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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Zafar, Muhammad Wasif; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sinha, Avik; Sengupta, Tuhin; Qin, Quande |
| Abstract: | Designing a comprehensive policy framework for ascertaining sustainable development is a problem faced by most of the countries around the globe, and the developed nations are no exception to that. Environmental awareness-oriented policy design for achieving sustainable development goals is a challenge for the developed nations, and there lies the contribution of this study. This study analyzes the impact of renewable energy on carbon emissions, in presence of education, natural resource abundance, foreign direct investment, and economic growth for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period of 1990-2015. Second generation methodologies are adapted for the empirical estimation. The results show the stimulating role of renewable energy consumption in shaping environmental quality. Education declines carbon emissions. Natural resource abundance and foreign direct investment deteriorate environmental quality. Moreover, the time series individual country analysis also confirms that renewable energy has a positive impact on economic growth. The heterogeneous causality analysis reveals the feedback effect, i.e., bidirectional causal associations among carbon emissions, education, and renewable energy consumption. This empirical evidence suggests that countries should increase investment in education and renewable energy sectors and plan for research and development in renewable energy for ensuring environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy; Education; Economic Growth; OECD |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100259&r=all |
| By: | Johansson, Per-Olov (CERE - the Center for Environmental and Resource Economics) |
| Abstract: | The European Union's Emissions Trading System is the largest system in the world for trade in greenhouse gases. It used to be a cap-and-trade scheme with a fixed supply of permits. However, a recent reform of the system "punctures the waterbed" by making the supply of permits endogenous. The current paper discusses how to handle permits in economic evaluations. It considers both schemes with a fixed cap and schemes with an endogenous cap. The paper also derives a rule when the project causes an induced intertemporal change in the supply of permits under an endogenous cap. An induced reduction in emissions, what we term a "permit multiplier", is associated with benefits but comes at a cost as production is displaced when the number of available permits decreases. The permit multiplier implies that emissions within the EU ETS are valued differently from emissions occurring elsewhere even under an endogenous cap. A further novel result is that an endogenous cap could increase the social profitability of abatement efforts. By replacing purchases of permits, abatement could cause a reduction in the endogenous supply of permits and hence emissions. |
| Keywords: | Cost-benefit analysis; permits; waterbed puncture; endogenous cap; ETS; climate gases; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | H23 H43 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2020_011&r=all |
| By: | Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel; Driha, Oana M.; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on long-term evidence on economic growth, international tourism, globalization, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in OECD countries for the period of 1994-2014. The empirical analysis reveals that climate change is magnified by energy use, tourism and economic growth. An inverted U-shaped relationship is also found between international tourism and CO2 emissions. The contribution of international tourism to climate change in the early stages of development is thus diminished by globalization in the later stages. In other words, globalization appears to reduce carbon emissions from international tourism. The empirical results provide additional arguments for shaping regulatory frameworks aimed at reversing the current energy mix in OECD countries by facilitating energy efficiency and promoting renewable sources. |
| Keywords: | Tourism; Globalization; CO2 Emissions; Economic Growth; Energy |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100092&r=all |
| By: | Hammed, Oluwaseyi Musibau (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); Yanotti, Maria (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); Vespignani, Joaquin (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); Nepal, Rabindra (School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of Wollongong, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Background. The recent environmental challenges in Africa emanated from global warming, human activity, limited access to electricity, and over-exploitation of natural resources, have contributed to the growth of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the region. Objective. This paper empirically investigates the moderating role of green energy consumption and energy innovation in the environmental Kuznets’ curve for the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region using data spanning from 1980 to 2018. Methods. A sample of 45 SSA countries for the period between 1980-2018 was studied. To solve for potential heteroscedasticity and endogeneity issues, we performed 2sls and panel quantile regression to give inference at various quantiles. Discussion. Empirical results confirm that green energy, energy innovation and natural resource abundance mitigate pollution in the SSA region. Besides, a threshold effect of energy innovation is estimated, which indicates the amount of energy innovation that SSA would require to reduce environment degradation. Our threshold model found that atleast 54 per cent of population need access to energy innovation before the region could be safe from environmental degradation. Conclusions. We conclude that investment in green energy, energy innovation, and conservation of natural resources will help to mitigate environmental degradation in SSA in the long run. Policies should be targeted towards encouraging the consumption of green energy, and more investment in energy innovation beyond the estimated threshold will save the region from pollution and its implications. Contribution. This study has contributed to the existing studies in different ways. This is the first study to explore the impact of green energy and energy innovation in SSA. We contribute to this line of research by implementing quantile techniques to examine the role of green energy and energy innovation in the environmental Kuznets’ hypothesis. In addition, our threshold estimation provides practical implications for policy applications. a more important driver during the disbandment of OPEC. Finally, we find that these newly identified shocks have distinct consequences for the U.S. economy: precautionary demand shocks reduce real GDP, while speculative demand shocks cause inflation. |
| Keywords: | environmental kuznets curve, green energy, energy innovation, CO2 emission, SSA countries, and quantile-quantile regression. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tas:wpaper:32765&r=all |
| By: | Alexander Dobrinevski (OECD); Raphaël Jachnik (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Mitigating climate change requires aligning real economy investments with climate objectives. This pilot study measures the climate consistency of investments in transport infrastructure and vehicles in Latvia between 2008 and 2018, estimated at EUR 1.5 billion per year on average. To do so, three complementary mitigation-related reference points are used. Applying the criteria defined by the European Union Taxonomy for Sustainable Activities results in 4.2% of investments assessed as making a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation. Comparing actual greenhouse gas trajectories for each transport mode to a 2°C scenario from the International Energy Agency’s for the European Union and to projections from Latvia’s 5th National Communication to the UNFCCC, indicates 32% climate-consistent and up to 9% climate-inconsistent investments. The majority of investments volumes could at this stage not be characterised due to limitations relating to the granularity or coverage of the reference points. Comparing current trends to 2030 and 2050 decarbonisation targets nevertheless highlights future investment and financing challenges, especially for road transport. The methodology piloted in this study can be replicated and scaled up across countries and sectors, using different or complementary reference points specifically aligned to the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | capital expenditure, climate change, emissions, energy efficiency, finance, investment, Latvia, low-greenhouse gas development, measurement, scenarios, taxonomy, tracking, transport |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 H54 E01 E22 G31 G32 L91 |
| Date: | 2020–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:163-en&r=all |
| By: | Marcella D'Uva (University Parthenope of Naples); Mariangela Bonasia (University of Naples Parthenope); Oreste Napolitano (University Parthenope of Naples); Elina De Simone (University Parthenope of Naples) |
