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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Chepeliev, Maksym |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the air pollution database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions for nine substances are reported in the database: black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The dataset covers four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. EDGAR Version 5.0 database is used as the main data source. To assist with emissions redistribution across consumption-based sources, IIASA GAINS-based model and IPCC-derived emission factors are applied. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and household consumption. In addition, emissions from land use activities (biomass burning) are estimated by land cover types. These emissions are reported separately without association with emission drivers. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gta:resmem:6163&r=all |
| By: | Vera Alexandropoulou; Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki; Klimanthia Kontaxaki |
| Abstract: | Environmental challenges related to ports are twofold, namely the effects of maritime transport on the environment (e.g. pollution, CO2 emissions) and conversely the environmental impact on maritime transport e.g. Climatic Variability and Change. This chapter presents an overview of main challenges faced today, to engage port proactively take the responsibility of providing reward schemes or green certificates to complied ships, and to identify key indicators in measuring GHG emissions. European Union has put into force a number of Directives and Regulations aiming to incentivise port and shipping companies to commit to comply with environmental standards. The IMO 2020 regulation, bringing the sulphur cap in fuel oil for ships down from 3.50 per cent to 0.50 per cent, is expected to bring significant benefits for human health and the environment, while the European Green Deal, the most ambitious action plan of European Union, aims at increasing the EU�s greenhouse gas emission reductions target for 2030 to at least 50% compared with 1990 levels, creating the most ambitious package of measures, accompanied by an initial roadmap of key policies in cutting-edge research and innovation, in green technologies and sustainable solutions. Among them, Deep Demonstrations by EIT Climate-KIC using systems innovation approach aim at the decarbonisation of the European ports and the sustainable transformation of their key elements. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable ports, European Green Deal, Maritime transport, ports regulation, Deep Demonstration, Environmental policy |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2026&r=all |
| By: | Hammed Oluwaseyi Musibau; Maria Yanotti; Joaquin Vespignani; Rabindra Nepal |
| Abstract: | The recent environmental challenges in Africa emanated from global warming, human activity, limited access to electricity, and over exploitation of natural resources, have contributed to the growth of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the region. This paper empirically investigates the moderating role of green energy consumption and energy innovation in the environmental Kuznets’ curve for the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region using data spanning from 1980 to 2018. Our threshold model found that at least 54 per cent of population need access to energy innovation before the region could be safe from environmental degradation. We conclude that investment in green energy, energy innovation, and conservation of natural resources will help to mitigate environmental degradation in SSA in the long run. Policies should be targeted towards encouraging the consumption of green energy, and more investment in energy innovation beyond the estimated threshold will save the region from pollution and its implications. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve, Green energy, Energy innovation, CO2 emission, SSA countries, and Quantile-Quantile regression |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2020-39&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Environmental fiscal reforms are an essential building block to steer countries onto a sustainable long-term development path. This paper develops proposals for strengthening the role of market-based environmental policy instruments in the Slovak Republic. The paper discusses reform options aimed at mitigating air pollution and climate change, improved waste management and biodiversity conservation. This includes measures such as introduction of automatic indexation of environmentally related taxes, differentiation of energy tax rates by emission intensity of fuels, broadening tax bases to include all emission sources and reforming preferential fiscal treatment of household fuel use – a major source of local air pollution. In the waste management domain, raising the landfill tax to better reflect external environmental costs of particular tax bases would help encourage diversion of waste from landfills. A complementary waste incineration tax would help incentivise waste prevention, composting and material recycling. |
| Date: | 2020–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:19-en&r=all |
| By: | Hung Trung Vo (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Thu Dau Mot University - Partenaires INRAE); Thanh Viet Nguyen (Vietnam National University); Michel Simioni (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Xuan Thuy National Park, a special nature reserve with mangrove swamps located in the Red River Delta in North Vietnam, plays an important role in combating coastal erosion and provides a habitat for many endangered bird species. This study applied double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method to directly estimate how much locals are willing to pay for mangrove conservation at Xuan Thuy National Park. In particular, the technique was used to provide better assess to the non-use value of biodiversity and ecosystem support of mangroves. Survey respondents from 350 households in the buffer zone were presented with a hypothetical scenario describing a policy that quantifies the environmental change to be achieved by 2030, and specifying a lump sum payment. Non-parametric estimate of mean WTP was found at 511,090 VND per household (22.03 USD) whereas parametric estimate of mean WTP derived from the log-logistic specification was found at 619,908 VND (26.73 USD) per household. Awareness of mangrove benefit and interest in conservation activities have a positive impact on WTP responses, in addition to income. The findings will help policy-makers adopt sound environmental policies and advise locals on the importance of protecting the mangroves which in turn protect their livelihoods. |
| Keywords: | mangrove preservation,contingent valuation,double-bounded discrete choice,Xuan Thuy national park,vietnam,environmental services valuation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02624828&r=all |
| By: | Gunnar Luderer (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Michaja Pehl; Anders Arvesen; Thomas Gibon (LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology); Benjamin Bodirsky (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Harmen Sytze de Boer (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency); Oliver Fricko; Mohamad Hejazi; Florian Humpenöder (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Gokul Iyer; Silvana Mima (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Ioanna Mouratiadou (Scottish Agricultural College - University of Edinburgh); Robert Pietzcker (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Alexander Popp (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Maarten van den Berg; Detlef van Vuuren (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Edgar Hertwich |
| Abstract: | A rapid and deep decarbonization of power supply worldwide is required to limit global warming to well below 2?°C. Beyond greenhouse gas emissions, the power sector is also responsible for numerous other environmental impacts. Here we combine scenarios from integrated assessment models with a forward-looking life-cycle assessment to explore how alternative technology choices in power sector decarbonization pathways compare in terms of non-climate environmental impacts at the system level. While all decarbonization pathways yield major environmental co-benefits, we find that the scale of co-benefits as well as profiles of adverse side-effects depend strongly on technology choice. Mitigation scenarios focusing on wind and solar power are more effective in reducing human health impacts compared to those with low renewable energy, while inducing a more pronounced shift away from fossil and toward mineral resource depletion. Conversely, non-climate ecosystem damages are highly uncertain but tend to increase, chiefly due to land requirements for bioenergy. |
| Keywords: | life-cycle assessment,climate-change mitigation,land-use,integrated assessment,water demand,transformation pathways,electricity-generation,severe accidents,air-pollution,impact assessment |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02380468&r=all |
| By: | Janda Karel; Binyi Zhang |
| Abstract: | Understanding the influencing factors of carbon dioxide emissions is an essential prerequisite for pol- icy makers to maintain sustainable low-carbon economic growth. Based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), we investigate the relationships among economic growth, carbon emission, financial development, renewable energy consumption and technology innovation for China for the period 1965-2018. Our empirical results confirm the presence of a long run relationship among the underlying variables. Our long run estimates show that financial development has negatively significant impacts on carbon emissions, whereas renewable energy and technology innovation have limited impacts on carbon mitigations. In addition, the short run Granger causality analysis reveals that renewable energy consumption has a bidirectional Granger causality with carbon emissions and technology innovations. In the short run, we find that financial development can positively effect China’s carbon mitigation indirectly, via the channels of renewable energy sources and technology innovations. Our results have a number of public policy implications for Chinese policy makers to maintain sustainable low carbon economic development: (i) establish a green finance market to mobilize the social capital into green industry; (ii) continue the environmental law enforcement to control for carbon emissions among energy-intensive industries; (iii) provide government fiscal incentives to promote renewable energy sources on both supply and demand sides of the market. |
| Keywords: | Financial development, Carbon emissions, ARDL, China |
| JEL: | K32 O13 P28 |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prg:jnlwps:v:2:y:2020:id:2.003&r=all |
| By: | Marianne Lefebvre (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage); Estelle Midler (Alexander von Humboldt Professorship of Environmental Economics - Osnabrück University); Philippe Bontems (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is one of the economic sectors most exposed to exogenous risks such as climate hazards and price volatility on agricultural markets. Agricultural policies targeting the adoption of environment-friendly but potentially risk-increasing practices cannot ignore this challenge. Farmers have indeed to decide if they take the foreground risk associated with the adoption of environment-friendly practices, while simultaneously facing exogenous background risk beyond their control. Using a theoretical model and a public good experiment, we analyse the adoption of agri-environmental practices and the effect of agri-environmental subsidies in a context where risks are both foreground and background. While most of the literature on background risk focuses on its impact on individual decisions, we analyse the influence of background risk in a context of strategic uncertainty (contribution to a public good). The results highlight the potential synergies between greening the CAP and supporting risk management. We find that background risk discourages the adoption of green practices, although it affects all farmland independently from the farmer's choice of practices (environment friendly or conventional). An incentive payment per hectare of land farmed with green practices increases the adoption of risk-increasing practices but is significantly less effective in the presence of background risk. |
