|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Sengupta, Tuhin |
| Abstract: | There is a limited number of studies on the estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions, though it is one of the most harmful greenhouse gases (GHGs) present in ambient atmosphere. In the wake of industrialization, it is necessary to understand the impact of energy consumption pattern on N2O emissions and revise the energy policies accordingly. In this study, we have analysed the impact of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumptions on N2O emissions for APEC countries over the period of 1990-2015, and the analysis has been carried out following the EKC hypothesis framework. The results obtained from the study indicate the efficacy of the renewable energy solutions in having positive impact on environmental quality by helping to reduce the level of N2O emissions. The policy implications derived the results are designed keeping the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in mind, so that the energy policies can bring forth sustainability in the economic systems in these nations. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy; N2O Emissions; APEC Countries; SDG; sustainability |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100091&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | O mundo no qual nos encontramos requer um novo estilo de desenvolvimento, orientado pela visão de que o desenvolvimento económico sustentável depende criticamente de um meio ambiente saudável e de uma sociedade construída sobre a base da igualdade. Nesse contexto, a Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) vem desenvolvendo o Big Push para a Sustentabilidade, que é uma abordagem renovada para apoiar os países da região na construção de estilos de desenvolvimento mais sustentáveis, baseada na coordenação de políticas para promover investimentos transformadores do estilo de desenvolvimento. O Escritório da CEPAL em Brasília realizou uma chamada aberta de casos de investimentos sustentáveis no Brasil. Esta publicação reúne os 15 casos selecionados como mais transformadores dentre os mais de 130 estudos recebidos. Unindo teoria e prática, esses casos ilustram as amplas possibilidades para a realização de investimentos sustentáveis em varias práticas e tecnologias sustentáveis (desde sistemas agroflorestais até o desenvolvimento da indústria eólica) e por meio de uma rica pluralidade de medidas, políticas, arranjos de governança, fontes de financiamento e escalas de atuação. A leitura desta publicação oferece lições aprendidas sobre oportunidades, desafios e caminhos para um Big Push para a Sustentabilidade no Brasil. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS, RECURSOS NATURALES, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, ECONOMIA VERDE, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, NATURAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, GREEN ECONOMY, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45583&r=all |
| By: | Mishra, Mukesh Kumar |
| Abstract: | This paper examines different strategies for the protection of the global climate, the environment and Green Growth mechanism for natural resources and scrutinizes the extent to which they meet the transformative requirements of the Paris Climate Agreement and the 2030 Agenda. It analyses the interactions between relevant institutions of global and multi-level environmental governance. It focuses on the legitimacy of respective green mechanisms and their effects on ecosystems and human welfare. It requires that keeping in mind The Kuznets Curves Model Mechanism and reform further to develop the global economic governance system and restructure incentive systems at national level. Crises like COVID-19 show the urgency to promote necessary transformations for our society to survive in the 21st century. It can be a good reminder that in any breakdown, there is always a chance for breakthrough. Pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have fallen across continents as countries try to contain the spread of the new coronavirus. The green economy aims to achieve economic growth and development without an adverse effect on the environment. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis explains the relationship between economic activity and environmental degradation. Therefore, environmental conservation policies, technological advancement and modern industrial policies are required to make the economic growth of the countries effective in reducing CO2 emissions. There is need for international collaboration among developing and developed countries for fostering green economy and sustainability. We need green growth because risks to development are rising as growth continues to erode natural capital, through the tools of Sustainable Development. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development,Green Economy,Green Growth,The Environmental Kuznets Curve |
| JEL: | Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:216734&r=all |
| By: | Mario Coccia |
| Abstract: | This study endeavors to explain the relation between air pollution and particulate compounds emissions, wind resources and energy, and the diffusion of COVID-19 infection to provide insights of sustainable policy to prevent future epidemics. The statistical analysis here focuses on case study of Italy, one of the countries to experience a rapid increase in confirmed cases and deaths. Results reveal two main findings: 1) cities in regions with high wind speed and a high wind energy production in MW have a lower number of infected individuals of COVID-19 infection and total deaths; 2) cities located in hinterland zones (mostly those bordering large urban conurbations) with high polluting industrialization, low wind speed and less cleaner production have a greater number of infected individuals and total deaths. Hence, cities with pollution industrialization and low renewable energy have also to consider low wind speed and other climatological factors that can increase stagnation of the air in the atmosphere with potential problems for public health in the presence of viral agents. Results here suggest that current pandemic of Coronavirus disease and future epidemics similar to COVID-19 infection cannot be solved only with research and practice of medicine, immunology and microbiology but also with a proactive strategy directed to interventions for a sustainable development. Overall, then, this study has to conclude that a strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to COVID-19 infection must also be based on sustainability science to support a higher level of renewable energy and cleaner production to reduce polluting industrialization and, as result, the factors determining the spread of coronavirus disease and other infections in society. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2005.08293&r=all |
| By: | Solferino, Nazaria |
| Abstract: | We aim to investigate the drivers and barriers of eco-innovations in Calabria and the role of intermediaries to enhance in the organizations the concept of sustainable development. We analyse three case studies of environmentally sustainable companies. Our analysis shows that several critical issues need to be addressed by national and regional policies to remove relevant barriers to these investments. The interwied companies identified these difficulties mainly in the problems to access credits and get funds alongside to the excess of complicate beaurocracy. On the other side, the attention for the environmental issues and the opportunity to promote products and services with a lower environmental impact on the market, in order to obtain a competitive advantage and possibly increase the turnover and customer portfolio, represents the most pushing factor for the adoption of radical eco-innovations. Nevertheless, intermediaries play an important role as these companies have in common that they had the possibility to benefit from the expertises and competences of a provider of services. |
| Keywords: | Eco-innovations, Environmental sustainability, Case study method. |
| JEL: | O3 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2020–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100266&r=all |
| By: | Nikula Harri (Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University) |
| Abstract: | We study market-based regulation in a polluting industry that produces two externalities at the same time. There is a negative externality (emissions) to which every firm in the industry contributes, and a positive externality (technological spillover), so that an additional application of green technology becomes easier as the number of appliers increases. An optimal policy is shown to consist of a uniform emission price across polluting firms and a subsidy to early users of green technology. We also show that the presence of the second externality strongly affects the instrument choice under uncertainty between taxes and tradable permits, and that the influence depends on the design of the instruments. More specifically, it depends on whether early users of green technology are subsidized or not. |
| Keywords: | Green production, emission taxation, internalizing externalities, spillover effect, tradable emission permits, uncertainty |
| JEL: | D62 D81 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tam:wpaper:2028&r=all |
| By: | Maria Arvaniti (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Wolfgang Habla (Department of Environmental and Resource Economics, Environmental Management, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, L7, 1, 68161 Mannheim, Germany) |
| Abstract: | International carbon markets are frequently propagated as an efficient instrument for reducing CO2 emissions. We argue that such markets, despite their desirable efficiency properties, might not be in the best interest of governments who are guided by strategic considerations in negotiations. We identify the circumstances under which governments benefit or are harmed by cooperation in the form of an international market. Our results challenge the conventional wisdom that an international market is most beneficial for participating countries when they have vastly diverging marginal abatement costs; rather, it may be more promising to negotiate agreements with non-tradable emissions caps. |
| Keywords: | cooperative climate policy, political economy, emissions trading, linking of permit markets, strategic delegation, strategic voting |
| JEL: | D72 H23 H41 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:20-335&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a survey of the empirical literature on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the period of 1991-2017. This survey categorizes the studies on the basis of single country and cross-country contexts. It has been hypothesized that the EKC is an inverted U-shaped association between economic growth and CO2 emissions. For both single country and cross-country contexts, the results of EKC estimation for CO2 emissions are inconclusive in nature. The reasons behind this discrepancy can be attributed to the choice of contexts, time period, explanatory variables, and methodological adaptation. The future studies in this context should not only consider new set of variables (e.g., corruption index, social indicators, political scenario, energy research and development expenditures, foreign capital inflows, happiness, population education structure, public investment towards alternate energy exploration, etc.), but also the dataset should be refined, so that the EKC estimation issues raised by Stern (2004) can be addressed. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve; Carbon Emissions; Economic Growth |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100257&r=all |
| By: | Arvaniti, Maria; Habla, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | International carbon markets are frequently propagated as an efficient instrument for reducing CO2 emissions. We argue that such markets, despite their desirable efficiency properties, might not be in the best interest of governments who are guided by strategic considerations in negotiations. We identify the circumstances under which governments benefit or are harmed by cooperation in the form of an international market. Our results challenge the conventional wisdom that an international market is most beneficial for participating countries when they have vastly diverging marginal abatement costs; rather, it may be more promising to negotiate agreements with non-tradable emissions caps. |
| Keywords: | cooperative climate policy,political economy,emissions trading,linking of permit markets,strategic delegation,strategic voting |
| JEL: | D72 H23 H41 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:20020&r=all |
| By: | Evansen, Meg (Defenders of Wildlife); Malcom, Jacob (Defenders of Wildlife); Carter, Andrew |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity is deteriorating at a global level as human actions like development, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and other factors have led to a dramatic increase in the rate of extinction. The U.S. Endangered Species Act is considered one of the strongest laws in the world for protecting wildlife, but its effectiveness depends on proper implementation. Despite the importance of ensuring such proper implementation, the agencies that implement the Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (FWS and NMFS; Collectively, the Services) have no systematic monitoring policy to allow such evaluation. This lack of monitoring means the Services cannot accurately evaluate the success of recovery actions, make effective listing, delisting, and downlisting decisions, which can not only put species at risk for further decline, but also result in the misallocation of oftentimes scarce conservation funding. We posit that the absence of a monitoring policy has led to the lack of comprehensive systems to monitor and report on: a) compliance with the law, b) the effectiveness of conservation actions, or c) the state of listed species populations or the status of their threats. To help address this gap, we drafted a monitoring policy that covers (1) biological monitoring; (2) threats monitoring; (3) compliance monitoring; (4) effectiveness monitoring; and (5) investment analysis. The need for increased transparency within and outside the Services; accommodating emerging technologies; and addressing the need for detailed qualitative and quantitative data are considered in this proposal. This blueprint provides a starting point for more detailed monitoring policy and guidance that can help ensure efficient and effective implementation of the ESA and lead to better conservation outcomes for imperiled species. |
| Date: | 2020–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gmr4u&r=all |
| By: | Kato, Osvaldo Ryohei; Borges, Anna Christina M. Roffé; Azevedo, Célia Maria B. Calandrini de; Aragão, Debora Veiga; Matos, Grimoaldo Bandeira de; Matos, Lucilda Maria Sousa de; Shimizu, Maurício Kadooka; Vasconcelos, Steel Silva; Sá, Tatiana Deane de Abreu |
| Abstract: | Na Região Amazônica, a agricultura familiar pratica tradicionalmente o sistema de derruba-e-queima, uma prática questionada pelas perdas em nutrientes, emissões de gases nocivos à atmosfera, riscos de incêndios e avanço do desmatamento. Assim, os níveis de sustentabilidade decrescem na medida em que as queimadas se repetem e o tempo de pousio é reduzido. A tecnologia desenvolvida pela Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (Sistema Tipitamba) propõe substituição deste método tradicional pelo sistema de corte-e-trituração. A tecnologia influencia favoravelmente as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, além do que a adoção permite também usufruir os serviços ambientais associados à presença da vegetação secundária em pousio (capoeira) que inclui melhoria no balanço e captura de carbono, transporte de água para a atmosfera, proteção à lixiviação e restauração ecológica. O preparo de área sem o uso do fogo, associado ao enriquecimento de capoeira e a sistemas agroflorestais, resgata a sustentabilidade econômica, social e ecológica da produção na unidade familiar rural amazônica. O presente estudo analisa o caso dos investimentos no Sistema Tipitamba à luz da abordagem cepalina do Big Push para a Sustentabilidade. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, AGRICULTURA, AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURE, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45600&r=all |
