|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒03‒30
fifty-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Fabian Herweg |
| Abstract: | According to the Phase IV (2021-2030) rules of the EU ETS, the total amount of emissions permits allocated to firms is not fixed but endogenous. This implies that a national climate policy that overlaps with the emission trading system can have an impact on total aggregate emissions. Roughly speaking, if firms increase their holdings of emission permits, the total amount of emissions allocated is reduced. This paper investigates analytically how an overlapping national policy affects the decision of an individual firm and the whole industry to bank emission permits. If marginal abatement costs are not too convex, national climate policies increase banking and thus tend to reduce overall emissions. This effect, however, is reduced in times of low interest rates. |
| Keywords: | banking of permits, cap-and-trade, EU ETS, national measures |
| JEL: | D45 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8128&r=all |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Alice Guittard (ICRE8); Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Coastal and sea regions not only concentrate populations and intensive economic activity but also environmental stresses and higher levels of pollution. On the other hand, rural hinterlands face depopulation and often economic recession while still environmentally impacting coastal regions. Land-based activities (agriculture, forestry, industries and urbanization) are directly and indirectly impacting land, coastal and sea ecosystems (soil and river pollutions, marine water eutrophication, etc.), the coastal region are the downstream recipient of land use negative practice externalities. At river basin scale, despite the fact that land-based ecosystems are linked to coastal and sea ecosystems through water flows, the understanding of these links remains limited partly due to sectorized and fragmented research and governance practices. At the European policy level, legislations follow these spatial and sectoral approaches, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategic Framework Directive (MSFD) which seek to achieve 'Good Environmental Status' of rivers and marine water respectively, but both lack interconnections and common working principles. Although river water flows directly impact coastal and marine waters, neither the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) nor the Integrate Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) principles sufficiently address the gaps between sea management, coastal management and inland management. The EU H2020 COASTAL project adopts an innovative source-to-sea approach where at river basin scale, sea, coastal and rural regions are seen as a whole and single ecosystem. The project seeks to improve land-sea synergies in strategic business and policy decision making, and collaborations between coastal and rural stakeholders in order to (1) create connections between land ecosystems and coastal ecosystems, for sustainable use and management of theses ecosystems as well as reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) pertaining to the sustainable use of freshwater (SDG 6), seas (SDG14), terrestrial ecosystems (SDG 15) and climate change impacts (SDG13); (2) support sustainable growth in rural, coastal and marine sectors by fostering cross-sectoral collaborations; (3) develop links between EU WFD, MFD and CAP by developing policy alternatives for coastal-rural areas. The COASTAL project adopts a strong participatory multi-actor, bottom-up approach based on collaboration between rural, coastal and sea stakeholders. The methodology and tools used combine local and scientific knowledge to explore and analyse social, environmental and economic land-sea interactions in a collaborative System-Dynamic framework to identify problems and develop practical and robust business road maps and strategic policy guidelines to improve land-sea synergies and coastal-rural collaborations. The project adopts an interactive approach via Multi-Actors Labs (MALs) centered around 6 selected coastal regions (in Belgium, Sweden, Romania, Greece, Spain and France) with both common as well as unique opportunities and challenges. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2007&r=all |
| By: | André Gaspar Ciepliski; Simone D’Alessandro; Tiziano Distefano; Pietro Guarnieri |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the social and structural conditions grounding the feasibility of green growth policies. It takes the proposal of a Green New Deal as a reference and assesses i) whether green investments and innovation will be able to ensure the promised social prosperity and ii) what kind of social policies are able to compensate for the risk of increasing inequality. For this purpose, we develop a dynamic macrosimulation model of the Italian economy which explores the social and structural effects of the Italian integrated policy plan for energy and climate. We find that green growth alone will not result in better societal conditions and needs to be compensated with social policies to reduce inequality. Hence, we select two social policies, namely a basic income programme and a working time reduction policy, that are expected to deliver similar results in terms of redistribution and compare their environmental outcomes in terms of CO2 emissions. Our scenario analysis shows that working time reduction leads to an increase in employment and a parallel decrease in aggregate demand that cause both a reduction in emissions and inequality. On the other hand, the basic income programme reduces inequality by sustaining aggregate demand, which in turn reduces the positive environmental effects of the energy plan. |
| Keywords: | Green New Deal, Green Growth, Working Time Reduction, Basic Income |