| Keywords: | Background risk,Agri-environmental measures,Risk aversion,Public good game,Lab experiment,Common Agricultural Policy |
| Date: | 2020–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02615779&r=all |
| By: | Claire Alestra; Gilbert Cette; Valérie Chouard; Rémy Lecat |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the “tragedy of the horizon”, as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the mediumterm and positive in the long-term, and the “tragedy of the commons”, as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions. |
| Keywords: | Climate, Global warming, Energy prices, Government policy, Growth, Productivity, Long-term projections. |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 E23 E37 O11 O47 O57 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:759&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki; Alice Guittard (ICRE8); Elias Demian; Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8) |
| Abstract: | The Mediterranean Sea is a top tourism destination in the world hosting more than 320 million tourists a year but it's also one of the most affected areas by marine litter worldwide, polluting its shores and pristine coastal waters. Marine litter is estimated to cause an annual economic loss of � 61.7 million to the EU fishing fleet because of reduced catch and damage to vessels, while polluted beaches can discourage tourists with consequent job losses in the sector. In this chapter , two projects funded by EIT Climate-KIC (2020) are being presented. The BL.EU. Climate project addressed the challenge of plastic marine littering in southern European waters by building capacity in three Mediterranean countries: Greece, Portugal and Croatia. The project is identifying the plastic marine littering issue at the very beginning of its life cycle, and on the prevention side that can lead to plastic waste reduction and in consequence reducing carbon emissions from both production and waste management stages. The MEDfreeSUP project aims to set replicable voluntary protocols for free single-use plastics food packaging adoption for cafes, restaurants, foods stores, hotel, beach facilities, but also public events and public places in three Mediterranean countries: Greece, Italy and Croatia. The project, which is ongoing, provides support and guidance to local business to comply with the EU SUP Directive and to engage Mediterranean islands and cities in the transition toward a free single-use plastic environment. This chapter presents the key findings and challenges of these projects dealing the impact of single use plastics in Greece, which is one of the projects' countries. |
| Keywords: | plastic pollution, marine litter, single use plastics, Climate-KIC |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2024&r=all |
| By: | Ajayi, Patricia; Ogunrinola, Adedeji |
| Abstract: | This study provides empirical insight into the relationship between growth, trade openness, and environmental degradation in Nigeria. The autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach was applied on time series data from 1960-2017. Employing the Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets Curve hypotheses, empirical findings validate the EKC hypothesis in Nigeria in the long-run. All estimated parameters were found to have the expected signs in the short- and long-run, except population, with the expected sign only in the long-run. The analysis proves that trade openness and population aid environmental degradation in the short-run. It reveals that financial development counters environmental degradation in both the short- and long-run, and real income per capita has a positive and significant effect on environmental degradation in both the short- and long-run. The coefficient of the error correction term suggests that 62.5% of the divergence between actual and equilibrium CO2 emissions is corrected annually. Post-estimation tests employed proves the robustness of the result. The RESET test affirmed the specification of the model and the CUSUM and CUSUM of squares tests confirm the stability of the parameters. Consequently, Nigeria should foster policies that encourage the development and utilization of renewable energy to boost economic development. |
| Keywords: | Growth; trade openness; environmental degradation, pollution haven hypothesis, environmental Kuznets curve, sustainable development |
| JEL: | F1 F18 O4 O44 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100713&r=all |
| By: | Strand,Jon |
| Abstract: | This paper uses simple analytical models to study high-income donor countries'willingness to pay to supply mitigation finance to low-income countries; how this depends on modality for finance supply; and how it changes as the global greenhouse gas mitigation agenda moves forward. The paper focuses on two modalities: transformational project-based mitigation finance (transitioning from fossil to non-fossil energy use at scale), and transformational policy-based mitigation finance support (implementing comprehensive carbon taxation). These modalities are compared with conventional finance for which donors have lower willingness to pay. High-income countries'willingness to pay is higher when mitigation is combined with carbon taxation; private-sector finance is also more highly incentivized. Reaching the transformational mitigation finance stage can be challenging, as it may require large provision of mitigation finance with negative net returns to high-income countries. Willingness to pay will be higher when high-income countries collaborate in the provision of mitigation finance. The findings show that more effective collaboration can be sustained when it is enforced by an international financial institution that collects and spends the provided mitigation finance to induce efficient mitigation activity in low-income countries and collaboration among donors is enforced by simple tit-for-tat reaction strategies. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Energy Demand,Energy and Mining,Energy and Environment,Global Environment,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change and Health,Climate Change and Environment,Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2020–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9251&r=all |
| By: | Andreas Papandreou; Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki |
| Abstract: | Sustainable shipping refers to the broad set of challenges, nature of governance rules and regulations, patterns of management and corporate behaviors and aims, engagement of stakeholders, and forms of industrial activity that should come to define a marine transport industry that is shaped by the broader societal goals of sustainable development. This chapter aims to provide a brief overview of the marine transport industry, its role and relevance in sustainable development and the kinds of changes that are needed for shipping to be sustainable. The focus is mostly on the environmental dimension of sustainable development. As a sector, and for reasons that have to do with the special nature of its international governance that partly falls outside the confines of national jurisdictions, shipping may have been a late comer to some of the most pressing sustainability challenges of our time. After presenting some recent economic trends of the sector and their potential implications for sustainability the chapter will present some environmental pressures that are related to shipping and will focus on two particular sustainability challenges confronted by maritime transport: the need to drastically reduce sulfur emissions and the even more demanding challenge to mitigate CO2 emissions. Before concluding, the penultimate section will briefly present some sustainability initiatives already under way. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable shipping, maritime transport, CO2 emissions mitigation, EU ETS |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2025&r=all |
| By: | Aghion, Philippe; Bénabou, Roland; Martin, Ralf; Roulet, Alexandra |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the joint effect of consumers' environmental concerns and product-market competition on firms' decisions whether to innovate "clean" or "dirty". We first develop a step-by-step innovation model to capture the basic intuition that socially responsible consumers induce firms to escape competition by pursuing greener innovations. To test and quantify the theory, we bring together patent data, survey data on environmental values, and competition measures. Using a panel of 8,562 firms from the automobile sector that patented in 42 countries between 1998 and 2012, we indeed find that greater exposure to environmental attitudes has a significant positive effect on the probability for a firm to innovate in the clean direction, and all the more so the higher the degree of product market competition. Results suggest that the combination of historically realistic increases in prosocial attitudes and product market competition can have the same effect on green innovation as major increase in fuel prices. |
| Keywords: | climate change; Competition; Environment; Innovation; patents; Social Responsibility |
| JEL: | D21 D22 D62 D64 H23 O3 O31 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14581&r=all |
| By: | Laurence J. Kotlikoff (Boston University and NBER); Felix Kubler (University of Zurich and Swiss Financial Institute); Andrey Polbin (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, and The Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Jeffrey D. Sachs (Columbia University and NBER); Simon Scheidegger (University of Lausanne Department of Finance) |
| Abstract: | Carbon taxation has been studied primarily in social planner or infinitely lived agent models, which trade off the welfare of future and current generations. Such frameworks obscure the potential for carbon taxation to produce a generational win-win. This paper develops a large-scale, dynamic 55-period, OLG model to calculate the carbon tax policy delivering the highest uniform welfare gain to all generations. The OLG framework, with its selfish generations, seems far more natural for studying climate damage. Our model features coal, oil, and gas, each extracted subject to increasing costs, a clean energy sector, technical and demographic change, and Nordhaus (2017)'s temperature/damage functions. Our model's optimal uniform welfare increasing (UWI) carbon tax starts at $30 tax, rises annually at 1.5 percent and raises the welfare of all current and future generations by 0.73 percent on a consumption-equivalent basis. Sharing efficiency gains evenly requires, however, taxing future generations by as much as 8.1 percent and subsidizing early genrations by as much as 1.2 percent of lifetime consumption. Without such redistribution (the Nordhaus “optimum†), the carbon tax constitutes a win-lose policy with current generations experiencing an up to 0.84 percent welfare loss and future generations experiencing an up to 7.54 percent welfare gain. With a six-times larger damage function, the optimal UWI initial carbon tax is $70, again rising annually at 1.5 percent. This policy raises all generations’ welfare by almost 5 percent. However, doing so requires levying taxes on and giving transfers to future and current generations ranging up to 50.1 percent and 10.3 percent of their lifetime consumption. Delaying carbon policy, for 20 years, reduces efficiency gains roughly in half. |
| JEL: | F0 F20 H0 H2 H3 J20 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bos:wpaper:wp2020-002&r=all |
| By: | Lintunen, Jussi; Ali-Yrkkö, Jyrki; Kulvik, Martti |
| Abstract: | Abstract In this paper, we analyse the economic impacts of the low-carbon roadmap made for the Finnish forest industries. The analysis is based on a future scenario provided by AFRY. Given the unit prices and production levels of six forest industry production categories, we assess the value added and employment effects to the Finnish economy. If the scenario is fulfilled, the change would be stark compared to the developments in the previous decades. The value added of forest industries would increase 55–75% from 2017 to 2035 and 90–135% from 2017 to 2050. The indirect effects through the value chains would be of similar magnitude. If the development of labour productivity would remain at recently observed levels, the increased forest industry production would maintain the current employment level. |