| Abstract: | The promotion of a sustainable development and the safeguard of citizens? wellbeing through the international cooperation is one of the fundamental scope of many multilateral environmental agreements. In particular, the Parties who ratified the Aarhus Convention recognized the importance of an ample environmental protection for human well-being of present and future generations. They also stated that the right of everyone is to live in an environment appropriate to their own health. Therefore, the pursuit of happiness and well-being cannot represent a secondary objective in environmental decision-making (United Nations, 2011; Tofallis, 2019). Providing that environmental factors affect human well-being (MacKerron and Mourato, 2013), an interesting question may concern the actions that policy makers can take to promote a safer environment and, as a consequence, to improve the quality of life of the citizens. The answer to this question may offer important policy implications for controlling pollution and environmental degradation that generate negative externalities. The linkage between environmental degradation and well-being has been explained as both a relational and environmental failure of market societies. The capacity to generate growth is negatively affected by mass dissatisfaction in rich societies deriving from an excessive depletion of environmental and social assets, as growth does not necessarily lead to happiness (Bartolini, 2007, p. 351). Hence, public spending on environmental protection responds to a worsening in the quality of life caused by overexploitation of natural resources and aims to restore happiness by providing a more sustainable community development. The role of public expenditure is thus to provide those goods like environmental protection and pollution abatement which, by securing a more sustainable future, may increase the citizens? well-being. The aim of our paper is to study the long-run relationship between per capita environmental protection expenditure (EPE) and happiness at the European level. To our knowledge, this link remains unexplored. We use a dynamic panel heterogeneity analysis through an autoregressive distributed lag model estimated by the dynamic fixed effect, the mean group and the pooled mean group estimators. The sample covers 19 countries in the period 1997-2016. Our results highlight the existence of a direct long-run equilibrium between happiness and environmental protection expenditure. The policy implication suggested by our findings is that government expenditure on environmental protection may not only offer a solution to market failure but, by increasing happiness, could also improve the quality of social life. |
| Keywords: | environmental protection expenditure; happiness; long-run relationship; dynamic fixed effect; mean group; pooled mean group |
| JEL: | Q58 I31 C22 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:10012458&r=all |
| By: | Joseph S. Shapiro |
| Abstract: | This paper documents a new fact, then analyzes its causes and consequences: in most countries, import tariffs and non-tariff barriers are substantially lower on dirty than on clean industries, where an industry’s “dirtiness” is defined as its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per dollar of output. This difference in trade policy creates a global implicit subsidy to CO2 emissions in internationally traded goods and so contributes to climate change. This global implicit subsidy to CO2 emissions totals several hundred billion dollars annually. The greater protection of downstream industries, which are relatively clean, substantially accounts for this pattern. The downstream pattern can be explained by theories where industries lobby for low tariffs on their inputs but final consumers are poorly organized. A quantitative general equilibrium model suggests that if countries applied similar trade policies to clean and dirty goods, global CO2 emissions would decrease and global real income would change little. |
| JEL: | F13 F18 F6 H23 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26845&r=all |
| By: | Osorio, Sebastian; Tietjen, Oliver; Pahle, Michael; Pietzcker, Robert; Edenhofer, Ottmar |
| Abstract: | The stringency of the EU’s Emission Trading System (ETS) is bound to be ratcheted-up to deliver on more ambitious goals as put forth in the EU’s Green Deal. Tightening the cap needs to consider the interactions with the Market Stability Reserve (MSR), which will be reviewed in 2021. Against that background, we employ the detailed model LIMES-EU to analyse options for the upcoming reforms. First, we examine how revising MSR parameters impacts allowance cancellations through the MSR. We find that under current regulation, the MSR cancels 5.1 Gt of allowances. Varying MSR parameters leads to cancellations in the range of 2.6 and 7.9 Gt, with the intake/outtake thresholds having the highest impact. Intake rates above 12% only have a limited effect but cause oscillatory intake behaviour. Second, we analyse how the 2030 targets can be achieved by adjusting the linear reduction factor (LRF). We find that the LRF increases MSR cancellations substantially (up to 10.0 Gt). This implies that increasing the LRF from currently 2.2% to 2.6% could already be consistent with the 55% EU-wide emission reduction target in 2030. However, we highlight that the number of MSR cancellations is subject to large uncertainty. Overall, the MSR increases the complexity of the market. In face of that, we suggest to develop the MSR into a Price Stability Reserve. |
| Keywords: | EU climate policy,EU ETS reform,linear reduction factor (LRF),Market Stability Reserve (MSR),EU ETS Phase IV |
| JEL: | L94 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:217240&r=all |
| By: | Richard Adu-Gyamfi (Geneva, Switzerland); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Tinaye S. Mmusi (Gaborone, Botswana); Herbert Wamalwa (Nairobi, Kenya); Madei Mangori (Gaborone, Botswana) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to assess the extent to which export processing zones in Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe integrate the Sustainable Development Goals in their implementation and operations. We focused on four Sustainable Development Goals—gender equality, decent work, industry, and climate action. We interviewed four zone authorities, one in each country. A total of 12 firms in the agro-processing, textiles and garments, construction, and real estate sectors were also interviewed. All four zone authorities demonstrate a measure of environmental inclusiveness in their zone programmes. We found that firms in Kenya and Zimbabwe have a higher number of male than female employees, while zones in Tanzania employ more women. We propose that to promote sustainable development in these zones, policy action should concentrate on attracting firms that (are willing and able to) align with the particular Sustainable Development Goal that zone programmes are intended to achieve. |
| Keywords: | export processing zones, sustainable development, Botswana, Kenya, Southern Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe |
| JEL: | O25 O55 O57 Q01 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/025&r=all |
| By: | Richard Adu-Gyamfi (richardadugyamfi@gmail.com); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Tinaye S. Mmusi (Gaborone, Botswana); Herbert Wamalwa (Nairobi, Kenya); Madei Mangori (Gaborone, Botswana) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to assess the extent to which export processing zones in Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe integrate the Sustainable Development Goals in their implementation and operations. We focused on four Sustainable Development Goals—gender equality, decent work, industry, and climate action. We interviewed four zone authorities, one in each country. A total of 12 firms in the agro-processing, textiles and garments, construction, and real estate sectors were also interviewed. All four zone authorities demonstrate a measure of environmental inclusiveness in their zone programmes. We found that firms in Kenya and Zimbabwe have a higher number of male than female employees, while zones in Tanzania employ more women. We propose that to promote sustainable development in these zones, policy action should concentrate on attracting firms that (are willing and able to) align with the particular Sustainable Development Goal that zone programmes are intended to achieve. |
| Keywords: | export processing zones, sustainable development, Botswana, Kenya, Southern Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe |
| JEL: | O25 O55 O57 Q01 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:20/025&r=all |
| By: | Lundmark, Robert (Luleå University of Technology, ETS/Economics); Lundgren, Tommy (Luleå University of Technology, ETS/Economics); Olofsson, Elias (Luleå University of Technology, ETS/Economics); Zhou, Wenchao (Umeå University CERE and Centre for Regional Science) |
| Abstract: | Improving the efficiency of the forestry sector will have an important impact on our possibility to attain long-term sustainability and mitigate climate change. In this study, attainable, and sustainable, efficiency improvements in the harvesting of forest products are analysed using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The price impacts of the efficient harvesting volumes are evaluated in a second step using a spatial forest sector model. The results indicate that the harvested volumes of forest products, both for the industry and energy sectors, can be significantly increased if a more efficient forest management is adopted. This supply-side effect will also result in general price decreases for sawlogs, pulpwood, fuelwood and harvesting residues. However, in certain counties, and for specific forest products, the estimated decreasing price effect from a more efficient forest management cannot fully offset the increasing price effect of the energy sector expanding its use of forest products. More forest biomass enters the market, which is need in the transition towards a bioeconomy, and the increased availability of forest biomass will restrict the price effect making investments in the bioeconomy more likely to be profitable. |