| JEL: | Q52 Q58 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pie:dsedps:2020/256&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Kablan, Sandrine; Hammoudeh, Shawkat; Nasir, Muhammad Ali; Kontoleon, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Contextualising on the internationally low oil prices era and historically high oil production in USA and refusal to honour the commitments under Paris Agreement (COP: 21), this study investigates the role of education, oil prices and natural resources on CO2 emissions and energy demand in the USA for the period of 1976-2016. In so doing, we employed a bounds testing approach to cointegration which also accounts for the structural breaks. Key findings suggest the presence of a long-run association between underlying variables. The abundance of natural resources and economic growth of the US economy seem to weigh on environmental quality by increasing energy consumption and carbon emissions. Oil prices show a negative association with energy consumption as well as carbon emissions suggesting that a low oil price regime can lead to an increase in carbon emissions and energy consumption. Interestingly, education seems to play an important role by reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions, resultantly improving the US environmental quality. Our findings have profound environmental implications in terms of efforts to tackle climate change and meeting the Paris agreement (COP: 21) ambitions with reality and USA policy stance. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources, Oil Prices, Education, Energy and Emissions, COP: 21 |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99277&r=all |
| By: | Alix-Garcia,Jennifer M.; Sims,Katharine R. Emans; Orozco Olvera,Victor Hugo; Costica,Laura Elena; Fernandez Medina.Jorge David; Romo-Monroy,Sofia; Pagiola,Stefano P. |
| Abstract: | Environmental conditional cash transfers, or"payments for ecosystem services"are a centerpiece of global efforts to protect biodiversity, safeguard watersheds, and mitigate climate change by reducing forest loss. This paper evaluates the impacts of Mexico's national payments for ecosystem services program, which provides five years of payments to landowners in exchange for maintaining and managing natural land cover. Using a regression discontinuity design, the paper studies impacts on environmental, socioeconomic, and social capital outcomes for the 2011-14 program cohorts. The analysis finds that treated communities increased management activities to protect land cover, such as patrolling for illegal conversion or combatting soil erosion (by 48 percent compared to controls). The program reduced the loss of tree cover in areas at high risk of deforestation (by 29 percent compared to controls), with effects being larger for those that have been in the program the longest (38 percent compared to controls). These results are similar to estimates of impact for earlier program cohorts and continue to highlight the importance of targeting the program to areas of high risk of land cover loss to increase environmental effectiveness. The program continued to reach poor communities and households, but estimated impacts on household wealth indicators are small in magnitude and not statistically significant. These results indicate that community-level conditional payments did not harm household-level socioeconomic indicators, a key safeguard requirement of conservation policies of the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. The data also show that payments for ecosystem services significantly increased community social capital -- the institutions, attitudes, and values that govern human interactions -- (by 9 percent compared to controls), and these externally provided incentives did not crowd out household contributions to other community work. |
| Keywords: | Global Environment,Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Global Environment Facility,Biodiversity,Disability,Economic Assistance,Access of Poor to Social Services,Services&Transfers to Poor,Natural Resources Management,Forests and Forestry,Forestry,Sustainable Land and Crop Management,Environmental Protection,Forestry Management,Natural Resources Management and Rural Issues,Energy and Natural Resources,Coastal and Marine Resources,Sustainable Land Management |
| Date: | 2019–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8707&r=all |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | We study climate change policies using the novel pattern scaling approach of regional transient climate response in order to develop a regional economy-climate model under conditions of deep uncertainty. We associate welfare weights with regions and analyze cooperative outcomes derived by the social planner's solution at the regional scale. Recent literature indicates that damages are larger in low latitude (warmer) areas and are projected to become relatively even larger in low latitude areas than at temperate latitudes. Under deep uncertainty, robust control policies are more conservative regarding emissions and, when regional distributional weights are introduced, carbon taxes are lower in the relatively poorer region. Mild concerns for robustness are welfare improving for the poor region, while strong concerns have welfare cost for all regions. We show that increasing regional temperatures will increase resources devoted to learning, in order to reduce deep uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | regional temperature anomalies, deep uncertainty, distributional weights, cost of robustness, learning |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 D81 |
| Date: | 2020–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2009&r=all |
| By: | Alix-Garcia,Jennifer M.; Sims,Katharine R. Emans; Phaneuf,Daniel J. |
| Abstract: | Cost-effective allocation of conditional cash transfers (CCT) requires identifying recipients with low opportunity costs who might change behavior. This paper develops a low-cost approach for improving program implementation by using a stated preference, referendum-style survey question to calculate willingness to accept (WTA) for CCT contracts. This is illustrated in the context of Mexico's Payments for Ecosystem Services Program, with the paper finding that the estimated social cost based on WTA is substantially lower than actual payments. Simulation of three geographic targeting approaches shows that joint selection using deforestation risk and WTA could increase program impact under the same budget. The paper also simulates modified payment schedules based on predicted WTA and demonstrates that these could reduce program cost. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Global Environment,Conditional Cash Transfers,Services&Transfers to Poor,Disability,Access of Poor to Social Services,Economic Assistance,Biodiversity,Global Environment Facility |