| By: | Roberto Antonietti (“Marco Fanno” Department of Economics and Management, University of Padova, Italy); Paolo Falbo (Department of Economics, University of Brescia, Italy); Fulvio Fontini (“Marco Fanno” Department of Economics and Management, University of Padova, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This study concerns the relationship between economic wealth, air quality and COVID-19 diffusion and mortality around the world. We show that the level of air quality, in terms of particulate (PM 2.5) concentrations, does not significantly contribute to explaining the diffusion of COVID-19 and the related mortality after accounting for socioeconomic factors, especially per capita GDP. This latter variable significantly correlates with the diffusion of COVID-10 and related mortality, and the result holds for different times when COVID-19 infections and deaths are counted. When we cluster countries by level of wealth, economic openness, macroeconomic structure, CO2 emissions, and climate conditions, we find that higher concentrations of PM 2.5 coincide with more infections and deaths, but only holds in high-income countries. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, pollution, PM2.5, wealth, cross-country analysis |
| JEL: | I10 Q50 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0820&r=all |
| By: | Andreas Makoto Hein (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec, CentraleSupélec); Jean-Baptiste Rudelle (Zenon Research) |
| Abstract: | Once carbon emission neutrality and other sustainability goals have been achieved, a widespread assumption is that economic growth at current rates can be sustained beyond the 21 st century. However, even if we achieve these goals, this article shows that the overall size of Earth's global economy is facing an upper limit purely due to energy and thermodynamic factors. For that, we break down global warming into two components: the greenhouse gas effect and heat dissipation from energy consumption related to economic activities. For the temperature increase due to greenhouse gas emissions, we take 2 °C and 5 °C as our lower and upper bounds. For the warming effect of heat dissipation related to energy consumption, we use a simplified model for global warming and an extrapolation of the historical correlation between global gross domestic product (GDP) and primary energy production. Combining the two effects, we set the acceptable global warming temperature limit to 7 °C above pre-industrial levels. We develop four scenarios, based on the viability of large-scale deployment of carbon-neutral energy sources. Our results indicate that for a 2% annual GDP growth, the upper limit will be reached at best within a few centuries, even in favorable scenarios where new energy sources such as fusion power are deployed on a massive scale. We conclude that unless GDP can be largely decoupled from energy consumption, thermodynamics will put a hard cap on the size of Earth's economy. Further economic growth would necessarily require expanding economic activities into space. |
| Date: | 2020–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02570677&r=all |
| By: | Andreas M. Hein; Jean-Baptiste Rudelle |
| Abstract: | Once carbon emission neutrality and other sustainability goals have been achieved, a widespread assumption is that economic growth at current rates can be sustained beyond the 21st century. However, even if we achieve these goals, this article shows that the overall size of Earth's global economy is facing an upper limit purely due to energy and thermodynamic factors. For that, we break down global warming into two components: the greenhouse gas effect and heat dissipation from energy consumption related to economic activities. For the temperature increase due to greenhouse gas emissions, we take 2 {\deg}C and 5 {\deg}C as our lower and upper bounds. For the warming effect of heat dissipation related to energy consumption, we use a simplified model for global warming and an extrapolation of the historical correlation between global gross domestic product (GDP) and primary energy production. Combining the two effects, we set the acceptable global warming temperature limit to 7 {\deg}C above pre-industrial levels. We develop four scenarios, based on the viability of large-scale deployment of carbon-neutral energy sources. Our results indicate that for a 2% annual GDP growth, the upper limit will be reached at best within a few centuries, even in favorable scenarios where new energy sources such as fusion power are deployed on a massive scale. We conclude that unless GDP can be largely decoupled from energy consumption, thermodynamics will put a hard cap on the size of Earth's economy. Further economic growth would necessarily require expanding economic activities into space. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2005.05244&r=all |
| By: | Adel Ben Youssef (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG CNRS); Adelina Zeqiri (University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina") |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the main principles supporting hospitality industry 4.0, the effects of hospitality industry activities on climate change, and the ways that hospitality industry 4.0 might contribute to combating climate change. In the context of the focus of contemporary industries on sustainable development, the fourth industrial revolution or industry 4.0 can be considered an enabler of sustainability. Among those industries considered to be major contributors to climate change is the hospitality industry which has increased research interest in this sector. The hospitality industry includes the travel and tourism, accommodation and food and beverages sectors all of which are contributing in different ways to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The introduction of industry 4.0 technologies could help hospitality industry to reduce its effects on climate change through increased energy efficiency, recycling and re-use of water, and reduced food waste. The notion of circular hospitality involving reuse, recycling, redesign, replacement and rethinking strategies, and use of virtual reality to reduce transport and travel are enabled by industry 4.0 technologies. Hospitality industry 4.0 technologies offer new opportunities for enhancing sustainable development and reducing GHG emissions through the use of environmentally friendly approaches, to achieve the Paris agreement objectives. |
| Keywords: | Hospitality, Hospitality Industry 4.0, Climate Change, Circular Hospitality, Sustainability, Energy Efficiency |
| JEL: | Q54 L83 O33 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2020-23&r=all |
| By: | Severien, Sarita; Sarcinelli, Tathiane; Matsuda, Yugo |
| Abstract: | O presente estudo de caso tem por objetivo analisar as diversas ações que vêm sendo realizadas pela Suzano no âmbito do Programa de Restauração Ambiental à luz da abordagem teórica do Big Push para a Sustentabilidade desenvolvida pela CEPAL. Líder mundial na produção de celulose de eucalipto e líder da América Latina no mercado de papel, a Suzano apresenta uma das estratégias de conservação da biodiversidade e de restauração ambiental de maior envergadura do Brasil, consolidando uma cadeia produtiva inovadora, com transferência de conhecimento e geração de renda para parceiros e comunidades locais. A empresa detém 925 mil hectares de áreas protegidas, que correspondem a 37% de sua área total. Com o emprego de técnicas e metodologias customizadas, em 10 anos, 10,7 milhões de mudas nativas foram plantadas, em 37.000 hectares de áreas degradadas, em três biomas brasileiros: Amazônia, Mata Atlântica e Cerrado. Atualmente, a cada dois minutos a Suzano planta uma nova árvore nativa. Além de antecipar-se aos compromissos assumidos com órgãos ambientais, as ações potencializam a geração de serviços ecossistêmicos fundamentais para o bom desempenho dos nossos cultivos de eucalipto, para as comunidades no entorno, o meio ambiente e a sociedade como um todo. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MEDIO AMBIENTE, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA, PASTIZALES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NATURE CONSERVATION, GRASSLANDS |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45597&r=all |
| By: | Victor Champonnois (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Erdlenbruch (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the scope for individual adaptation toflood risk in the South of France. From a survey of 418 respondents in two flood-prone areas, we collected data on the adoption of individual adaptation measures and the willingness to pay for individual and collective measures. First, we study the determinants of adoption and of the willingness to pay. We then compare willingness to pay for individual versus collective measures. We end with a cost-benefit analysis of individual adaptation. Results show a willingness to pay for adaptation measures, although few have yet been adopted. Perceptions of hazards and damage have different influences: the first favours the adoption of measures, the second increases the willingness to pay for measures. Finally, the cost-benefit analysis suggests that completely dry proofing a house up to a certain height may not be economically viable. This calls for the promotion of cheaper and potentially more cost-efficient measures. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation,cost-benefit analysis,damage mitigation,dichotomous choice,individual adaptation,flood,France,willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-02586069&r=all |
| By: | Nikula Harri (Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University) |
| Abstract: | We study market-based regulation where a government tries to avoid excessive firm closures by providing reliefs from emission fees for incumbent firms. Regulation is asymmetric as only incumbents, not new entrants are subsidized by the payment reliefs. We ask whether this feature affects the choice between environmental taxes and tradable permits under uncertainty. We find a trade-off between tax-beneficial inefficiency effect and permit-beneficial volume effect. The latter effect arises as the free quotas makes the number of aggregate permits and the aggregate emissions to fluctuate in the quantity implementation. We show that the subsidization of incumbent firms does not unambiguously favor one of the instruments but the advantage depends on policy- and industry-specific factors. |
| Keywords: | Emission taxation, firm closure, environmental subsidies, tradable emission permits, uncertainty |
| JEL: | D62 D81 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tam:wpaper:2026&r=all |
| By: | Nikula Harri (Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University) |
| Abstract: | We study market-based instruments under incomplete participation. Incomplete participation means that the regulation does not cover all emitters that contribute to harmful damages. Our results show that a voluntary opt-in provision should always be incorporated into regulation under incomplete participation as the provision unambiguously increases expected social welfare. Incomplete participation also affects the choice between market-based instruments, tradable permits and environmental taxes, under uncertainty. The impact will depend on whether the voluntary provision is used or not. The voluntary participation does not unambiguously favor one of the instruments, but the advantage is case-specific. |
| Keywords: | Emission taxation, tradable emission permits, uncertainty, voluntary opt-in |
| JEL: | D62 D81 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tam:wpaper:2027&r=all |
| By: | Latka, Catharina; Heckelei, Thomas; Kuhn, Arnim; Witzke, Heinz-Peter; Kornher, Lukas |
| Abstract: | The future EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) requires coherence with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the international commitments in the fight against climate change. Next to ensuring stable food supply by supporting farmers and enhancing agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability is a core aspect of the proposed future CAP. At the same time, new policies must not compromise socio-economic development in low-income countries, especially in Africa, as stated in the European consensus on development. On the contrary, the extensification of agriculture in the EU may create trade opportunities for African countries. We apply a global agri-economic model to assess trade-related impacts of potential, environmentally motivated changes of CAP policies in the EU and Africa. Our findings suggest that EU production levels of meat would change with a stronger environmental focus of the CAP. These changes reduce the EU’s share in agri-trade flows to Africa. However, food supply in Africa is not projected to deteriorate, as imports from other world regions and, to a limited extent, increasing domestic production can fill the gap. In how far potentials for domestic production growth can be used in African regions depends at least partly on their competitiveness vis-á-vis substituting importers. A sensitivity analysis on reduced transport costs shows that infrastructure investments could contribute to a stronger integration of Africa in international markets. On a global level, our analysis reveals the need to balance sustainability trade-offs in terms of avoiding leakage effects from EU agricultural production changes versus facilitating economic growth potentials in low- and middle-income countries. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2020–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:303711&r=all |
| By: | Canning, Patrick; Rehkamp, Sarah; Hitaj, Claudia; Peters, Christian |
| Abstract: | Natural resources facilitate production of an adequate daily food supply for Americans. Food consumption in the United States, measured in total calories per day, increased about 50 percent over a recent 25-year span. Understanding how changes in food consumption impact the U.S. food system’s use of the country’s natural resources requires consideration of many factors. We find that diets, or food choices, are likely to be an important factor. For example, had the diets of Americans who met all the 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans back in 2007 become the typical American diet of that time, then per capita consumption of the fruits, vegetables, legumes/nuts/seeds, eggs, and dairy categories would have increased, while per capita consumption in the sugars/sweets/beverages, fats/oils/salad dressings, grain products, and meat/poultry/fish/mixtures food groups would have declined. In such a scenario, under the production and marketing practices in 2007, nutrition and resource conservation goals would have been mostly complementary, or synergistic. As one notable exception, water conservation in particular may have required tradeoffs between competing goals, especially for production of fruits, vegetables, and dairy. This report combines empirical evidence of resource use in the system in 2007 with the presentation of a framework for a broader empirical study of sustainable pathways to producing a healthy and adequate food supply. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uerser:303692&r=all |
| By: | Mohamad Taghvaee, Vahid; Agheli, Lotfali; Assari Arani, Abbas; Nodehi, Mehrab; Khodaparast Shirazi, Jalil |
| Abstract: | Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of maritime and air transportation on the environment and economy of Iran. The authors specify two dynamic models of the environmental pollution and the economic growth. Then, the authors estimate the environmental and economic elasticities of maritime and air transportation in short run and long run in Iran during 1978–2012. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate the environmental and economic elasticities of maritime elasticities in short and long run, using simultaneous equations system. Findings – The findings indicate that the short- and long-run environmental pollution elasticities of maritime transportation are higher than those of the air ones. In addition, the economic growth elasticities are greater in the air transportation compared to maritime one. As a result, the maritime transportation is more pollutant and less productive in Iran in comparison with the air transportation. Originality/value – The policymakers are advised to improve the infrastructure of maritime transportation from both the environmental and economic point of views. Consequently, the air transportation is considered as a cleaner and more beneficial transportation mo |