| Keywords: | Data envelopment analysis; forest sector; economic modelling; partial equilibrium; network; integrated assessment |
| JEL: | D21 D22 Q41 |
| Date: | 2020–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2020_010&r=all |
| By: | Jiashuo Li; Sili Zhou; Wendong Wei; Jianchuan Qi; Yumeng Li; Bin Chen; Ning Zhang; Dabo Guan; Haoqi Qian; Xiaohui Wu; Jiawen Miao; Long Chen; Sai Liang; Kuishuang Feng |
| Abstract: | China has implemented retrofitting measures in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) to reduce air pollution through small unit shutdown (SUS), the installation of air pollution control devices (APCDs) and power generation efficiency (PGE) improvement. The reductions in highly toxic Hg emissions and their related health impacts by these measures have not been well studied. To refine mitigation options, we evaluated the health benefits of reduced Hg emissions via retrofitting measures during China's 12th Five-Year Plan by combining plant-level Hg emission inventories with the China Hg Risk Source-Tracking Model. We found that the measures reduced Hg emissions by 23.5 tons (approximately 1/5 of that from CFPPs in 2010), preventing 0.0021 points of per-foetus intelligence quotient (IQ) decrements and 114 deaths from fatal heart attacks. These benefits were dominated by CFPP shutdowns and APCD installations. Provincial health benefits were largely attributable to Hg reductions in other regions. We also demonstrated the necessity of considering human health impacts, rather than just Hg emission reductions, in selecting Hg control devices. This study also suggests that Hg control strategies should consider various factors, such as CFPP locations, population densities and trade-offs between reductions of total Hg (THg) and Hg2+. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2005.07346&r=all |
| By: | Maxim, Maruf Rahman |
| Abstract: | We present a synthesis of simulation studies concerning green tax reform (GTR) in European and non-European countries. The GTR performance is analysed in a triple dividend (TD) context including the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (first dividend), increased GDP (second dividend), and higher employment (third dividend). Our findings are fourfold: (1) there is high TD potential, with stronger evidence for second and third dividends in European countries; (2) a reduction in labour tax is the most potent GTR policy measure to entail TD; (3) TD evidence is stronger when mixed tax and tax recycle policies are employed; (4) taxes based on CO2 emissions exhibit the highest TD potential. |
| Keywords: | Green tax reform, Triple dividend, Meta-analysis |
| JEL: | H23 O44 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100038&r=all |
| By: | Koo, Jawoo; Mamun, Abdullah; Martin, Will |
| Abstract: | Since Amartya Sen’s famous work on Poverty and Famines, economists have understood that policy responses to food market shocks should be guided by changes in households’ incomes and access to food, rather than by overall food availability. Perhaps because the household-level impacts are not directly observable, many policy makers have continued to rely on availability-oriented policies such as export bans. In the Zambia case considered in this paper, export bans imposed in response to an El Niño event exacerbated the poverty problems resulting from the output shock. The combination of household-level data and crop models used in this paper allows us to assess the impacts of weather and price shocks at the household level, and hence to evaluate the suitability of availability-based policies for dealing with weather shocks. These analytical techniques are also useful in identifying the households and regions adversely affected by food output shocks, and hence in designing policies to improve poor consumers’ access to food. |
| Keywords: | ZAMBIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; spatial data; climate change; El Nino; models; food security; exports; trade; trade policies; poverty; weather; food supply; households; Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT); export ban; geospatial; weather shocks |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1923&r=all |
| By: | Canning, Patrick; Rehkamp, Sarah; Hitaj, Claudia; Peters, Christian |
| Abstract: | Natural resources facilitate production of an adequate daily food supply for Americans. Food consumption in the United States, measured in total calories per day, increased about 50 percent over a recent 25-year span. Understanding how changes in food consumption impact the U.S. food system’s use of the country’s natural resources requires consideration of many factors. We find that diets, or food choices, are likely to be an important factor. For example, had the diets of Americans who met all the 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans back in 2007 become the typical American diet of that time, then per capita consumption of the fruits, vegetables, legumes/nuts/seeds, eggs, and dairy categories would have increased, while per capita consumption in the sugars/sweets/beverages, fats/oils/salad dressings, grain products, and meat/poultry/fish/mixtures food groups would have declined. In such a scenario, under the production and marketing practices in 2007, nutrition and resource conservation goals would have been mostly complementary, or synergistic. As one notable exception, water conservation in particular may have required tradeoffs between competing goals, especially for production of fruits, vegetables, and dairy. This report combines empirical evidence of resource use in the system in 2007 with the presentation of a framework for a broader empirical study of sustainable pathways to producing a healthy and adequate food supply. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:303676&r=all |
| By: | Hambulo Ngoma; Amare Teklay Hailu; Stephen Kabwe; Arild Angelson |
| Abstract: | Key Findings -167,000 – 300,000 hectares of forest are lost every year in Zambia, and different polices are in place or have been proposed to contain forest loss. But, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of these policies. -We conducted framed field experiments with actual forest users to test ex-ante the impacts of community forest management, command and control, and payments for environmental services on forest conservation in Zambia. -Relative to open access, community forest management and payments for environmental services to individuals led to more forest conservation, implying that both monetary and non-monetary motives matter for forest conservation. -Forest reliance, measured by whether the participants sold any forest product in the month preceding the survey, significantly increased harvest in the experiment. -Female participants had significantly higher harvest rates than males. This result runs counter to assertions suggesting that females are more pro-conservation. -These results imply that better conservation outcomes might be achieved by some combinations of community forest management and individual payments for environmental services, provided the transaction costs can be kept at acceptable levels. -Thus, Zambia’s community forestry management will need to provide individual households with clear material benefits in order to compensate for the loss from reduced forest use. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2019–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:303610&r=all |
| By: | Ya?ar Selman Gültekin (Duzce University); ismail baysal (Duzce University) |
| Abstract: | The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park is located on the European side of the Dardanelles Strait, which separates Asia and Europe. In this study, Gallipoli National Park Forest fires from 1983 to 2018 are listed. As a part of method human based forest fires and human neglect based forest fires were evaluated. It was determined that the fires in Gallipoli forests were generally caused by the visitors during the tourism activities in summer times or as a result of the agricultural activities of the local people. Damages caused by forest fires to Gallipoli Historical National Park and their causes were evaluated from socio-economic perspective. In this context, the importance of the area in terms of tourism sector and and the life quality of local people were examined.In this study, the conditions affecting the forest fire hazard, especially the vegetation status of the area, were evaluated. Suggestions were made to improve environmental awareness for the tourists visiting the area and local people. |
| Keywords: | Human Impact, Forest Fire, Sustainable Forest Management, Socioeconomic Perspective, Gallipoli |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:10012567&r=all |
| By: | Erik Ens; Craig Johnston |
| Abstract: | This paper adapts climate-economy models that have been applied in other contexts for use in climate-related scenario analysis. We consider illustrative scenarios for the global economy that could generate economic and financial risks. Our results suggest there are significant economic risks from climate change and the move to a low-carbon economy. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Economic models; Financial stability; International topics |
| JEL: | C6 C68 D5 D58 E5 E50 O4 O44 P1 P18 Q4 Q5 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocadp:20-3&r=all |
| By: | Katz, Jorge |