| Date: | 2019–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8708&r=all |
| By: | Dasgupta,Susmita; Lall,Somik V.; Wheeler,David |
| Abstract: | Air pollution from vehicular traffic is a major source of health damage in urban areas. The problems of urban traffic and pollution are essentially geographic, because their incidence and impacts depend on the spatial distribution of economic activities, households, and transport links. This paper uses satellite images to investigate the spatial dynamics of vehicle traffic, air pollution, and exposure of vulnerable residents in the Dar es Salaam metro region of Tanzania. The results highlight significant impacts of seasonal weather (temperature, humidity, and wind-speed factors) on the spatial distribution and intensity of air pollution from vehicle emissions. These effects on the metro region's air quality vary highly by area. During seasons when weather factors maximize pollution, the worst exposure occurs in areas along the wind path of high-traffic roadways. The research identifies core areas where congestion reduction would yield the greatest exposure reduction for children and the elderly in poor households. |
| Keywords: | Intelligent Transport Systems,Air Quality&Clean Air,Pollution Management&Control,Brown Issues and Health,Inequality,Health Care Services Industry,Railways Transport |
| Date: | 2020–03–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9185&r=all |
| By: | Roland Ismer; Karsten Neuhoff; Alice Pirlot |
| Abstract: | As part of its Green Deal, the European Commission is considering the introduction of border carbon adjustments and alternative measures. The measures, which would primarily apply to basic materials like steel and cement, pursue a double objective: they are aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of carbon pricing for the transition to climate neutrality but also at avoiding carbon leakage risks. When implementing carbon adjustment mechanisms and alternative measures, various design options might be considered to reform the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). In this paper, we have decided to focus on three main models, which help to highlight the main differences between the available options. Under the first model, importers of basic materials would be required to surrender carbon allowances at the level of a product benchmark or, where lower, at the verified level of foreign carbon intensity. In parallel, allocation of free allowances would be phased out. Under the second model, a symmetric adjustment mechanism for exports and imports would be adopted, including refund to exporters for the carbon costs incurred on basic materials embodied in products. Finally, under the third model, the EU ETS would be complemented with a climate contribution charged for materials sold in the European Union (EU) at the product benchmark level related to the carbon intensity of each material. The free allowance allocation regime would then be modified to be directly linked to the volume of material production at the product benchmark level. In order to contribute to the current policy debate, we evaluate for each of these three models, their legality, coherence with EU climate objectives, effectiveness in carbon leakage prevention, potential international implications, as well as their administrative complexity and compliance costs |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Climate policy, International trade, WTO |
| JEL: | F18 K33 L61 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1855&r=all |
| By: | Simon Dietz; Rick van der Ploeg; Armon Rezai; Frank Venmans |
| Abstract: | We show that several of the most important economic models of climate change produce climate dynamics inconsistent with the current crop of models in climate science. First, most economic models exhibit far too long a delay between an impulse of CO2 emissions and warming. Second, few economic models incorporate positive feedbacks in the carbon cycle, whereby carbon sinks remove less CO2 from the atmosphere, the more CO2 they have already removed cumulatively, and the higher is temperature. These inconsistencies affect economic prescriptions to abate CO2 emissions. Controlling for how the economy is represented, different climate models result in significantly different optimal CO2 emissions. A long delay between emissions and warming leads to optimal carbon prices that are too low and too much sensitivity of optimal carbon prices to the discount rate. Omitting positive carbon cycle feedbacks also leads to optimal carbon prices that are too low. We conclude it is important for policy purposes to bring economic models in line with the state of the art in climate science. |
| Keywords: | carbon cycle, carbon price, climate change, integrated assessment modelling, positive feedbacks, social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8122&r=all |
| By: | Claire Alestra (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gilbert Cette (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France, AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Valérie Chouard (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France); Rémy Lecat (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions. |
| Keywords: | Climate,Global warming,Energy prices,Government policy,Growth,Productivity,Long- term projections |
| Date: | 2020–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02505088&r=all |
| By: | Halim,Ronald Apriliyanto; Smith,Tristan; Englert,Dominik Paul |