| Keywords: | Iran, Economic growth |
| JEL: | O2 R41 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100101&r=all |
| By: | Pinto, Erika de Paula P.; Souza, Maria Lucimar de L.; Cardoso, Alcilene M.; Carvalho, Edivan S. de; Nascimento, Denise R. do; Moutinho, Paulo R. de Sousa; Marques, Camila B.; Piontekowski, Valderli J. |
| Abstract: | A iniciativa Assentamentos Sustentáveis traz um arcabouço de referências visando contribuir para a promoção de territórios rurais sustentáveis na Amazônia. Por meio de investimentos e parcerias coordenadas, a iniciativa permitiu o alcance de resultados nas dimensões ambiental, social e econômica. Neste sentido, a iniciativa pode ser considerada um caso de Big Push para a Sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar da Amazônia. Ao conciliar conservação florestal e geração de renda, a iniciativa sinaliza estratégias concretas capazes de contribuir para a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa pelo setor e para o cumprimento dos compromissos assumidos pelo país. A iniciativa também contribui para a Agenda 2030 e os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável ao promover: (i) a melhoria produtiva em áreas já abertas; (ii) a valoração de serviços ambientais; (iii) a recuperação de áreas degradadas; (iv) a garantia de acesso à água potável; (v) o fortalecimento de cadeias produtivas; (vi) a inovação tecnológica e; (vii) a redução da vulnerabilidade de agricultores familiares aos efeitos das alterações climáticas. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS, PEQUEÑAS EXPLOTACIONES AGRICOLAS, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, SMALL FARMS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45591&r=all |
| By: | Melindi-Ghidi, P.; Dedeurwaerdere, T.; Fabbri, G. |
| Abstract: | Intermediary organisations have increasingly played a role in payments for agri-environment services across Europe over the last two decades. However, the economics literature has so far not examined the impact of this new governance mechanism on environmental protection and on individuals’ behaviour. We develop a new theoretical economic framework to compare an incentive mechanism using intermediaries, such as environmental knowledge brokers and information providers, with a standard central governance mechanism, in terms of environmental impact. We show that the emergence of knowledge intermediaries is particularly effective where farmers initially have low environmental awareness, or when the public institution organising the scheme is insufficiently aware of individuals’ characteristics. Our findings provide theoretical support for previous empirical results on payment schemes for agri-environment measures. |
| Keywords: | KNOWLEDGE BROKERS;INTERMEDIARIES;NON PROFIT ORGANISATIONS;PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE;AGRI-ENVIRONMENT MEASURES;CULTURAL TRANSMISSION;PRINCIPAL AGENT |
| JEL: | Q51 Q58 Z19 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2020-05&r=all |
| By: | Pierre M. Picard (Department of Economics and Management, Université du Luxembourg); Thi Thu Huyen TRAN (Department of Finance, Université du Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the provision of urban green areas in cities when residents have preferences for the size of and access to those areas. At the optimum, the number of urban green spaces is a non-monotone function of distance to the city centre, while the sizes and distances to other urban green areas increase as one moves to the urban fringe. This paper empirically investigates those properties for the 300 largest European cities by using the GMES Urban Atlas database (European Environmental Agency). The empirical analysis confirms the non-monotone relationship between the number of urban green spaces and the distance to the city centre. The distance between two parks also increases as one moves toward the urban fringe. Finally, richer cities are associated with a denser network of urban green areas. |
| Keywords: | Urban green spaces, urban spatial structure, land use policy, amenities, optimal locations, mono-centric models, open space, public facilities. |
| JEL: | C61 D61 D62 R14 R53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:20-06&r=all |
| By: | Bhattacharya, Amar; Stern, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the fragility and dangers of the old growth path. There can be no going back to the old normal, argue Amar Bhattacharya and Nicholas Stern. |
| Keywords: | coronavirus; Covid-19; green growth; net zero; sustainable development; zero emissions growth |
| JEL: | E6 |
| Date: | 2020–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:104540&r=all |
| By: | Mundaca, Gabriela; Strand, Jon |
| Abstract: | We study impacts of carbon pricing to international transport fuels on fuel consumption and carbon emissions, trade activity, focusing on sea freight which constitutes the most important international trade transport activity. We use the WITS global dataset for international trade for the years 2009-2017 to estimate the impacts of changes in the global average bunker fuel price on the weight times distance for goods transported and carbon emission from international shipping. We find quite strong but variable negative effects of fuel cost increases on weight times distance for traded goods, and on carbon emissions from sea freight, for the heaviest goods categories at the 6-digit HS levels of aggregation in global trade, with bunker-price elasticities ranging from -0.03 up to -0.52. Considering an increase in the bunker fuel price as a proxy for a fuel tax, our results then indicate substantial impacts of bunker fuel taxes on the volume of sea transport, on bunker fuel consumption, and on carbon emissions from the international shipping sector. Our results indicate that, for the current level of international trade, a global tax of $40 per ton CO2 tax will reduce carbon emissions from global shipping fleet by about 7% for the heaviest traded products; and by most so for goods with particularly high weight-to-value ratios such as fossil fuels and ores. |
| Keywords: | International Trade, shipping, carbon taxation, carbon emissions |
| JEL: | F1 F13 F18 |
| Date: | 2020–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100347&r=all |
| By: | Villena, Mauricio |
| Abstract: | Is it always the case that an environmental friendly CSR firm will be preferred to a consumer caring CSR-firm in terms of the environmental damage generated in the market?. Will always an environmental friendly CSR firm be preferred to a firm which concerns only with profit maximization?. We explore these questions by analizyng a duopoly market setting in which a CSR firm interacts with a profit maximizing firm. Unlike previous literature, we consider different motivations for the CSR firm: (i) the CSR firm acts as a consumer-friendly firm, cares for not only its profits but also consumer surplus, as a proxy of its concern for its "stakeholders" or consumers; (ii) the CSR firm main objective is a combination of its own profit and the environment, caring for the environmental damage produced by the market in which it interacts; and (iii) the CSR firm is both consumer and environmental friendly. As benchmark we also consider the case in which both firms in the duopoly only concern about material profits, evaluating for all cases the environmental damage generated in their market interaction. |
| Keywords: | Corporate social responsibility, consumer-friendly firm, environment-friendly firm, Mixed Duopoly, Emission Taxation |
| JEL: | H23 L13 L31 Q50 |
| Date: | 2019–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100267&r=all |
| By: | Santana, Vitor Leal; Rahal, Lilian dos Santos |
| Abstract: | O objetivo desse estudo é analisar e discutir os resultados de uma das ações do governo brasileiro para garantir o acesso à água no meio rural e sua relação com a abordagem desenvolvida pela CEPAL Big Push para a Sustentabilidade. Há quase duas décadas vem sendo apoiada a implementação de tecnologias sociais como alternativa para o abastecimento de água de populações rurais pobres localizadas em regiões afetadas pela seca ou pela dificuldade de acesso à água, materializada no Programa Cisternas. As tecnologias têm como foco a captação e armazenamento de água de chuva, buscando garantir o acesso à água para consumo humano e a produção de alimentos. Já foram beneficiadas mais de 1 milhão de famílias e quase 7 mil escolas, localizados em sua maior parte na região semiárida brasileira. Os resultados e impactos observados até o momento apontam para a importância dos investimentos nessa ação para o enfrentamento da pobreza, para a melhoria da saúde e da segurança alimentar, bem como para a processos adaptativos de populações em situação de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica e climática. |
| Keywords: | AGUA, ABASTECIMIENTO DE AGUA, DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA, MITIGACION DE LA POBREZA, ZONAS RURALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, WATER, WATER SUPPLY, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY MITIGATION, RURAL AREAS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45596&r=all |
| By: | Éloi Laurent (Sciences Po-OFCE et Université de Stanford) |
| Abstract: | This study examines some major structuring projects in the advancement of the social- ecological transition in five French cities. It proposes to define the challenges of the urban social- ecological transition in France in two ways. The first consists in dividing the fields of social-ecological transition into four main domains covering a certain number of key themes and the related policies; the second aims to specify the social-ecological competences of the municipalities according to existing law. The first part of this study is devoted to the definition of this double evaluation framework. And the second details some major projects implemented in the five selected cities. In conclusion, the study draws four lessons from this partial panorama. |
| Keywords: | Urban social-ecological transition, Paris, Grenoble, Nantes, air pollution. |
| JEL: | Q3 Q5 D3 D6 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fce:doctra:2016&r=all |
| By: | Mosheim, Roberto (Economic Research Service, USDA); Sickles, Robin C. (Rice U) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the spatial effects in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution and drinking water production patterns in agriculture. Two important examples are that water utilities that deliver and treat drinking water in agricultural areas have to deal with excess nitrogen and phosphorus released to the environment by crop and livestock operations, an externality created by the agricultural sector; and, second, that the drinking water production sector in rural areas is a highly fragmented with a multitude of enterprise sizes, organization forms and network densities that have spatial components. In our analysis we present measures of N and P pollution. We employ information collected in section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act: count of impaired water bodies by N/P, and count of point source N/P pollution at the Hydrologic Unit Code 8 (HUC) or sub-basin level and estimate how these variables affect drinking water utilities scale economies, productive efficiency, and scale and scope economies. |
| JEL: | D24 Q53 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:riceco:19-011&r=all |
| By: | Garg, Teevrat (University of California, San Diego); McCord, Gordon C. (University of California, San Diego); Montfort, Aleister (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Why do damages from changes in environmental quality differ across and within countries? Causal investigation of this question has been challenging because differences may stem from heterogeneity in cumulative exposure or differences in socioeconomic factors such as income. We revisit the temperature-violence relationship and show that cash transfers attenuate one-half to two-thirds of the effects of higher same-day temperatures on homicides. Our results not only demonstrate causally that income can explain much of the heterogeneity in the marginal effects of higher temperatures, but also imply that social protection programs can help the poor adapt to rising temperatures. |
| Keywords: | cash transfers, temperature, violence |
| JEL: | Q50 Q52 Q54 Q58 I14 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13247&r=all |
| By: | Shardul Agrawala (OECD); Damien Dussaux (OECD); Norbert Monti (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates green stimulus packages that were introduced in response to the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-08 and draws lessons relevant for greening the recovery from the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. The paper underscores the importance of building in policy evaluation mechanisms into green stimulus measures. It also provides evidence that the implementation of sufficiently large, timely and properly designed green stimulus measures can generate economic growth, create jobs and bring about environmental benefits. However, there are also trade-offs between competing economic, environmental and social policy objectives, which underscores the importance of proper policy design. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy, green growth, policy design, policy evaluation, stimulus package |
| JEL: | Q58 E61 E62 E65 O44 |
| Date: | 2020–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:164-en&r=all |
| By: | KAPSARC, King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Many factors, local and global, will impact Saudi Arabia’s electricity sector and energy markets. The Kingdom has committed to deploying a significant share of renewable energy by 2030 and is considering plans to add nuclear power to its energy mix. At the same time, Saudi Arabia is investing to increase its non-associated gas supply. Globally, oil prices and energy dynamics will be affected by many climate-related initiatives and regulations, such as the new International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules that impose switching to low-sulfur fuels to reduce sulfur emissions by over 80%. Accurate supply modeling also requires understanding and projecting demand. The Kingdom has only recently embarked on its energy price reform journey, and initiatives related to industry electrification, distributed generation deployment, and energy efficiency will greatly affect future energy consumption. |
| Keywords: | Demand, Energy Mix, Energy Policy, Renewable Energy, Supply |
| Date: | 2020–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2020-wb06&r=all |
| By: | Bianco, Dominique |
| Abstract: | The traditional economic argument states that compliance with environmental policy diverts resources from innovation. In his engaging paper, Porter (1991) argues counterintuitively that more stringent environmental policies induce innovations the benefits of which exceed the costs. We build a Schumpeterian endogenous growth model that takes account of both arguments by including satisficing and profit-maximizing managers. Our theoretical results enable us to determine the validity condition of the strong Porter hypothesis which is consistent with empirical results. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, Environmental Porter hypothesis, Environmental policy, Entrepreneurial Behaviours. |
| JEL: | D40 H23 L21 O33 O44 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100116&r=all |
| By: | Jahn, Malte; Schumacher, Paul; Wedemeier, Jan; Wolf, André |
| Abstract: | The paper at hand discusses the different typologies of combined transportation in Europe. It shows that an improvement of handling infrastructure for combined transport can positively reduce environmental costs of trading between regions. However, the expected emission reduction effects are relatively small in comparison to the total emissions of the transport sector. This means that, in order to achieve a substantial reduction of emissions, combined transport initiatives need to be complemented by a reduction of the specific emissions of the relevant transport modes. The paper closes with an outlook towards the development of the combined transportation sector. |
