cenários de políticas de incentivo para acelerar a difusão de veículos elétricos leves (VEs) no Brasil, com base na experiência internacional e nas particularidades do mercado automotivo brasileiro. Os cenários propostos neste estudo foram elaborados a partir de um levantamento extenso de políticas de incentivo aplicadas em diversos países e abrangem mecanismos voltados para a redução do custo incremental do VE e o aumento da infraestrutura de recarga no país. A referida análise é realizada no horizonte temporal do presente até 2050, permitindo avaliar no contexto brasileiro de longo-prazo a influência dos principais instrumentos de incentivo de VEs utilizados mundialmente, bem como estimar o impacto dessas medidas em termos de emissão de gases de efeito estufa e consumo energético da frota de veículos leves. Portanto, este estudo possibilita auxiliar na formulação de políticas públicas para impulsionar a adesão nacional de veículos de baixa emissão de carbono, atuando em consonância com um conjunto amplo de mecanismos para promover a mobilidade sustentável no país. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, VEHICULOS ELECTRICOS, MERCADOS, TRANSPORTE SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ESTRATEGIA EMPRESARIAL, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, TRANSPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, ELECTRIC VEHICLES, MARKETS, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CORPORATE STRATEGIES, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45694&r=all |
| By: | Melo L., Sioux F.; Riveros, Leidy; Romero, Germán; Farfán, Juan Camilo; Alvarez-Espinoza, Andrés; Díaz, Carolina |
| Abstract: | El documento hace un análisis de los impactos debidos al cambio climático dependiendo del cumplimiento de los compromisos en reducción emisiones (mitigación) y den las acciones de adaptación nacional en agricultura y seguridad alimentaria en el marco del Acuerdo de París. A partir de las funciones de daño a los rendimientos de ocho cultivos en escenarios de mitigación y adaptación y vistos bajo tres perspectivas (toda la economía, industria y hogares). Teniendo en cuenta que Colombia es un tomador de clima, los resultados del modelo refuerzan la idea de que Colombia debe adaptarse, con impactos hasta del 0.14% en el PIB. Se evidencia, que el bienestar se verá impactado de forma negativa por escenarios de no cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París, con pérdidas en la utilidad de los compradores de los productos hasta en 10 veces del valor sin choque climático. Para la seguridad alimentaria, desde la perspectiva del ingreso de los hogares, un choque en los alimentos sin procesar implica pérdidas en el ingreso hasta del 20%. En cuanto al consumo de calorías, hay un impacto negativo entre el 2,4 % y el 5% debido al choque sufrido por los alimentos procesados por la industria. |
| Keywords: | Cambio climático; Agricultura; Seguridad alimentaria |
| JEL: | A30 B41 C01 C68 Q54 N5 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rie:riecdt:54&r=all |
| By: | Luis Sarmiento |
| Abstract: | I posit that hourly changes in air pollution affect criminality through two distinct pathways, via physiological effects on the criminal and by changes in the tightness of the market for criminal activities. To disentangle individual from market effects, I develop a behavioral model of the individual decision to transgress and a model of search-and-matching frictions between criminals and crime opportunities. The study examines the impact on the four largest cities in North America. Causality emerges from instrumental variable panel-models. Results show that pollution increases violent and unpremeditated crimes while decreasing burglaries and sexual offenses through a reduction of crime opportunities. |
| Keywords: | Local air pollution, criminality, external effects, prospect theory, search and matching frictions, panel models |
| JEL: | K14 Q53 I18 H23 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1879&r=all |
| By: | Sokhna Dieng (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD - Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale); Pierre Michel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Abdoulaye Guindo (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD - Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, MERIT - UMR_D 216 - Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UP - Université de Paris); Kankoé Sallah (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD - Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, HUPNVS - Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine); El-Hadj Ba (VITROME - Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes - IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Badara Cisse (IRESSEF - Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formation); Maria Patrizia Carrieri (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD - Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale); Cheikh Sokhna (VITROME - Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes - IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Paul Milligan (LSHTM - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine); Jean Gaudart (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD - Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) |
