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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2020‒06‒29
sixty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Xuan V. Vo (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | There is a glaring concern of income inequality in the light of the post-2015 global development agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially for countries that are in the south of the Sahara. There are also concerns over the present and future consequences of environmental degradation on development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study provides carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions thresholds that should be avoided in the nexus between financial development and income inequality in a panel of 39 countries in SSA over the period 2004-2014. Quantile regressions are used as an empirical strategy. The following findings are established. Financial development unconditionally decreases income inequality with an increasing negative magnitude while the interactions between financial development and CO2 emissions have the opposite effect with an increasing positive magnitude. The underlying nexuses are significant exclusively in the median and top quantiles of the income inequality distribution. CO2 emission thresholds that should not be exceeded in order for financial development to continuously reduce income inequality are 0.222, 0.200 and 0.166 metric tons per capita for the median, 75th quantile and 90th quantile of the income inequality distribution, respectively. Policy implications are discussed with particular relevance to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Finance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/030&r=all |
| By: | Bento, Antonio M. (University of Southern California); Miller, Noah (University of Southern California); Mookerjee, Mehreen (Zayed University); Severnini, Edson R. (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | We develop a unifying approach to estimating climate impacts and adaptation, and apply it to study the impact of climate change on local air pollution. Economic agents are usually constrained when responding to daily weather shocks, but may adjust to long-run climatic changes. By exploiting simultaneously variation in weather and climatic changes, we identify both the short- and long-run impacts on economic outcomes, and measure adaptation directly as the difference between those responses. As a result, we identify adaptation without making extrapolations of weather responses over time or space, and overcome prior studies' biases in the estimates of climate adaptation. |
| Keywords: | climate change estimation methods, climate impacts, adaptation, local air pollution, ambient ozone concentration, "climate penalty" on ozone |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 C51 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13290&r=all |
| By: | Basu, P.; Jamasb, T. |
| Abstract: | We develop an endogenous growth model to address a long standing question whether sustainable green growth is feasible by re-allocating resource use between green (natural) and man-made (carbon intensive) capital. Although the model is general we relate it to the UK’s green growth policy objective. In our model, final output is produced with two reproducible inputs, green and man-made capital. The growth of man-made capital causes depreciation of green capital via carbon emissions and related externalities which the private sector does not internalize. A benevolent government uses carbon taxes to encourage firms to substitute man-made capital with green capital in so far the production technology allows. Doing so, the damage to natural capital by emissions can be partly reversed through a lower socially optimal long run growth. The trade-off between environmental quality and long-run growth can be overcome by a pollution abatement technology intervention. However, if the source of pollution is consumption, the optimal carbon tax is zero and there is no trade-off between environment policy and growth. A corrective consumption tax is then needed to finance a public investment programme for replenishing the green capital destroyed by consumption based emissions. |
| Keywords: | Green growth, sustainability, carbon tax, clean growth, resource substitution |
| JEL: | E1 O3 O4 Q2 |
| Date: | 2020–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2044&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Xuan V. Vo (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | There is a glaring concern of income inequality in the light of the post-2015 global development agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially for countries that are in the south of the Sahara. There are also concerns over the present and future consequences of environmental degradation on development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study provides carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions thresholds that should be avoided in the nexus between financial development and income inequality in a panel of 39 countries in SSA over the period 2004-2014. Quantile regressions are used as an empirical strategy. The following findings are established. Financial development unconditionally decreases income inequality with an increasing negative magnitude while the interactions between financial development and CO2 emissions have the opposite effect with an increasing positive magnitude. The underlying nexuses are significant exclusively in the median and top quantiles of the income inequality distribution. CO2 emission thresholds that should not be exceeded in order for financial development to continuously reduce income inequality are 0.222, 0.200 and 0.166 metric tons per capita for the median, 75th quantile and 90th quantile of the income inequality distribution, respectively. Policy implications are discussed with particular relevance to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; Inequality; Finance; Sub-Saharan Africa; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/030&r=all |
| By: | Moretti, Michele; Vanschoenwinkel, Janka; Van Passel, Steven |
| Abstract: | Environmental effects and natural resources depletion associated with agriculture production affect the agriculture response to climate change. Traditional cross-sectional climate response models ignore this requirement. This research estimates the impact of climate on European agriculture using a continental scale Ricardian analysis. We correct farm income by accounting for resources (energy, fertilizers, pesticides and water) use intensity by calculating the sustainable value for a sample of 9,497 specialized field crop farms across Europe. The results show that a uniform increase in temperature (+1°C) across all four seasons lead to significant and negative effects on farmland values, net revenue and farms’ sustainable value, while additional precipitation (+1 cm) across the all seasons increases farms' land values and sustainable values, and harms farms’ net revenue. Compared with the traditional Ricardian method, the marginal effect of 1° C increase in temperature shift from positive to negative in Northern countries, while it leads to less damages in Southern countries when net revenue and farms’ sustainable values are used as dependent variables. We demonstrate that accounting for the environmental effects and depletion of natural capital by agriculture significantly improves the ability of the Ricardian method to estimate agriculture climate response functions in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc20:303704&r=all |
| By: | Stéphane Dees |
| Abstract: | Emissions of pollutants tend to be procyclical as they generally increase with economic growth. However, as government policy has a role to play in the mitigation of the environmental consequences of economic activity, the quality of institutions may influence the procyclicality of pollution and reduce the environmental cost of economic growth. Based on the assumption that changes in emissions are stronger at earlier stages of development, we develop a non-linear framework and confirm first the presence of income-related threshold effects in the relationship between pollution (CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions) and growth, for a panel of 142 countries over a period spanning from 1960 to 2017. We also find that institutional quality influences this relationship, lowering both the value of the threshold and the degree of procyclicality of emissions. These results bring therefore evidence that higher institutional quality can attenuate the environmental externalities of economic growth. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Emissions, GHG Emissions, Economic Growth, Institutions . |
| JEL: | C33 O44 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:768&r=all |
| By: | Basak Bayramoglu (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech); Raja Chakir (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech); Anna Lungarska (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | Pressures on freshwater ecosystems are mainly human induced and driven by land use and climate change. We develop an empirical framework to estimate the impacts of land use (agriculture, forest, pasture, urban) and climate change on freshwater biodiversity, measured by a fish-based index, in France. Our estimation results reveal that rivers in areas with more intensive agriculture and steep pasture are associated with lower freshwater biodiversity compared with forest areas. Our simulations show that climate change will exacerbate these negative impacts through land use adaptation. We discuss how two command-and-control policies could help improving freshwater biodiversity and cope with the adverse effects of land use and climate change. |
| Abstract: | Les pressions sur les écosystèmes d'eau douce sont principalement induites par l'homme et entraînées par l'usage des sols et le changement climatique. Nous développons un cadre empirique pour estimer les impacts de l'usage des sols (agriculture, forêt, pâturages, urbain) et du changement climatique sur la biodiversité d'eau douce, mesurée par un indice basé sur les poissons, en France. Les résultats de nos estimations révèlent que les rivières situées dans des zones d'agriculture plus intensive et de pâturages abrupts sont associées à une biodiversité d'eau douce inférieure par rapport aux zones forestières. Nos simulations montrent que le changement climatique va exacerber ces impacts négatifs grâce à l'adaptation de l'usage des sols. Nous discutons de la façon dont deux politiques de contrôle pourraient aider à améliorer la biodiversité d'eau douce et à faire face aux effets néfastes de l'usage des sols et du changement climatique. |
| Keywords: | Freshwater biodiversity,Fish-based index,Land use,Climate change,Water quality,Spatial panel data model |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02619251&r=all |
| By: | Stetter, Christian; Menning, Philipp; Sauer, Johannes |
| Abstract: | Legislators in the EU have long been concerned with the environmental impact of farming activities. As a means to mitigate adverse ecological effects and foster desirable ecosystem services in agriculture, the EU introduced so-called agri-environment schemes (AES). This study suggests a machine learning method based on generalized random forests (GRF) for assessing the environmental effectiveness of such agri-environment payment schemes at the farm-level. We exploit a set of more than 130 contextual predictors to assess the individual impact of participating in agri-environment schemes in the EU. Results from our empirical application for Southeast Germany suggest the existence of heterogeneous impacts of environmental subsidies on mineral fertiliser quantities, greenhouse gas emissions and crop diversity. Individual treatment effects largely differ from traditionally used average treatment effects, thus indicating the importance of considering the farming context in agricultural policy evaluation. Furthermore, we provide important insights into the optimal targeting of agrienvironment schemes for maximising the environmental efficacy of existing policies. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc20:303699&r=all |