| Keywords: | combined transport,European Union,hinterland transportation,sustainability,regional economics,Baltic Sea Region |
| JEL: | R4 R40 R48 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwirp:192&r=all |
| By: | Kunze, Sven |
| Abstract: | This paper unravels the contemporaneous, lagged, and indirect effects of tropical cyclones on annual sectoral growth worldwide. The main explanatory variable is an area weighted measure for local tropical cyclone intensity based on meteorological data, which is included in a panel analysis for a maximum of 213 countries over the 1971-2015 period. I find a significantly negative influence of tropical cyclones on three sector aggregates including agriculture, infrastructure, as well as trade and tourism. In subsequent years, tropical cyclones negatively affect nearly all sectors. However, the Input-Output analysis shows that production processes are sticky and indirect economic costs are low. |
| Keywords: | tropical cyclones; sectoral economic growth; environment and growth; natural disasters; input-output analysis |
| Date: | 2020–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0685&r=all |
| By: | Joanna Upton (Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management at Cornell University.) |
| Abstract: | The concept of development resilience has become increasingly popular in recent years, in both research and policy circles. The primary regions of focus for resilience analysis and programming are those with both chronic and cyclical problems with food insecurity, that are susceptible to climate volatility (most commonly drought) as well as other shocks and stressors. This research focuses in on two countries that epitomize these concerns–Niger and Ethiopia – and examines the influence of climate and other shocks on indicators on wellbeing through a resilience lens. In particular, we explore the drivers of dynamic wellbeing and the influence of objective and self-reported shocks, and how sensitive those correlations are to the choice of poverty threshold. We also assess the ability of the resilience metric to predict wellbeing out of sample in each context. We find strong associations between climate indicators and wellbeing, though different indicators perform differently across contexts. While there are important differences between countries, and comparability is in many ways limited, there are many common features of households and the environment that are associated with resilience. The metric in turn performs relatively well in predicting wellbeing in subsequent periods, and its structure provides some potential advantages for identifying and/or targeting poor populations. JEL classification: I32,Q64, Q56 |
| Keywords: | resilience, poverty dynamics, Niger; Ethiopia, comparative development |
| Date: | 2019–08–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adb:adbwps:2442&r=all |
| By: | Persico, Claudia (American University); Johnson, Kathryn R. (American University) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 virus, also known as the coronavirus, is currently spreading around the world. While a growing literature suggests that exposure to pollution can cause respiratory illness and increase deaths among the elderly, little is known about whether increases in pollution could cause additional or more severe infections from COVID-19, which typically manifests as a respiratory infection. Using variation in pollution induced by a rollback of enforcement of environmental regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and a difference in differences design, we estimate the effects of increased pollution on county-level COVID-19 deaths and cases. Despite popular media coverage to the contrary, we find that counties with more Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites saw increases in pollution following the EPA's rollback of enforcement, while counties with fewer sites saw a smaller increase in pollution. We find that increases in pollution are associated with increases in cases and deaths from COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | pollution, COVID-19, coronavirus, health, mortality |
| JEL: | Q53 I10 I14 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13231&r=all |
| By: | Rocha, Leonardo Bichara; Silva, Thiago César Farias da; Martins, Donivaldo |
| Abstract: | O Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Cariri, Seridó e Curimataú, Fundo Internacional para o Desenvolvimento da Agricultura (FIDA)/Estado da Paraíba —Procase— é um dos projetos referência apoiados por agências da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) no Brasil no combate à desertificação do sistema Caatinga. Destaca-se por um forte componente de ação hídrica junto a milhares de agricultores familiares, conjugado a ações de geração de renda e preservação ambiental. O Projeto viabilizou a segurança hídrica e alimentar de mais de 22.000 famílias no semiárido paraibano, por meio de sistemas de produção inovadores —os sistemas agroflorestais, além de poços, barragens, dessalinizadores, irrigação com fontes de energia renováveis, entre outras. Os recursos do projeto foram financiados por meio de um contrato de empréstimo de 25 milhões de dólares entre o FIDA e o Governo da Paraíba, e contribuíram de forma destacada para o Big Push para a Sustentabilidade em uma das áreas de maior índice de pobreza rural do país. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ZONAS RURALES, POBREZA RURAL, LUCHA CONTRA LA SEQUIA, DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, DROUGHT CONTROL, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45588&r=all |
| By: | Lehmann, Paul; Ammermann, Kathrin; Gawel, Erik; Geiger, Charlotte; Hauck, Jennifer; Heilmann, Jörg; Meier, Jan-Niklas; Ponitka, Jens; Schicketanz, Sven; Stemmer, Boris; Tafarte, Philip; Thrän, Daniela; Wolfram, Elisabeth |
| Abstract: | The deployment of onshore wind power involves spatial sustainability trade-offs, e.g., between the minimization of energy system costs, the mitigation of impacts on humans and biodiversity, and equity concerns. We analyze challenges arising for decision-making if wind power generation capacity has to be allocated spatially in the presence of such trade-offs. The analysis is based on a game developed for and played by stakeholders in Germany. The results of the game illustrate that there is no unanimously agreed ranking of sustainability criteria among the participating stakeholders. They disagreed not only on the weights of different criteria but also their definition and measurement. Group discussions further revealed that equity concerns mattered for spatial allocation. Yet, stakeholders used quite different concepts of equity. The results support the importance of transparent, multi-level and participatory approaches to take decisions on the spatial allocation of wind power generation capacity. |
| Keywords: | Deliberative methods,equity,Germany,renewable energies,spatial optimization |
| JEL: | Q01 Q42 Q51 Q57 R12 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:42020&r=all |
| By: | Supriya Garikipati |
| Abstract: | This article explores how markets for menstrual products evolved and its implications for sustainability of menstrual hygiene management. The focus is on low-and-middle-income countries where 85% of girls and women of menstruating age live. I draw on a combination of secondary literature and focus group discussions with women from urban slums in India. My findings suggest that a tangled web of traditional taboos, markets and government policies have merged to create and endorse asymmetric information in menstrual health that has promoted the single product category of disposable pads. This has deeply influenced the beliefs and behavioural practices of menstruating women, which in turn have adverse implications for environmental eco-systems. It also seriously limits women’s agency in the choice of menstrual product as awareness of alternatives is negligible. Analysing women’s responses when they are offered information on other menstrual alternatives suggest that, as a policy tool, ‘informed choice’ has the potential to steer the menstrual health markets in a more sustainable direction. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:liv:livedp:202015&r=all |
| By: | Sylvia Blom (Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University); Ariel Ortiz-Bobea (Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University); John Hoddinott (Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | Wasting and stunting rates have been falling in Sub-Saharan Africa since 2000 due to concerted efforts to improve children’s nutrition. However, this progress is at risk of faltering due to rising temperatures across the continent. High temperatures can affect children’s nutrition through heat stress, decreased agricultural production, and increased disease. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that temperatures above 30oC negatively affect children’s nutritional status as measured by standardized anthropometric measures. To do so, we merge anthropometric data from the publicly available Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data with weather data from the Global Meteorological Forcing Dataset. Exploiting spatial and temporal variation in temperature, we find evidence that high temperatures decrease both weight-for-height z scores (WHZ) and height-forage z scores (HAZ) in nutritionally meaningful orders of magnitude: for an increase of 470 hours above 30oC in a three-month period (the mean exposure), WHZ decrease by 0.16SD and HAZ decrease by 0.14SD. This equates to a 3% increase in the wasting rate and a 6% increase in the stunting rate. Children are most vulnerable to temperature shocks at 12 months of age and we find preliminary evidence that these shocks have permanent effects as evidenced by low HAZ at later ages. |
| Keywords: | Temperature, children nutrition, West Africa |
| Date: | 2019–08–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adb:adbwps:2441&r=all |
| By: | Rennkamp, Britta; Westin, Fernanda Fortes; Grottera, Carolina |
| Abstract: | Este estudo analisa o desenvolvimento da indústria de energia eólica no Brasil, com foco especial em Requisitos de Conteúdo Local (RCL). Políticas de conteúdo local são incentivos que visam melhorar o desenvolvimento tecnológico e industrial, ao condicionar a entrada em determinado mercado à utilização de bens e serviços fabricados nacionalmente. O programa brasileiro criou empregos na fabricação, instalação, operação e manutenção de componentes, ao mesmo tempo em que alcançou preços de energia muito competitivos por meio de um sistema de leilões. Uma análise de conteúdo qualitativa sobre os dados da indústria eólica foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com stakeholders do setor de energia eólica, além de documentos e notícias complementares. São discutidos os benefícios ambientais, econômicos e sociais proporcionados pelo desenvolvimento do setor eólico no Brasil, notadamente na geração de empregos, atração de investimentos, desenvolvimento regional, entre outros. As políticas de desenvolvimento do setor energia eólica no Brasil são analisadas à luz da abordagem cepalina do Big Push para a Sustentabilidade, ou seja, da possibilidade de que os investimentos no setor tenham contribuído para um grande impulso (Big Push) para um ciclo virtuoso de crescimento econômico, geração de empregos e redução dos impactos ambientais na produção de energia no Brasil. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, ENERGIA EOLICA, POLITICA ENERGETICA, MERCADOS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, WIND POWER, ENERGY POLICY, MARKETS |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45598&r=all |
| By: | Kaul, Susanne (Ed.); Lange, Stefan (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | Vom 16. bis 18. Mai 2019 hat eine Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Thema Politische Ziele und ästhetische Strategien von Umweltdokumentarfilmen am Bielefelder Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung (ZiF) getagt. Ihr Ziel war es, im Dialog zwischen Medien-/Kulturwissenschaft, Philosophie, Agrarwissenschaften, Biologie, Umwelttechnik und Filmschaffenden herauszubekommen, wie ökologisches Wissen in Dokumentarfilmen vermittelt wird. Die Ergebnisse dieses Austausches, der eine besondere Herausforderung war, weil nicht nur Fächergrenzen überschritten wurden, sondern auch die traditionelle Kluft zwischen Geistes- und Naturwissenschaft, sind in diesem Band festgehalten worden. Ein Jahr zuvor, im April 2018, hat der Bundesgerichtshof in Karlsruhe das Urteil gefällt, dass Filmaufnahmen von Tierschützer*innen, auch wenn sie illegal sind, als zulässig gelten, sofern sie Miseren in der Tierhaltung und Nahrungsmittelproduktion aufdecken, die für die Öffentlichkeit von erheblichem Interesse sind. Daran ist abzulesen, welche Beweiskraft die Gesellschaft einschlägigen Filmdokumentationen mittlerweile zuerkennt. Diese Erkenntnis hat uns darin bestärkt, ein gemeinsames interdisziplinäres Projekt auf die Beine zu stellen. Medien-/Kulturwissenschaftler*innen stoßen bei der Analyse von Umweltdokumentarfilmen mit ihrem fachspezifischen Handwerkszeug an eine Grenze, die eine naturwissenschaftliche Expertise verlangt. Etwa um zu entscheiden, ob eine bestimmte Montagetechnik, Perspektivierung oder musikalische Untermalung die Funktion besitzt, die Zuschauer*innen in ihrer Werthaltung zu beeinflussen, bedarf es eines naturwissenschaftlichen Wissens um die exakte Sachlage und inhaltliche Richtigkeit des Dargestellten. Auf der anderen Seite konzentriert sich ein naturwissenschaftlicher Blick auf solche Filme nur auf die Inhalte, während die Medienwissenschaft die Expertise für die Darstellungstechniken mit sich bringt. Für weitergehende Fragen - welche Werte werden eigentlich mit welchem Recht in den Filmen verdeckt oder offen transportiert, mit welchen Kriterien und Begründungen wird gearbeitet - kann die Philosophie zu Rate gezogen werden. Und schließlich sind die praktischen Erfahrungen von Filmemacher*innen, die unter den Rahmenbedingungen des heutigen Medienbetriebs an dieser sensiblen Schnittstelle von Fakten und Werthaltungen Umweltdokumentationen produzieren, für die Diskussion eines solch komplexen Themas essentiell. So entstand das Projekt von Anfang an als ein notwendig interdisziplinär anzugehendes. Genau dieser gewählte Ansatz erschien uns auf der Tagung als besonders bereichernd und fruchtbar. Wir haben viel debattiert, zunächst über die verschiedenen methodischen Möglichkeiten, die gemeinsame Fragestellung nach den politischen Zielen und ästhetischen Strategien von Umweltdokumentarfilmen anzugehen, dies sodann an Fallbeispielen erprobt, mit dem Ergebnis, dass die Analysen fundierter und vielschichtiger werden, dass verbleibende Diskrepanzen sich hingegen eher an normativen Fragen entzünden, was ein Dokumentarfilm leisten soll und wie dezidiert er Position beziehen darf. Diese sehr ernsthaften Diskussionen und Analysen enthielten aber auch "comic reliefs" - so haben wir gelernt: "Mit vollem Mund isst man nicht." |
| Keywords: | Umweltdokumentarfilm,ästhetische Strategie,Filmanalyse,filmische Erzählweise,Lebensmittelproduktionsystem,Lebensmittelabfälle,Fischereimanagement,CRISPR/Cas,Ernährungsverhalten,Anthropozän,Umweltethik,Ecocriticism,journalistische Standards,Environmental Humanities,environmental documentary,food documentary,aesthetic strategy,film analysis,cinematic narration,agro-food systems,food losses and waste,fisheries management,CRISPR/Cas,nutritional behaviour,Anthropocene,environmental ethics,standards of journalism,environmental humanities,documentary turn |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:70&r=all |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel; Thomas, Tobias |