| Abstract: | We introduce an approach based on functional data analysis to identify patterns of malaria incidence to guide effective targeting of malaria control in a seasonal transmission area. Using functional data method, a smooth function (functional data or curve) was fitted from the time series of observed malaria incidence for each of 575 villages in west-central Senegal from 2008 to 2012. These 575 smooth functions were classified using hierarchical clustering (Ward’s method), and several different dissimilarity measures. Validity indices were used to determine the number of distinct temporal patterns of malaria incidence. Epidemiological indicators characterizing the resulting malaria incidence patterns were determined from the velocity and acceleration of their incidences over time. We identified three distinct patterns of malaria incidence: high-, intermediate-, and low-incidence patterns in respectively 2% (12/575), 17% (97/575), and 81% (466/575) of villages. Epidemiological indicators characterizing the fluctuations in malaria incidence showed that seasonal outbreaks started later, and ended earlier, in the low-incidence pattern. Functional data analysis can be used to identify patterns of malaria incidence, by considering their temporal dynamics. Epidemiological indicators derived from their velocities and accelerations, may guide to target control measures according to patterns. |
| Keywords: | malaria dynamic,functional data analysis,time series clustering,malaria patterns |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02866666&r=all |
| By: | Alvarez-Espinoza, Andrés Camilo; Calderón Díaz, Silvia Liliana; Romero Otálora, Germán; Ordoñez, Alejandro |
| Abstract: | Este artículo presenta los efectos potenciales del cambio climático sobre la economía del país. A partir de datos sobre los efectos del clima futuro en la productividad de componentes de los sectores agrícola, forestal, pesquero, ganadero y de transporte se estima el impacto agregado del cambio climático en la economía del país, utilizando el Modelo de Equilibrio General Computable de Cambio Climático para Colombia (MEG4C). Los resultados muestran que el impacto sería negativo con pérdidas promedio anuales en el PIB del 0,49% en el periodo 2011 al 2100. |
| Keywords: | Impacto económico; Cambio climático; Equilibrio general |
| JEL: | Q54 E17 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rie:riecdt:58&r=all |
| By: | Marie Josephe Amiot-Carlin (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Sophie Drogue (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Nicole Darmon (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Marlène Perignon (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Carole Sinfort (SDAR - SDAR Occitanie Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); - Medina Study Group |
| Date: | 2018–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02738361&r=all |
| By: | H. Spencer Banzhaf (Center for State and Local Finance, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University); V. Kerry Smith (Department of Economics, Arizona State University) |
| Abstract: | The National Park Service and other agencies have argued that our recreation lands face a crisis of deferred maintenance. This paper evaluates two proposals for funding public lands, increasing gate fees and taxing recreational gear. It analyzes the joint welfare effects of such taxes and the services supported by the revenue. It shows that when the taxed goods and the public service are "weak complements," there is a simple sufficient statistic determining whether the joint effect increases welfare both for consumers and sellers: Namely, the demand for the taxed good increases. The paper illustrates these results with data for recreational services. |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:cslfwp:cslf2001&r=all |
| By: | Obrovsky, Michael |
| Abstract: | Das Ziel 17 der nachhaltigen Entwicklungsziele (SDGs) bekräftigt die globale Partnerschaft aller Länder, um alle Nachhaltigkeitsziele der 2030 Agenda erreichen zu können. Das UN-Dokument der SDGs macht beim SDG 17 und seinen 19 Unterzielen nur wenig konkrete Vorgaben. Sowohl die Unterziele als auch die Indikatoren bieten teilweise breite Interpretationsspielräume an. Österreich zeigt bei der nationalen Umsetzung des Ziels 17 wenig Ambitionen und verfolgt eine "Laissez Faire" Strategie. Ohne klare politisch-strategische Zielsetzung inklusive Planung der operativen Mittel bleibt das Ziel 17 ein Lippenbekenntnis. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefsep:352020&r=all |
| By: | Pierre Bisquert (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Patrice Buche (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Fatiha Fort (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Romane Gohier (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Valérie Guillard (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Alfonso Valle Rey (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Keywords: | wine by-products valorisation,waste management,circular economy |
| Date: | 2019–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02735425&r=all |
| By: | Alun H. Thomas |
| Abstract: | Recent micro level data from East Africa is used to benchmark aggregate data and assess the role of agricultural inputs in explaining variation in crop yields on smallholding plots. Fertilizer, improved seeds, protection against erosion and pesticides improve crop yields in Rwanda and Ethiopia, but not Uganda, possibly associated with lack of use there. With all positive yield determinants in place, wheat and maize yields could increase fourfold. The data hints at the negative effect of climate change on yields and the benefits of accompanying measures to mitigate its adverse impact (access to finance and protection against erosion). The adverse effect of crop damage on yields varies between 12/13 percent (Rwanda, Uganda) to 36 percent (Ethiopia). Protection against erosion and investment financing mitigate these effects considerably. |