| Keywords: | Forest industry, Climate change, Low carbon, Impact, Value added, Employment |
| JEL: | L6 L73 Q01 |
| Date: | 2020–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:105&r=all |
| By: | Victor Champonnois (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Erdlenbruch (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the scope for individual adaptation toflood risk in the South of France. From a survey of 418 respondents in two flood-prone areas, we collected data on the adoption of individual adaptation measures and the willingness to pay for individual and collective measures. First, we study the determinants of adoption and of the willingness to pay. We then compare willingness to pay for individual versus collective measures. We end with a cost-benefit analysis of individual adaptation. Results show a willingness to pay for adaptation measures, although few have yet been adopted. Perceptions of hazards and damage have different influences: the first favours the adoption of measures, the second increases the willingness to pay for measures. Finally, the cost-benefit analysis suggests that completely dry proofing a house up to a certain height may not be economically viable. This calls for the promotion of cheaper and potentially more cost-efficient measures. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation,cost-benefit analysis,damage mitigation,dichotomous choice,individual adaptation,flood,France,willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02586069&r=all |
| By: | Wenting Chen; Phoebe Koundouri; Osiel Gonzalez Davila; Claire Haggett; David Rudolph; Shiau-Yun Lu; Chia-Fa Chi; Jason Yu; Lars Golmen; Yung-Hsiang Ying |
| Abstract: | This chapter studies the social acceptance and socio-economic effects associated with the development of multi-use offshore platforms, using a theoretical concept in Taiwan as the relevant case-study. We use a face-to-face surveys together with in-depth interviews with local people and tourists who are currently or will be potentially affected by offshore developments on Liuqiu Island. A choice experiment is deployed to assess the ecosystem services and non-market effects of the platform. The social costs and benefits analysis are adopted to synthesize both market and non-market effects of the platform. The study finds a generally high support for the platform among tourists. The concern mainly focuses on the uncertain environmental impacts and effects on local fishery industry. Neither locals nor tourists view the energy hub which generates most income and jobs as a very attractive option. The Green & Blue concept shows a high environmental nonmarket benefit which amount to 618 million $NT. However, the high investment cost over weighs the positive GDP and environmental gain when comparing the social benefits with investment costs. |
| Keywords: | offshore platform, multi-use, social acceptance, ecosystem services, choice experiment, social costs and benefits |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2021&r=all |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adrien Nguyen-Huu (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In "Why environmental management may yield no-regret pollution abatement options", Ecological Economics, 2009, Bréchet and Jouvet claim to have theoretically shown that profits maximizing firms can reduce pollution compared to laissez-faire and increase their profits. We correct multiple errors in their paper, with the conclusion that their claim no longer stands. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02615284&r=all |
| By: | Hambulo Ngoma; Johanne Pelletier; Brian P. Mulenga; Mitelo Subakanya |
| Abstract: | Key Findings -Between 167,000 and 300,000 hectares of forest are lost every year in Zambia, and different polices are in place or have been proposed to contain forest loss. -Agriculture land expansion is one of the major drivers of deforestation, yet increasing agricultural production is necessary to feed a growing population and meet changing diets. -This paper assesses the extent of cropland expansion among smallholder farmers and whether or not climate smart agriculture (CSA) can help reduce expansion and deforestation. -About 21 percent of rural farm households interviewed in RALS 2019 expanded cropland between the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 farming seasons, clearing on average 0.18 ha, but only 13 percent of rural smallholders expanded their cropland into forests, clearing an average of 0.10 ha of forestland per household. -Smallholder cropland expansion into forests represents about 60 percent of the average 250,000 ha of forests lost per year in Zambia. -Most households expanded cropland because of the need to meet subsistence food needs and a few others in response to market opportunities. -Much of the cropland expansion among smallholder farmers is concentrated in Luapula, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, and Western provinces. -Using CSA had no statistically significant effects on cropland expansion in our sample, indicating that CSA alone might not avert expansion-led deforestation. -Thus, CSA-led intensification alone might not reduce deforestation unless if complemented with improved forest management policies. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Development, Land Economics/Use, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2020–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:303673&r=all |
| By: | Timothy J. Garrett; Matheus R. Grasselli; Stephen Keen |
| Abstract: | Climate change has become intertwined with the global economy. Here, we describe the importance of inertia to continued growth in energy consumption. Drawing from thermodynamic arguments, and using 38 years of available statistics between 1980 to 2017, we find a persistent time-independent scaling between the historical time integral $W$ of world inflation-adjusted economic production $Y$, or $W\left(t\right) = \int_0^t Y\left(t'\right)dt'$, and current rates of world primary energy consumption $\mathcal E$, such that $\lambda = \mathcal{E}/W = 5.9\pm0.1$ Gigawatts per trillion 2010 US dollars. This empirical result implies that population expansion is a symptom rather than a cause of the current exponential rise in $\mathcal E$ and carbon dioxide emissions $C$, and that it is past innovation of economic production efficiency $Y/\mathcal{E}$ that has been the primary driver of growth, at predicted rates that agree well with data. Options for stabilizing $C$ are then limited to rapid decarbonization of $\mathcal E$ through sustained implementation of over one Gigawatt of renewable or nuclear power capacity per day. Alternatively, assuming continued reliance on fossil fuels, civilization could shift to a steady-state economy that devotes economic production exclusively to maintenance rather than expansion. If this were instituted immediately, continual energy consumption would still be required, so atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations would not balance natural sinks until concentrations exceeded 500 ppmv, and double pre-industrial levels if the steady-state was attained by 2030. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2006.03718&r=all |
| By: | Julia Jouan (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Aude Ridier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Matthieu Carof (SAS - Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural specialization has disconnected crop and livestock production in many farms and regions. As a result, crop farms are deficient in nitrogen to fertilize their crops, while livestock farms are deficient in proteins to feed their animals. The increased consumption of nitrogen rich input raised economics and environmental questions. In this study, we tested two mechanisms to reconnect crop and livestock production: increasing legume production and developing farm-to-farm exchanges of crops and manure. To do so, we developed the SYNERGY bio-economic model, which represents specialized farm types in a region and models exchanges between them. Applied to western France, it analyzes economic, technical and environmental impacts. When the legume share reached 10% of the region's area, legume production increased more on crop farms than on livestock farms and its use in feed was still limited. When farms could export more manure, legume production increased but N losses increased due to an intensification of pig production. This rebound effect offset the environmental benefits linked to the decrease in synthetic N fertilizers use. When local crop exchanges were possible, they remained limited and did not affect indicators. Thus, the two levers studied are insufficient to improve sustainability, mainly because of high livestock production. |
| Keywords: | Mathematical programming,Complementarity,Protein crops,Manure,Nitrogen efficiency |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02612963&r=all |
| By: | David Martin (Department of Economics, Davidson College) |
| Abstract: | The role of Indian zoos in protected endangered species has not been studied sufficiently given the country’s wealth of biodiversity. I examine the extent to which recreation demand influences the percentages of Indian zoo collections of birds, mammals, and reptiles are protected species. I conclude that those percentages decrease as the size of their collections increase, with the already low collections of protected birds being the most affected. However, despite concerns that recreation demand might favor charismatic species over endangered ones, it does appear that recreation demand does not generally reduce the percentages of endangered species that Indian zoos hold. To the contrary, it seems that recreation demand may increase the percentage of protected mammals that Indian zoos hold. |
| Keywords: | recreation demand, ex situ conservation, endangered species.; recreation demand, ex situ conservation, endangered species |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dav:wpaper:20-05&r=all |
| By: | Ram Mohan, M.P.; Kini, Els Reynaers |
| Abstract: | The 2018 decision by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in which it for the first time addressed compensation for environmental damage in the case Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) – Compensation Owed by The Republic of Nicaragua to The Republic of Costa Rica (‘Costa Rica case’) serves as the perfect opportunity to take stock of where international environmental law stands in terms of liability and compensation for environmental damage. While keeping in mind the distinct features between State responsibility for wrongful acts, the international liability of States in the absence of wrongfulness and the civil liability of persons along with the secondary liability of States as addressed in international treaties (in Part II), this paper seeks to focus on the core elements which one could find at the center of a Venn diagram between these various liability regimes (in Part III), to know: how are international bodies as well as domestic courts, international treaties and national legislations, defining and interpreting environmental damage, and applying it in concrete cases where compensation for environmental damage is in order? What is the standard of care applicable to the no harm obligation – is it based on a fault-based regime, strict or even absolute liability? Which methodology does one apply to calculate environmental harm? Despite some of the progress made with regard to the theoretical aspects of environmental damage, this paper will also review how courts fill in the contours when assessing environmental damages, including their reliance on equity as well as punitive damages when deciding cases, and assess whether international and domestic courts sufficiently rely on independent experts and valuation methods to calculate natural resource damages. In Part IV we will more closely analyze how the weaknesses of the international regime for civil liability for oil pollution has triggered interesting and more robust domestic legislative responses, based on a brief analysis of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the United States and the Erika oil spill disaster in France. The red thread running through this paper is that there is a natural and mutual influence between international environmental law developments, be it soft law, treaties or Judgments by the ICJ, and domestic legislative or judicial responses and reasonings. We will be reviewing these various facets through the prism of the Costa Rica case and contrast some of the ICJ’s approaches and conclusions vis-à-vis compensation for environmental damage with responses and methodologies adopted by domestic courts and national legislatures as well as international treaty regimes and international adjudicating bodies. In doing so, we will be able to better place the Costa Rica case in the context of contemporary environmental law developments and identify areas where the ICJ could have walked a more proactive judicial policy path (Part V). |