| By: | Stephen P. Holland; Erin T. Mansur; Nicholas Z. Muller; Andrew J. Yates |
| Abstract: | We determine the environmental benefit of using electric buses rather than diesel or CNG for urban transit. For diesel and CNG we calculate air pollution damages by combining emission rates with damage valuations from the AP3 integrated assessment model and the social cost of carbon. For electric buses we calculate air pollution damages by combining the damage valuations with estimates of the marginal increase in emissions from electricity usage. The environmental benefit is positive on average across all counties in the contiguous U.S. when comparing electric to either diesel or CNG. The environmental benefit of operating an electric bus fleet (rather than diesel) is about $65 million per year in Los Angeles and above $10 million per year in six other MSAs. Including the environmental benefit, we calculate the net present value (NPV) of bus investment. Relative to diesel, the NPV benefit of an electric bus is positive in about two thirds of urban counties. Relative to CNG, the NPV benefit is negative in all counties. |
| JEL: | D62 H23 Q53 R40 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27285&r=all |
| By: | Nazaria Solferino (Dipartimento di Economia, Statistica e Finanza "Giovanni Anania" - DESF, Università della Calabria) |
| Abstract: | We aim to investigate the drivers and barriers of eco-innovations in Calabria and the role of intermediaries to enhance in the organizations the concept of sustainable development. We analyse three case studies of environmentally sustainable companies. Our analysis shows that several critical issues need to be addressed by national and regional policies to remove relevant barriers to these investments. The interwied companies identified these difficulties mainly in the problems to access credits and get funds alongside to the excess of complicate beaurocracy. On the other side, the attention foto the environmental issues and the opportunity to promote products and services with a lower environmental impact on the market, in order to obtain a competitive advantage and possibly increase the turnover and customer portfolio, represents the most pushing factor for the adoption of radical eco-innovations. Nevertheless, intermediaries play an important role as these companies have in common that hey had the possibility to benefit from the expertises and competences of a provider of services. |
| Keywords: | Eco-innovations, Environmental sustainability, Case study method |
| JEL: | O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clb:wpaper:202004&r=all |
| By: | Robert S. Pindyck |
| Abstract: | There is a lot we know about climate change, but there is also a lot we don't know. Even if we knew how much CO2 will be emitted over the coming decades, we wouldn't know how much temperatures will rise as a result. And even if we could predict the extent of warming that will occur, we can say very little about its impact. I explain that we face considerable uncertainty over climate change and its impact, why there is so much uncertainty, and why we will continue to face uncertainty in the near future. I also explain the policy implications of climate change uncertainty. First, the uncertainty (particularly over the possibility of a catastrophic climate outcome) creates insurance value, which pushes us to earlier and stronger actions to reduce CO2 emissions. Second, uncertainty interacts with two kinds of irreversibilities. First, CO2 remains in the atmosphere for centuries, making the environmental damage from CO2 emissions irreversible, pushing us to earlier and stronger actions. Second, reducing CO2 emissions requires sunk costs, i.e., irreversible expenditures, which pushes us away from earlier actions. Both irreversibilities are inherent in climate policy, but the net effect is ambiguous. |
| JEL: | D81 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27304&r=all |
| By: | Sophie Clot (UOR - University of Reading); Gilles Grolleau (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEREN - Centre de Recherche sur l'ENtreprise [Dijon] - BSB - Burgundy School of Business (BSB) - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Dijon Bourgogne (ESC)); Lisette Ibanez (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The projection bias corresponds to the human tendency to project current preferences into the future as if present tastes remained unchanged. We apply the projection bias to the environmental domain and design a survey experiment to investigate its relevance on two environmentally friendly initiatives, namely solar panels and eco-friendly transport. We found that some attitudes and behavioral intentions are subject to positive change when individuals are solicited a day when the weather is congruent with the proposed changes. We draw several policy and managerial implications for ecological issues. |
| Keywords: | environment,experimental survey,projection bias,solar panels,transport. |
| Date: | 2020–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-02874044&r=all |
| By: | Bolton, Patrick; Kacperczyk, Marcin |
| Abstract: | This paper explores whether carbon emissions affect the cross-section of U.S. stock returns. We find that stocks of firms with higher total CO2 emissions (and changes in emissions) earn higher returns, after controlling for size, book-to-market, momentum, and other factors that predict returns. We cannot explain this carbon premium through differences in unexpected profitability or other known risk factors. We also find that institutional investors implement exclusionary screening based on direct emission intensity in a few salient industries. Overall, our results are consistent with an interpretation that investors are already demanding compensation for their exposure to carbon emission risk. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emissions; climate change; institutional investors; Stock returns |
| JEL: | D62 G12 G23 G30 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14568&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Borsky (University of Graz, Austria); Hannah B. Hennighausen (University of Graz, Austria); Andrea Leiter (University of Innsbruck, Austria); Keith Williges (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | International trade in wildlife is one contributing factor to zoonotic disease risk. Using descriptive statistics, this paper shows that in the last decades, the volume and pattern of internationally traded wildlife has changed considerably and, with it, the zoonotic pathogens that are traded. In an econometric analysis, we give evidence that an international environmental trade agreement could be used to limit the spread of zoonotic pathogens and disease. More specifically, combining zoonotic disease data with wildlife trade data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife and Fauna (CITES), we show that making trade requirements more stringent leads to a decrease in the number of animals traded and, incidentally, also the number of zoonotic diseases that are traded. Our results contribute to the discussion of policy measures that manage the spread of zoonotic diseases. |
| Keywords: | Zoonotic diseases; international wildlife trade; CITES; gravity model. |
| JEL: | F18 F53 Q27 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2020-12&r=all |
| By: | Heimvik, Arild (University of Bergen, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The paper studies the effectiveness of a refunded emission payments (REP) scheme in achieving a specific target path of NOx-emission reductions. A REP scheme levies a charge on emissions and refunds the collected funds back to the emitting firms. REP schemes have been highlighted as a remedy to some concerns about standard emission taxes. The purpose of a REP scheme, however, is to achieve effective emission reductions. We examine two REP designs in this paper and analyze their incentives for emission mitigation at the firm level, with heterogenous firms. In the first design, refunds are given to firms based on their emission cuts. The second design gives refunds based on output shares of the emitting firms. Results show that while both designs can achieve the specific target path, only refunding based on emission-reductions is cost-efficient. The two designs target different objectives and hence, provide different mitigation incentives, and result in different distributional outcomes. On the other hand, neither design raises governmental revenue, nor do they strictly adhere to the polluter-pays-principle. However, a REP scheme has qualities that should make it appealing to regulators, especially if an effective emission tax is unfeasible. |
| Keywords: | Refunded emission payments; NOx emissions; environmental policy |
| JEL: | C61 Q48 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:bergec:2020_002&r=all |
| By: | Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Addison, Prue; Arlidge, William; Baker, Julia; Booth, Hollie; Brooks, Thomas; Bull, Joseph; Burgass, Michael; Ekstrom, Jonathan; Ermgassen, Sophus zu |
| Abstract: | The upcoming meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity aims to agree a Global Biodiversity Framework, representing an opportunity to transform humanity's relationship with nature. Restoring nature while meeting human needs requires a bold vision, but this will only succeed if biodiversity conservation can be mainstreamed throughout society. Here, we present a framework that could support this mainstreaming; the Mitigation and Conservation Hierarchy. This places the well-established four-step Mitigation Hierarchy for mitigating and compensating the impacts of developments on biodiversity (Avoid, Minimise, Restore, Offset towards a target such as No Net Loss of biodiversity) within a broader framing that encompasses proactive conservation actions. The Mitigation and Conservation Hierarchy supports both the choice of actions to restore nature and accounting for the effectiveness of those actions, in a consistent manner across sectors and scales. As such it has the potential to guide actions towards a sustainable future for people and nature. |
| Date: | 2020–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gjps6&r=all |
| By: | David Laborde; Abdullah Mamun; Will Martin; Valeria Piñeiro; Rob Vos |
| Abstract: | To understand the impacts of support programs on global emissions, this paper considers the impacts of domestic subsidies, price distortions at the border, and investments in emission-reducing technologies on global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. In a step towards a full evaluation of the impacts, it uses a counterfactual global model scenario showing how much emissions from agricultural production would change if agricultural support were abolished worldwide. The analysis indicates that, without subsidies paid directly to farmers, output of some emission-intensive activities and agricultural emissions would be smaller. Without agricultural trade protection, however, emissions would be higher. This is partly because protection reduces global demand more than it increases global agricultural supply, and partly because some countries that currently tax agriculture have high emission intensities. Policies that directly reduce emission intensities yield much larger reductions in emissions than those that reduce emission intensities by increasing overall productivity because overall productivity growth creates a rebound effect by reducing product prices and expanding output. A key challenge is designing policy reforms that effectively reduce emissions without jeopardizing other key goals such as improving nutrition and reducing poverty. This analysis is an important building block towards a full understanding the impacts of reforms to agricultural support on mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate change. That full analysis is being undertaken in current work incorporating land use changes and examining the impacts of specific reforms on mitigation, resilience and economic outcomes. |
| JEL: | F1 F13 F18 O13 O24 O44 Q01 Q17 Q18 Q2 Q28 Q5 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27202&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Borsky |