| Date: | 2020–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:20/95&r=all |
| By: | Anja Baum |
| Abstract: | Despite starting as one of the poorest countries in the mid-1980s, Vietnam has achieved rapid developmental progress, reaching lower middle-income status in 2010. In line with rapid economic growth, Vietnam has achieved impressive progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) during this time. This paper sheds light on some elements of Vietnam’s success story, highlighting crucial policies in education and electricity sectors. It undertakes a forward-looking costing exercise that focusses on five sectors – education, health, roads, water, and electricity infrastructure. Achieving the remaining SDGs in Vietnam will be a challenge, with total annual additional spending needs in the 5 subsectors estimated at 7 percent of GDP by 2030. |
| Keywords: | Economic reforms;Economic stabilization;Economic growth;Poverty;Age-related spending;Vietnam,economic policies,SDGs,education,electricity,infrastructure,health.,WP,Doi Moi,SDG,EVN,VNR,capital spend |
| Date: | 2020–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2020/031&r=all |
| By: | Clementina Sebillotte (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | Título de la ponencia: Las políticas nutricionales locales y su contribución al desarrollo de sistemas alimentarios sostenibles Dra Clementina Sebillotte Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA, UR 1303 ALISS, F-94205 Ivry-sur-Seine, France Resumen: El análisis de diferentes políticas nutricionales locales, distribuidas en el espacio y en el tiempo, nos esclarece sobre las ventajas de las mismas, sus límites, su relación con las políticas nutricionales implementadas a nivel nacional y su aporte a la sostenibilidad de la alimentación. A partir de la lectura crítica de estas experiencias abordaremos los efectos específicos de las políticas nutricionales locales para mejorar durablemente la alimentación y la salud de la población y para enfrentar los desafíos nutricionales relacionados con las desigualdades sociales y la fragilidad de ciertas categorías de la población. Nos interesaremos a las oportunidades que favorecen la implementación de las políticas nutricionales locales, al debate científico sobre las ventajas de la escala local en términos de sostenibilidad alimentaria y a la voluntad política territorial como estrategia para movilizar a los actores locales en la acción pública para una nutrición y una alimentación sostenibles. Conclusión: El desarrollo de sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, a nivel local, no depende tanto de un voluntarismo político focalizado en la concepción de políticas locales con ese fin, sino más bien dedicado a la creación de condiciones favorables para que la comunidad pueda definir colectivamente estrategias alimentarias y nutricionales locales sostenibles. |
| Keywords: | Políticas nutricionales locales |
| Date: | 2018–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02734436&r=all |
| By: | Alsadi, Hanan (Qatar University) |
| Abstract: | Countries across the world are increasing their share of renewable energy in their daily consumption. However, if this increasing trend in renewable energies would also prevail among Oil Producing Economic Countries (OPEC), is subject to debate. They all have abundant potential to invest in renewable energy sources. Yet, some of the Middle Eastern and Arab Gulf OPEC members do not have or have a small amount of renewable energy sources. In contrast, other members have significant renewable energy sources. The research is deficient in explaining why some OPEC members lag behind other members in their transition to renewable energy, including how Middle Eastern OPEC members are implementing renewable energy. the purpose of this paper is to explore the influences on OPEC members that result in some OPEC members starting to adopt renewable energy and others have not started. The paper proposes recommendations for those countries that are slow or reluctant to embrace renewable energy to achieve a transition from black to green. |
| Date: | 2020–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:mhca2&r=all |
| By: | Alexandre Sauquet (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2018–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02790993&r=all |
| By: | Will, Sabine; Zander, Katrin |
| Abstract: | Im Rahmen des Projektes BEPASO wurden drei Zukunftsszenarien entworfen, die verschiedene Möglichkeiten einer Bioökonomie in Deutschland im Jahr 2050 abbilden. Unter Bioökonomie wird der Übergang von einer erdölbasierten Wirtschaft zu einer Wirtschaft verstanden, die überwiegend auf biobasierten Rohstoffen fußt. Die drei entwickelten Szenarien "Bioökonomie am Tropf", "Bioökonomie-Inseln" und "Bioökonomie-Wende" stellen das Ergebnis eines intensiven Diskussionsprozesses mit Stakeholdern aus Wirtschaft, Politik und Wissenschaft dar. Ziel der hier vorgestellten Untersuchung war die Beantwortung der Frage: Wie bewerten die Bürger diese Szenarien der Bioökonomie? Zur Beantwortung der aufgeworfenen Forschungsfrage wurden ein qualitativer (Gruppendiskussionen) und ein quantitativer Erhebungsschritt (Online-Erhebung) miteinander kombiniert. Aus Sicht der Bürger war das Szenario "Bioökonomie-Wende" am ehesten akzeptabel und wurde als nachhaltig und zukunftsfähig eingeschätzt. Staatliche Steuerungsinstrumente, wie die Förderung der Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe oder eine Konsumgütersteuer auf Basis des ökologischen Fußabdruckes der Produkte, wurden begrüßt. Allerdings wurde ein funktionierender Ausgleichsmechanismus eingefordert, um finanzielle Belastungen für einkommensschwache Bevölkerungsgruppen abzufedern. Die Akzeptanz der "Bioökonomie-Wende" hing wesentlich von den Einstellungen der Bürger zur Bioökonomie ab. Je mehr Wert daraufgelegt wurde, dass natürliche Zusammenhänge beachtet und Suffizienzstrategien verfolgt werden sollten, desto stärker war die Akzeptanz. Je wichtiger hingegen wirtschaftliche Kosten-Nutzen-Überlegungen waren, umso kritischer wurde das Szenario beurteilt. [...] |