| Abstract: | El crecimiento basado en la explotación y la industrialización de recursos naturales ha caracterizado una parte importante de las estrategias económicas de los países de América Latina y, en buena medida, sigue siendo un aspecto central en el debate regional. El presente documento constituye un aporte significativo al análisis de las especificidades que caracterizan a este tipo de modelo y que se refieren a aspectos teóricos, macro y microeconómicos, regulatorios e institucionales, así como a los procesos de aprendizaje y de desarrollo tecnológico locales que es necesario abordar. El documento analiza también la experiencia de Chile y muestra cómo en las últimas décadas el Estado chileno ha adoptado un papel de ente subsidiario y se ha dejado en manos del mercado la construcción del sendero de crecimiento y de las reglas del juego, lo que ha llevado a perder, de esta manera, importantes oportunidades para desarrollar localmente ventajas comparativas dinámicas asociadas al cambio tecnológico y a la consolidación de industrias proveedoras de servicios de ingeniería y de producción de equipos para la explotación e industrialización de recursos naturales. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS NATURALES, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, MEDIO AMBIENTE, REGULACION ECONOMICA, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA AMBIENTAL, DERECHOS HUMANOS, INTEGRACION SOCIAL, NATURAL RESOURCES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC REGULATION, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, HUMAN RIGHTS, SOCIAL INTEGRATION |
| Date: | 2020–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45513&r=all |
| By: | Atamanov,Aziz; Mostafavi Dehzooei,Mohammadhadi; Wai-Poi,Matthew Grant |
| Abstract: | Facing a fiscal crisis, the Islamic Republic of Iran decided to increase gasoline prices at the end of 2019. This paper estimates the impact of the price increase on household welfare and government revenue, using the most recent Household Expenditure and Income Survey conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran in March 2018-March 2019. The paper looks at the direct and indirect impacts of the reform and quantifies the compensatory cash transfer program the government instituted. Despite very regressive gasoline subsidies benefitting the rich the most, the increase in gasoline prices is found to affect the poor to a greater extent due to larger negative indirect impacts as well as their relatively low incomes. In total, poverty is estimated to increase by about 2.9 percentage points, with the direct impact accounting for a third of this increase. The proposed government scheme, if targeted perfectly to the poorest 18 million households, would fully compensate the poorest bottom 50 percent of the population and reduce poverty to below pre-reform levels. The annual cost of the program will be around 338 trillion rials, which accounts for 77 percent of the estimated total savings from the subsidies reform (439 trillion rials). |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Economic Assistance,Access of Poor to Social Services,Disability,Services&Transfers to Poor,Energy and Mining,Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Oil Refining&Gas Industry,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases |
| Date: | 2020–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9235&r=all |
| By: | Cisneros Tersitsch, Marco Elías; Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Nuryartono, Nunung |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interactions between political and economic incentives to foster forest conversion in Indonesian districts. Using a district-level panel data set from 2001 to 2016, we analyze variation in remotely sensed forest loss and forest fires as well as measures of land use licensing. We link these outcomes to economic incentives to expand oil palm cultivation areas as well as political incentives arising before idiosyncratically-timed local mayoral elections. Empirical results document substantial increases in deforestation and forest fires in the year prior to local elections. Additionally, oil palm plays a crucial role in driving deforestation dynamics. Variations in global market prices of palm oil are closely linked to deforestation in areas which are geo-climatically best suited for growing oil palm and they amplify the importance of the political cycle. We thus find clear evidence for economic and political incentives reinforcing each other as drivers of forest loss and land conversion for oil palm cultivation. |
| Keywords: | democratization,decentralization,elections,deforestation,forest conservation,demand shocks,palm oil,concessions,Indonesia,Price Transmission Analysis,VECM,Tripartite Rubber Council,Indonesia,Thailand,Malaysia,Policy Interventions |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:crc990:31&r=all |
| By: | Camille Blaudin de Thé (PSE - Paris School of Economics); Benjamin Carantino (PSE - Paris School of Economics); Miren Lafourcade (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics, RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of urban form on household fuel consumption and car emissions in France. We in particular analyze three features of cities commonly referred to as the "3 D's" (Cervero & Kockelman 1997): Density, Design and Diversity. Individual data allow us to identify the effects of urban form and the spatial sorting of households on emissions. We also use instrumental variables to control for other endogeneity issues. Our results suggest that, by choosing to live at the fringe of a metropolitan area instead of the city center, a representative household would consume approximately six extra tanks of fuel per year. More generally, doubling residential Density would result in an annual saving of approximately two tanks per household. However, larger gains would result from better urban Design (job-housing central-ization, improved rail/bus routes to central business districts, reduced pressure for road construction and a less fragmented built environment in urban areas) while improved Diversity (the concentration of various local amenities such as shops and public facilities) can also help lower fuel consumption. Another important finding is that the relationship between the metropolitan population and car emissions in France is bell-shaped, contrary to that in the US, suggesting that small cities do compensate for their lack of Density/Diversity by environmentally-friendly Design. |
| Keywords: | Sprawl,car emissions,CO 2 footprint,driving,public transport,smart cities |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02572893&r=all |
| By: | MIHAI, Florin Constantin; Grozavu, Adrian |
| Abstract: | The exposure of rural communities to illegal waste dumping practices associated with the lack of or poor waste collection schemes prior to the closure of rural dumpsites under EU regulations and the role of collection efficiency afterward in reducing this critical environmental threat constitutes a key issue in rural Romania. The present study reveals huge amounts of household uncollected waste released into the natural environment outside the official statistics of rural dumpsites. Despite the expansion of waste collection coverage towards rural areas since 2010, the problem of illegal dumping practice is difficult to solve. The improvement of collection efficiency, better law enforcement, and surveillance of environmental authorities coupled with educational and environmental awareness are necessary steps to combat this bad practice. A circular economy paradigm must be enacted in rural regions through separate collection schemes and to improve cost-efficient alternatives, such as home composting, and traditional and creative reuse practices, particularly in less developed regions. |
| Date: | 2019–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:mjk7g&r=all |
| By: | P?nar Gültekin (Duzce University); Ya?ar Selman Gültekin (Düzce University); Ya?ar Selman Gültekin (Duzce University) |
| Abstract: | This study, it aims to determine the source of noise from user perspective and making recommendations for reducing noise in Abant Nature Park which is one of Turkey's most important recreation area In this context, a questionnaire was developed to determine noise sources in the study area and a questionnaire was applied to 122 persons in the spring season. The obtained data were interpreted by using descriptive and exploratory analysis with IBM Statistics SPSS 22 program. As a result; the visitors of the recreation area stated that they used the area to get away from the noise and stress of the city at weekend but they could not be found in a calm and peaceful environment at the expected level, although not as high as the urban environment. It has been determined that the users are exposed to noise due to the user capacity of the area, the picnic areas are located very close to each other, the traffic noise from the vehicle road, bicycle path and parking areas, the activity areas, and the lack of noise barrier between the camp areas. All determined noise factors reduce user satisfaction. There is no legislation in Turkey describing the noise limits in rural recreation areas. In the study, within the framework of the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise for the urban areas, recreational planning and noise management suggestions have been developed for Abant Nature Park to reduce noise and increase user satisfaction |
| Keywords: | Noise, Recreation, Planning and Management, Abant Natural Park |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:10011874&r=all |
| By: | Matthew Kotchen; Kathleen Segerson |