| Date: | 2020–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14627&r=all |
| By: | Bruno Drouot (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Cécile Le Corroller (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The evolution of fisheries resources depends on how fishing firms are managed. The French non-profit association "Ligneurs de la Pointe de Bretagne is developing a management innovation which is effective in fighting the decline of the sea bass stock. Line fishers have more respectful environmental practices. They created a quality label for their fish to differentiate them from other suppliers and promote their product lines. In a highly competitive environment, line fishers face economic difficulties, which may tend to focus studies on economic aspects. But operational solutions may appear by broadening this point of view. The multidisciplinary analysis we implemented proves relevant in that it helps to understand the success of the label, including as regards economic issues. This involved investigating thoroughly the local geographical, professional and identity facets. The case study of this association shows that by using a label members develop and consolidate interactive relationships among themselves and with the local area, which are a key success factor. The results are economic, social as well as environmental and, therefore, prove compatible with sustainable development. Proximity economics shows to be an appropriate analytical framework. By challenging the usually accepted individualistic logic, the associative label shows that social and territorial innovations can be a means to generate economic performance. |
| Abstract: | L'évolution des ressources halieutiques est liée à la manière dont sont gérées les entreprises de pêche. L'association des « Ligneurs de la Pointe de Bretagne » développe une innovation de gestion qui s'avère efficace pour lutter contre la diminution du stock de bar commun. L'étude du cas de cette association montre qu'en utilisant un label pour valoriser leur production, les adhérents tissent et renforcent, entre eux et avec le territoire, des liens interactifs qui constituent un facteur de réussite essentiel en matière de développement durable. L'économie de la proximité s'avère être un cadre analytique approprié. L'article approfondit les facettes géographique, professionnelle et identitaire de cette proximité. En questionnant la logique individualiste habituellement admise, le label associatif permet de mettre en exergue l'innovation sociale et l'innovation territoriale comme des moyens de générer des résultats économiques. |
| Keywords: | communautés,développement durable,proximités,label,pêche,territoire |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02558794&r=all |
| By: | Francisco Costa (FGV EPGE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); Fabien Forge (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON); Jason Garred (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON); João Paulo Pessoa (Sao Paulo School of Economics - FGV, São Paulo, Brazil) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a multi-run climate projection model to examine the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of agricultural outcomes in India. Weather draws resulting in extremely low agricultural revenues (1-in-100-year events) are projected to become the norm, increasing by 53 to 88 percentage points by the end of the 21st century. As a result, Indian farmers will face a 16% to 33% decline in mean revenue over the course of the century, presenting a more urgent problem than changes in yield variability. Analysis using a structural general equilibrium model suggests consequences of a similar magnitude for welfare. |
| Keywords: | climate change; agriculture; India; crop yield; volatility; extreme events |
| JEL: | Q15 Q54 Q56 O13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ott:wpaper:2003e&r=all |
| By: | Beate Fischer (University of Kassel); Gunnar Gutsche (University of Kassel); Heike Wetzel (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the potential for citizen participation in renewable energy cooperatives and in the energy transition process. We consider representative survey data for more than 4,200 financial decision-makers in German households and analyze (i) differences between members and non-members of renewable energy cooperatives, (ii) non-members’ willingness to participate in energy cooperatives, and (iii) factors determining citizen participation in terms of not only voluntary involvement, but also private investments. We find that the lack of familiarity with energy cooperatives among non-members is a limiting factor for the expansion of citizen participation, a finding that indicates the potential of information campaigns. However, we also reveal a substantial participation potential, as about 40% of the non-members who are familiar with the term “energy cooperative†express a high willingness to become involved. Our econometric analysis based on bivariate binary probit models complements the current state of research by showing the relevance of economic preferences such as time preferences, trust, and negative reciprocity. Interestingly, psychological personality traits, measured by the Big Five, are found to be of minor importance. We additionally confirm the findings of earlier work with regard to the relevance of individual environmental values, social contextual factors, and social norms. |
| Keywords: | Citizen participation, community renewable energy, energy transition, Big Five personality traits, economic preferences, social norms |
| JEL: | G11 M14 Q01 Q49 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202027&r=all |
| By: | Vera Danilina (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Federico Trionfetti (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Environmental policies are among the priorities of the UN agenda and figure highly in national and international policy agendas. This brief focuses on environmental taxes and green public procurement (GPP). These two environmental policy instruments differ in political viability and in the impact they have on consumers and producers. The brief provides a comparative analysis of their efficiency in closed and open economy and reveals the opportunities and threats of (un)harmo-nised environmental policy across countries. The results allow to consider particular implications for the collaboration of EU-MENA countries. |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02564113&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki |
| Abstract: | This chapter summarizes the concluding remarks and recommendations based on the analysis presented in the previous chapters. The chapters of this book capture a wide spectrum of sustainable (e.g. economic, societal and environmental) challenges related to the Seas presenting critical outcomes of marine and maritime research. The analysis in chapters 2 to 5 showed that MUOPs can potentially benefit from each other in terms of infrastructure, maintenance etc. It is clear that the main sources of uncertainty about the viability of the projects are coming from the lack of precise knowledge on the operational conditions of the technology. In this context, MERMAID's assessment tool provided researchers with an intuitive way to evaluate multiple scenarios that would be hard and time-consuming to assess manually. Chapter 6 presents novel IT applications, which can facilitate producers to engage in the technology race and chapter 7 sheds light to the source-to-sea concept, which bridges the chasm for a better integration, cooperation and coordination of activities from the rural area until the ocean aiming at a harmonized and sustainable land-sea are. Chapter 8 focuses on Marine research supporting that CES valuation can become an extremely useful tool that can bring to the surface the benefits derived from the cultural aspects of MPAs, while chapter 9 depicts the key challenges of plastic marine litter. From the analysis carried out in Chapters 10 and 11, it is clear that the maritime transport sector including ports not only are driving up global temperature but are essential part of the global economies. Ports role will be crucial in the law enforcement through reward schemes and priority entrance to ships complying with International and European regulation. Chapter 12 presents the circular economy approach, which can solve most of the challenges analysed in the previous chapters, and the synergies with the Smart Specialisation Strategies. All chapters underline the need for explicit targets and financial plans to be designed aiming at the implementation of ambitious climate and ocean related targets. |
| Keywords: | socio-economic methodology, participatory approaches, financial analysis, web-based tool, marine, maritime, sustainable development, marine litter, policy recommendations, sustainable oceans |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2027&r=all |
| By: | Ambrose, Hanjiro |
| Abstract: | Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been proposed as a pathway for reducing the environmental impacts of transportation systems. While BEVs are often referred to as zero-emission vehicles, production and operation consume resources and emit pollutants through the vehicle supply chain and generation of electricity for vehicle charging. Life cycle assessment is a standardized methodology for assessing the environmental impacts of product systems from a system-wide perspective; considering the total supply chain and the product life cycle from cradle-to-grave. However, conventional LCAs are often limited; based off static supply chain analysis, omitting system interactions or indirect effects, and insufficiently reflecting the underlying variability and uncertainty to support robust public policy decisions. The objective of this dissertation is to develop and refine methods of assessing the life cycle environmental impacts and economic costs of electric vehicle technologies and policies. The chapters of this dissertation make contributions in advancing spatial and temporal dynamics in LCA modelling, integrating vehicle operations with evolutions in technology, background systems, and product development, and offers novel estimates of the costs and emissions abatement potential of light and heavy duty electric vehicles. As shown herein, a systems perspective is required to estimate the environmental benefits and costs of vehicle electrification strategies. Efforts to achieve pollution abatement through technology change must address risks of leakage, substitution, and unintended environmental consequences. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, critical materials, electric vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, life cycle assessment, lithium batteries, system modelling |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3bx6f16d&r=all |
| By: | Bista, Raghu |
| Abstract: | This study investigates empirically the relationship between industrial waste and urban biodiversity in Nepal by using mapping method based on secondary data sources. In addition, it estimates social cost of urban biodiversity loss. Its result is positive correlation between industrial waste and urban biodiversity loss. Its social cost is interestingly significant. |
| Keywords: | Industrial Waste, Urban Biodiversity, Aquatic Biodiversity, Nepal |
| JEL: | D13 O3 O32 Q28 Q51 Q53 Q57 Z1 Z18 |