| Abstract: | Mit dem Klimaabkommen von Paris hat sich eine Situation der national differenzierten Klimapolitik entwickelt, die zu ungleichen CO2-Preisen in den einzelnen Ländern geführt hat. Internationaler Handel zwischen Ländern mit unterschiedlich strikter Klimaschutzpolitik kann zu Carbon Leakage führen. Dies reduziert die Effizienz einer Klimaschutzpolitik. Ein Grenzausgleich, im Sinne einer Harmonisierung unterschiedlicher CO2-Preise mit Hilfe von CO2-Zöllen, bietet sich als eine Maßnahme an, um Wettbewerbsverzerrung aufgrund von unilateraler Klimaschutzpolitik zu reduzieren und Carbon Leakage zu verhindern. Nicht nur in der Fachliteratur, sondern auch auf politischer Ebene findet die Idee eines Grenzausgleiches Zustimmung. Der jüngste Vorschlag einer solchen Maßnahme wurde im Zuge des von der Europäischen Kommission unter Ursula von der Leyen beschlossenen „Green Deals“ benannt und soll helfen die Europäische Union bis zum Jahr 2050 zur Klima-Neutralität zu führen. Obwohl die Grundidee von Grenzausgleichsmaßnahmen im Sinne einer Verlagerung zu einer konsumbasierten CO2-Bepreisung reizvoll und klar ist, ist dessen Ausgestaltung und Implementierung in der Praxis komplex. Dies führt zu einem hohen bürokratischen Mehraufwand und damit einhergehenden hohen administrativen Kosten. Darüber hinaus kann ein Grenzausgleich als Handelsbarriere gesehen werden, welche zu Vergeltungsmaßnahmen der vom Grenzausgleich betroffenen Länder im Ausland führen kann. Aus diesem Grund empfiehlt sich ein enger Fokus auf energieintensive und international exponierte Sektoren. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wsr:pbrief:y:2020:i:045&r=all |
| By: | Basu, Arnab K.; Byambasuren, Tsenguunjav; Chau, Nancy H.; Khanna, Neha |
| Abstract: | Indoor air pollution (IAP)–predominantly from the use of solid fuel for cooking– is a global health threat, particularly for women and young children, and one of the leading causes of infant deaths worldwide in developing countries. We estimate the causal effect of cooking fuel choice on infant mortality in India, focusing on children under five years of age using pooled cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) over the period 1992–2016. To address the potential endogeneity in the relationship between fuel choice and mortality, we instrument for cooking fuel choice using a speed of change in forest cover and ownership status of agricultural land, which induce significant variations in fuel type. We find that cooking fuel choice has a statistically significant impact on under-five and neonatal mortality, raising the mortality risk by 4.9 percent. We also find that the past literature has overestimated the association between under-five mortality and polluting fuel use by about 0.6 percentage points or equivalently, 152,000 deaths per year nationally. Our result is robust to a set of alternative specifications with the inclusion of various controls and different estimation strategies. |
| Keywords: | cooking fuel,indoor air pollution,infant mortality,India |
| JEL: | I18 N35 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:560&r=all |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Salvatore Federico (UNISI - Università degli Studi di Siena); Fausto Gozzi (LUISS - Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli [Roma]) |
| Abstract: | We solve a linear-quadratic model of a spatio-temporal economy using a polluting one-input technology. Space is continuous and heterogenous: locations differ in productivity, nature self-cleaning technology and environmental awareness. The unique link between locations is transboundary pollution which is modelled as a PDE diffusion equation. The spatio-temporal functional is quadratic in local consumption and linear in pollution. Using a dynamic programming method adapted to our infinite dimensional setting, we solve the associated optimal control problem in closed-form and identify the asymptotic (optimal) spatial distribution of pollution. We show that optimal emissions will decrease at given location if and only if local productivity is larger than a threshold which depends both on the local pollution absorption capacity and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we numerically explore the relationship between the spatial optimal distributions of production and (asymptotic) pollution in order to uncover possible (geographic) environmental Kuznets curve cases. |
| Keywords: | Growth,geography,transboundary pollution,infinite dimensional optimal control problems |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02194227&r=all |
| By: | Noha Elboghdadly (University of Bath, UK and Alexandria University, Egypt); Michael Finus (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | Border carbon adjustments (BCAs) have been suggested as a measure to reduce carbon leakage in the presence of unilateral climate policies and/or to enforce cooperative climate agreements. In an intra-industry trade model, this paper studies whether and under which conditions a sequence of escalating threats of implementing BCA-measures could be successful in enforcing a fully cooperative agreement. We start from a situation where moving from non-cooperative production-based carbon taxes to a socially optimal tax is not attractive to the environmentally less concerned country. We then test whether the threat of imposing BCA-measures, in the form of import tariffs or, additionally, complemented by export rebates, will enforce cooperation. We show that import tariffs are the least distortionary policy instrument but the weakest threat, and import tariffs with a full export rebate is the most distortionary instrument if implemented but the most effective threat to enforce cooperation. In an escalating penalty game, we determine the subgame-perfect equilibrium path along which threats must be deterrent but also credible. We show that BCA-measures help to enforce cooperation, reduce global emissions and are welfare improving if they need to be implemented. However, whenever full cooperation would generate the highest global welfare gains, BCAs fail to establish cooperation, a version of the paradox of cooperation, as proposed by Barrett (1994). |
| Keywords: | Border carbon adjustments; escalating penalties; enforcement of cooperation; carbon leakage. |
| JEL: | C7 F12 F18 Q58 H23 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2020-11&r=all |
| By: | Danae Hernandez-Cortes; Kyle C. Meng |
| Abstract: | Market-based environmental policies are widely adopted on the basis of allocative efficiency. However, there is a growing distributional concern that market forces could increase the pollution exposure gap between disadvantaged and other communities by spatially reallocating pollution. We estimate how this “environmental justice gap” changed following the 2013 introduction of California’s carbon market, the world’s second largest and the one most subjected to environmental justice critiques. Embedding a pollution transport model within a program evaluation framework, we find that while the EJ gap was widening prior to 2013, it has since fallen by 21-30% across pollutants due to the policy. |
| JEL: | H4 I14 Q5 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27205&r=all |
| By: | Adenaeuer, Lucie; Breen, James; Witzke, Heinz-Peter; Kesting, Monika; Hayden, Anne |
| Abstract: | The recently published Irish Climate Action Plan has outlined the leading role which agriculture will have to take for Ireland in order to achieve national reduction of GHG emissions. The agricultural sector model CAPRI is used to investigate the impact of an EU-wide agricultural mitigation target on the Irish agriculture sector. Three scenarios developed under the JRC-project EcAMPA2, allowing the endogenous implementation of mitigation technologies, will show the possible impact range that such a policy target could have. It can be inferred that the Irish agriculture sector can achieve the set mitigation target by adapting livestock production systems, resulting in efficiency gains and implementing specific mitigation technologies. Without a mitigation target, changes are marginal, and voluntary adoption will rarely take place. Subsidising the implementation of mitigation technologies can buffer the impact that a mitigation target will have on the Irish agriculture sector, while achieving the set reduction. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc20:303702&r=all |
| By: | Ishan B. Nath |
| Abstract: | This paper integrates local temperature treatment effects and a quantitative macroeconomic model to evaluate the impact of climate change on sectoral reallocation and aggregate productivity. First, I use firm-level data from a wide range of countries to estimate the effect of temperature on productivity in manufacturing and services. Estimates suggest that extreme heat reduces non-agricultural productivity, but less so than in agriculture, implying that hot countries could adapt to climate change by importing food and shifting labor toward manufacturing. Second, I embed my estimates in an open-economy model of structural transformation covering 158 countries to investigate this possibility. Simulations suggest that subsistence food requirements drive agricultural specialization more than comparative advantage, however, such that climate change perversely pulls labor into agriculture where its productivity suffers most and reallocation exacerbates the global decline in GDP. The productivity effects of climate change reduce welfare by 1.5-2.7% overall and 6-10% for the poorest quartile. Trade reduces the welfare costs of climate change by only 7.4% under existing policy, but by 31% overall and 68% for the global poor in a counterfactual scenario that assigns all countries the 90th percentile level of trade openness. |
| JEL: | O14 Q17 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27297&r=all |
| By: | Mohaddes, K.; Williams, R. |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the so-called “adaptive investment effect", a redirection of investment in productive capital towards adaptive capital with a view to mitigating the negative effects of climate change. We estimate the costs associated with the adaptive investment effect using data on Chinese provinces and find that the impact of investment on economic growth is reduced by between 27% and 37% in provinces investing more in adaptive capital. This implies that the social cost of carbon is higher than existing studies suggest, making it more urgent for policymakers to take action against climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, adaptation, investment, China |
| JEL: | C33 O40 O53 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2046&r=all |
| By: | Weinberger, Vanessa; Burger, Joseph Robert |
| Abstract: | We take a human macroecological approach using energy as a fundamental currency to quantify the emergence and future sustainability of urban societies globally with a special look at Latin America. Energetic scaling analysis showed most modern humans in cities in Latin America and elsewhere live at densities of ~10,000 ind/km2, ~4 orders of magnitude greater than our hunter-gatherer ancestors (<1 ind/km2). Meanwhile, modern cities consume ~10,000 watts mostly in the form of extra-metabolic (e.g., fossil fuels), ~2 orders of magnitude greater than hunter-gatherer biological metabolism (~120 watts). Further analysis of World Bank data across and within nations over time showed per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), energy use, and CO2 emissions are lowest in predominantly rural countries, increase in urbanizing countries and are greatest in the most urban countries. For the same level of urbanization, Latin American countries show lower per capita GDP, energy use, and CO2 emissions than global averages. These trends coincide with changes in employment with rural countries employed largely in resource-extraction sectors and highly urbanized nations in service economies. Latin American countries have higher employment in resource sectors compared to most urban countries. Increasing energy use, especially fossil fuel use, underlies urbanization and changes in economic lifestyle. However, these trends cannot continue indefinitely. Latin America, because of its rich renewable and non-renewable resources, may be spared from future uncertainties inherent to complex human-nature systems including from climate change, energy scarcity, pandemics, migration, and trade agreements if it chooses to: 1) rapidly transition to renewable powered economies, and 2) reduce population and economy size within local and regional renewable biocapacities. A rapid cultural evolution is of the essence. |