| Abstract: | Policies to address environmental and natural resource management are often implemented at the group level. The defining feature of such policies is that penalties or rewards are based on group rather than individual performance, or rights are allocated to a group rather than to individuals. This article discusses how group-level policies have been applied and studied across a variety of contexts in the literature on environmental and natural resource management. The aim is to identify common theoretical and empirical insights and lessons learned about the design and implementation of these instruments. A general finding is that group-level policies are most likely to be effective when rewards and/or penalties are designed to provide strong incentives for groups to meet targets in a cost-effective way. Moreover, to the extent that this requires coordination within the group, the effectiveness of policies will depend on whether the group has or can create its own institutions or mechanisms to facilitate and enforce that coordination. |
| JEL: | H2 Q2 Q3 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27142&r=all |
| By: | Onyinye Choko; Laura Schmitt Olabisi; Robert Onyeneke; Stella Nwawulu Chiemela; Lenis Saweda Liverpool-Tasie; Louie Rivers III |
| Abstract: | Key Findings -Communities in Nigeria are already organizing for climate adaptation -Most adaptation efforts are either structural or social -Though adaptation is occurring, more transformative interventions may be needed in future. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2019–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:303587&r=all |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim; Sengupta, Tuhin; Jiao, Zhilun |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between technological progression and ambient air pollution in top-10 polluted Middle East and North African (MENA) countries by using monthly data for the period of 1990-2017. The Quantile cointegration proposed by Xiao (2009), Quantile-on-Quantile regression (QQ) proposed by Sim and Zhou (2015), and Quantile Autoregressive Granger causality developed by Troster (2018) are applied. In particular, we examine to which extent, quantiles of technological progression affect the quantiles of ambient air pollution, by developing separate indicators for both the mentioned aspects using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Our empirical findings unfold mutual dependence between technological progression and ambient air pollution. Furthermore, the results of Quantile Autoregressive Granger causality test conclude a bidirectional causal relationship between technological progression and ambient air pollution. |
| Keywords: | Technological progression; Air pollution; Quantile modeling; MENA countries |
| JEL: | Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100253&r=all |
| By: | Malafry, Laurence; Soares Brinca, Pedro |
| Abstract: | Policy makers concerned with setting optimal values for carbon instruments to address climate change externalities often employ integrated assessment models (IAMs). While these models differ on their assumptions of climate damage impacts, discounting and technology, they conform on their assumption of complete markets and a representative household. In the face of global inequality and significant vulnerability of asset poor households, we relax the complete markets assumption and introduce a realistic degree of global household inequality. A simple experiment of introducing a range of global carbon taxes shows a household’s position on the global wealth distribution predicts the identity of their most-preferred carbon price. Specifically, poor agents prefer strong public action against climate change to mitigate the risk for which they are implicitly more vulnerable. This preference exists even without progressive redistribution of the revenue. We find that, parallel to the literature on macroeconomic policy and incomplete markets, the carbon tax can partially fill the role of insurance by reducing the volatility of future welfare. It is this role that drives the wedge between rich and poor households’ policy preferences, where rich households’ preferences closely mimic the representative agent. Estimates of the optimal carbon tax and the welfare gains of mitigation strategies may be underestimated if this channel is not taken into account. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Inequality, Risk, Optimal carbon policy |
| JEL: | H23 H31 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100201&r=all |
| By: | Stimpson, Jim P (Drexel University); Meyler, Deanna |
| Abstract: | The global shutdown of entire cities, states, and countries, and the commensurate financial fallout from COVID-19 should serve to focus our collective efforts on primary prevention of global health pandemics. COVID-19 appears to have zoonotic origins, and the evidence suggests that most viruses have zoonotic origins. Therefore, public health policy must focus on reducing animal to human transmission. Although we are currently embroiled in the COVID-19 pandemic, we are also facing other global demands on our health systems from climate change, which kills approximately 150,000 people each year, and the global burden of disease from diet, which has been linked to 1 in 5 deaths worldwide. Public policies to incentivize plant-based diets may have seemed infeasible in the past. However, the recent human and financial toll of the COVID-19 pandemic and commensurate planetary, community, and individual health benefits of reducing animal consumption strongly argue for greater attention by global leaders and should inspire global change toward primary prevention of global challenges that will benefit our health, the environment, and greatly reduce the occurrence of future pandemics. |
| Date: | 2020–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xadrn&r=all |
| By: | Andreas Karpf (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne); Antoine Mandel (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Stefano Battiston (CAMS - Centre d'Analyse et de Mathématique sociales - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an analysis of the European Emission Trading System as a transaction network. It is shown that, given the lack of well-identified trading institutions, industrial actors had to resort to local connections and financial intermediaries to participate in the market. This gave rise to a hierarchical structure in the transaction network. It is then shown that the asymmetries in the network induced market inefficiencies (e.g., increased bid-ask spread) and informational asymmetries, that have been exploited by central agents at the expense of less central ones. Albeit the efficiency of the market has improved from the beginning of Phase II, the asymmetry persists, imposing unnecessary additional costs on agents and reducing the effectiveness of the market as a mitigation instrument. |
| Keywords: | Network,Carbon market,Climate change,Microstructure |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-01905985&r=all |
| By: | Douglas Almond; Xinming Du; Shuang Zhang |
| Abstract: | Ambient pollution is a byproduct of economic activity. It has been widely reported that COVID-19 and associated lockdowns have generated large improvements in air quality worldwide, including to China's notoriously-poor air quality. We analyze China's official pollution monitor data and account for the large, recurrent improvement in air quality following Lunar New Year (LNY), which essentially coincided with lockdowns in 2020. With the important exception of NO2, China's air quality improvements in 2020 are smaller than we should expect near the pandemic's epicenter: Hubei province. Compared with LNY improvements experienced in 2018 and 2019 in Hubei, we see smaller improvements in SO2 while ozone concentrations increased in both relative and absolute terms (roughly doubling). Similar patterns are found for the six provinces neighboring Hubei. We conclude that whether COVID-19 actually decreased pollution in China depends on the pollutant and reference period considered. |
| JEL: | I1 Q53 Q56 Z18 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27086&r=all |
| By: | Anderson, John Lyle |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between urban green space and academic achievement (standardized test scores) for public elementary schools in New York City. In 2010 and 2017, I find evidence of a neighborhood-level positive association of tree canopy with test scores. However, there is little evidence of any association when only tree canopy close to schools is considered. Results are robust to hierarchical mixed-effects model specifications. I also conduct one of the first longitudinal analyses of the green space-educational outcomes relationship. I find initial evidence that increases in tree canopy around elementary schools between 2010 and 2017 were associated with decreased grade-average test performance for high-poverty schools and were not significantly associated with changes in test performance of non-high poverty schools, a result that somewhat contradicts the positive comparative static results. To reconcile my findings, I construct an extended econometric model detailing potential bias in the green space-educational outcomes relationship that might arise from unobserved changing dimensions of inequality, with the adoption of Common Core curricula starting in 2013 serving as a pertinent example. Standard econometric approaches do not capture time-varying unobserved characteristics associated with observational data, so omitted factors that covary both with changes in green space and changes in test scores may bias the estimated green space-educational outcomes relationship. Future researchers should intentionally consider the co-development of urban green space with salient unobserved factors when estimating and interpreting the effect of changes in green space on educational outcomes over time. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umapmt:303670&r=all |