| Date: | 2019–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100623&r=all |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UCL IRES - Institut de recherches économiques et sociales - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Salvatore Federico (DEPS - Dipartimento di Economia Politica e Statistica - UNISI - Università degli Studi di Siena); Fausto Gozzi (Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza [Roma] - LUISS - Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli [Roma]) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we revisit the theory of spatial externalities. In particular, we depart in several respects from the important literature studying the fundamental pollution free riding problem uncovered in the associated empirical works. First, instead of assuming ad hoc pollution diffusion schemes across space, we consider a realistic spatiotemporal law of motion for air and water pollution (diffusion and advection). Second, we tackle spatiotemporal non-cooperative (and cooperative) differential games. Precisely, we consider a circle partitioned into several states where a local authority decides autonomously about its investment, production and depollution strategies over time knowing that investment/production generates pollution, and pollution is transboundary. The time horizon is infinite. Third, we allow for a rich set of geographic heterogeneities across states while the literature assumes identical states. We solve analytically the induced non-cooperative differential game under decentralization and fully characterize the resulting long-term spatial distributions. We further provide with full exploration of the free riding problem, reflected in the so-called border effects. In particular, net pollution flows diffuse at an increasing rate as we approach the borders, with strong asymmetries under advection, and structural breaks show up at the borders. We also build a formal case in which a larger number of states goes with the exacerbation of pollution externalities. Finally, we explore how geographic discrepancies affect the shape of the border effects. |
| Keywords: | spatial externalities,environmental federalism,transboundary pollution,differential games in continuous time and space,infinite dimensional optimal control problems |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02613177&r=all |
| By: | Riccardo Gianluigi Serio; Maria Michela Dickson; Diego Giuliani; Giuseppe Espa |
| Abstract: | Many studies have analyzed empirically the determinants of survival for innovative startup companies using data about the characteristics of entrepreneurs and management or focusing on firm- and industry-specific variables. However, no attempts have been made so far to assess the role of the environmental sustainability of the production process. Based on data describing the characteristics of the Italian innovative startups in the period 2009-2018, this article studies the differences in survival between green and non-green companies. We show that, while controlling for other confounding factors, startups characterized by a green production process tend to survive longer than their counterparts. In particular, we estimate that a green innovative startup is more than twice as likely to survive than a non-green one. This evidence may support the idea that environment sustainability can help economic development. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2005.12102&r=all |
| By: | François Bareille (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, DISTAL - Università di Bologna); Matteo Zavalloni (Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences - University of Bologna) |
| Abstract: | We theoretically examine the gains of the decentralisation of agri-environmental policy design. We consider a model with homogeneous regions and joint production of local and global public goods from agriculture. Assuming that governments are characterised by different agency costs and knowledge of the PG values, we evaluate whether decentralisation is a suitable strategy to improve the efficiency of agri-environmental payments.We find that partial decentralisation always improves the welfare.We apply our theoretical model to the case of abandoned wetlands in Brittany. We find that national governments are the most suitable to design agri-environmental policies. Our results contribute to reflections on future Common Agricultural Policy. |
| Abstract: | Nous examinons théoriquement les gains liés à la décentralisation de la conception des politiques agroenvironnementales dans le cas où (i) les régions sont homogènes, (ii) l'agriculture produit conjointement des biens publics locaux et globaux et (iii) les différents gouvernements hiérarchiques se caractérisent par des coûts d'agence différents et une connaissance hétérogène de la valeur des biens publiques locaux et globaux. Dans cette situation, nous constatons qu'une décentralisation partielle, comme celle en réflexion pour la future Politique Agricole Commune, améliore toujours le bien-être. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy reform,environmental federalism,public goods,subsidiarité |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02629239&r=all |
| By: | Habtamu Tilahun Kassahun; Jette Bredahl Jacobsen; Charles F. Nicholson |
| Abstract: | Many Stated Preference (SP) studies conducted in developing countries exhibit a low willingness to pay (WTP) for a wide range of goods and services. However, recent studies in these countries indicate that this may be a result of the choice of payment vehicle, not the preference for the good. Thus, low WTP may not indicate a low welfare effect for public projects in developing countries. We argue that in a setting where there is imperfect substitutability between money and other measures of wealth (e.g. labor), including two or more payment vehicles may be needed to obtain valid welfare estimates. Otherwise, we risk underestimating the welfare benefit of projects. We demonstrate this through a rural household contingent valuation (CV) survey designed to elicit the value of access to reliable irrigation water in Ethiopia. Our result shows that both absolute and relative endowment of labor and income highly influence respondents' choices. Of the total average annual WTP for access to reliable irrigation service, cash contribution comprises only 24.41\%. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for cross payment vehicle correlation and potential endogeneity biases that arise in the sequence of WTP and Willingness to contribute (WTC) valuation questions. Keywords: Endogeneity; bivariate probit model; Contingent valuation; Stated preference methods; Irrigation service; Ethiopia; Developing countries |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2006.01290&r=all |
| By: | Lucas Bretschger (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Elise Grieg (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Paul J.J. Welfens (EIIW/University of Wuppertal); Tian Xiong (EIIW/University of Wuppertal) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents empirical results on coronavirus fatality rates from cross-country regressions for OECD countries. We include medical, environmental and policy variables in our analysis to explain the death rates when holding case rates constant. We find that the share of the aged population, obesity rates, and local air pollution levels have a positive effect on fatality rates across the different estimation equations. The strategy of aiming to achieve herd immunity has a significant positive effect on death rates. Other medical and policy variables discussed in the public sphere do not show a significant impact in our regressions. An evaluation of different health policy stringencies does not yield clear conclusions. Our results suggest that improving local air quality helps reduce the negative effects of a coronavirus pandemic significantly. |
| Keywords: | Coronavirus Pandemic, Fatality Rates, Local Air Pollution, OECD Countries, Health Systems, Environmental Policy |
| JEL: | I10 Q53 I18 H12 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:20-336&r=all |
| By: | Benedikt Downar; Jürgen Ernstberger; Stefan Reichelstein; Sebastian Schwenen; Aleksandar Zaklan |
| Abstract: | We examine whether a disclosure mandate for greenhouse gas emissions creates stakeholder pressure for firms to subsequently reduce their emissions. For UK-incorporated listed firms such a mandate was adopted in 2013. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that firms affected by the mandate reduced their emissions – depending on the specification – by an incremental 14-18% relative to a control group. This reduction was accompanied by an average 9% increase in production costs. At the same time, the treated firms were able to increase their sales by an almost compensating amount. Taken together, our findings provide no indication that the disclosure requirement led to a significant deterioration in the financial operating performance of the treated firms, despite the significant carbon footprint reduction following the disclosure mandate. |
| Keywords: | Disclosure of non-financial information, mandatory disclosure, greenhouse gas emissions, real effects |
| JEL: | Q28 Q40 M41 M48 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1875&r=all |
| By: | Marette, Stephan; Disdier, Anne-Celia; Beghin, John C. |
| Abstract: | We compare consumers’ attitude towards and willingness to pay (WTP) for gene-edited (GE) apples in Europe and the US. Using virtual choices in a lab and different technology messages, we estimate WTP of 162 French and 166 US consumers for new apples, which do not brown upon being sliced or cut. Messages center on (i) the social and private benefits of having the new apples, and (ii) possible technologies leading to this new benefit (conventional hybrids, GE, and genetically modified (GMO)). French consumers do not value the innovation and actually discount it when it is generated via biotechnology. US consumers do value the innovation as long as it is not generated by biotechnology. In both countries, the steepest discount is for GMO apples, followed by GE apples. Furthermore, the discounting occurs through “boycott” consumers who dislike biotechnology. However, the discounting is weaker for US consumers compared to French consumers. Favorable attitudes towards sciences and new technology totally offset the discounting of GE apples. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:303808&r=all |
| By: | Neha Deopa; Daniele Rinaldo |
| Abstract: | We study the stochastic dynamics of a renewable resource harvested by a monopolist facing a downward sloping demand curve. We introduce a framework where harvesting sequentially affects the resource's potential to regenerate, resulting in an endogenous ecological regime shift. In a multi-period setting, the firm's objective is to find the profit-maximizing harvesting policy while simultaneously detecting in the quickest time possible the change in regime. Solving analytically, we show that a negative regime shift induces an aggressive extraction behaviour due to shorter detection periods, creating a sense of urgency, and higher markup in prices. Precautionary behaviour can result due to decreasing resource rent. We study the probability of extinction and show the emergence of catastrophe risk which can be both reversible and irreversible. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2005.11500&r=all |
| By: | Fraga, Federico. |
| Abstract: | Este documento apunta a explorar el contexto, las razones y los efectos sobre los medios de vida de políticas y programas para mejorar o adaptarse a los impactos del cambio climático en el CSC, con foco en Guatemala y Honduras. En particular, se explora la situación de vulnerabilidad ambiental y socioeconómica en la región y las respuestas institucionales para hacer frente a los desafíos crecientes, tanto en términos de cooperación internacional como de acciones y planes gubernamentales. En base a todo ello, se realizan una serie de consideraciones sobre el potencial de un enfoque PIIE en la región, como estrategia para generar trabajo decente junto con la adaptación al cambio climático a través de programas de inversión pública en infraestructura verde. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995075692802676&r=all |
| By: | Alex Armand, Ivan Kim Taveras |
| Abstract: | Fish stocks have decreased substantially over the last decades due to human exploitation of the ocean. This declining trend has been exacerbated by climate change, with acidifying waters harming marine life. This paper exploits exogenous variation in water acidity across time and space to study how the ocean impacts early-childhood mortality. We collate and analyze more than 1.5 million births between 1972 and 2018 in communities near the shore of 36 developing countries. By comparing children born in the same location but on different dates and controlling for a set of high-dimensional fixed effects, we identify the causal impact of in utero exposure to the ocean’s acidity on mortality. In coastal areas, a 0.01 unit increase in acidity causes 2 additional neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. This result is robust to within-siblings comparisons. It is selectively affecting the weakest children as the effect gradually vanishes after the first month of life. Mothers do not compensate with any additional health investment during the gestation period. Reduced access to nutrients derived from fish that are essential to fetal growth is the key mechanism behind our findings. While fish is critical to global food security, humanity’s relationship with the ocean remains poorly understood. This paper provides the first quantitative evidence linking the exploitation of natural resources with malnutrition and neonatal selection. |