| Date: | 2020–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gnkva&r=all |
| By: | Howley, Peter; Ocean, Neel |
| Abstract: | Using an online survey with randomisation, we illustrate how identity-based utility can be harnessed to encourage pro-environmental behaviours. Results show that providing farmers with an opportunity to demonstrate their ‘green credentials’ increases their intention of maintaining environmental practices by an average of 19%, while the use of descriptive norms increases intent to participate in a biodiversity activity by an average of 8%. Interventions such as these represent a low-cost, yet powerful supplement to traditional policy tools. New approaches for engendering behavioural change are likely to be particularly important in a UK context as the UK transitions out of the EU. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc20:303705&r=all |
| By: | Charles Fang Chin Cheng (Department of Policy Research and Statistics UNIDO); Nicola Cantore (Department of Policy Research and Statistics UNIDO) |
| Abstract: | Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development (ISID) calls for full engagement of policymakers in industrializing countries by minimizing environmental footprint and enhancing social inclusiveness. This study investigates the progress of 118 countries towards ISID (2005-2015) through an input-oriented CCR (Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes) slack-based (Data Envelopment Analysis) DEA model. The efficiency analyses have been carried out with two approaches: i) the ISID approach represents the aspiration of countries to promote industrialization and consequently sustain economic growth by reducing the adverse environmental and social effects which manifest in the overall economy; ii) ISIDsdg9 approach considers the same aspects of ISID but only focuses on indicators related to the industrial sector. An analytical tool is developed to measure ISID with the two different approaches. This study finds that (i) Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland are at the top of the ranking with the ISID approach, and the Czech Republic and Switzerland are at the top of the ranking with the ISIDsdg9 approach. Throughout 2005-2013, there is no sign of catching up between developed and developing countries in progress towards ISID and ISIDsdg9. |
| Keywords: | Slack-Based Model (SBM), Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development (ISID), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:1020&r=all |
| By: | Evans, S.; Mehling, M.; Ritz, R.; Sammon, P. |
| Abstract: | As part of the European Green Deal, the EU is considering the introduction of a Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) to ensure that the price of imports into the EU more accurately reflects the environmental costs of their carbon content. BCAs could be an alternative to free allocation to trade-exposed sectors as a measure to address the risk of carbon leakage in the EU’s Emissions Trading System. While a BCA for exports is not categorically excluded, it is less likely to be consistent with WTO rules and therefore less likely to be proposed than an import-only BCA. A key point is that replacing free allocation by an import-only BCA would weaken the competitiveness of EU producers in foreign markets. The reason is that free allocation also helps support the cost competitiveness of domestic products that are exported to markets outside the EU. Therefore, a move to import-only BCAs does not necessarily make redundant the continued use of free allocation to help safeguard overall industrial competitiveness. While combining an import BCA with free allocation can increase the risk of legal challenges, such risks may be reduced with an appropriate design. More broadly, policymakers need to navigate a complex trade-off between competitiveness support, a stronger carbon price signal, and extra fiscal revenue. |
| Keywords: | Border carbon adjustment, carbon pricing, competitiveness, international trade |
| JEL: | H23 K33 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2036&r=all |
| By: | Moriah B. Bostian (Portland State University - Partenaires INRAE); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Jean Minviel (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | This study takes a production function approach to examine the effects of farm wetland area for a set of producers in the Limousin region of France. By combining data from a recent survey of regional wetland areas with detailed farm-level production panel data, we find that maintaining wetland areas poses significant costs to farmers, in terms of foregone production value. These results help to explain the relatively low participation rate in agri-environmental schemes targeted to wetlands by farmers in this region. This represents a new application of the production function approach to estimate the cost of maintaining wetlands on working agricultural land, and is one of few studies to examine agricultural wetland costs outside of the US. This framework could be used to further inform payment incentives for agrienvironmental schemes more generally. |
| Abstract: | La productivité des zones humides agricole est étudiée par la spécification d'une fonction de production, estimée sur un ensemble de producteurs agricoles de la Région française du Limousin. L'analyse des données de panel rassemblant les comptabilités d'une centaine d'exploitation suivies pendant trois ans montre que le maintien agricole des zones humides implique des coûts significatifs en termes de pertes de production. Ces résultats aident à comprendre la relative faiblesse de l'adoption par les agriculteurs des mesures agroenvironnementales ciblant les zones humides de cette région. Ce travail est une nouvelle application de l'approche par la fonction de production pour estimer le coût de maintien des zones humides, et l'une des rares applications sur ce thème, hors des Etats-Unis. La méthodologie peut être utilisée pour l'établissement de paiements incitatifs dans le cadre de programmes agri-environnementaux ou pour des services environnementaux en général. |
| Keywords: | wetlands,conservation payments,France,agri-environmental schemes,agricultural production,paiements pour services environnementaux |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02796850&r=all |
| By: | Paredes Leguizamón, Gisela |
| Abstract: | En Colombia el ordenamiento ambiental territorial es competencia del Sistema Nacional Ambiental, pero también reposa en los municipios al ser éstos los responsables de formular y adoptar oficialmente los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial, reglamentar los usos del suelo, optimizar el uso de tierra disponible y coordinar planes sectoriales. De forma complementaria, se han asignado competencias específicas en la materia a la nación y a los departamentos. Por otro lado, en el marco del Convenio 169 de la OIT, el Estado colombiano se reconoció como un país multiétnico y pluricultural y expidió reglamentación especial sobre el territorio y su uso para comunidades negras y pueblos indígenas. Pese a los avances anteriores, es evidente que la convergencia entre los sistemas de planeación es incipiente, situación que genera conflictos entre sectores productivos, autoridades ambientales, entes territoriales, sociedad civil y comunidades, por la ocupación del territorio y el uso de los servicios de los ecosistemas. El presente estudio busca visibilizar, a través de ocho casos piloto, cómo la Naturaleza, los territorios y la gente son los elementos centrales en el posconflicto y cómo la vida es el eslabón común a todos. Igualmente, propone los temas comunes entre las realidades locales, regionales y nacionales que deberían abordarse de manera integral e intersectorial en la formulación y ejecución de políticas públicas: 1) los derechos de la gente y la naturaleza, 2) la diversidad de modelos de ocupación del espacio (coexistencia de territorios diferenciados al interior de la nación colombiana), 3) la propiedad de la tierra y formas de uso recursos naturales y 4) la heterogeneidad de modelos de desarrollo acordes a contextos específicos. Con ello invita a la gestión territorial en red reconociendo y potencializando las experiencias, conocimientos, lecciones aprendidas y procesos generados desde los resguardos indígenas, territorios ancestrales, colectivos, la sociedad civil y las áreas protegidas, en la gestión del posconflicto. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO LOCAL, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, PARQUES Y RESERVAS NACIONALES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVES |
| Date: | 2019–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45639&r=all |
| By: | Vargas Muñoz, Miguel |
| Abstract: | En este artículo se da cuenta acerca de una iniciativa de desarrollo local llevada cabo en la localidad de Malagueño (Córdoba, Argentina), la cual se contextualiza bajo el enfoque de comunidades sostenibles, donde participan e interactúan diversos actores locales que desde sus competencias e intereses contribuyen a dar contenido y practica a la dimensión territorial del desarrollo. Esta iniciativa que tiene como propósito transversal valorar la preservación del medio ambiente en el hogar, la escuela y los espacios públicos, ha permitido poner de manifiesto el encuentro y concertación de diversas racionalidades, modos de hacer e intervenir en el territorio; movilizando a actores públicos, privados y de la sociedad civil, que articuladamente y desde las diferencias han incidido y movilizado acciones locales por el desarrollo. Adquiere valor agregado e impronta en la transversalidad de toda esta iniciativa, el rol, carácter y liderazgo que las comunidades educativas —escuelas— han sostenido en los alcances, aprendizajes, complejidades, oportunidades y nuevas preguntas que esta práctica ha gestionado. Todas aquellas estrategias llevadas a cabo en el ecosistema territorial de esta localidad, han contribuido a ampliar la escala y el impacto de las intervenciones, donde la premisa sustantiva se encuentra gatillada por la prevalencia de las alianzas entre los diversos actores, con foco a facilitar la ejecución de planes, proyectos y dispositivos tendientes a generar mayor impacto a nivel del territorio y de las comunidades sostenibles. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO LOCAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, MEDIO AMBIENTE, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, POPULAR PARTICIPATION |
| Date: | 2019–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45644&r=all |
| By: | Thiermann, Insa; Latacz-Lohmann, U. |