| By: | Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie; Awa Sanou; Justice A. Tambo |
| Abstract: | KEY FINDINGS -The poultry sub-sector in Nigeria is experiencing rapid growth and transformation. -However, heat stress associated with climate change is a challenge to poultry farmers due to its negative effect on chicken growth and productivity Small poultry farmers tend to invest in traditional strategies such as stocking local breeds -Medium and large poultry farmers adopt modern technologies such as air and water ventilation and bulbs that emit less heat -Farmers who have experienced heat related losses are more likely to adopt modern practices (water ventilation, pay for litter spreading, buy medicines and vitamins or use energy efficient bulb) and more likely to adopt multiple adaptation strategies. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:303572&r=all |
| By: | Nikos Chatzistamoulou (AUEB); Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | In the present chapter SDGs patterns are defined in terms of the country performance on the Sustainable Development Goals Index provided by the United Nations Index and Dashboards. The latter index is adopted to analyze how sustainable development, based on the average performance on the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals, has evolved during the last four years both at global as well as at the European level in order to explore whether any patterns emerge. Indeed, findings indicate that the Nordic countries are the best performers, shifting the attention to Europe. Thus, special attention is paid to the case of the European member states. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2016&r=all |
| By: | Marco Fugazza; Tansug Ok |
| Abstract: | The current landscape of fisheries subsidies and tariffs is extremely harmful to fish stocks and the fish and fisheries products sector, with potentially irrevocable medium- and long-term effects. The health of the sector depends on its ability to reconcile employment and income generation priorities with the sustainability of fish stocks. Subsidies and tariffs must urgently be reformed. Non-tariff measures (NTMs), if introduced in a harmonized manner internationally, may help reconcile employment and environmental concerns. Financial resources currently spent on harmful subsidies should instead be channeled to helping fishers comply with NTM’s, towards sustainable fisheries management. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unc:blupap:84&r=all |
| By: | Niko Jaakkola; Florian Wagener; Florian O.O. Wagener |
| Abstract: | We characterise the entire set of symmetric stationary Markov-perfect Nash equilibria (MPE) in a differential game of public good investment, using the canonical problem of climate change as an example. We provide a sufficient and necessary condition for MPE and show how the entire set of MPE is constructed. The equilibrium in continuous strategies, unique in our context, is Pareto-dominated by any other equilibrium. If a Pareto-undominated steady state exists, it is sustained by trigger-like strategies, with deviations above and below the steady state leading to different responses. We extend the theory of differential games to deal with payoffs under discontinuous strategies. Our methods work under general functional forms. |
| Keywords: | differential games, Markov-perfect Nash equilibrium, dynamic investment games, dynamic public goods, climate change |
| JEL: | C61 C73 D90 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8246&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Alain Héraud; Phu Nguyen-Van; Thi Kim Cuong Pham |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyze the determinants of individual well-being using a survey database from the Strasbourg metropolitan development council. We focus on the effects of externalities generated by public services (transport, culture and sport) as well as environmental quality and feelings of security in the Strasbourg metropolitan area (Eurométropole de Strasbourg, EMS). Results show that specificities of EMS (in terms of public services, environmental quality perceived as convenient for individual health, safety and security), as well as more individual features like opportunities to laugh or living with children influence significantly individual well-being. These findings are robust when using three subjective measures: feeling of well-being, environmental satisfaction and social life satisfaction. We also show that income may affect perceived well-being for individuals belonging to a low income group, while individuals belonging to a high income group tend to be unsatisfied with environmental quality, but satisfied with their social life. Besides, social comparison in terms of income does not really matter for individual well-being in the Strasbourg metropolitan area. |
| Keywords: | environmental satisfaction, externalities, feeling of well-being, public services, social life satisfaction, utility. |
| JEL: | H72 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-21&r=all |
| By: | Michal BURZYNSKI |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the long-term implications of climate change on local, interregional, and international migration of workers. For nearly all of the world's countries, our micro-founded model jointly endogenizes the effects of changing temperature and sea level on income distribution and individual decisions about fertility, education, and mobility. Climate change intensifies poverty and income inequality creating favorable conditions for urbanization and migration from low- to high-latitude countries. Encompassing slow- and fast-onset mechanisms, our projections suggest that climate change will induce the voluntary and forced displacement of 100 to 160 million workers (200 to 300 million climate migrants of all ages) over the course of the 21st century. However, under current migration laws and policies, forcibly displaced people predominantly relocate within their country and merely 20% of climate migrants opt for long-haul migration to OECD countries. If climate change induces generalized and persistent conflicts over resources in regions at risk, we project significantly larger cross-border flows in the future. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2019–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en10273&r=all |
| By: | Guirguis, Kristen; Basu, Rupa; Al-Delaimy, Wael K; Benmarhnia, Tarik; Clemesha, Rachel ES; Corcos, Isabel; Guzman-Morales, Janin; Hailey, Brittany; Small, Ivory; Tardy, Alexander; Vashishtha, Devesh; Zivin, Joshua G; Gershunov, Alexander |
| Abstract: | Climate variability and change are issues of growing public health importance. Numerous studies have documented risks of extreme heat on human health in different locations around the world. Strategies to prevent heat-related morbidity and reduce disparities are possible but require improved knowledge of health outcomes during hot days at a small-scale level as important within-city variability in local weather conditions, socio-demographic composition, and access to air conditioning (AC) may exist. We analyzed hospitalization data for three unique climate regions of San Diego County alongside temperature data spanning 14 years to quantify the health impact of ambient air temperature at varying exceedance threshold levels. Within San Diego, coastal residents were more sensitive to heat than inland residents. At the coast, we detected a health impact at lower temperatures compared to inland locations for multiple disease categories including heat illness, dehydration, acute renal failure, and respiratory disease. Within the milder coastal region where access to AC is not prevalent, heat-related morbidity was higher in the subset of zip codes where AC saturation is lowest. We detected a 14.6% increase (95% confidence interval [4.5%, 24.6%]) in hospitalizations during hot weather in comparison to colder days in coastal locations where AC is less common, while no significant impact was observed in areas with higher AC saturation. Disparities in AC ownership were associated with income, race/ethnicity, and homeownership. Given that heat waves are expected to increase with climate change, understanding health impacts of heat and the role of acclimation is critical for improving outcomes in the future. |
| Keywords: | air conditioning, climate zones, disparities, health outcomes, heat extremes, temperature |
| Date: | 2018–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt7hd4618z&r=all |
| By: | Alison FAIRBRASS |
| Abstract: | The Environmental Sustainability Gap (ESGAP) framework sets the basis to measure countries’ environmental sustainability performance, based on standards meant to represent the situation at which natural capital can maintain its functions over time. It is composed of 22 indicators, all supported by scientific standards of environmental sustainability, that can ultimately be aggregated into a single index that represents absolute environmental sustainability performance or progress over time, the Strong Environmental Sustainability (SES) index.Here we present the results of a review of global environmental data to assess the feasibility of implementing the ESGAP framework in all countries, at different stages of development. We assess feasibility in terms of the availability of global environmental data, and in the absence of data used for the SES indicators suggest related proxy indicators that are supported by global environmental data. This use of proxy indicators permits the construction for each country of a globally applicable SES index. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2020–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en11032&r=all |