| Abstract: | The International Maritime Organization's initial strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships stipulates that the international shipping sector should assess the impacts on states prior to adoption of the mitigation measures included in the strategy. This assessment should be undertaken as a matter of urgency, and disproportionately negative impacts should be assessed and addressed as appropriate. This paper aims to contribute to this discussion by reviewing the state-of-the-art research on the economic impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation measures on states, using model-based analysis. Specifically, the paper: (i) identifies four areas of economic impacts and their relationships, (ii) compiles the latest findings on the estimated magnitudes of these impacts, and (iii) presents relevant modeling approaches along with best practices for selecting and applying these approaches in impact assessments. The paper concludes that introducing greenhouse gas mitigation measures, such as carbon prices applied to bunker fuels in the range of 10 to 50 USD/ton of carbon dioxide, might increase maritime transport costs by 0.4 percent to 16 percent. However, this would only marginally increase the import prices of goods (by less than 1 percent). For transport choices, the increased cost of maritime transport induced by greenhouse gas mitigation measures might only slightly reduce the share of maritime transport, by 0.16 percent globally. Furthermore, a global carbon tax applied to all transport modes might stimulate a shift toward maritime transport from all other modes. The impacts of a carbon price in the range of 10 to 90 USD/ton of carbon dioxide on national economies are expected to be modest (-0.002 percent to -1 percent of GDP). |
| Keywords: | Transport Services,International Trade and Trade Rules,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Trade and Services,Transport Economics Policy&Planning |
| Date: | 2019–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8695&r=all |
| By: | Mehdi Abbas (Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The new European Commission, chaired by Ursula Von der Leyen, has made the environment and climate the central parameters of European policy, both internal and international, for the period 2020-2025. As such, the European Green Deal has set itself the goal of making Europe the "first climate neutral" continent by 2050. It has been five years since the Paris Agreements was agreed. This working Paper analyzes the trade policy options available to the EU for a low-carbon international trading system. |
| Date: | 2020–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02502577&r=all |
| By: | Shreekant Gupta (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics); Bishwanath Goldar (Institute of Economic Growth); Shubham Dang (SCOPT Analytics) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines whether capital markets in developing countries respond to news about environmental performance of firms thereby creating incentive for pollution control. In particular we conduct an event study of firms in three polluting industries in India (paper and pulp, cement and iron and steel) that were rated under the Green Rating Project. Along lines of earlier research we find the stock market generally penalizes weak environmental performance among firms. Interestingly, paper and pulp firms that were being rated for a second time and did strictly worse relative to their previous performance experienced significant negative returns. In terms of methodology, the paper controls for event day clustering by using the KP-statistic instead of the commonly used Z or BMP-statistic. We show when KP statistic is used, the negative impact of poor environmental performance on the stock returns is not as pronounced as the standard Z or BMP statistic would lead one to believe. |
| JEL: | G14 Q53 G32 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cde:cdewps:303&r=all |
| By: | Younes Ahmadi (Department of Economics. University of Calgary, Canada); Akio Yamazaki (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Japan) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effectiveness of carbon taxes in the manufacturing sector by examining British Columbia’s revenue-neutral carbon tax. We theoretically demonstrate that the magnitude of plants’ exposure to the policy monotonically increases with its emission intensity. Using detailed confidential plant-level data, we directly exploit the variations in plants’ emission intensity to isolate the emission effect of the policy. We find that the carbon tax lowers emission by 2 percent. Furthermore, we find that the policy had a positive output effect, suggesting that the carbon tax encouraged plants to produce more with less energies. These findings are possibly due to the revenue neutrality of the policy, especially through the reduction of the corporate income taxes. It incentivized plants to invest in both energy-saving and productivity-enhancing technologies. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:19-36&r=all |
| By: | Nico Pestel (Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Germany); Florian Wozny (Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies health effects from restricting the access of high-emission vehicles to innercities by implementing Low Emission Zones. For identification, we exploit variation in the timing and the spatial distribution of the introduction of new Low Emission Zones across cities in Germany. We use detailed hospitalization data combined with geo-coded information on the coverage of Low Emission Zones. We find that Low Emission Zones significantly reduce levels of air pollution in urban areas and that these improvements in air quality translate into population health benefits. The number of diagnoses related to air pollution is significantly reduced for hospitals located within or in close proximity to a Low Emission Zone after it becomes effective. The results are mainly driven by reductions in chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. |
| Keywords: | Low Emission Zone, air pollution, health, Germany |
| JEL: | I18 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:duh:wpaper:1908&r=all |