| Abstract: | This article seeks to determine farmers’ willingness to apply slurry acidification during spreading. Slurry acidification is a novel technique to reduce ammonia emissions, which has been pioneered in Denmark. In an online discrete choice survey of German livestock farmers, the respondents were asked to choose between different policy schemes to promote the use of acidification techniques and the status quo. The support schemes were characterised by the following attributes: cost share, expected emission reduction as well as reliefs from, and tightenings of, the German Fertilizer Ordinance. In addition, the character-istics of farmers and farms were elicited. The data were estimated using a mixed logit model. The esti-mated probability of farmers to choose a support scheme is 89 %. All policy variables are significant for acceptance and show the expected signs. Emission reduction is important to farmers and increases the chances of participation in a support scheme significantly. Furthermore, the cost share offered and the exemption from the requirement to incorporate slurry immediately after spreading have a significantly positive impact on farmers’ willingness to participate. By contrast, the higher the nitrogen load factor by which the extra nitrogen in the slurry must be counted in a farmer’s fertilizer planning (a provision of the German Fertilizer Ordinance), the lower the probability of participation. Concerning farm and farmer characteristics, farmers with grazing livestock show lower acceptance as do sow holders. Older farmers and better educated farmers are more likely to participate. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc20:303701&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Le Coent (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the role played by social norms in farmers' decisions to enroll into an agri-environmental scheme (AES). First, it develops a simple theoretical model highlighting the interplay of descriptive and injunctive norms in farmers' utility functions. Second, an empirical valuation of the effect of social norms is provided based on the results of a stated preference survey conducted with 98 wine-growers in the South of France. Proxies are proposed to capture and measure the weight of social norms in farmers' decision to sign an agri-environmental contract. Our empirical results indicate that the injunctive norm seems to play a stronger role than the descriptive norm. |
| Keywords: | social norms,behaviour,agri-environmental contracts |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02791014&r=all |
| By: | Liu, L-Q.; Yin, Z-L.; Xie, B-C.; Zhou, W. |
| Abstract: | Air pollution is a big threat to human beings and has attract worldwide attention from governments and scholars. Based on the survey of happiness in China, this paper attempts to analyze the impact of local air quality on the happiness of individuals, and to evaluate the monetary value of mitigating air pollution. Through merging individual happiness data in a nationally representative survey with daily air quality index (AQI) according to the date and location of each respondent, it calculates the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between air quality and income, and then estimates respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for better air quality. Moreover, it has further explored the differences of WTPs among groups. This study reaches the conclusion that happiness is positively associated with income but negatively correlated with air pollution. Besides, individual happiness is heavily influenced by income, age, gender, health condition, marital status and other variables. Furthermore, WTPs differ greatly among groups and the estimated average WTP of whole sample is 549.36RMB(or 0.90% of annual household income) per year per family for one unit reduction in AQI. |
| Keywords: | Happiness, Willingness to pay, Air pollution, China |
| JEL: | L94 |
| Date: | 2020–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2042&r=all |
| By: | Abrahao, Ana |
| Abstract: | The present study aims to analyze the environmental certification process in the context of the Agro Industrial System (SAG) of beef production in Brazil through mapping and promulgations. This research become relevant as environmental certifications attest to the implantation of a practical process of environmental management in participating organizations that vision the philosophy of Sustainable Development. Approaches to this qualitative analysis were: Sustainable Development, Environmental Management, Environmental Certification, The Stakeholders Theory and SAG. Semi structured interviews were conducted with those responsible for certification processes in organizations related to agribusiness. Findings show that, in each of these organizations, environmental management was well structured which facilitated the process of certification as most of the requisites had been met economically, environmentally, and socially. It was observed that, in Brazil, the certification process is advancing in the SAG of the beef cattle culture. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc20:303696&r=all |
| By: | Reinders, Henk Jan; Schoenmaker, Dirk; Van Dijk, Mathijs A |
| Abstract: | There is increasing interest in assessing the impact of climate policies on the value of financial sector assets, and consequently on financial stability. Prior studies either take a "black box" macro-modelling approach to climate stress testing or focus solely on equity instruments - though banks' exposures predominantly consist of debt. We take a more tractable finance (valuation) approach at the industry-level and use a Merton contingent claims model to assess the impact of a carbon tax shock on the market value of corporate debt and residential mortgages. We calibrate the model using detailed, proprietary exposure data for the Dutch banking sector. For a €100 to €200 per tonne carbon tax we find a substantial decline in the market value of banks' assets equivalent to 4-63% of core capital, depending on policy choices. |
| Keywords: | banks; carbon tax; Climate policies; Climate stress test; contingent claims analysis |
| JEL: | G13 G21 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14609&r=all |
| By: | Loup Rimbaud (AVI-PATHO - Station de Pathologie Végétale - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR BGPI - Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Sylvie Dallot (UMR BGPI - Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Claude Bruchou (BIOSP - Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Emmanuel Jacquot (UMR BGPI - Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Samuel Soubeyrand (BIOSP - Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Gael Thébaud (UMR BGPI - Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | Improvement of management strategies of epidemics is often hampered by constraints on experiments at large spatiotemporal scales. A promising approach consists of modelling the biological epidemic process and human interventions, which both impact disease spread. However, few methods enable the simultaneous optimisation of the numerous parameters of sophisticated control strategies. To do so, we propose a heuristic approach (i.e., a practical improvement method approximating an optimal solution) based on sequential sensitivity analyses. In addition, we use an economic improvement criterion, based on the net present value, accounting for both the cost of the different control measures and the benefit generated by disease suppression. This work is motivated by sharka (caused by Plum pox virus), a vector-borne disease of prunus trees (especially apricot, peach and plum) whose management in orchards is mainly based on surveillance and tree removal. We identified the key parameters of a spatiotemporal model simulating sharka spread and control, and approximated optimal values for these parameters. The results indicate that the current French management of sharka efficiently controls the disease, but can be economically improved using alternative strategies that are identified and discussed. The general approach should help policymakers to design sustainable and cost-effective strategies for disease management. |
| Keywords: | sensitivity analysis,SEIR,roguing,PPV,culling,Sobol,cost-effectiveness |
| Date: | 2019–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02095180&r=all |
| By: | Bert van Wee (Delft University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses how regulations can determine environmental and safety outcomes in transport systems. It explores the relationships between regulations and direct and indirect costs, and between regulations and benefits. It also discusses the ethical issues, such as the fact that cost-benefit analysis evaluates welfare effects but tends to ignore equity issues. |
| Date: | 2019–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/07-en&r=all |
| By: | Elena Castellari (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Elena Claire Ricci (Università degli Studi di Verona); Stefanella Stranieri (Università degli studi di Milano [Milano]); Stephan Marette (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech); Martina Sarnataro (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Claudio Soregaroli (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) |
| Abstract: | There is an increasing interest in healthy and sustainable product characteristics. Consumers determine their dietary intake and frame production systems with their choices. However, little is known about the relationships between health and environmental information in influencing these choices, especially when considering functional foods. This study assessed the influence of health-related and environmental-friendliness-related product information on the willingness to pay (WTP) for functional foods. To this end, a WTP elicitation experiment was set up using a jam-like fruit compote enriched with Aloe vera gel. Participants were provided with different messages related to the health and environmental benefits of Aloe vera products, and were also asked to taste the product. Results indicated that providing new information significantly increased the WTP for the enriched compote. This increase was significant for both health and environmentally based benefits, with the health message leading to a higher WTP. Combining health and environmental messages produced an additive effect on WTP which was independent of the sequential order in which the two messages were given. Results contrasted the view that health messages are the main drivers of WTP, and open a broader range of communication in terms of marketing strategies and sustainable policy objectives. |
| Abstract: | Il existe un intérêt croissant pour les caractéristiques de santé et durabilité des produits. Cependant, on sait peu de choses sur les relations entre les informations sur la santé et l'environnement et leur influence sur les choix des consommateurs, en particulier en ce qui concerne les aliments « fonctionnels ». Cette étude a évalué l'influence des informations sur la santé et à l'environnement, sur le consentement à payer pour les aliments fonctionnels. Cette expérience se focalise sur une compote de fruit enrichie en Aloe Vera. Les participants ont reçu différents messages concernant les avantages pour la santé et l'environnement des produits à base d'Aloe Vera et ont également été invités à les goûter. Les résultats ont indiqué que la révélation de nouvelles informations augmentait considérablement le consentement à payer (CAP) de la compote enrichie. Cette augmentation est significative tant avec les informations sur la santé qu'avec les informations sur l'environnement, avec le message sur la santé conduisant à un CAP plus élevé. La combinaison des messages relatifs à la santé et à l'environnement a produit un effet additif sur le CAP, indépendant de l'ordre séquentiel dans lequel les deux messages ont été révélés. |
| Keywords: | food choices,functional food,health information,choice experiment,sustainability,environmental information |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02627431&r=all |
| By: | Cole, Matthew A. (University of Birmingham); Ozgen, Ceren (University of Birmingham); Strobl, Eric (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | In light of the existing preliminary evidence of a link between Covid-19 and poor air quality, which is largely based upon correlations, we estimate the relationship between long term air pollution exposure and Covid-19 in 355 municipalities in the Netherlands. Using detailed secondary and administrative data we find compelling evidence of a positive relationship between air pollution, and particularly PM2.5 concentrations, and Covid-19 cases, hospital admissions and deaths. This relationship persists after controlling for a wide range of explanatory variables. Our results indicate that a 1 μ/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations is associated with 9.4 more Covid-19 cases, 3.0 more hospital admissions, and 2.3 more deaths. The relationship between Covid-19 and air pollution withstands a number of sensitivity and robustness exercises including instrumenting pollution to mitigate potential endogeneity and modelling spatial spillovers using spatial econometric techniques. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, air pollution, Netherlands, spatial spillovers |