| Keywords: | Child, Mortality, Neonatal, Health, Climate Change, Ocean, Acidification, Nutrition. |
| JEL: | I15 H51 Q54 Q2 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nva:unnvaa:wp03-2020&r=all |
| By: | Marian Stuiver; Sander van den Burg; Wenting Chen; Claire Haggett; David Rudolph; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Shared multi-use of ocean space is associated to overcoming several complex technical, regulatory, financial, environmental and socio-economic problems. In achieving this goal several stakeholders of relevance need to participate in the design and implementation of multi-use platforms. This chapter reviews and discuss the participatory approaches employed in the MERMAID and TROPOS projects. The discussion draws on the methods employed in each case, the objectives and obstacles encountered resulting in useful conclusions for participatory design. |
| Keywords: | MERMAID, TROPOS, multi-use platforms, stakeholder engagement |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2019&r=all |
| By: | Parrinello, Sergio (La Sapienza University of Rome) |
| Abstract: | The present paper contains two notes. The first one resumes and expands the classical approach to cope with the existence of exhaustible natural resources in the context of the theory of normal prices. Alternative closures of the model are envisaged: either a given supply of the resource or a given royalty. The fixed-supply alternative, suggested in (Parrinello 2004), rests on the method used in (Sraffa 1960) to deal with the case of intensive land cultivation. The fixed-royalty assumption reflects the position of Piccioni and Ravagnani (2002) and Ravagnani (2006) about the theory of absolute rent. The second note addresses the problem of numéraire dependence, which has been stressed as a criticism of models of general equilibrium without overall perfect competition, and argues that such a property may concern also the theory of normal prices with exhaustible natural resources. It is suggested that a way out from the impasse of the numéraire dependence should be found in an extension of the theory of normal prices to a monetary economy. |
| Keywords: | classical theory; Sraffian approach; exhaustible natural resources; numéraire dependency; price normalization. |
| JEL: | B51 D57 Q32 |
| Date: | 2020–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:sraffa:0041&r=all |
| By: | Lydia Stergiopoulou; Phoebe Koundouri; Achilleas Vassilopoulos |
| Abstract: | Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are recognized but still considered as the 'residual' ES subcategory and remain understudied. Their potential to shape common identities and impact societal perspectives on ocean/marine resources' management explains why further research on CES can widen the range of information needed for policymaking, especially in cases of blue tourism interventions. In this chapter , we review some possible conceptual frameworks for the CES classification along with the monetary and non-monetary (revealed and stated preference) methods for their valuation. Attention is given to the stated methods that the last years have received increasing attention and exhibit some potential to be linked with Maritime Spatial Planning decisions. An attempt to operationally define CES in the context of Marine Protected Areas and investigate the determinants of perceived cultural heritage and identity features has been adopted in two Interreg projects, AMAre and RECONNECT. |
| Keywords: | Marine Protected Areas, Cultural Ecosystem Services, non-monetary methods, Maritime Spatial Planning |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2023&r=all |
| By: | Ronny Martien; Husna Nugrahapraja; Rizkita R. Esyanti; Fenny Martha Dwivany |
| Abstract: | Chili is one of the primary commodities in West Java, Indonesia. Chili peppers are susceptible to several diseases, which can cause excessive losses in quality and quantity. The research focused on four chili pepper cultivars that are commonly used by farmers and preferred by the market. Phytophthora capsici is the most dangerous pathogen because it attacks every phase of the life cycle of chili peppers, from the seedling stage until the postharvest stage.  This research will study the effectiveness of nano-chitosan in protecting the six cultivars of chili pepper against Phytophthora capsici. The project aimed to examine the efficacy of nano-chitosan on chili pepper plants and to analyze the molecular aspect of plant-pathogen interaction through whole transcriptome analysis. The specific objectives of the research are the following: • study the effectiveness of nano-chitosan against Phytophthora capsici on four chili pepper cultivars by knowing the resistance level of each cultivar, phenotypically; • determine the gene expression activities on four chili pepper cultivars through the whole transcriptomic analysis; and • decipher the complex molecular processes of plant-pathogen interaction in chili using transcriptomic datasets. The project was conducted at Bandung and Purwakarta, West Java, Indonesia. The Plant Pathology Laboratory and Green House research facilities from East-West Seed Indonesia Company was used in Purwakarta, while the genetics and molecular biology laboratory in the School of Life Science and Technology (SITH), Institut Teknologi Bandung, was utilized in Bandung.  The research focused on four chili pepper cultivars that are commonly used by farmers and preferred by the market. The four cultivars represent the variation of resistance level against Phytophthora capsici. |
| Keywords: | Indonesia, West Java, Phytophthora capsici, ano-chitosan, biofungicide |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2020:458&r=all |
| By: | João Tovar Jalles |
| Abstract: | We empirically assess by means of the local projection method, the impact of financial crises on climate change vulnerability and resilience. Using a new dataset covering 178 countries over the period 1995–2017, we observe that resilience to climate change shocks has been increasing and that advanced economies are the least vulnerable. Our econometric results suggest that financial crises (particularly systematic banking ones) tend to lead to a short-run deterioration in a country´s resilience to climate change. This effect is more pronounced in developing economies. In downturns, if an economy is hit by a financial crisis, climate change vulnerability increases. Results are robust to several sensitivity checks. |
| Keywords: | climate change; vulnerability; resilience, local projection method, impulse response functions, recessions, financial crises |
| JEL: | C23 C83 E30 G10 O30 Q40 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp01312020&r=all |
| By: | Serhan Cevik; João Tovar Jalles |
| Abstract: | Climate change is already a systemic risk to the global economy. While there is a large body of literature documenting economic consequences, there is scarce research on the link between climate change and sovereign risk. This paper investigates the impact of climate change vulnerability and resilience on sovereign bond yields and spreads in 98 countries over the period 1995–2017. We find that the vulnerability and resilience to climate change have a significant impact on the cost government borrowing, after controlling for conventional determinants of sovereign risk. That is, countries that are more resilient to climate change have lower bond yields and spreads relative to countries with greater vulnerability to climate change. Furthermore, partitioning the sample into country groups reveals that the magnitude and statistical significance of these effects are much greater in developing countries with weaker capacity to adapt to and mitigate the consequences of climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change; vulnerability; resilience; government bond yields and spreads |
| JEL: | C23 C83 E30 E43 F41 G15 H60 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp01322020&r=all |
| By: | Huston, Simon (Coventry University) |
| Abstract: | The Coronavirus pandemic has raised questions about public health system fragility or lack of health phronesis (practical wisdom). The UK is one of the unhealthiest developed nations on the planet with over 35% of its population projected to be obese by 2025. Notwithstanding, local sports infrastructure is patchy, raising the spectre of ‘accumulation by dispossession’. To investigate English obesity problem and its eu̯daemonic impediments the study ignored lines of inquiry involving confectionary vested interests. Instead, it focused on bathing amenities that, since antiquity, signal civilisation. The phronetic bathing health research involved five sequential phases. First, the health issue was identified (1) and then bathing facilities put into historical context (2a). A structured literature review of contemporary facilities and health associations (2b) provided the backdrop for subsequent nomothetical (3a-e) and idiographic investigations (4a-c). The mixed research strands were finally synthesised (5). Statistical analysis of English local area standardised mortality (2013-2017) found a significant association with pool sparsity, controlling for deprivation, obesity and other environmental factors (3a-b). Longitudinal time series modelling of English swimming pool construction data since the Victorian era found that, recently, it has become erratic and diverges from its GDP and population growth fundamentals (3c-e). Idiosyncratically, the study considered three case studies, looking for qualitative insights (4). The closure of Bromley Lido in 1983 raises suspicions that short-termism or agency issues usurped public health phronesis (4a). In Cirencester, mistrust lingers about the privileged beneficiaries of local leisure service outsourcing (4b). An exemplary German pool complex in Ludenscheid illuminates comparative UK public bathing infrastructure deficiencies and intimates paradigm myopia or managerialist neglect (4c). Although the study is preliminary with acknowledged limitations, the literature reviews, nomothetic analyses and case studies impel phronetic deliberations to re-calibrate investment towards ecological public health and resilience in post-COVID ‘doughnut’ economy. |
| Date: | 2020–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4atsk&r=all |
| By: | Gazi M Hassan |
| Abstract: | Using a natural experiment of a rainfall-driven remittances, I provide experimental measures of how remittances affect rural household’s choice of cylinder gas (LPG) as a cooking fuel over other alternative fuels in southern Bangladesh. Household choice of LPG and remittances are jointly related; therefore, I use the instrumental variable probit (IV-Probit) approach. The treatment of remittances is randomly assigned to households who suffered losses due to a natural shock from the cyclone-Roanu enabling the instrument – exogenous variation in rainfall interacted with cyclone-affected migrant household’s distance to the local weather stations – to identify the average treatment effect for the treatment group (cyclone-affected remittances recipient households). I find that an exogenous increase in remittances by 1,000 Taka causes the probability of using LPG to rise by 1%. In terms of percentage change, the implied elasticity shows that a 10% increase in remittances income can raise the probability of using LPG by 2%. I also find the impact of remittances is conditional on household’s health expenditures. In particular, controlling for the household’s health expenditures interacted with the provision for clean water and sanitary toilet in the dwelling, the marginal effects of remittances get stronger, i.e. households are more likely to use LPG as cooking fuel. These findings counter some existing case studies and views of many policy makers that economic factors are less significant in promoting cleaner energy for the household. The results of the paper are robust to potential violations of the exclusion restriction, to alternative specifications and instruments, and possible omitted variable bias. |