| Abstract: | Angesichts der wachsenden klimapolitischen Herausforderungen streben mittlerweile viele Länder Europas bis zum Jahr 2050 eine Dekarbonisierung an, das heißt den Ausstieg aus der Nutzung fossiler Energieträger. Vor diesem Hintergrund präsentiert dieser Beitrag Prognosen des Energiebedarfs und der Energiemixe für Deutschland, Österreich und die Schweiz für das Jahr 2030 sowie einen Ausblick auf das Jahr 2050. Der Vergleich der bisherigen Energiepolitiken dieser Länder offenbart gravierende Unterschiede: Während Deutschland bislang vorwiegend auf die massive Subventionierung alternativer Stromerzeugungstechnologien gesetzt hat, war der bisherige Ansatz Österreichs eher, Energieverbrauch und Treibhausgasausstoß mit ordnungsrechtlichen Maßnahmen, insbesondere Ge- und Verboten, aber auch Subventionen, senken zu wollen. Im Gegensatz dazu setzt die Schweiz bereits seit dem Jahr 2008 auf das marktwirtschaftliche Instrument der CO2-Abgabe. Die hier präsentierten Prognosen des Energiebedarfs der drei Länder deuten darauf hin, dass vor allem Deutschland und Österreich mit einer Fortführung der bisherigen Politik das langfristige Ziel einer weitgehenden Dekarbonisierung nicht erreichen dürften, während es in der Schweiz bereits zu einem spürbaren Rückgang des Primärenergieverbrauchs gekommen ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt die jüngst in Deutschland beschlossene CO2-Bepreisung der Emissionen in den Bereichen Verkehr und Wärme besondere Bedeutung. Auch die neue österreichische Bundesregierung möchte in diesen Sektoren eine CO2-Bepreisung einsetzen. Es bleibt allerdings abzuwarten, wie konsequent das marktwirtschaftliche Instrument der CO2-Bepreisung tatsächlich verfolgt wird. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diceop:105&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Lyon (University of Michigan [Ann Arbor] - University of Michigan System); Magali Delmas (Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA - UCLA - University of California [Los Angeles] - University of California); John W. Maxwell (Indiana University System); Pratima Bansal (Ivey Business School at Western University, London, Ontario); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics, UP1 - Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Pres Hesam); Patricia Crifo (UPN - Université Paris Nanterre); Rodophe Durand (HEC Paris - Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales); Jean-Pascal Gond (Cass Business School - City University London - City University London); Andrew King (Tuck School of Business - Dartmouth College [Hanover]); Michael Lenox (Darden School of Business); Michael Toffel (Harvard Business School - Harvard University [Cambridge]); David Vogel (LBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley]); Frank Wijen (Rotterdam School of Management of Erasmus University - Rotterdam School of Management of Erasmus University) |
| Abstract: | Corporate social responsibility has gone mainstream, and many companies have taken meaningful steps towards a more sustainable future. Yet global environmental indicators continue to worsen, and individual corporate efforts may be hitting the point of diminishing returns. Voluntary action by the private sector is not a panacea-regulatory action by the public sector remains necessary. Such public sector progress will be more likely if it is supported by influential segments of the business community. Recent court rulings in the U.S. make it easy for companies to hide their political activities from the public, yet the indicators of CSR used by ratings agencies and socially responsible investment funds mostly ignore corporate political action. We argue that it is time for CSR metrics to be expanded to critically assess and evaluate firms based on the sustainability impacts of their public policy positions. To enable such assessments, firms need to become as transparent about their political activity as many have become about their CSR efforts, and CSR rating services and ethical investment funds need to demand such information from firms and include an assessment of corporate political activity in their ratings. † We thank the Albert and Elaine Borchard Foundation for their generous financial support. |
| Date: | 2018–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-01846042&r=all |
| By: | Vásquez Cordano, Arturo Leonardo |
| Abstract: | Se muestra, a partir de los resultados de un análisis de equilibrio general computable (CGE), el impacto en la economía peruana que tienen las interrupciones del suministro de gas natural por potenciales restricciones en el sistema de transporte del proyecto Camisea situado en la región del Cusco, Perú. Mediante un ejercicio de simulación utilizando un modelo CGE, se estima que el valor social para la economía peruana debido a la interrupción de un día en el suministro de gas natural asciende, en el escenario base, a US$ 335 millones, lo que equivale a 0.21% del PBI peruano en términos reales. En un escenario catastrófico de suspensión del suministro de gas natural de tres meses, las pérdidas sociales podrían ascender a más de US$ 30,000 millones, lo que equivale aproximadamente a 19% del PBI peruano. Al final del documento, se discuten algunas recomendaciones de política para atenuar los impactos de los cortes de suministro de gas natural en el Perú. |
| Keywords: | Gas Natural Licuado; Actividades Extractivas; Proyecto Camisea; Perú; GLP; renewable resources; Disasters; gas pipeline constraints; computable general equilibrium (CGE); Peru; Camisea; economic impact evaluation |
| JEL: | C58 D57 D58 L95 Q35 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ger:dtrabj:003&r=all |
| By: | Bhumika Gupta (LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School, MMS - Département Management, Marketing et Stratégie - TEM - Télécom Ecole de Management - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School); Salil K. Sen (MMS - Département Management, Marketing et Stratégie - TEM - Télécom Ecole de Management - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School) |
| Abstract: | Recent studies surprisingly indicate that fossil fuels could constitute 81% of primary energy demand, to 2040, 60% would continue to be from coal. This could mean more greenhouse emissions. This paper addresses the research proposition that coal though black, yet, could be green with co-integration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and usage (CCU). The incertitude surrounding the future of coal is a palpable and credible research gap. The other research chasm is the search of energy finance necessary to economically, societally and environmentally leverage the carbon removal. This issue is addressed as bricolage finance for optimal resource optimization. The bricolage supports societal entrepreneurialism that deploy funding sources from bottom-up developmental finance. The twin key outcomes here are: (i) Appropriately scaled-up, grassroots-sourced bricolage sustains the societal acceptance of CCS and CCU, (ii) enhances the environmental economics of coal-based thermal power plugged-in with CCU and CCS. The methodological essence of this approach is tri-trajectory literature review, that propose (i) technology-led CCU/CCS (ii) financial derivative based bricolage and (iii) economic recalibration through bottom-up approach for community-level buy-in. Practical application of this framework is probed with instances from less developed regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The data draws from published reports on coal-intensive habitats, particularly in developing countries. Pattern coefficients and reflective indicators were deployed to predict, monitor, and reorient support or opposition for CCS implementation. |
| Keywords: | Reflective Indicators,Pattern Coefficients,Energy Finance through Bricolage,Carbon Capture and Usage,Carbon Capture and Storage |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02559884&r=all |
| By: | Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Murphy, Mike |
| Abstract: | Conservation agriculture techniques can increase agricultural production while decreasing CO2 emissions, yet adoption in the developing world remains low—in part because many years of continuous adoption may be required to realize gains in production. We conduct a framed field experiment in northern Ghana to study how randomly assigned incentives and peer information may affect adoption. Incentives increase adoption, both while they are available and after withdrawal. There is no overall effect of peer information, but we do find evidence that information about long-term adoption increased adoption, particularly when that information shows that production gains have been achieved. |
| Keywords: | GHANA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; agriculture; conservation agriculture; incentives; agricultural productivity; field experimentation; framed field experiment; minimal soil disturbance (MSD); conventional practices (CP); Ghana Agricultural Sector Investment Programme (GASIP) |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1932&r=all |
| By: | Hoang Van, Cuong Van; Tran Quang, Tuyen; Nguyen Thi, Yen; Lan Nguyen, Thanh |
| Abstract: | Using secondary data from a socio-economic quantitative household survey in of the North Central region of Vietnam, the main aim of our study is to analyze the causal effect of forest resources on household income and poverty. Based on the observed characteristics of a forest-based livelihood and forest-related activities, we use a propensity score matching (PSM) method to control for potential bias arising from self-selection. The PSM results indicate that households with a forest livelihood had a higher level of income and lower level of poverty than did those without. Interestingly, our findings confirm that a forest-based livelihood offers much higher income than any other type of livelihood adopted by local households. Also, the poverty rate among households with a forest livelihood is lower than those earning non-labor income or engaged in wage/crop and crop livelihoods. Moreover, households whose livelihoods depend on timber forest products (TFPs) and animals (non-TFPs) also had higher income and lower levels of poverty than did those lacking these resources. Among households and provinces, we find differing opportunities deriving from forest resources, suggesting that there are potential barriers hindering local households from pursuing a forest livelihood or participating in some forest activities. Therefore, government policy and regulations on forest management should focus on improving the access of households to forest resources, at the same time enhancing the sustainability of these resources. |
| Keywords: | forest resources; household income; livelihood; poverty; rural livelihood. |
| JEL: | I3 I32 I38 R2 |
| Date: | 2019–08–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100105&r=all |
| By: | Morganti Júnior, Airton José; Felizari, Selia Regina; Magri, José Lourival |
| Abstract: | A erva-mate é uma das principais culturas do Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul e, até o início dos anos 2000, sua produção seguia a mesma dinâmica adotada no período colonial brasileiro. À época, o sistema produtivo era marcado por baixa produtividade e má qualidade do produto destinado à comercialização. Mesclava-se a erva nativa com uma variedade plantada e o resultado dessa mistura tinha sabor mais amargo, que não era a preferência dos consumidores. Nessas condições, a atividade gerava baixa renda para os agricultores que dependiam dela para o seu sustento. A partir de 2006, na região de Machadinho (RS), a adoção de um novo sistema produtivo mudou esse panorama. Por meio de um projeto que envolveu instituições de pesquisa, a associação de produtores locais e empresas privadas, a erva nativa foi substituída na combinação por uma variedade obtida por meio de melhoramento genético, a Cambona 4. Como resultado, a produtividade e qualidade do produto foram elevadas, sanando as principais limitações até então enfrentadas pelos agricultores. O projeto tornouse, assim, um importante vetor de geração de renda, valorizando a agricultura familiar e fixando o homem no campo. O Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF) representa, ainda, uma alternativa de reposição florestal, com grande potencial de proporcionar serviços ambientais, como, por exemplo, a conservação da biodiversidade e o sequestro de carbono. Em complemento, permitiu a proteção de cerca de 70 nascentes de água localizadas nas propriedades participantes. |
| Keywords: | AGRICULTURA, DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, PRODUCTIVIDAD AGRICOLA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45593&r=all |
| By: | Joris Klingen (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Jos van Ommeren (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | Medical research suggests that particulate matter (PM) increases stress hormones, therefore increasing the feeling of stress, which has been hypothesised to induce individuals to take less risk. To examine this, we study whether PM increases the probability of drawing in chess games using information from the Dutch club competition. We provide evidence of a reasonably strong effect: A 10μg increase in PM10 (33.6% of mean concentration) leads to a 5.8% increase in draws. Our results demonstrate that air pollution causes individuals to take less risk. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, particulate matter, cognitive ability, risk taking |
| JEL: | Q53 D81 I18 |
| Date: | 2020–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20200027&r=all |
| By: | Nascimento, Alex Maia do; Bastos, Claudio Renato Chaves; Peres, Cristiane; Sousa de França, Emanuela; Ribeiro, Italo Barreira; Veloso, Leonardo Roger Silva; Prata, Livia Bizarria; Batlazar, Marcelo Monteiro; Araujo, Ramyro Batista; Soares, Ricardo Santana Parente; Almeida, Rodrigo Santos; Benica, Vanilson da Silva |
| Abstract: | O trabalho apresenta o case da Companhia Siderúrgica do Pecém (CSP), maior investimento privado realizado em toda história do Estado do Ceará, com valor superior a 5 bilhões de dólares. Trata-se de um verdadeiro Big Push que vem transformando os indicadores do Ceará. Em 3 anos de operação já representa mais de 60% do volume de cargas do Porto do Pecém, com a exportação de placas de aço de alta qualidade, promovendo incremento superior a um bilhão de dólares por ano. A CSP conta em seu quadro com cerca de 70% de profissionais naturais do Ceará e tem conduzido seus processos sob rigorosos controles ambientais, executando o seu papel social através da promoção de um desenvolvimento sustentável para a região. Com essa responsabilidade no seu DNA, a CSP se firma como um Big Push Sustentável em sentido lato, sendo economicamente viável, ecologicamente correta e socialmente justa. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, INDUSTRIA SIDERURGICA, MEDIO AMBIENTE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENT |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45587&r=all |
| By: | Raymond Boadi Frempong; David Stadelmann; Frederik Wild |
| Abstract: | Pandemics and the reactions to pandemics increase the general problem of scarcity. Scarcity induced trade-offs are particularly relevant for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa as (1) the region suffers from numerous other diseases whose death toll may increase substantially due to lockdowns, (2) economic effects of lockdowns affect the region more negatively because citizens in Sub-Saharan Africa have limited economic resources compared to more developed economies, and (3) weak institutions may increase the adverse societal impacts of the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | Pandemics; General health; Economic effects; Institutions; Sustainability |
| JEL: | I10 O10 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cra:wpaper:2020-09&r=all |
| By: | Mayer, Mateus Cunha; Barbosa, Rodrigo de Andrade; Lambais, George Rodrigues; Medeiros, Salomão de Sousa; Van Haandel, Adrianus Cornelius; Santos, Silvânia Lucas dos |
| Abstract: | No Semiárido Brasileiro, 38% das famílias residem na zona rural e geralmente não tem acesso às tecnologias de tratamento de esgoto e à água de qualidade, criando obstáculos para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região. Nesse contexto, o tratamento de esgoto para reúso agrícola se torna uma alternativa para fortalecer a convivência do homem e da mulher do campo com o Semiárido. Esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de saneamento básico rural familiar, como alternativa para produção de água de reúso para fins agrícolas no Semiárido Brasileiro. Os resultados comprovaram que esta tecnologia promove uma satisfatória redução dos níveis de matéria orgânica, preserva os nutrientes necessários para o crescimento vegetal e diminui a concentração de microrganismos patogênicos. Com isso, temos um efluente com qualidade satisfatória para ser utilizado na irrigação de culturas forrageiras, madeireiras, cerealíferas e frutíferas. Analisam-se os investimentos nessa tecnologia à luz da abordagem cepalina do Big Push para a Sustentabilidade. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, AGUA, ALCANTARILLADO, REUTILIZACION DEL AGUA, AGRICULTURA, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, WATER, SEWERAGE, WATER REUSE, AGRICULTURE |