| JEL: | I21 I23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13367&r=all |
| By: | Matthew A Cole (University of Birmingham); Ceren Ozgen (University of Birmingham); Eric Strobl (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | In light of the existing preliminary evidence of a link between Covid-19 and poor air quality, which is largely based upon correlations, we estimate the relationship between long term air pollution exposure and Covid-19 in 355 municipalities in the Netherlands. Using detailed secondary and administrative data we find compelling evidence of a positive relationship between air pollution, and particularly PM2:5 concentrations, and Covid-19 cases, hospital admissions and deaths. This relationship persists after controlling for a wide range of explanatory variables. Our results indicate that a 1 ug/m3 increase in PM2:5 concentrations is associated with 9.4 more Covid-19 cases, 3.0 more hospital admissions, and 2.3 more deaths. The relationship between Covid-19 and air pollution withstands a number of sensitivity and robustness exercises including instrumenting pollution to mitigate potential endogeneity and modelling spatial spillovers using spatial econometric techniques. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, air pollution, Netherlands, spatial spillovers |
| JEL: | I21 I23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bir:birmec:20-13&r=all |
| By: | Giovanniello, Monica (Universitat de les Illes Balears); Perroni, Carlo (University of Warwick and CESifo) |
| Abstract: | We characterize timing choices in investments towards the conservation of a global common and derive implications for interventions to contain the spread of a contagious disease. |
| Keywords: | JEL Classification: |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:467&r=all |
| By: | Chantal Le Mouel (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Anna Birgit Milford (Division of Food Production and Society - NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research); Benjamin L. Bodirsky (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Susanne Rolinski (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) |
| Abstract: | Increasinggloballevelsofmeatconsumptionareathreattotheenvironmentandtohumanhealth.Toidentify measuresthatmaychangeconsumptionpatternstowardsmoreplant-basedfoods,itisnecessarytoimproveour understandingofthecausesbehindthedemandformeat.Inthispaperweusedatafrom137differentcountries toidentifyandassessfactorsthatinfluencemeatconsumptionatthenationallevelusingacross-countrymul- tivariateregressionanalysis.Wespecifyeithertotalmeatorruminantmeatasthedependentvariableandwe considerabroadrangeofpotentialdriversofmeatconsumption.Thecombinationofexplanatoryvariableswe useisnewforthistypeofanalysis.Inaddition,weestimatetherelativeimportanceofthedifferentdrivers.We findthatincomepercapitafollowedbyrateofurbanisationarethetwomostimportantdriversoftotalmeat consumptionpercapita.Incomepercapitaandnaturalendowmentfactorsaremajordriversofruminantmeat consumptionpercapita.OtherdriversareWesternculture,Muslimreligion,femalelabourparticipation,eco- nomic and social globalisation and meat prices. The main identified drivers of meat demand are difficult to influencethroughdirectpolicyintervention.Thus,actingindirectlyonconsumers'preferencesandconsumption habits(forinstancethroughinformation,educationpolicyandincreasedavailabilityofready-madeplantbased products)couldbeofkeyimportanceformitiga tingtheriseofmeatconsumptionpercapitaall overtheworld. |
| Keywords: | meat consumption,nutrition transition,climate change mitigation,cross-country analysis |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02175593&r=all |
| By: | Vicent Alcántara Escolano (Departament d'Economia Aplicada, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona); Emilio Padilla Rosa (Departament d'Economia Aplicada, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | The construction sector has a special interest in the case of the Spanish economy, given its large economic dimension and environmental impact, particularly during the real estate boom prior to the last economic crisis that started in 2008. We study the CO2 emissions of construction activities in 2007, at the height of the construction boom, in the context of the productive structure of Spain. For this, we use an input–output subsystem method, which allows us to study the productive structure of the subsystem’s activities, taking into account its links with the rest of the sectors. The decomposition of total emissions in four explanatory components allows us to make a classification of the different sectors according to the type of relationships that are established between the subsystem and the rest of the economy. We derive some implications for environmental policy from the analysis of these interrelations |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; construction sector; input–output subsystem; productive structure; real estate boom. |
| JEL: | C67 L74 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2003&r=all |
| By: | Oskar LECUYER; Sébastien POSTIC (I4CE) |
| Abstract: | In 2019, 42% of the aggregate carbon revenue was channeled to the general state budget, 47% was allocated to environmental or broader projects, 5% went to tax cuts and 6% to direct transfers to families or businesses.Countries that have successfully implemented carbon pricing have managed to align the use of carbon revenues with national priorities, associating reform with a discourse that is in line with their development agenda.Regardless of the objective sought, governance issues are crucial and range from transparency in revenue use, and clarity of trans fers and compensation, to the legitimacy of the reform process. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en10740&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Claude Berthélemy (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, UP1 UFR02 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Économie - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a meta-analysis to investigate the challenges of decentralized electrification for economic development. It uses an original database which has evaluation data on more than 400 projects. Technological innovations, notably for solar energy, are opening new space for electrification policy, based on off-grid systems, which are particularly relevant for remote rural areas. However there are two main challenges. Firstly due to the threshold effects associated with the size of the projects based on nano size systems, typically the popular Solar Home Systems (SHS). Nano systems do not reliably lead to the transformation effects which are necessary to ensure economic sustainability. This may lead to a poverty trap. Secondly the bigger the system, the bigger the need to organize collective action for planning, installation, and management. This collective action requires proper governance structures, which can be designed using Ostrom's framework for the management of common pools of resources. |
| Keywords: | Decentralized electrification,sustainable development,impact assessment,meta-analysis,poverty traps,common pool of resource |
| Date: | 2019–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-02394467&r=all |
| By: | Mark Dickie (University of Central Florida); Shelby Gerking (Tilburg University); Wiktor Adamowicz (University of Alberta); Marcella Veronesi (Department of Economics (University of Verona)) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the validity of individuals’ perceptions of heart disease risks, and examines how information and risk perceptions affect marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) to reduce risk, using data from a stated preference survey. Results indicate that risk perceptions individuals held before receiving risk information are plausibly related to objective risk factors and reflect individual-specific information not found in aggregate measures of objective risk. After receiving information, individuals’ updates of prior risk assessments are broadly consistent with Bayesian learning. Perceived heart disease risks thus satisfy construct validity and provide a valid basis for inferring MWTP to reduce risk. Estimating MWTP based on objective rather than subjective risks causes misleading inferences about benefits of risk reduction. An empirical case study shows that benefits are 36% to 62% higher when estimated using objective rather than subjective risks, showing the importance of employing risk perception information to improve validity of benefit measures. |
| Keywords: | risk perception, willingness to pay, subjective probability, information, Bayesian, heart disease |
| JEL: | D61 I12 I38 J13 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ver:wpaper:11/2020&r=all |
| By: | Trevor L. Davis; Mark C. Thurber; Frank A. Wolak |
| Abstract: | We report on an economic experiment that compares outcomes in electricity mar- kets subject to carbon-tax and cap-and-trade policies. Under conditions of uncertainty, price-based and quantity-based policy instruments cannot be truly equivalent, so we compared three matched carbon-tax/cap-and-trade pairs with equivalent emissions tar- gets, mean emissions, and mean carbon prices, respectively. Across these matched pairs, the cap-and-trade mechanism produced much higher wholesale electricity prices (38.5% to 52.6% higher) and lower total electricity production (2.5% to 4.0% lower) than the “equivalent” carbon tax, without any lower carbon emissions. Market participants who forecast a lower price of carbon in the cap-and-trade games ran their units more than those who forecast a higher price of carbon, which caused emissions from the dirtiest generating units (Coal and Gas Peakers) to be significantly higher (15.2% to 33.0%) than in the carbon tax games. These merit order “mistakes” in the cap-and-trade games suggest an important advantage of the carbon tax as policy: namely, that the cost of carbon can treated by firms as a known input to production. |
| JEL: | Q4 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27260&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Noel Aubertot (Agronomie - Agronomie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon); J.M. Barbier (Unité mixte de recherche écophysiologie des plantes sous stress environnementaux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - ENSA M - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier); Alain Carpentier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); J.J. Gril (Inconnu); Laurence Guichard (Agronomie - Agronomie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon); P. Lucas (AVI-PATHO - Station de Pathologie Végétale - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Serge Savary (UMR SAVE - Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) - Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV) - ENITAB - École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Isabelle Savini (UESC - Unité Expertise Scientifique Collective - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Marc Voltz (UMR LISAH - Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRD [ Madagascar] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); . Inra (INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); . Cemagref,la Recherche Pour l'Ingénierie de l'Agriculture Et de l'Environnement,paris (fra) (IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture) |