| Keywords: | gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz,Transformationsprozesse,bio-basierte Wirtschaft,social acceptance,transformation processes,bio-based economy |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:147&r=all |
| By: | Boriss Siliverstovs (KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Anna Sandqvist (ifo Zentrum für Makroökonomik) |
| Abstract: | Although the influence of exceptional weather on individual behaviour has already been acknowledgedin finance, psychology, and marketing, the literature examining weather effects at more aggregate levelis still limited. Further, there is a lot of anecdotal evidence that weather anomalies affect consumerspending and retail business. The main aim of this analysis is to investigate and quantify the effectsof unusual weather in consumer spending at macro-level. Using aggregate retail sales data for Switzer-land, our findings reveal that weather deviations from seasonal norms, especially, unusually high or lowtemperatures in a given month, do cause sizeable intertemporal shifts in consumer spending at countrylevel. Furthermore, the effects of abnormal weather are found to differ across seasons, both with respectto sign and magnitude. In particular, our findings indicate that weather effects manifest mainly throughthe seasons change channel: weather conditions in line with the coming season boost the purchases earlyin the season. |
| Keywords: | Consumer spending, intertemporal shifts, retail sales, unusual weather |
| JEL: | E21 E32 D12 C22 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kof:wpskof:18-443&r=all |
| By: | Rosario Quintero (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, Secretaria Nacional de Cienca, Tecnologia et Innovacion - Partenaires INRAE); Leila Temri (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sophie Drogue (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Date: | 2018–11–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02786366&r=all |
| By: | Gamze Igrioglu; Adam Ostry; Miriam Allam |
| Abstract: | Egypt has embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to achieve key strategic objectives for the country’s growth and development by 2030. This working paper examines Egypt’s institutional and decision-making framework governing the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as vertical and horizontal coordination across silos for better strategy design and implementation; the use of evidence, including data and impact assessments, in making decisions; and public consultations and results-based budgeting for more open, transparent, accountable and participatory governance. It assesses monitoring, evaluation and feedback frameworks to ensure that policy choices and trade-offs reflect empirical evidence on what works, what does not, and why, in pursuing the SDGs. This paper provides concrete policy recommendations in support of Egypt’s ongoing efforts toward SDG implementation, based on proven OECD country practice. |
| JEL: | H83 H11 H4 H7 I3 |
| Date: | 2020–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:govaaa:35-en&r=all |
| By: | Timo Kuosmanen (Aalto University School of Business); Natalia Kuosmanen (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)); Andrea El-Meligi (European Commission - JRC); Tevecia Ronzon (European Commission - JRC); Patricia Gurria (European Commission - JRC); Susanne Iost (Thünen-Institut); Robert M’Barek (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The critical role of the Circular Bioeconomy in the sustainable transition has been widely recognised, to the point that a number of countries worldwide have elaborated their bioeconomy strategies and others are in the process of framing their own. The purpose of this report is to advance more objective and rigorous measurement and analysis of the bioeconomy according to the broad definition of the European Commission in 2018. Our focus is mainly on the economic indicators, aiming at the inclusion of bio-based services derived from the symmetric input-output tables from the system of national accounts available from Eurostat and additional expert information. As the main conclusion of the report, we propose a synthesis of input- and output-based approaches. This is motivated by the fact that determining the bio-based weights according to the input-output tables implicitly assumes that the bio-based share of outputs is the same as that of inputs. Clearly, this is not the case for the primary bio-based production sectors – agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture. Where the outputs are completely bio-based for these sectors, the inputs are far from being 100% bio-based. On the other hand, relying exclusively on the bio-based content of the output would ignore the use of bio-based inputs in the production process. To take into account the bio-based content in both inputs and outputs, we propose to consider weighted