| Date: | 2020–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45592&r=all |
| By: | Yuta Kuroda |
| Abstract: | Although seasonal allergies caused by airborne pollen are detrimental to physical and mental health and impair daily activity, discussion on their social cost is scarce in the economics literature. Large amounts of airborne pollen can not only increase health care costs and reduce worker productivity, but also cause people to stay at home, thereby stagnating economic activity. This study uses daily purchase records from scanner data to investigate the effect of pollen exposure on consumption behavior. Exploiting the daily variation in the pollen counts at 120 observation stations in Japan, I find that consumption expenditure decreases by about 2% on days when airborne pollen is unusually high. A reduction in consumption due to pollen exposure is also observed in estimates using weekly and monthly panel data. This finding suggests that exposure to pollen may reduce total expenditure as opposed to delay spending. The results highlight the overlooked economic burden of pollen and seasonal allergies. Hence, they underline the importance of urban planning to reduce airborne pollen and health policy to deal with seasonal allergies. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:114&r=all |
| By: | Jorge H. Maldonado, Rocío Moreno Sánchez, Myriam Elizabeth Vargas Morales, Juan Pablo Henao Henao, Yurani González Tarazona, Roberto Guerrero Compeán y Maja Schling; Rocío Moreno Sánchez; Myriam Elizabeth Vargas Morales; Juan Pablo Henao Henao; Yurani González Tarazona; Roberto Guerrero Compeán; Maja Schling |
| Abstract: | La población costera es una de las más vulnerables a desastres naturales. El reciente reconocimiento del papel de los ecosistemas marino-costeros para reducir su vulnerabilidad ha llevado a ejecutar inversiones directas sobre estos ecosistemas. Sin embargo, la falta de conocimiento y comprensión de sus beneficios económicos ha limitado el desarrollo de estas inversiones, incluida la infraestructura natural. En este documento revisamos las principales herramientas del análisis económico para evaluar proyectos de protección y restauración costera, e identificamos las innovaciones y desafíos asociados. Con esta revisión, desarrollamos un marco analítico para el análisis económico ex ante y ex post de estas inversiones, que facilitará la identificación de los beneficios asociados a las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para la resiliencia costera. |
| Keywords: | Valoración económica, Evaluación de impacto, Ecosistemas marinocosteros, Manejo Integrado de Zonas Costeras, Infraestructura natural, Gran Caribe. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:018183&r=all |
| By: | Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel; Driha, Oana M.; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | This paper validates the tourism-led growth hypothesis for a panel of selected OECD countries, including the effects of per capita CO2, globalization and energy use during the period 1994-2014. The long-term relationship between economic growth and the above-mentioned variables is confirmed by applying unit root tests and cointegration approaches. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) methodology confirms a N-shaped relationship between international tourism and per capita economic growth. Globalization does not appear to be very effective in the short run for promoting economic growth; its impact on growth is determined through a finite-lag distribution, as the optimal effect can only be achieved in the long term. A direct relationship is detected between economic growth, energy use and globalization. The recommendation is to reshape regulatory frameworks with a clearer focus on promoting international tourism and more efficient energy use as a means of enhancing sustainable economic growth in developed countries. The empirical results reveal that fossil fuels account for a large part of the energy mix, so policy makers should consider reinforcing the promotion of clean energy sources and the use of more efficient processes. |
| Keywords: | tourism-led growth hypothesis, globalization, CO2 emissions, energy use |
| JEL: | L83 Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100078&r=all |
| By: | Héloïse Berkowitz (TSM - Toulouse School of Management Research - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - TSM - Toulouse School of Management - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole); Hélène Delacour (CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine, IAE Nancy - IAE Nancy School of Management - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Date: | 2020–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02527707&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Battiston; Petr Jakubik; Irene Monasterolo; Keywan Riahi; Bas van Ruijven (EIOPA) |
| Abstract: | In the first collaboration between climate economists, climate financial risk modellers and financial regulators, we apply the CLIMAFIN framework described in Battiston at al. (2019) to provide a forward-looking climate transition risk assessment of the sovereign bonds’ portfolios of solo insurance companies in Europe. We consider a scenario of a disorderly introduction of climate policies that cannot be fully anticipated and priced in by investors. First, we analyse the shock on the market share and profitability of carbon-intensive and low-carbon activities under climate transition risk scenarios. Second, we define the climate risk management strategy under uncertainty for a risk averse investor that aims to minimise her largest losses. Third, we price the climate policies scenarios in the probability of default of the individual overeign bonds and in the bonds’ climate spread. Finally, we estimate the largest gains/losses on the insurance companies’ portfolios conditioned to the climate scenarios. We find that the potential impact of a disorderly transition to low-carbon economy on insurers portfolios of sovereign bonds is moderate in terms of its magnitude. However, it is non-negligible in several scenarios. Thus, it should be regularly monitored and assessed given the importance of sovereign bonds in insurers’ investment portfolios. |
| Keywords: | insurance, climate risk, sovereign bonds |
| JEL: | G11 G12 G22 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eio:thafsr:15&r=all |
| By: | Benjamin Monnery; Bertrand du Marais |
| Abstract: | Since 2009, the French Government is required to produce a regulatory impact assessment (RIA) of the bills introduced in the Parliament, in order to document ex-ante their legal, economic, social or environmental consequences. This article proposes a statistical analysis of a sample of thirty impact assessments published from june 2017 to august 2019, representing about half of the new bills over this period. First, the article documents the heterogeneous and often mediocre quality of impact assessments through a series of indicators, and attempts to identify the determinants of such quality. Second, the article investigates the use of RIA by parliamentarians under the current 15th legislature and shows that, while this use is limited and mostly driven by opposition parties, better RIA can definitely contribute to parliamentary work. Finally, the reasons for the relatively poor quality of RIA and ways for improvement are discussed. |
| Keywords: | regulatory impact assessments ; ex-ante evaluation ; Parliament ; Government |
| JEL: | D61 D78 H70 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2020-12&r=all |
| By: | Guidetti, Bruna (University of Michigan); Pereda, Paula (University of Sao Paulo); Severnini, Edson R. (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | When a health shock hits a location, the healthcare infrastructure needs to be adjusted to meet the increased demand. This may be a challenge in developing countries because of limited hospital capacity. In this study, we examine the consequences of health shocks induced by air pollution in a megacity in the developing world: Sao Paulo, Brazil. Using daily data from 2015-2017, and an instrumental variable approach based on wind speed, we provide evidence that exposure to particulate matter (PM10) causes an increase in pediatric hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, which in turn leads to a decrease in hospital admissions for elective care – phimosis surgery and epilepsy-related procedures such as video-EEG (electroencephalograph) monitoring. Importantly, emergency procedures such as appendectomy and bone fracture repair are not affected. While strained Sao Paulo hospitals seem to absorb the increased demand induced by poor air quality, our results imply that the common practice of using health outcomes unrelated to pollution as "placebo tests" in studies on the effects of air pollution might be inadequate in settings with limited healthcare infrastructure. This is often the case in developing countries, where severe pollution is also ubiquitous, but also happens in deprived areas in the developed world. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, health outcomes, hospitalization for respiratory diseases and other causes, healthcare infrastructure, hospital capacity constraint |
| JEL: | I15 Q53 Q56 O13 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13211&r=all |
| By: | Nöh, Lukas; Rutkowski, Felix; Schwarz, Milena |
| Abstract: | Um langfristige Klimaziele zu erreichen kommt der Bepreisung von Treibhausgasemissionen eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen eines CO2-Preises auf die Inflationsrate am Beispiel des in Deutschland geplanten nationalen Brennstoff-Emissionshandelssystems, welches ab 2021 insbesondere für die Sektoren Verkehr und Wärme eingeführt wird. Hierfür analysieren wir Preisänderungen im Warenkorb von Haushalten auf Basis ihrer durchschnittlichen Ausgaben und den damit verbundenen CO2-Emissionen je verausgabtem Euro. Im Bereich Kraftstoffe und Heizenergie errechnen wir einen Beitrag zur Inflation im Jahr 2021 von etwa 0,5 Prozentpunkten. Unter Berücksichtigung von indirekten Preissteigerungen im Warenkorb, die dadurch entstehen, dass der CO2-Preis bestimmte Vorleistungen von Gütern verteuert, könnte sich ein deutlich höherer Einfluss von bis zu 1,06 Prozentpunkten ergeben. Aufgrund heterogener Ausgabenanteile für besonders CO2-intensive Güter in den entsprechenden Warenkörben nimmt die rechnerische Inflationssteigerung mit steigendem Einkommen genauso zu wie mit steigender Anzahl an Personen in einem Haushalt. Zudem steigt die Inflation stärker für Haushalte auf dem Land als in dichter besiedelten Regionen. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:svrwwp:032020&r=all |
| By: | Haitao Cheng (Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University,); Hayato Kato (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University); Ayako Obashi (School of International Politics, Economics and Communication, Aoyama Gakuin University) |
| Abstract: | The spatialunbundlingofpartsproductionandassemblycurrentlycharacterizes globalization, leadingtotheworldwidedispersionofpollution.Weconsidersociallyop- timal (cooperative)environmentaltaxesinatwo-countrymodelofglobalvaluechains in whichthelocationofbothpartsandassemblycandi er.Whenunbundlingcosts are sohighthatpartsandassemblymustcolocateinthepre-globalizedworld,pollu- tion isspatiallyconcentrated,andharmonizingenvironmentaltaxesmaximizesglobal welfare.Incontrast,withlowunbundlingcoststriggeringthedispersionofpartsand thuspollutionthroughouttheworldastoday,harmonizationfailstomaximizeglobal welfare.Similarresultsholdwhenthetwocountriesnon-cooperativelychoosetheir environmentaltaxes. |
| Keywords: | Environmentalpolicy;Fragmentation;Emissiontaxcompetition;International coordination;Tradeinpartsandcomponents |
| JEL: | F18 F23 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:1913r&r=all |
| By: | Catherine Decouttere; Nico Vandaele; Kim De Boeck |
| Abstract: | Despite massive progress in vaccine coverage globally, the region of sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind and not on track for Sustainable Development Goal 3 by 2030. Subnational under-immunisation, related to geographical and social heterogeneity, is part of the problem. System-wide changes could transform current immunisation systems to become more sustainable, resilient and inclusive. A framework is proposed that captures the complexity of immunisation systems and offers directions for sustainable redesign. Insights were extracted from literature, stakeholder workshops, and field research in Rwanda and Kenya. A conceptual model of the national immunisation system was co-developed and validated with stakeholders. Leverage points were suggested for intervention scenario building. The Immunisation System Diagram assembles the paradigms of planned and emergency immunisation in one system and emphasizes the synchronized flows of vaccine receiver, vaccinator and vaccine. Six feedback loops capture the main subsystems. Sustainability and resilience are assessed based on loop dominance and dependency on exogenous factors such as donor funding and vaccine stockpiles. In group model building workshops, the diagram invites stakeholders to share their mental models, to assess the system’s performance and to trigger detection of root causes and leverage points. The framework provides a systems-approach for problem structuring and policy design. |
| Keywords: | immunisation, system design, resilience, sustainability, leverage ponts, problem structuring |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ete:kbiper:654848&r=all |
| By: | Fergusson, Leopoldo; Saavedra, Santiago; Vargas, Juan F. |
| Abstract: | Research on deforestation has grown exponentially due to the availability of satellite-based measures of forest cover. One of the most popular is Global Forest Change (GFC). Using GFC, we estimate that the Colombian civil conflict increases ‘forest cover’. Using an alternative source that validates the same remote sensing images in the ground, we find the opposite effect. This occurs because, in spite of its name, GFC measures tree cover, including vegetation other than native forest. Most users of GFC seem unaware of this. In our case, most of the conflicting results are explained by GFC’s misclassification of oil palm crops as ‘forest’. Our findings call for caution when using automated classification of imagery for specific research questions. |
| Keywords: | Forest Cover; Conflict; Measurement |
| JEL: | D74 Q23 Q34 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rie:riecdt:41&r=all |
| By: | Priscilla Boiardi |
| Abstract: | To mobilise and align finance to the SDGs, and, most importantly, to achieve impact, both public and private actors need to implement effective impact measurement and management practices. Impact management enables investors, enterprises and other stakeholders to include positive and negative impact considerations into investment and business decisions. Impact measurement allows organisations to set impact objectives, monitor impact performance and evaluate impact.The increasing focus of investors on “impact” has led to the development of a large number of principles, frameworks, standards, certifications, tools and indicators for impact management and measurement. The crowded nature of this space and the multiplicity and different understanding of terms and concepts makes it hard to navigate.This paper attempts to bring some clarity in this space, by proposing a two-axes mapping of the existing (i) principles, (ii) frameworks and methodologies, (iii) standards, certifications and ratings and (iv) metrics and indicators to manage and measure impact of sustainable investments targeting the SDGs.In addition, the paper applies the mapping approach to a series of existing initiatives, highlighting the complexity and range of principles, frameworks, methodologies, standards and metrics that exist to measure and manage impact and providing interesting initial insights into the level of consensus in the space of investing for sustainable development. |