| Abstract: | Le texte constitue le rapport de l'expertise collective, réalisée par l'Inra et le Cemagref à la demande des ministères chargés de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, sur les conditions d'utilisation des pesticides en agriculture, les moyens d'en réduire l'emploi et d'en limiter les impacts environnementaux. Ce champ, très vaste, a nécessité la mobilisation d'une trentaine d'experts de différentes disciplines (agronomie, protection des plantes, sciences du sol, hydrologie, bioclimatologie, écotoxicologie, économie, sociologie...). Le rapport met en évidence que bien que les contaminations et les impacts environnementaux des pesticides soient difficiles à quantifier, il convient tout d'abord d'en réduire la dispersion dans l'environnement. Mais, les techniques correctives ne peuvent avoir qu'une efficacité partielle, aussi faut-il nécessairement envisager une réduction d'utilisation des pesticides. Cependant, la production agricole est très dépendante vis-à-vis des pesticides ; cette dépendance est confortée par leur faible coût relatif par rapport aux prix d'autres facteurs de production et des productions agricoles elles-mêmes. A contrario, les techniques plus économes en pesticides, plus complexes à mettre en oeuvre, génèrent des coûts directs et indirects non négligeables et elles sont aussi réputées plus "risquées". Aussi l'objectif de réduction des utilisations de pesticides doit-il être envisagé comme un objectif volontariste. D'autant plus qu'il va à l'encontre d'un système dont la cohérence technico-économique explique le succès. Tenter de faire évoluer ce système nécessite de modifier le contexte réglementaire et économique (rapports de prix, relation au sein des filières agroalimentaires) et au-delà, de mobiliser les différents acteurs concernés, agriculteurs, industriels, pouvoirs publics, consommateurs. |
| Keywords: | Environnement, espace et société |
| Date: | 2020–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02832492&r=all |
| By: | Majah-Leah V. Ravago (Economics Department, Ateneo de Manila University); James A. Roumasset (Economics Department and UHERO, University of Hawaii) |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Electricity industry, Energy transition, Philippines |
| JEL: | Q4 Q2 O1 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agy:dpaper:202009&r=all |
| By: | Jean Pierre Huiban (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Antonio Musolesi (Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of pollution abatement effort on the economic performances by exploiting a rich panel data set composed of French food industry firms, observed over the 1993-2007 period. We test the Porter hypothesis, assuming that pollution abatement effort has a positive effect on the firm performance by triggering innovation. This is done by estimating a production function augmented with knowledge capital, such a capital being produced by both pollution abatement and R&D investments. Using different estimation methods, including structural semi-parametric ones, we first show than the so-called Porter assumption cannot be rejected when focusing on the full population of French food industry firms since the estimations indicate a positive and significant (though rather small) contribution of the pollution abatement capital to the firm productivity. Then, we consider a more restrictive sample of (potentially) innovative firms, actually engaging both RD and pollution abatement investments. Henceforth, the contribution of pollution abatement capital becomes not significant in regard to the R&D's one. These results do not support the sometimes invoked hypothesis according to which the positive effect of pollution abatements efforts on firms' performances is linked to the induced increased innovation. At the same time, the standard hypothesis, assuming that pollution abatement effort significantly decreases the firm performance is always rejected. |
| Keywords: | productivity, environmental investment, R&D, knowledge capital, food industry |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02804599&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Early scholars were convinced that geography is destiny, that climate determines the human condition. Current economists by and large argue that institutions are destiny, that the only thing that matters to humans are other human beings. Neither position is tenable. I review the literature and present new empirical evidence that shows that climate does have a significant effect on development, that this effect is mediated by institutions, and that the effect shrinks with affluence. |
| Keywords: | climate, development |
| JEL: | N10 O10 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:1120&r=all |
| By: | Vargas Lama, Fredy; Mojica, Francisco José |
| Abstract: | Hoy en el sector académico y político internacional existe un acuerdo mayoritario respecto a la necesidad de pensar en el planeta en forma sistémica. El desarrollo sostenible de largo plazo del planeta se convierte en una prioridad compartida. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas, primero por medio de los Objetivos del Milenio y posteriormente vía los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible nos presentan un esquema ordenado de análisis y metas para cada uno de los países, con un norte específico hacia el 2030. Apoyando este proceso múltiples organizaciones internacionales y tanques de pensamiento globales están desarrollando investigaciones al respecto. Uno de ellos es el Millennium Project, organización fundada en 1996 que agrupa a varios de los mayores pensadores de largo plazo del planeta. Esta organización realiza un seguimiento anual a los 15 Retos Globales para la humanidad, que buscan alinearse al futuro del desarrollo sostenible mundial. Dentro de los ejercicios que realizan alrededor del mundo, tenemos el realizado por el Nodo Colombia de dicha organización, con el objetivo de analizar los 15 retos globales para Colombia, con un horizonte temporal al 2037. Este ejercicio empleando herramientas de la prospectiva voluntarista, pero con algunas particularidades metodológicas desarrolladas por los autores, busca la visualización de prioridades para dicha nación en el largo plazo. Como resultado logra identificar un grupo de factores de cambio y variables estratégicas para cada uno de los desafíos, definir un escenario apuesta de largo plazo y plantear estrategias para la construcción de un futuro mejor. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO DEL MILENIO, ESTUDIOS FUTUROS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, FUTURE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2019–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45646&r=all |
| By: | Hillier, John; Dixon, Richard |
| Abstract: | Impact-based, seasonal mapping of compound hazards is proposed. It is pragmatic, identifies phenomena to drive the research agenda, produces outputs relevant to stakeholders, and could be applied to many hazards globally. Illustratively, flooding and wind damage can co-occur, worsening their joint impact, yet where wet and windy seasons combine has not yet been systematically mapped. Here, seasonal proxies for wintertime flooding and wind damage are used to map, at 1x1° resolution, the association between these perils across Europe within 600 years as realized in SEAS5 hindcast data. Paired areas of enhanced-suppressed correlation are identified (Scotland, Norway), and are shown to be created by orographically-enhanced rainfall (or shelter) from prevailing westerly storms. |
| Date: | 2020–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:eartha:qfj5g&r=all |
| By: | Pablo Olivares |
| Abstract: | The objective of the paper is to price weather contracts using temperature as the underlying process when the later follows a mean-reverting dynamics driven by a time-changed Brownian motion coupled to a Gamma Levy subordinator and time-dependent deterministic volatility. This type of model captures the complexity of the temperature dynamic providing a more accurate valuation of their associate weather contracts. An approximated price is obtained by a Fourier expansion of its characteristic function combined with a selection of the equivalent martingale measure following the Esscher transform proposed in Gerber and Shiu (1994). |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2005.14350&r=all |
| By: | Papagno, Silvina; Vitale, Javier |
| Abstract: | El futuro sostenible, junto con el cambio estructural y la reducción de las brechas de desigualdad en la región, son desafíos que interpelan a los responsables de la planificación y gestión de políticas públicas, propiciando un terreno fértil para el diálogo, abierto y democrático, y la incorporación de la dimensión del futuro en el diseño de las políticas. La Agenda 2030-Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible está llamada a jugar un papel fundamental como impulsora de la construcción de un futuro sostenible, mediante la conjunción de sus cuatro pilares (político, económico, social y ambiental) en el ejercicio de la planificación y la gestión pública. En parte, los ODS tienen como finalidad contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y la agricultura sostenible, a generar modalidades de producción y consumo sostenibles, a identificar medidas de adaptación y/o mitigación al cambio climático y sus efectos y a la gestión sostenible de los bosques nativos, la degradación de tierras y pérdida de la biodiversidad, siendo estos temas ejes para la reflexión, debate y construcción de un sistema alimentario sostenible a mediano y largo plazo, en un marco más amplio de desarrollo territorial. Estos procesos son complejos, multidimensionales y están atravesados por asimetrías de poder, coyunturales e históricas, acompañados por debilidades vinculadas a las capacidades estatales, institucionales y técnicas, que ameritan un enfoque de largo plazo. En ese sentido, la construcción social de conocimiento acerca del futuro, el reconocimiento de la complejidad y el abordaje de la interdisciplina, y la convergencia entre el pensamiento y acción son la base fundamental para el desarrollo de competencias y capacidades para la toma de decisión de las autoridades vinculadas a la planificación, seguimiento y evaluación de las políticas públicas de desarrollo territorial. El presente trabajo se propone explicar el desarrollo e implementación de un estudio de prospectiva territorial a partir de reflexionar sobre la experiencia del Municipio de Tunuyán de la Provincia de Mendoza (Argentina) enmarcadas en el consorcio institucional conformado por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca (MINAGRI) de la Presidencia de la Nación, el Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). El desafío es abordar la dimensión de futuro en el desarrollo territorial rural frente a la Agenda 2030. Para ello, se realizó un análisis e interpretación de las experiencias desarrolladas. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO LOCAL, ESTUDIOS FUTUROS, GOBIERNO MUNICIPAL, DESARROLLO RURAL, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, FUTURE STUDIES, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2019–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45647&r=all |
| By: | Julia de Frutos (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, UM1 - Université Montpellier 1, IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Katrin Erdlenbruch (UMR G-Eaux - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Mabel Tidball (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques) |
| Abstract: | We consider an exogeneous and irreversible sho ck on a groundwater resource: a decrease in the recharge rate of the aquifer. We compare optimal extraction paths and social costs for optimal adaptation in two cases: under certainty, i.e. when the date of occurrence of the shock is known and under uncertainty, when the date of occurrence of the shock is a random variable. We show that the increase of uncertainty leads to a decrease in precautionnary behaviour, in the short-run and in the long-run. Moreover, we apply our model to the particular case of the Western la Mancha aquifer. We show in this context that information aquisition may not be interesting for the manager of the resource, at least when the shock occurs later in time. |
| Keywords: | groundwater resource,optimal behavior,uncertainty,exogeneous shock |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02804709&r=all |