| By: | Aimable Nsabimana; Justice Tei Mensah |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine the relationship between childhood exposure to adverse weather shocks and nutritional and health outcomes of children in Tanzania. Using household panel data matched with spatially disaggregated data on weather shocks, we exploit the plausibly exogenous variations in the exposure to weather shocks to estimate the relationship. Our results reveal a positive association between exposure to dry weather shocks and stunting among children. The effects are profound in the first 12 months after childbirth. |
| Keywords: | Child nutrition, Tanzania, Weather shock |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-57&r=all |
| By: | Sharova, Varvara; Wolff, Paul; Konersmann, Benedikt; Ferstl, Ferdinand; Stanek, Robert; Hackmann, Markus |
| Abstract: | Li-ion batteries are used in battery-powered vehicles, but also in power tools and consumer electronics. Due to the challenges posed by climate change and the increasing penalties for CO2 emissions, battery-powered electric vehicles are regarded as one of the solutions. Modern lithium-ion batteries are currently manufactured mainly by Asian manufacturers. However, the forecast demand for Li-ion batteries in Europe cannot be met by them. This gives the new European players the opportunity to enter the market and build local value chains. |
| Keywords: | Li-ion batteries,value chain,automotive,OEM |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:168&r=all |
| By: | Vogt-Schilb, Adrien; Feng, Kuishuang |
| Abstract: | This study explores the labour impact of four scenarios of electricity generation in Chile, including three coal power phase-down scenarios. These scenarios would result in the creation of between 32 and 40 thousand direct and indirect jobs and between US$1.7 and US$1.8 billion in value added in 2030, compared to present-day situation. Net numbers mask winners and losers. The most significative negative impact we find would be the progressive disappearance of 4 thousand jobs in coal power plants by 2030 or 2050 depending on the scenario. These impacts are not significant when compared to Chile’s labor markets and GDP. Chile’s economy routinely creates more than 40 thousand jobs per trimester, and US$1.7 billion is just 0.8% of GDP, while GDP is expected to grow at least 2.5% per year between today and 2030. At the national level, our results suggest that a careful planning and implementation of coal phase out could be able to mitigate its negative impacts, given that they will be small relative to the size of Chile’s economy. In practice, whether the jobs created nationally match the skills available in the geographical location of current coal power plants is likely to play a key role. This study does not investigate this issue, but a separate technical note studies affected communities with more details and provides lessons learned from historic management of the labor impacts of policy reforms. |
| Keywords: | Labor impacts,Coal phase out,Climate change,Chile,Input-output analysis,Scenario analysis,Just Transition |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:216904&r=all |
| By: | Frank Wijen (Rotterdam School of Management - Erasmus University Rotterdam); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics, UP1 - Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Pres Hesam) |
| Abstract: | Voluntary standards certifying environmental qualities of labeled products have proliferated across sectors and countries. Effectuating these standards requires the collaboration among and between creators (typically firms and nongovernmental organizations) and adopters (firms across a particular supply chain). However, the need to collaborate does not rule out the presence of controversy. Drawing on the case of the Marine Stewardship Council, a leading seafood standard to conserve the world's threatened marine fauna, we analyze how this controversy, from economic and sociologic vantage points, impacts a sustainability transition. In essence, interest divergence drives controversy over standard design, which spurs controversy over standard effectiveness and prompts the proliferation of competing standards. Controversy is magnified by the opacity or nontransparency of the fields which such standards seek to govern. We conclude that, while interest divergence and field opacity entail inherent controversy over voluntary environmental standards, the impact of this controversy on sustainability transitions is typically predominantly positive. |
| Keywords: | label,environmental governance,controversy,conflict,Marine Stewardship Council,nongovernmental organization,self-regulation,standard,competition,certification |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-02071504&r=all |
| By: | Yoshida, Jun; Kono, Tatsuhito |
| Abstract: | Biologically important but dangerous wildlife creatures encroach into cities, which causes human-wildlife conflicts. To explore the effect of the encroachment of wildlife into cities on equilibrium land use and its efficiency, we develop an equilibrium theory of land used for humans and wildlife by combining an ecosystem model with urban economics model. Humans choose their housing location and size in response to the risk of encountering wildlife in cities, and animals optimize their food intake by spreading out in response to heterogeneous feeding grounds in both urban areas and natural habitats, which determines the spatial heterogeneous distribution of both agents. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of the spatial equilibrium in a linear city adjacent to natural habitats. Next, our theory provides new insights for the wildlife conservation: (i) this spatial heterogeneity generates inefficient predator-prey interactions, leading to an inefficient steady state population equilibrium of animals; (ii) With the spatial inefficiency, the equilibrium city size is not always too big. We numerically demonstrate how both the equilibrium and the optimal solution are affected by the scale of conflicts and the value of wildlife. |
| Keywords: | Land use, location-dependent externality, human-wildlife conflicts, biodiversity |
| JEL: | Q28 R11 R14 |
| Date: | 2020–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100447&r=all |
| By: | Steven Haggblade; Naman Keita; Abdramane Traoré; Pierre Traoré; Amadou Diarra; Veronique Thériault |
| Abstract: | Key Findings -All pesticide products, before they can be legally sold in Mali, must be tested, reviewed and registered by the Sahel-wide regulatory body, the Comité Sahélien des Pesticides (CSP). -A survey of agricultural input retailers conducted in June 2019 in 10 markets across Mali finds that 26% of all pesticides sold are unregistered by the CSP and therefore illegal. -Among informal retailers, levels of fraud rise to 31% of total pesticide volumes. -The high level of unauthorized pesticides on sale in Mali means that farmers frequently use pesticides that the CSP considers harmful to human health an/or the environment. -In order to protect farmers, Malian stakeholders will need to improve post-registration enforcement through expanded monitoring of markets and pesticide products on sale. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2019–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:303616&r=all |
| By: | Epiphane Assouan (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Tina Rambonilaza (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Bénédicte Rulleau (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture) |
| Abstract: | Cet article étudie la contribution qui sera demandée aux usagers des réseaux collec-tifs d'eau potable pour le …nancement de la gestion patrimoniale des infrastructures. Pour ce faire, nous caractérisons l'optimum de premier rang et nous le comparons à l'équilibre du plani…cateur social en présence d'hétérogénéités de préférences, a…n de tenir compte des usages des techniques alternatives pour certains besoins en eaux domestiques. Ces usages alternatifs génèrent des externalités négatives pour le bon fonctionnement du réseau, l'optimum de premier rang requiert ainsi un transfert de la part des usagers exclusifs du réseau collectif vers les usagers des alternatives. Le raisonnement en équilibre de Nash montre par ailleurs que l'existence de ce transfert fait appel à d'autres motivations que les seules valeurs d'usages. En…n, le cas de la GPIE montre comment une part essentielle des formes d'inégalités qui peuvent y être associée peut être attribuée à l'hétérogénéité des préférences. |
| Keywords: | demande de services,consentement à payer,bien public pur,théorie des jeux |
| Date: | 2018–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02526819&r=all |
| By: | Kaoru Kuramoto (Aoyama-Gakuin University); Yosuke Kurihara (Aoyama-Gakuin University); Satoshi Kumagai (Aoyama-Gakuin University) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we propose a social framework in which all people can live in good physical and mental conditions. Focusing on sleep, which is one of the most important factors affecting physical and mental well-being, sleep with a high degree of satisfaction in terms of subjectivity is defined as ?comfortable sleep?. The purpose of this study is to build a sleep structure model that takes into account the sleep environment that leads to sleep and individual differences in daytime behavior. The Model we focus on the comfort of sleep and sleep, and clarify the relationship between biological responses and thermal environment using covariance structure analysis.Therefore, for proper sleep, we clarify the influence of the behavior during the daytime and before going to sleep, as well as the bedroom environment such as room temperature, body temperature, and humidity during sleep, and by controlling these, many unspecified It is possible to provide a uniform service based on a common general-purpose model for service users as an objective of the Well Being project. |