| JEL: | F35 O19 O20 |
| Date: | 2020–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:74-en&r=all |
| By: | Daniel A. Brent (Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Pennsylvania State University); Louis-Philippe Beland (Department of Economics, Carleton University) |
| Abstract: | Traffic congestion is a growing problem in urbanizing economies that results in lost time, health problems from pollution, and contributes to the accumulation of greenhouse gas emissions. We examine a new external cost of traffic by estimating the relationship between traffic congestion and emergency response times. Matching traffic data at a fine spatial and temporal scale to incident report data from fire departments in California allows us to assign traffic immediately preceding an emergency. Our results show that traffic slows down fire trucks arriving at the scene of an emergency and increases the average monetary damages from fires. The effects are highly nonlinear; increases in response time are primarily due to traffic in the right tail of the traffic distribution. We document an additional externality of traffic congestion and highlight the negative effect of traffic on a critical public good. |
| Keywords: | Traffic, Public Goods, Externalities, Emergency Response Times |
| JEL: | R41 R42 R48 H41 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:car:carecp:20-08&r=all |
| By: | Dufey, Annie |
| Abstract: | La nueva generación de estándares de sostenibilidad para la minería, muchos de ellos aún en desarrollo, dan un tratamiento más integral a las temáticas ambientales y sociales, ampliándose hacia aspectos tales como las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, los impactos sobre la biodiversidad y el uso de agua, entre otros. Asimismo, comienzan a abrazarse más decididamente herramientas como la trazabilidad, hasta ahora un desafío importante considerando la gran cantidad de actores que forman parte de la cadena productiva de los metales y minerales. En este documento se describen las tendencias globales para visibilizar los aspectos sociales y ambientales en las cadenas de abastecimiento de la minería y se da cuenta de las principales iniciativas de alcance global y de las iniciativas en los países andinos. El documento concluye con una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones para los países andinos. Una acción concertada y proactiva en estas materias puede favorecer el liderazgo de la región. Por el contrario, la falta de una acción decidida podría menoscabar las oportunidades subyacentes para la industria minera de la región vinculadas a la mayor demanda por minerales asociada a la transición global hacia las tecnologías limpias y el desarrollo de las tecnologías digitales. |
| Date: | 2020–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:45604&r=all |
| By: | Powdthavee, Nattavudh (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | There is a widespread belief that a lack of education is the primary cause of public apathy to climate change. Yet, despite the global campaign to promote education as a tool to combat global warming, empirical evidence on the causal effect of education on climate literacy and pro-environmental behaviours remains worryingly scarce. Using the raising of the minimum school leaving age law in England from 15 to 16 years of age in September 1972 as a natural experiment, I showed that remaining in school as a result of the reform causally increased the level of comprehension about the causes of climate change. However, I found little causal evidence that more education also improved the pro-environmental behaviours of those who were affected by the reform. This raises an important question of whether policies aimed at improving climate change awareness through education can effectively produce long-lasting changes in pro-environmental behaviours. |
| Keywords: | climate change, education, pro-environmental behaviours, regression discontinuity, UK |
| JEL: | I26 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13210&r=all |
| By: | Kaplan, Lennart |
| Abstract: | The future shape of European trade policy and the right stance to take in security and climate matters are currently the subject of fierce Franco-German debate. These issues are also relevant to development policy in the context of the overarching 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Despite the opportunities afforded to them as strong donor countries to pursue joint approaches, Germany and France often tend to cooperate on an ad hoc basis rather than as part of a strategy (Krüger & Vaillé, 2019). Signed on 22 January 2019, the Aachen Treaty serves to renew the cooperation on Franco-German development cooperation (DC) formalised in the Élysée Treaty and offers the two countries a way to overcome differences and contribute jointly to global sustainable development (Aachen Treaty, Chapter 2, Article 7). Against this backdrop, this paper discusses challenges and opportunities for Franco-German DC based on two case studies in Cameroon and Morocco, which illustrate how differing mandates and methods being applied by the implementing organisations are preventing closer cooperation on the ground. Diverging political priorities, including within the national donor administrations, are also making it harder to engage in dialogue with the partner countries, especially if these have only limited capacity for donor coordination. If Germany and France succeed in overcoming their current differences, they will be able to attract other donors, particularly EU actors, for joint initiatives. Four policy recommendations can be derived from this: Improving coherence between DC systems: Even if the donor countries continue to maintain different political structures, the functional cooperation between the relevant actors will need to be supported at upper political levels. Coherence within the German and French DC systems should also be increased. 2. Germany and France should make it easier to launch joint projects: Programming cycles need to be better coordinated in the interests of the political dialogue on DC. At the same time, the mutual recognition of procedures that form part of both countries' technical cooperation (TC) and financial cooperation (FC) should be afforded greater political support. 3. Selecting partner countries and sectors strategically: Focusing on common priorities and sectors is advisable, especially in partner countries with limited capacity for coordination. Franco-German cooperation with middle-income countries should also be strengthened strategically in order to support projects requiring substantial financing in sectors such as renewable energy. 4. Structuring Franco-German cooperation so as to be open to other partners: Germany and France should commit to a common Europe-wide implementation approach and promote its application in partner countries through pilot projects. Franco-German DC should also be structured so as to be open to other actors and should campaign for the preservation of global public goods in international organisations in which both donors play an active part (e.g. in the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria). |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:82020&r=all |
| By: | Isaksen, Elisabeth Thuestad; Brekke, Kjell Arne; Richter, Andries |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether positive framing increases cooperation in three social dilemmas with slightly different properties: a linear public goods (PG) game, a non-linear PG game, and a common pool resource (CPR) game. Results from our laboratory experiments show that contributions to a linear PG are higher if the externality is framed positively, rather than negatively, corroborating earlier findings by Andreoni (1995). By contrast, we find no such framing effects in the non-linear PG game or the CPR game. In these games, the best response in the material payoffs is to contribute less if others contribute more, counteracting effects of pro-social preferences. Positive framing therefore does not help to solve the tragedy of the commons. |
| JEL: | C72 C92 D70 |
| Date: | 2019–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:90607&r=all |
| By: | Junichi Hirose (Kochi University); Koji Kotani (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Yoshinori Nakagawa (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a serious problem that requires people’s cooperation to solve, and it has been reported that there have been gaps in perceptions about the cause. However, little is known about what makes people perceive that climate change is human-induced, nature-induced or induced by some other factor and the linkage between perception and cooperation. We analyze the determinants of human-induced perception and the impact of the gap in perceptions on cooperative behaviors toward climate change by conducting a survey experiment with a climate donation game with 400 Japanese subjects. First, the analysis identifies the importance of people’s scientific literacy in explaining the perception gaps in that those with high scientific literacy tend to have the perception of human-induced climate change. Second, people are identified as being cooperative toward climate change, as they have a prosocial value orientation, high scientific literacy and the perception of human-induced climate change, demonstrating two important roles of scientific literacy as not only a direct determinant but also an indirect one, through a mediator of people’s perceptions. Overall, the results suggest that scientific literacy shall be a key to enhancing cooperation toward climate change by promoting the perception of human-induced climate change. |
| Keywords: | Human-induced climate change, scientific literacy, climate donation game |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2020-2&r=all |
| By: | Katrin Erdlenbruch (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Bruno Bonté (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Individual adaptation measures are an important tool for households to reduce the negative consequences of floods. Although people's motivations to adopt such measures are widely studied in the literature, the diffusion of adaptations within a given population is less well described. In this paper, we build a dynamic agent based model which simulates the adoption of individual adaptation measures and enables evaluation of the efficiency of different communication policies. We run our model using an original dataset, based on a survey in France. We test the importance of different parameters of our model by implementing a global sensitivity analysis. We then compare the ranking and performance of different communication policies under different model settings. We show that in all settings, targeted policies that deal with both risk and coping possibilities, perform best in supporting individual adaptation. Moreover, we show that different dynamic parameters are of particular importance, namely the delay between the motivation to act and the implementation of the measure and the time during which households stick to a given adaptation measure. |
| Keywords: | AGENT BASED MODEL,PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY,SMALLWORLD,RISK COMMUNICATION |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02175815&r=all |
| By: | Maulik Jagnani (Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University); Christopher B. Barrett (Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University); Yanyan Liu (International Food Policy Research Institute); Liangzhi You (International Food Policy Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | We present evidence that farmers adjust agricultural inputs in response to within season temperature variation, undertaking defensive investments to reduce the adverse agroecological impacts of warmer temperatures. Using panel data from Kenyan maize growing households, we find that higher temperatures early in the growing season increase the use of pesticides, while reducing fertilizer use. Warmer temperatures throughout the season increase weeding effort. These adjustments arise because greater heat increases the incidence of pests, crop diseases and weeds, compelling farmers to divert investment from productivity-enhancing technologies like fertilizer to adaptive, loss-reducing, defensive inputs like pesticides and weeding labor. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, temperature JEL classification: O13, Q15, Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adb:adbwps:2440&r=all |
| By: | Bista, Raghu |
| Abstract: | Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7: energy for all is a global agenda to Nepal, where about 85 percent rural population have not access to energy for lighting and about 40 percent of the bottom 20 percent extreme poor access energy. The government has been initiating alternative energy to reduce such huge energy gap. Still it is not sufficient for wider impact. The corporate sector’s social responsibility is alternative hope for further collaboration. However, still energy for all campaign is sluggish. In this context, this paper examines CSR of the corporate sector in Nepal and its contribution in SDG 7: energy for all. The paper has employed explorative and descriptive method based on secondary and primary data. The paper finds a better knowledge of stakeholders about CSR but its fund is informal and small. Its size is un systematically least. It is voluntarily nature to the corporate sector. Its impact is narrow. In SDG 7: energy for all, there is no knowledge about SDG 7, no CSR activity and event because of no mandatory, no knowledge and no idea. Therefore, almost all stakeholders opine to make it mandatory and prioritized SDG 7: energy for all for its positive impacts in the society at large and wider. |
| Keywords: | SDG, CSR, Corporate sector and CSR fund |
| JEL: | L0 L2 L22 L26 L5 L51 L6 M13 M14 M16 M2 M21 |
| Date: | 2018–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100111&r=all |
| By: | Jan S. Krause (University of Kiel); Gerrit Nanninga (University of Kiel); Patrick Ring (University of Kiel); Ulrich Schmidt (University of Kiel); Daniel Schunk (Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz) |
| Abstract: | The literature suggests that human perception and behavior vary with physical temperature. We provide an experimental test of how different ambient temperature conditions impact social behavior and social perception: Subjects went through a series of tasks measuring various aspects of social behavior and perception under three temperature conditions (cold vs. optimal vs. warm). Despite well-established findings on temperature effects, our data suggest that physical temperature has no relevant influence on social behavior and social perception. We corroborate our finding of a null effect by the use of equivalence testing and provide a discussion in the light of recent failed replication attempts in this field of research. |
| Keywords: | social perception, ambient temperature, social preference, equivalence testing, cooperation, warmth |
| JEL: | C90 D01 D90 D91 |
| Date: | 2020–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:2013&r=all |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Modern society responds to three logics, the globalization of the economy, the questioning of the welfare state and the erosion of cultures and environmental qualities. The economic development of the countries of the South is not a priority, financial globalisation favours economic and social crises, States no longer have the legitimacy to intervene in the economic order, the eradication of poverty is not on any agenda, inequalities are growing, growth is not particularly employment-generating and the decline of political, social and cultural objectives is announced. The economic crisis is still latent and it is not technocratic power that will make it possible to find solutions to a global crisis of society and humanity, without respect for ethical values that are in strong collective depreciation. |