| By: | Stéphane Gonzalez (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Fatma Rostom (UP1 UFR02 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Économie - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Chaire Energie & Prospérité - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - Institut Louis Bachelier, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | The article explores the implications of natural resource scarcity in terms of global cooperation and trade. We investigate whether there exist stable international long-term agreements that take into account the disparities between countries in terms of geological endowments and productive capacity, while caring about future generations. For that purpose, we build an original cooperative game framework, where countries can form coalitions in order to optimize their discounted consumption stream in the long-run, within the limits of their stock of natural resources. We use the concept of the recursive core that satisfies both coalitional stability and time consistency. We show that this set is nonempty, stating that an international long-term agreement along the optimal path will be self-enforcing. The presented model can be viewed as a tool to refresh the common look at the North-South opposition and sets the conceptual framework for the exploration of a fair sharing of the fruits of global economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Non-renewable natural resources,Cooperative games,Recursive core |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-02430751&r=all |
| By: | Bolton, Patrick; Kacperczyk, Marcin |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how the carbon premium varies around the world. We estimate the stock return premium associated with carbon emissions at the firm level in a cross-section of over 14,400 firms in 77 countries. We find that there is a widespread carbon premium-higher stock returns for companies with higher carbon emissions-in all sectors over three continents, Asia, Europe, and North America. Stock returns are affected by both direct and indirect emissions through the supply chain. In addition, the carbon premium has been rising in recent years. We also find widespread divestment based on carbon emissions by institutional investors around the world, but institutional investors tend to focus their divestment on foreign companies. |
| JEL: | D62 G12 G23 G30 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14567&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Bontems (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marie-Françoise Calmette (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02572459&r=all |
| By: | Newbery, D. |
| Abstract: | This paper calculates the cost per tonne of CO2 abated by Sizewell B (SZB, the nuclear power station commissioned in 1995). Other zero-carbon renewables received contractual support. A long-term Contract-for-Difference (CfD) is modelled with a strike price reset every 5 yrs. by the regulator under the Regulatory Asset Base model of electric utilities. The answer depends on the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), given the range of observed utility WACCs. At a low WACC the cost is £201934.1/tonne CO2 abated and £201949.2/t. CO2 at the high WACC, compared with the roughly £40/t. CO2 paid by GB generators in 2019. Had the design for SZB been replicated for the 6.4 GW new nuclear the saving might have been £9-18 billion. |
| Keywords: | Cost of CO2, Nuclear power, RAB, WACC, Cost Benefit Analysis |
| JEL: | D61 H23 L94 C54 E43 H54 L94 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2047&r=all |
| By: | Rodríguez López, Fernando; Guzmán Prudencio, Guillermo; de Marchi Moyano, Bianca; Escalante Pacheco, Diego |
| Abstract: | En este documento se analizan las relaciones entre la minería y el desarrollo económico, social y ambiental en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. A partir del estudio del marco normativo, la situación actual del sector y la evolución y distribución de las regalías mineras, se examina el papel de la minería como factor determinante para el desarrollo local y se evalúan los diferentes niveles de dependencia existentes en el país, así como el papel de los distintos tipos de actores mineros: estatales, cooperativos y privados. Mediante la aplicación de estadística descriptiva, correlaciones y modelos econométricos se observa que el tamaño de las operaciones mineras, su naturaleza constitutiva y la capacidad institucional local son las variables que más explican la reducción de las necesidades básicas insatisfechas a nivel municipal. Además, una aproximación cualitativa a los efectos del modelo minero boliviano desde los territorios locales contribuye a la mejor comprensión de la relación entre la actividad minera y el desarrollo, analizándose algunas necesidades sociales, institucionales y ambientales desde una perspectiva más cercana. Los problemas identificados son el punto de partida para la generación de mejores políticas públicas que propicien una relación efectiva y positiva entre el sector de la minería y el desarrollo nacional. |
| Keywords: | MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, INGRESOS FISCALES, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, TAX REVENUES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45682&r=all |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Making progress in the SDGs requires substantial additional resources. Concomitant with the reform priorities identified by the United Nations, World Bank, European Union, and other international development institutions, the mission estimates additional spending of 18 percentage points of GDP by 2030—a level higher than the average low-income and developing countries. Relative to other low-income and developing countries, additional spending is higher in education and water and sanitation, and lower in health, electricity, and roads (Figure). |
| Date: | 2020–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2020/177&r=all |
| By: | Petronille Harnay (UNIV GUSTAVE EIFFEL - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Date: | 2019–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02568776&r=all |
| By: | Albuquerque, Rui; Koskinen, Yrjo; Yang, Shuai; Zhang, Chendi |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown brought about a massive slowdown of the economy and an unparalleled stock market crash. Using U.S. data, this paper explores how firms with high Environmental and Social (ES) ratings fare during the first quarter of 2020 compared to other firms. We show that stocks with high ES ratings have significantly higher returns, lower return volatilities, and higher trading volumes than other stocks. Firms with high ES ratings and high advertising expenditures perform especially well during the crash. This paper highlights the importance of ES policies in making firms more resilient during a time of crisis. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; Customer loyalty; ESG; market crash; Stock returns; trading volume; volatility |
| JEL: | G12 G32 M14 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14661&r=all |
| By: | Chantal Le Mouel (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Olivier Mora (UAR - Délégation à l'Expertise scientifique collective, à la Prospective et aux Etudes - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | Agrimonde-Terra scenarios of land use and food security in 2050 offer the opportunity to re-examine the on-going debate on the place of animal production in land use and food security, and as a result, of their role in the future of global food systems. The results of Agrimonde-Terra confirm the major role of animal production for land use and food security in 2050. Agrimonde-Terra concludes that a transition to more sustainable food systems will require simultaneous action on the demand side of animal products and on the supply side of plant and animal products, but with some nuances notably the role of animal production for food security in developing countries. Thus, under Agrimonde-Terra's hypotheses all scenarios lead to a significant expansion of agricultural land area in developing regions, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Abstract: | Les scénarios d'usage des terres et de sécurité alimentaire en 2050, issus de la prospective Agrimonde-Terra, offrent l'opportunité de réexaminer les termes du débat sur la place des productions animales dans l'usage des terres et la sécurité alimentaire, et par suite sur leur rôle au regard de l'avenir des systèmes alimentaires globaux. Les résultats d'Agrimonde-Terra confirment le rôle majeur des productions animales pour l'usage des terres et la sécurité alimentaire en 2050. Agrimonde-Terra conclut qu'une transition vers des systèmes alimentaires plus durables nécessitera d'agir simultanément du côté de la demande de produits animaux et du côté de l'offre de produits végétaux et animaux, mais en apportant quelques nuances, notamment en insistant sur le rôle de la production animale pour la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement. Ainsi, les hypothèses d'Agrimonde-Terra conduisent, quel que soit le scénario, à une expansion significative de la surface agricole dans certaines régions en développement, en particulier en Afrique sub-saharienne. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02619332&r=all |
| By: | Roberta Capitello (Department of Business Administration - Universidad de Navarra); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | This study offers new insights into the sustainable wine market by exploring consumers' perceptions of product attributes for six categories of wine that have characteristics of sustainability and one conventional wine. The study investigates product-attribute associations that French and Italian consumers attach to sustainable wines, and whether consumers' involvement with wine and propensity towards ethically-minded behaviours affect their perceptions of sustainable wines. The research employs a cross-country analysis of France and Italy, and uses a free-choice approach to reveal consumers' perceptions. The perceptual maps highlight the different attribute dimensions associated with conventional wines and sustainable wines. Health benefits, taste, and ethics emerge as the most relevant discriminant dimensions. The study finds that consumers involved with wine demonstrate a greater ability to evaluate product-attribute associations for sustainable wines than do ethically-minded consumers who are not involved with wine. The study elaborates some practical implications of this result for wineries. In particular, the study highlights that consumers associate different characteristics and beneficial aspects with different categories of sustainable wines; this also depends on their level of involvement with wine. The results demonstrate that sustainable wine marketers should, in their marketing and communication, take into stronger consideration the level of consumer involvement with wine and the specific associations made by consumers with the sustainable wine category they want to promote. |
| Keywords: | sustainable wine,wine-consumer perceptions,ethically-minded consumer behaviour,wine involvement,pick-any approach |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02625269&r=all |
| By: | Amine Ouazad |
| Abstract: | Prior literature has argued that flood insurance maps may not capture the extent of flood risk. This paper performs a granular assessment of coastal flood risk in the mortgage market by using physical simulations of hurricane storm surge heights instead of using FEMA's flood insurance maps. Matching neighborhood-level predicted storm surge heights with mortgage files suggests that coastal flood risk may be large: originations and securitizations in storm surge areas have been rising sharply since 2012, while they remain stable when using flood insurance maps. Every year, more than 50 billion dollars of originations occur in storm surge areas outside of insurance floodplains. The share of agency mortgages increases in storm surge areas, yet remains stable in the flood insurance 100-year floodplain. Mortgages in storm surge areas are more likely to be complex: non-fully amortizing features such as interest-only or adjustable rates. Households may also be more vulnerable in storm surge areas: median household income is lower, the share of African Americans and Hispanics is substantially higher, the share of individuals with health coverage is lower. Price-to-rent ratios are declining in storm surge areas while they are increasing in flood insurance areas. This paper suggests that uncovering future financial flood risk requires scientific models that are independent of the flood insurance mapping process. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2006.02977&r=all |