| Keywords: | core temperature, covariance structure analysis?surface temperature, thermal environment |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:10012438&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Douenne (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Although widely endorsed by economists, carbon tax is struggling to establish itself on the agendas of public decision-makers. One of the reasons for its slow development is the fear that it might generate major redistributive effects, and in particular discriminate against the lowest-income households. This policy brief presents the findings of an ex ante assessment of the redistributive effects on households of the environmental taxation reforms in France in 2018. Carbon tax is intrinsically regressive, but it generates additional revenue. By transferring this revenue neutrally to all households, a progressive reform would be obtained. However, even in such a situation, the reform would generate considerable redistributive effects within the income groups. Such horizontal transfers, which are more difficult to correct, suggest that other tools are necessary for reducing the impact of the reform on the most vulnerable. Looking to the long term, it appears essential to invest in improving the energy performance of housing and of transport. Such policies meet not only environmental requirements, but also the need to reduce the vulnerability of the lowest-income households to future energy price rises. |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-02520812&r=all |
| By: | Steven Haggblade; Amadou Diarra; Wayne Jiang; Amidou Assima; Naman Keita; Abdramane Traoré; Mamadou Traoré |
| Abstract: | Key Findings -Pesticide markets have grown rapidly in West Africa over the past decade and a half, far faster than regulatory monitoring capacity. -As a result, fraudulent pesticides (unregistered and counterfeit) are widely sold throughout Mali. -Purchase of 100 glyphosate samples from 50 different retailers across Mali indicate that that 45% were fraudulent products. -Laboratory testing indicates that fraudulent glyphosate products contain 8-10% less active ingredient than registered products. -Farmers can protect themselves by purchasing only pesticides duly registered by the Comité Sahélien des Pesticides (CSP). |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2019–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:303583&r=all |
| By: | Guillaume MOREL |
| Abstract: | Within the present paper, we build a model from epidemiology and economics to study the impact of infectious diseases on the steady states and dynamic of an exogenous growth model. More precisely, we embed a SIS model within a Ramsey growth model in a close framework with a tax where pollution comes from consumption. Firstly, we show that a consumption tax allocated to a depollution policy possesses an ambiguous effect on consumption and welfare, depending on the disease infectivity factor. Secondly, we point out that an increase in the spread of an infectious disease can’t make a limit cycle (Hopf bifurcation) emerge near the endemic steady state as previous research proved. |
| Keywords: | Hopf bifurcation, Pollution, Ramsey model, SIS model. |
| JEL: | C62 O44 Q5 I1 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-22&r=all |
| By: | Timothée Demont (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, EHESS, Centrale Marseille, IRD, AMSE) |
| Abstract: | This paper asks whether local savings and credit associations help poor rural households hit by climatic shocks. Combining data from an original field experiment with meteorological data, I investigate how Self-Help Groups (SHGs) allow households to cope with rainfall shocks in villages of East India over a sevenyear period. I show that SHGs withstand large rainfall shocks remarkably, and that credit flows are very stable in treated villages. As a result, treated households experience a higher food security during the lean season following a drought and increase seasonal migration to mitigate future income shocks. These results imply that small-scale financial institutions like SHGs help to finance temporary risk management strategies and to cope with important covariate income shocks such as droughts. |
| Keywords: | microfinance, weather shocks, risk management, seasonal migration, food security |
| JEL: | O13 O15 G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2016&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Electric Power Energy - Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy - Energy Consumption Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy Policies & Economics Energy - Energy Sector Regulation Energy - Energy Technology & Transmission Energy - Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:33702&r=all |
| By: | M. Martin Boyer |
| Abstract: | La perte de richesse liée au confinement forcé de la COVID-19 pour l’ensemble des Québécois se chiffrera à environ 100 milliards de dollars. Selon les données de la Center of Disease Control des États-Unis, le nombre de décès causés par la COVID-19 se serait chiffré à environ 47 000 au Québec si rien n’avait été fait pour endiguer la pandémie. Selon le modèle de l’Institut Pasteur en France, le nombre de décès se serait chiffré à environ 21 500. En fonction du modèle français ou des données américaines, la SAAQ aurait versé entre 2,6 et 9,0 milliards de dollars, respectivement, aux conjoints de ces victimes si elles étaient mortes d’un accident de la route plutôt que de la COVID-19. Les versements forfaitaires de la SAAQ sont trop faibles et devraient être augmentés par un facteur de 10 à 40. |
| Keywords: | , COVID-19,Valeur statistique d’une vie,Coût de la pandémie,Société de l’assurance automobile du Québec |
| Date: | 2020–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2020pe-13&r=all |
| By: | Schmid, Katrin; Hadwiger, Felix; Wilke, Peter |
| Abstract: | Trotz aller Diskussionen um eine Dekarbonisierung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ist Mineralöl noch immer der dominierende Energieträger. Dennoch steht die deutsche Mineralölindustrie vor vielfältigen Herausforderungen: In Europa stagniert die Nachfrage nach Mineralölprodukten, der Ölverbrauch wird aller Voraussicht nach durch klimapolitische Maßnahmen bis Mitte des Jahrhunderts stark sinken. Darauf reagieren die Mineralölunternehmen schon heute, indem sie die Beschäftigtenzahlen sinken. Arbeitsverdichtung und Mehrarbeit sind die Folgen. Die Gewinnung einer ausreichenden Zahl von Fachkräften ist eine der großen Herausforderungen der nächsten Jahre. |
| Keywords: | Klimaziele,Energiewirtschaft,Automobilindustrie,Dekarbonisierung |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:133&r=all |
| By: | Iruhiriye, Elyse; Olney, Deanna K.; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Heckert, Jessica; Niyongira, Emmanuel; Frongillo, Edward A. |
| Abstract: | Understanding the context-specific causes of child malnutrition, including those related to political commitment and program and policy coherence, is essential for effectively reducing the prevalence of nutrition-related problems such as stunting and anemia and their subsequent negative impacts on human and national development. Between 2005 and 2015 Rwanda made substantial progress in reducing malnutrition, reducing stunting and anemia among children |
| Keywords: | RWANDA; CENTRAL AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; nutrition; malnutrition; child nutrition; anaemia; children; nutrition programmes; stunting; political commitment |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:1&r=all |
| By: | Philip Hegarty James |
| Abstract: | Key Findings -The farmers in the study area are aware of soil degradation. -Improper cultivation practices were identified by the farmers as the most dominant cause of soil degradation in the study area. -Flooding is identified as the most dominant cause of soil degradation in Lau and Karim Lamido local government areas because of their proximity to the River Benue. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2019–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:303590&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Douenne (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Bien que plébiscitée par les économistes, la taxe carbone peine à se faire une place dans l'agenda des décideurs publics. Une des raisons de son lent développement est la crainte qu'elle puisse générer d'importants effets redistributifs, et en particulier pénaliser les ménages les plus modestes. Cette note présente les résultats d'une évaluation ex ante des effets redistributifs sur les ménages des réformes de la fiscalité environnementale en France en 2018. La taxe carbone est en elle-même régressive, mais génère des recettes supplémentaires. En transférant de manière neutre ce revenu à tous les ménages, on obtiendrait une réforme progressive. Toutefois, même dans cette situation la réforme génèrerait d'importants effets redistributifs au sein des groupes de revenu. Ces transferts horizontaux, plus difficiles à corriger, suggèrent que d'autres outils sont nécessaires pour réduire l'impact de la réforme sur les plus vulnérables. Dans une perspective de long terme, il apparaît comme essentiel d'investir dans l'amélioration des performances énergétiques des logements et des transports. Ces politiques répondent non seulement à des exigences environnementales, mais aussi au besoin de réduire la vulnérabilité des ménages les plus modestes à l'augmentation future des prix de l'énergie. |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-02520805&r=all |