| Abstract: | : La société moderne répond à trois logiques, la mondialisation de l'économie, la remise en cause de l'Etat providence et l'érosion des cultures et des qualités environnementales. Le développement économique des pays du Sud n'est pas une priorité, la mondialisation financière favorise les crises économiques et sociales, les Etats n'ont plus la légitimité d'intervention dans l'ordre économique, l'éradication de la pauvreté n'est dans aucun agenda, les inégalités se développent, la croissance n'est pas particulièrement productrice d'emplois et le déclin des objectifs politiques, sociaux et culturels est annoncé. La crise économique est toujours latente et ce n'est pas le pouvoir technocratique qui permettra de trouver des solutions à une crise globale de la société et de l'humanité, sans le respect de valeurs éthiques en forte dépréciation collective. |
| Keywords: | societal crisis,environment,globalization,economic crisis,social inequalities,economic development,Mondialisation,globalisation,crise économique,inégalités sociales,développement économique,environnement,crise sociétale |
| Date: | 2020–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02568952&r=all |
| By: | Fabien Tarrit (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Date: | 2020–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02570569&r=all |
| By: | France Caillavet (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Adélaïde Fadhuile (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les politiques de prix sont connues pour donner un signal efficace aux consommateurs. Elles peuvent donc constituer un outil privilégié pour réorienter les choix alimentaires afin d'améliorer la durabilité de l'alimentation. Nos travaux utilisent des approches issues de la micro‑économétrie de la consommation pour quantifier les effets de politiques fiscales qui inciteraient les consommateurs à adopter un comportement plus durable lors de leurs achats alimentaires. Ils visent à prendre en compte simultanément trois piliers de la durabilité : l'environnement, la santé via la nutrition et la dimension sociale via les inégalités. Or, cette dernière dimension, et notamment l'angle de la réduction des inégalités sociales, est un des piliers de la durabilité souvent négligé dans les travaux des économistes. Nous étudions ici les effets distributionnels de l'incorporation du coût carbone dans l'alimentation au domicile. |
| Keywords: | consommation alimentaire,alimentation durable,politique publique,choix alimentaire,politique de prix |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02562270&r=all |
| By: | Schmidt, Christoph M. |
| Abstract: | Der langanhaltende Aufschwung in Deutschland ist vorerst beendet. Langfristig schmälern vor allem protektionistische Tendenzen und der demografische Wandel die Wachstumsaussichten der deutschen Wirtschaft. Um den Wohlstand nicht zu gefährden, sollte sich die Bundesregierung insbesondere für eine Stärkung des multilateralen Handelsystems und offene Märkte einsetzen. Zudem muss der anstehende Strukturwandel für mehr Wirtschaftsleistung genutzt werden. In der Klimapolitik gilt es, den CO2-Preis in den Mittelpunkt zu stellen. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwiimp:216895&r=all |
| By: | Kornher, Lukas; von Braun, Joachim |
| Abstract: | Motivations and Aims of the Study This study is prompted by the pending further development of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2020 and the consideration that, in the context of this potential change of EU agricultural policy, greater emphasis should be laid on African development, besides environmental, climate, health and distributional aspects. The aim of this study is to shed light on the impacts of European agricultural and trade policies on agricultural development in Africa, and the coherence of EU policies with development policy objectives. The consequences of Coronavirus controlling attempts that include border closures and market shut downs in both Europe and Africa have highlighted the key role of trade and market policies for development. The decision to establish the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) provides another important reason to revisit EU – Africa trade policy relations in the important fields of food and agriculture. With a total volume of 400 billion euros for the 7-year budget period, which currently represents about 36% of the total budget (EU28), CAP spending is the largest expenditure item in the EU budget. Total EU development expenditures for Africa amount to about one-tenth of that, and the share for agricultural development and food security is only about 2% of the EU agricultural budget. In view of the goal to establish coherence between the agricultural and development policy of the EU, and in view of the high risks for food security in Africa due to the economic consequences of COVID-19, this budget imbalance must not be ignored. Moreover, Africa's opportunities and problems are becoming increasingly relevant for the EU, future EU policy should be examined whether they benefits Africa's agricultural development. This includes investment in sustainable agricultural productivity, infrastructure, and institutions that are conducive to trade. Common Agricultural Policy post-2020 On June 1, 2018, the European Commission presented the draft legislation on the future of the CAP for the period after 2020. It provides for a small reduction in the total volume of agricultural subsidies for its now 27 Member States. The proposal is based on higher ambitions with regard to environmental protection and climate change through mandatory ecological programs and an enhanced linkage of direct payments to the greening rules. A stronger environmental orientation is also considered very likely among the experts interviewed for this study. However, the draft also envisages changing the green architecture of the CAP and giving Member States greater freedom in achieving the targets set out in national strategic plans. This flexibility could lead to an increase in the use of coupled subsidies in some Member States, which in turn would increase export surpluses for some agricultural products. This could lead to renewed incoherence with agricultural development policy. Effects of European agricultural and trade policy in Africa Trade policy: In its present form, the CAP continues to promote food exports. In 2018, wheat (€3.3 billion), meat (€1 billion), dairy products (€1.7 billion) and processed food (€6 billion) were the main EU exports to Africa. Among these goods, the share of Africa’s imports from the EU ranges from 25% (meat) to 44% (dairy products). In the current debate on CAP adjustments, effects on developing countries have so far played a minor role, although the EU describes coherence with its development policy objectives as an important element of its policy. There is widespread agreement that, in the past, coupled subsidy payments, export refunds, and direct market interventions have made a major contribution to increasing agricultural production in the EU and have led to the EU’s increased export surplus. Low-priced food imports have weakened the agricultural sectors of African countries in the long-term and hindered the development of competitive agricultural production. These earlier effects cannot be corrected in the quickly because agricultural productivity depends on long standing favorable framework conditions and long-term investments in innovation. Regulatory framework: Although African raw agricultural material exports to the EU are largely free of duties under various agreements, processed products are only free of duties if it can be ruled out under the "country of origin" principle that components of the final good were imported from a third country. The proof of origin requires a list of the production stages and ingredients as well as their origin. This condition often makes it difficult for African exporters to export processed agricultural products to Europe, hindering the creation of regional value chains. De-bureaucratized regulations (supported by advice from development cooperation) should create flexibility if the majority of the ingredients originate from the partner country or the respective regional economic zone. Social and hygiene standards for goods imported into the EU are necessary but must be transparent. According to EU regulations, social standards must comply with the principles of the International Labour Organization (ILO). However, currently, these are not implemented consistently. It would be helpful if the EU provided more support to improve standards in Africa; otherwise, the export potential of African countries cannot be fully exploited. This should also include capacity strengthening in Africa to check the adherence to health standards of EU food products exported to Africa. Effects of direct payments: Direct payments to EU farmers continue to account for up to 50% of total farm income in the EU. As shown by the model simulations, a reduction in direct payments is not expected to have a significant impact on food production in Africa in the short-term because the decline in imports from the EU will largely be offset by imports from other world regions. In the long term, however, this could be different, as European agricultural enterprises may partly be kept in production locations by the direct payments where they would not be able to survive without these subsidies. Furthermore, the direct payments allow investment decisions that increase the productivity of variable production factors. The current EU agricultural subsidy policy hampers the development of African agriculture much less than it did before export subsidies and coupled subsidy payments were largely abolished. Meat case study: African countries on average import around 20% of meat products, a quarter of which come from the EU. Poultry accounts for the majority of African meat imports, with poultry parts accounting for three-quarters of African poultry imports from the EU. However, the European poultry sector benefits little from subsidy payments and European producer prices are relatively high in international comparison. The low export prices of poultry parts are a result of the low demand for these products in Europe and not a consequence of the CAP. This also means that a reduction of EU poultry exports through political measures (and the associated higher prices) would primarily burden consumers in Africa. Dairy products case study: Many countries in North and West Africa are heavily dependent on milk powder imports, some of which exceed domestic production multiple times. The CAP has far-reaching impact in the dairy market. Following the abolition of the milk quota, European milk production has continued to increase, although low European producer prices are supposed to reduce the incentive to do so. However, dairy farms in the EU still benefit from income support. Direct payments, as well as coupled subsidies (in some Member States), provide incentives for investing in productivity-enhancing technologies, and in this way positively affect milk production. In addition, the EU provides a safeguarding against price risks through support purchases of milk powder,1 which are re-supplied to the market below world market prices. On the other hand, in some African countries, the (proportional) production costs are lower than in European countries. At present, however, these African countries are not able to meet the rapidly growing demand for milk products on the continent. Investments in local value chains and improved infrastructure would increase African productivity and intra-African trade could gain in importance. Effects of CAP environmental orientation: According to the expert consultation carried out for this study, a stronger environmental and climate orientation of the CAP, which takes into account the indirect effects of intensive agriculture on the environment and climate, would have a dampening effect on European agricultural exports to Africa. In the model simulation, the implementation of the European Nitrate Regulation leads to a reduction in livestock farming and alters European meat production. As a result, European exports (especially of pork) to Africa would decrease by 33-52%, and European exports of dairy products by about 5-7%. However, this reduction in European exports would probably be mainly absorbed by other exporters, resulting in largely unchanged African meat consumption. Preliminary conclusions on CAP reform and trade policy with Africa i) The increased return to coupled subsidy payments and support prices now being considered in some EU countries, as already begun in 2013, is inconsistent with the objectives of the EU’s 1 Between January 2018 and June 2019, 380,000 tonnes of milk powder were sold from the intervention stock, which is about 50% of the 2018 export volume to Africa. development policy and should, therefore, be limited. Otherwise, there is a risk of increased unfair competition with Africa. ii) The more targeted linking of agricultural subsidies to environmental and climate regulations increases the costs of agricultural production in the EU, especially in livestock farming, and could be expected to reduce the EU's production and export surpluses. This would create local incentives in Africa to invest in domestic agriculture. iii) Extensive open market access to the EU for African agricultural products, in particular also processed food, without tariff escalation, shall be facilitated. Concession of result-oriented, long transition periods, and trade policies allowing for the protection of African agriculture (i.e. granting further scope to protect key agricultural industries beyond 2035) before African markets are fully opened shall be considered. iv) In a future strategic EU – Africa trade agreement adapted to AfCFTA, trade preferences should be transferred to such an agreement. In addition, "Aid for Trade" programs should be maintained regardless of the FTAs. v) New opportunities for direct digital trade in agricultural and food products from Africa should be facilitated, promoted and increased to create value addition in processed products (cocoa, tea, coffee) in decentralized rural areas. vi) Appropriate quality, health, environmental and social standards of agricultural and food products traded in and with Africa should be developed further together with African partners. Employment effects should be taken into account. The EU should provide support on improving these standards in Africa, e.g. through "Aid for Trade" programs, as African export potential would otherwise not be fully exploited. vii) Simplification of origin rules (supported through consultation with trading partners) should provide scope for flexibility, provided the majority of the ingredients originate in the partner country or regional economic area. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2020–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:303710&r=all |
| By: | Ojha, Shekhar Nath; Dey, Suman; Babu, Suresh Chandra |
| Abstract: | Aquaculture and fisheries continues to be a sector that has not received adequate attention for its contribution to food security goals across the globe. This sector is predicted to grow at a fast rate in the next 40 years. In the Indian context, the government has prioritized the aquaculture and fisheries sector by establishing an independent federal ministry. However, the public extension system in India still lacks resources and strategies to address the needs of fish farmers and fishers. This has created a space for the private extension system to play a pivotal role in providing appropriate skills and training to farmers and fishers. Considering the present challenges in the aquaculture and fisheries sector, this paper proposes the creation of an Aqua-Chamber of Commerce (ACC) as a viable bottom-up approach to improve the performance of the sector by providing adequate support to private extension system. Additionaly, the ACC will also help in improving the public extension system, facilitating the business ecosystem and strategies, and advocating for major policy reforms in the sector. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; fisheries; aquaculture; extension systems; private enterprises; aquatic ecosystems; Chamber of Commerce; private extension system; aquapreneurship; policy ecosystem; pluralism; inclusiveness |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1931&r=all |