averages for the industries. Before applying the new methodology, adjustments are performed with regard to the value added of the bioeconomy by adding the net subsidies, the bio-based shares of the wholesale and retail trade industries, the water supply, sewerage and recycling, as well as the sports and recreation sectors. Applying the methodology with the adjustments proposed, our estimate for the EU-28 bioeconomy in 2015 reaches €1,460.6 billion value added, which is 11% of the GDP. The nova-JRC methodology, used in many bioeconomy publications, calculates €621 billion value added for the same year. This difference is mainly explained by the contribution of €872 billion by the tertiary bioeconomy sectors in the proposed methodology. This novel methodology addresses different challenges for measuring the size of the bioeconomy and eventually providing a basis for evaluating its contribution for a sustainable transition. The approach allows for yearly updates following the calendar of Eurostat I-O tables, probably with a 3 to 4 years delay. It relies on a thorough estimation of the bio-based shares of the inputs and outputs of the various sectors. The authors believe that these are fundamental elements to ensure that “The next era of industry will be one where the physical, digital and biological worlds are coming together†(European Commission 2020a). Taking account of the diversity of EU’s bioeconomies and sectors, this report broadens the ongoing discussion on how to measure and determine the contribution of the bioeconomy to a sustainable and circular economy. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy, circular economy, economic indicators, monitoring, input-output tables |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc120324&r=all |
| By: | Julien Gosse; Charles Hoffreumon; Nicolas van Zeebroeck; Jacques Bughin |
| Abstract: | Despite an abundant literature on platforms, there have been surprisingly few quantitative studies on their adoption by established firms and their impact on performance. The unspoken assumption is that platforms increase companies’ performance. This paper uses a global, cross-industry, sample of over 1300 firms to show that, while it seems adopting platform strategies is positively associated with firm performance, the effect is confounded by (1) the digital maturity of firms and (2) their ecosystem strategy. Our results refine our understanding of platform strategy’s value by uncovering the importance of shifting to ecosystem approaches involving value co-creation. They suggest that success is not about the adoption of any platform technology, but rather about seizing integration opportunities brought by its underlying ecosystem |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem, platform, strategy, partnership, value co-creation |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ict:wpaper:2013/309794&r=all |
| By: | Shaikh M. Eskander; Sam Fankhauser; Joana Setzer |
| Abstract: | There is no country in the world that does not have at least one law or policy dealing with climate change. The most prolific countries have well over 20, and globally there are 1,800 such laws. Some of them are executive orders or policies issued by governments, others are legislative acts passed by parliament. The judiciary has been involved in 1,500 court cases that concern climate change (over 1,100 of which in the US). We use Climate Change Laws of the World (CCLW), a publicly accessible database, to analyze patterns and trends in climate change legislation and litigation over the past 30 years. The data reveal that global legislative activity peaked around 2009-14, well before the Paris Agreement. Accounting for effectiveness in implementation and the length of time laws have been in place, the UK and South Korea are the most comprehensive legislators among G20 countries and Spain within the OECD. Climate change legislation is less of a partisan issue than is commonly assumed: the number of climate laws passed by governments of the left, center and right is roughly proportional to their time in office. We also find that legislative activity decreases in times of economic difficulty. Where courts have got involved, judges outside the US have ruled in favor of enhanced climate protection in about half of the cases (US judges are more inclined to rule against climate protection). |
| JEL: | K32 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27365&r=all |
| By: | Fix, Blair |
| Abstract: | In the distant future, aliens come to Earth. They find a planet devoid of life. Looking closer, the aliens see that life on Earth was once abundant, but was wiped out by a mass extinction. Curiously, this event was driven not by geological disaster, but by one of the extinct species itself. In an orgy of consumption, an odd little animal put the planet under enough stress to drive itself - and the rest of life - extinct. Then comes a startling discovering. Preserved in the sediment lies a document written by a member of the doomed species. What secrets does it contain? The aliens work for years to translate it, hoping that it offers a clue about what drove the species to overconsume. And indeed it does. The document heralds a remarkable delusion: "The world can, in effect, get along without natural resources." What a naive animal, the aliens conclude. While sucking the planet dry, the animal proclaimed its independence from natural resources. No wonder it went extinct. |
| Keywords: | growth,energy,natural resources,neoclassical economics,property |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:capwps:202005&r=all |