| Keywords: | Remittances, clean energy, energy-poverty, IV-Probit, cyclone-Roanu, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | F24 Q40 R20 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2020-33&r=all |
| By: | Carmen Camacho (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - La plante et son environnement - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Cornet (UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | There exists a pressing need to analyze the impact of agriculture on soil fertility. This paper develops a spatial growth model for an agricultural economy, in which pollution diffuses across space. In order to produce, the economy needs fertile soil, naturally bounded by the amount of available land. When regions have not yet reached their maximal soil fertility, they can locally invest in abatement in order to reduce soil pollution. Once a location reaches this maximum of fertile land, the economy is split in two: a fertile region and a polluted region. We analytically show how the polluted region can either stagnate at low levels of fertility, or catch up with the fertile region. Our results are numerically illustrated, including the resiliency of the economy to recover from pollution shocks. |
| Keywords: | Spatial dynamics,Ramsey model,Soil Pollution,Partial differential equations,Dynamic programming,Optimal Control |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02652191&r=all |
| By: | Trade, Oxford Martin Programme on the Illegal Wildlife; Science, Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation; Cugniere, Laure |
| Abstract: | COVID-19 is causing widespread human suffering, as the most acute global public health emergency of our generation. While the origin of the novel coronavirus that causes COVID‐19 remains uncertain, several wild species (particularly bats) are known to be important hosts for this family of zoonotic diseases. More generally, there is strong evidence that zoonotic disease emergence is linked to human activities which bring wildlife, domestic animals and humans into increasingly intense contact. This includes destruction and degradation of natural areas; intensive livestock rearing; and hunting, trade and consumption of high-risk wildlife (e.g. bats and primates). In this statement, we provide key recommandations on how to best manage wildlife trade in the context of this world crisis, the COVID-19 outbreak and future zoonotic pandemics. |
| Date: | 2020–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:r5w46&r=all |
| By: | Dmitri V. Vinogradov; Elena V. Shadrina |
| Abstract: | Incentives are usually designed to promote desirable behaviour. In many instances, however, even in the absence of an incentive scheme, people may deliberately choose to act as desired. In such a case, introducing a system of incentives may discourage people from doing this. The discouragement mechanism works through the possibility of errors that may wrongly classify the observed behaviour as undesirable, and hence trigger penalties. The effect is amplified by pessimism, which leads to an overestimation of the error probability, and by the disappointment from errors, which increases the disutility of unfair penalties. This approach is capable of explaining two typical observations for enterprises/industries subject to environmental regulation – overcompliance (excessive investment in compliance) and discretionary inspections by regulators (raised frequency of inspections to enterprises suspected of non-compliance). |
| Keywords: | pro-environmental behaviour, incentives, pessimism, environmental protection, compliance, overcompliance |
| JEL: | Q01 D86 D03 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gla:glaewp:2018_05&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Devulder; Noëmie Lisack |
| Abstract: | We analyse the propagation of carbon taxation through input-output production networks. To do so, we use a static multi-sector general equilibrium model including France, the rest of the European Union and the rest of the world to simulate the impact of carbon tax scenarios on economic activity. We find that a tax increase on sectors' and households' greenhouse gas emissions corresponding to a carbon price of 100 euros per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent entails a decrease in French aggregate real value added by 1.2% at a 5-to10-year horizon when implemented in France only, vs. 1.5% when implemented in the whole EU. Impacts on sectoral real value added range from -20% to negligible. The most affected sectors are generally the most polluting ones, but the tax also propagates across sectors via intermediate inputs. Specifically, the network structure tends to affect comparatively more upstream sectors than downstream ones, given their taxation levels. International financial markets also play an important role by neutralizing the positive response of final demand that would result from the redistribution of the tax proceeds to domestic households. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax, multi-sector model, international production networks. |
| JEL: | D57 F11 H23 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:760&r=all |
| By: | Mekonnen,Alemu; Beyene,Abebe D.; Bluffstone,Randall Ames; Dissanayake,Sahan; Gebreegziabher,Zenebe; LaFave,Daniel; Martinsson,Peter; Toman,Michael A. |
| Abstract: | This paper reports on electronically-monitored improved use of the"Mirt"biomass stove in Ethiopia over a relatively long period of three-and-a-half years, using stove use data collected at five points in time. The results show that 62 percent of the households surveyed still retained their stoves after more than three years, which is a low level of abandonment, as the lifetime of the Mirt stove is approximately five years. Dis-adoption of the stove is not correlated with any of three monetary incentives provided at the time of distribution. With and without adjusting for dis-adoption, no longer-run differences in stove retention are found across treatments. Among those who retained their stoves, average regular stove use increased over time, but generally it is statistically the same toward the end of the first year. Thus, despite the relatively long timeframe, no decline is observed in regular usage. Comparing the persistence of the treatment effects, the paper finds that, in the longer run, subsidizing the cost most effectively promotes increased regular use over time. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Energy and Mining,Health Care Services Industry,Tobacco Use and Control,Public Health Promotion,Disease Control&Prevention,Hydrology,Pollution Management&Control,Air Quality&Clean Air,Brown Issues and Health |
| Date: | 2020–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9272&r=all |
| By: | Dorothée CHARLIER (USMB IREGE); Bérangère LEGENDRE (USMB IREGE) |
| Abstract: | Demographic aging affects Western societies and calls for the adaptation of a number of economic structures, such as pension systems. But this trend requires us to take into account the behavioral changes inherent in aging if we are develop sustainably, specifically concerning resource consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the context of global warming. The aim of this research is to assess the impact of aging on emissions by disentangling the pure effect of behavioral patterns and the effect of home energy efficiency. Showing that a selection bias arises through the choice of home, we isolate the pure effect of the behavior of older people. We use a discrete-continuous model to address potential endogeneity in a residential energy consumption model due to the choice of home energy characteristics. As a key contribution, we provide evidence that age does have a significant but indirect impact on carbon dioxide emissions, through the choice of dwelling. |
| Keywords: | carbon dioxide emissions, aging, empirical analysis, endogeneity |
| JEL: | Q41 J14 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2020.13&r=all |
| By: | Andres,Luis Alberto; Deb,Saubhik; Joseph,George; Larenas,Marna Isabel; Grabinsky Zabludovsky,Jonathan |
| Abstract: | This study reports the findings of a large-scale, multiple-arm, cluster-randomized control study carried out in rural Punjab, India, to assess the impact of a flagship sanitation program of the Government of India. The program, the Clean India Mission for Villages, was implemented between October 2014 and October 2019 and aimed to encourage the construction of toilets, eliminate the practice of open defecation, and improve the awareness and practice of good hygiene across rural India. It utilized a combination of behavioral change campaigns, centered on the community-led total sanitation approach, and financial incentives for eligible households. The study also evaluates the incremental effects of intensive hygiene awareness campaigns in selected schools and follow-up initiatives in selected communities. The study finds that the coverage of ?safely managed? toilets among households without toilets increased by 6.8?10.4 percentage points across various intervention arms, compared with a control group. Open defecation was reduced by 7.3?7.8 percentage points. The program also had significant positive impacts on hygiene awareness among adults and children, although the interventions of school campaigns and intensive follow-up were of limited additional impact. |
| Keywords: | Sanitation and Sewerage,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Water Supply and Sanitation Economics,Small Private Water Supply Providers,Engineering,Water and Human Health,Health and Sanitation,Environmental Engineering,Sanitary Environmental Engineering,Hydrology,Health Care Services Industry |
| Date: | 2020–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9249&r=all |
| By: | Mohammad Chehabeddine (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, King Khalid International Airport); Manuela Tvaronavičienė (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University) |
| Abstract: | Regional Development is linked to Sustainability, and also, Development is linked to Security, both nationally and globally. The expanded view of Security has opened the discussion of new technologies introduced non-traditional threats that become vulnerable to regional security and thereby to regional development. Five broad types of situations or premises that constitute a security in which threats overlap and interact, those new threats warrant new security paradigms that traditional international relations ignored so far. The purpose of this research is to analyze and study the impact of these new threats to security and how they affect regional development. Protection to the digital ecosystem and critical infrastructure from threats could be by implementing the security program of Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC), however, awareness, preparedness, and resilience of societies with the international community are as key preconditions of further secure and sustainable economic development and general well-being. Case studies of new technologies that threaten global societies economically and socially. |
| Keywords: | Digital Ecosystem,Engineering and Mathematics),Technology,STEM (Science,New Technologies,SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals),Regional Development,Critical Infrastructure,Cyber Security,Trans-state threats,Sustainable Development |
| Date: | 2020–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02569328&r=all |
| By: | Meldrum, James; Brenkert-Smith, Hannah; Champ, Patricia; Gomez, Jamie; Falk, Lilia; Barth, Christopher |
| Abstract: | Fire science emphasizes that mitigation actions on residential property, including structural hardening and maintaining defensible space, can reduce the risk of wildfire to a home. Accordingly, a rich body of social science literature investigates the determinants of wildfire risk mitigation behaviors of residents living in fire-prone areas. Here, we investigate relationships among wildfire hazards, residents’ risk perceptions, and conditions associated with mitigation actions using a combination of simulated wildfire conditions, household survey responses, and professionally assessed parcel characteristic data. We estimate a simultaneous model of these data that accounts for potential direct feedbacks between risk perceptions and parcel-level conditions. We also compare the use of self-reported versus assessed parcel-level data for estimating these relationships. Our analysis relies on paired survey and assessment data for approximately 2000 homes in western Colorado. Our simultaneous model demonstrates dual-directional interactions between risk perceptions and conditions associated with mitigation actions, with important implications for inference from simpler approaches. In addition to improving general understanding of decision-making about risk and natural hazards, our findings can support the effectiveness of publicly supported programs intended to encourage mitigation to reduce society’s overall wildfire risk. |
| Keywords: | wildland fire; risk assessment; parcel-level risk; scale; mitigation; simultaneous modeling; home ignition zone |
| JEL: | D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100852&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Vassiliki Manoussi; Lydia Papadaki |
| Abstract: | Science and technology offer an opportunity to reconcile the protection of marine ecosystems with the development of sustainable maritime activities, through an integrated maritime policy. In this context, the European Commission has developed a strategy with the aim of proposing means for better integrating marine research with maritime research. To achieve this, the EU increases the integration between established research disciplines and improves cooperation between all the stakeholders concerned with seas and oceans. This book focuses on results of thirteen projects funded by the European Commission. These projects propose concrete measures and mechanisms to improve the efficiency and excellence of marine and maritime research in order to address the challenges and opportunities presented by the oceans and seas. This opening chapter provides an introduction to these projects by first reviewing the goals, partners, methodology and objectives of the each of the projects. |
| Keywords: | Marine ecosystems, Maritime activities, Sustainable oceans, Deep Demonstration, Multi-use offshore platforms, Marine Protected Areas |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2017&r=all |
| By: | Yazdan Soltanpour (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, University of Catania); Iuri Peri (University of Catania); Leila Temri (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | While the European Union's fishing policy is mainly based on maximum sustainable yield, at the local fishing community level, fishers' main incentive to sustain fish stocks appears to be maintenance of social relationships. Divergence of the stakeholders' objectives on the management of marine resources creates conflicts of interest that can be overcome through a process of negotiation. The formulation of the solution is embedded in the perspective of the stakeholders. In this paper we analyze the negotiation mechanisms between the French Mediterranean local fishing communities and the European Union common fishery policy. Inspired by interactive governance theory, the performance of Prud'homies, a local governance entity in the French Mediterranean, has been analyzed through their capacity to cooperate and represent the fishers' voice in formal institutes. We are witnessing a declining representation of this local institute among the official decision-makers of the marine resource governance. |
| Keywords: | participation,voice,local fihing community,interactive governance,marine fisheries,governance,pêche maritime,gouvernance,voix |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02491206&r=all |
| By: | CHEN, Helen S.Y. |
| Abstract: | This is a multidisciplinary study on operationalizing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in humanitarian operations through supply chain management methods. It is motivated by the belief that for SDGs to be pursued in humanitarian operations, they need to be contextualized in the idiosyncratic settings and approached systematically. Towards this end, this paper develops and operationalizes a strategic sustainable humanitarian supply chain framework using the design science approach. The study starts with analyzing the humanitarian operations characteristics and identifying the critical supply chain capabilities required for sustainable operations. It then re-conceptualizes sustainability in the humanitarian context and proposes a formula of sustainability performance in humanitarian operations. After that, the humanitarian supply chain structural components are delineated and decomposed into operational elements in order to identify the configurations that lead to optimal sustainability performance. The findings then converge into a framework to enable the identification of context-contingent sustainable supply chain strategies in humanitarian operations. This paper makes three contributions to SDG research: 1) it contextualizes sustainability in the humanitarian setting through postulating the concept and formula of net sustainability value as the single bottom line in humanitarian operations; 2) it increases operationality of SDGs in the humanitarian sector through the design of a strategic framework for sustainable humanitarian supply chains; and 3) it increases the interdisciplinarity of SDG research by using a generic supply chain framework that can be applied to integrate multilevel multidisciplinary sustainability studies. |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m82ar&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report examines how new shared services could change mobility in Lyon, France. It presents simulations for five different scenarios in which different shared transport options replace privately owned cars in the Lyon metropolitan area. The simulations offer insights on how shared mobility can reduce congestion, lower CO2 emissions and free public space. The analysis also looks at quality of service, cost and citizens’ access to opportunities. The interaction of shared mobility services with mass public transport and optimal operational conditions for the transition are also examined. The findings provide decision makers with evidence to weigh opportunities and challenges created by new shared transport services. The report is part of a series of studies on shared mobility in different urban and metropolitan contexts. |
| Date: | 2020–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:74-en&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Engler (University of Kassel); Elke D. Groh (University of Kassel); Gunnar Gutsche (University of Kassel); Andreas Ziegler (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | Based on data from a representative survey among citizens in Germany during the peak of the COVID-19 crisis, this paper empirically examines the acceptance of climate-oriented economic stimulus programs and several further climate policy measures. Our descriptive analysis shows no general lower acceptance of climate policy measures compared to the time before the crisis. However, the econometric analysis reveals that individuals with higher negative emotions towards the crisis are significantly less supportive of at least some climate-oriented policy measures. Economic concerns are of particular relevance. For example, a perceived deterioration of the general economic situation due to the COVID-19 crisis has a significantly negative effect on the acceptance of climate-oriented economic stimulus programs. Concerns about the own personal economic and financial situation due to the crisis are significantly negatively correlated with the support of climate-oriented policy measures that directly lead to higher costs in daily life. Besides the relevance of this perceived self-interest, our estimation results also highlight the relevance of social aspects since individuals with a social policy identification are significantly more likely to agree with climate-oriented policy measures that are also financially beneficial for socially deprived groups, but significantly less likely to support measures that are financially unfavorable for them. We discuss several climate policy implications. For example, our estimation results suggest that successful climate policy should, especially in times of the COVID-19 crisis, also be socially oriented and consider distribution effects, for example, through financial compensations for costly measures like taxes. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19 crisis, climate-oriented economic stimulus programs, climate policy measures, acceptance, multivariate probit models |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 Q48 O44 H12 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202029&r=all |
| By: | Schuhbert, Arne; Thees, Hannes |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Under the title of Belt-and-Road-Initiative (BRI), China has launched a global development program, which spans many regions and sectors. Tourism initiatives in particular, can occupy an interlinking position between infrastructure and services, and between global and local projects. This paper addresses the problem of the global-local link by critically examining a case at the southern Caucasus, as tourism is considered as a key industry for economic diversification in all three countries examined. Methods: Based on a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach, the study is about critically investigating the current state of challenges and opportunities for tourism-induced, integrated regional development, with particular focus on potential obstacles for regional and national destination competitiveness. Results: Results reveal that the BRI offers a basis for export-diversification in tourism and non-tourism economic sectors. Azerbaijan has the potential to integrate BRI activities into its local economic system but depends highly on the development of the Trans-Eurasian Corridor and the readiness of local entrepreneurs and institutions to support and extend development initiatives. Implications: The implementation of the BRI offers a significant opportunity for many rural regions to proactively benefit from increasing tourism demand, by linking local initiatives and industries with tourism-related projects embedded in the BRI. |
| Keywords: | destination management, competitiveness, belt-and-road-initiative, new silk road, Azerbaijan |
| JEL: | L80 M10 Z00 |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100676&r=all |
| By: | Huisman, Ronald; Kyritsis, Evangelos; Stet, Cristian |
| Abstract: | The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources requires flexibility from power markets in the sense that the latter should quickly counterbalance the renewable supply variation driven by weather conditions. Most power markets cannot (yet) provide this flexibility effectively as they suffer from inelastic demand and insufficient flexible storage capacity. Research accordingly shows that the volume of renewable energy in the supply system affects the mean and volatility of power prices. We extend this view and show that the level of wind and solar energy supply affects the tails of the electricity price distributions as well, and that it does so asymmetrically. The higher the supply from wind and solar energy sources, the fatter the left tail of the price distribution and the thinner the right tail. This implies that one cannot rely on symmetric price distributions for risk management and for valuation of (flexible) power assets. The evidence in this paper suggests that we have to rethink the methods of subsidizing variable renewable supply such that they take also into consideration the flexibility needs of power markets. |
| Keywords: | intermittent renewable supply, flexibility, power prices, fat tails, asymmetric probability distribution, Environment, energy and climate policy, C10, Q41, Q42, |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fer:wpaper:134&r=all |
| By: | Tony Muhumuza; Paul Okiira Okwi (German Institute for Economic Research) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:242&r=all |
| By: | Karine Picot-Coupey (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nina Krey; Elodie Huré (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Claire-Lise Ackermann (Audencia Recherche - Audencia Business School) |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02572817&r=all |
| By: | Glen Buron (Passages - UB - Université de Bordeaux - MCC - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - Université Bordeaux Montaigne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | institution,géographie,éducation,Sport de nature |
| Date: | 2019–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02561062&r=all |