| By: | Nico Pestel (Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Germany); Florian Wozny (Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies health effects from restricting the access of high-emission vehicles to innercities by implementing Low Emission Zones. For identification, we exploit variation in the timing and the spatial distribution of the introduction of new Low Emission Zones across cities in Germany. We use detailed hospitalization data combined with geo-coded information on the coverage of Low Emission Zones. We find that Low Emission Zones significantly reduce levels of air pollution in urban areas and that these improvements in air quality translate into population health benefits. The number of diagnoses related to air pollution is significantly reduced for hospitals located within or in close proximity to a Low Emission Zone after it becomes effective. The results are mainly driven by reductions in chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. |
| Keywords: | Low Emission Zone, air pollution, health, Germany |
| JEL: | I18 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:duh:wpaper:1904&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Douenne (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Adrien Fabre (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper helps to understand how beliefs form and determine attitudes towards policies. Using a new survey and official households' survey data, we investigate the case of carbon taxation in France in the context of the Yellow Vests movement that started against it. We find that French people would largely reject a Tax & Dividend policy, i.e. a carbon tax whose revenues are redistributed uniformly to each adult. However, they also overestimate the negative impact of the scheme on their purchasing power, wrongly think it is regressive, and do not perceive it as environmentally effective. Using information about the scheme as instruments to robustly identify causal effects, our econometric analysis shows that if we could rectify these three biased beliefs, it would suffice to generate majority approval. Yet, only a small minority can be convinced by new information and revisions are biased towards pessimism. Finally, if overly pessimistic beliefs cause tax rejection, they also result from it through motivated reasoning, which manifests what we define as "tax aversion". |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy,Carbon tax,Bias,Beliefs,Preferences,Tax aversion |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02482639&r=all |
| By: | Charles Fang Chin Cheng (Department of Policy Research and Statistics UNIDO); Nicola Cantore (Department of Policy Research and Statistics UNIDO) |
| Abstract: | Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development (ISID) calls for the full engagement and commitment of policymakers in industrializing countries to minimize the environmental footprint and enhance social inclusion. This study investigates the progress of 118 countries towards ISID (2005-2015) through an input-oriented CCR (Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes) slack-based (data envelopment analysis) DEA model. The efficiency analyses have been carried out using two approaches: i) the ISID approach represents countries’ ambition to promote industrialization and to sustain economic growth by reducing the negative environmental and social effects that become manifest in the economy; ii) the ISIDsdg9 approach considers the same aspects of ISID but only focusses on indicators related to the industrial sector. We develop an analytical tool to measure ISID using these two different approaches. This study finds that Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland top the ranking when applying the ISID approach, and that Czechia and Switzerland rank highest when we apply the ISIDsdg9 approach. We could not detect any signs of catching up between developed and developing countries in terms of progress towards ISID and ISIDsdg9 between 2005 and 2013. |
| Keywords: | Slack-based model (SBM), Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development (ISID), data envelopment analysis (DEA), United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0320&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses how globalisation modulates the effect of environmental degradation on inclusive human development in 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), using data for the period 2000 to 2012. The empirical results are based on the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The following main findings are established. First, a trade openness (imports + exports) threshold of between 80-120% of GDP is the maximum level required for trade openness to effectively modulate CO2 emissions (metric tonnes per capita) and induce a positive effect on inclusive human development. Second, a minimum threshold required for trade openness to modulate CO2 intensity (kg per kg of oil-equivalent energy use) and induce a positive effect on inclusive human development is 200% of GDP. Third, there is a net positive effect on inclusive human development from the relevance of trade openness in modulating the effect of CO2 emissions per capita on inclusive human development and a negative net effect on inclusive human development from the importance of trade openness in moderating the effect of CO2 intensity on inclusive human development. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/015&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses how globalisation modulates the effect of environmental degradation on inclusive human development in 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), using data for the period 2000 to 2012. The empirical results are based on the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The following main findings are established. First, a trade openness (imports + exports) threshold of between 80-120% of GDP is the maximum level required for trade openness to effectively modulate CO2 emissions (metric tonnes per capita) and induce a positive effect on inclusive human development. Second, a minimum threshold required for trade openness to modulate CO2 intensity (kg per kg of oil-equivalent energy use) and induce a positive effect on inclusive human development is 200% of GDP. Third, there is a net positive effect on inclusive human development from the relevance of trade openness in modulating the effect of CO2 emissions per capita on inclusive human development and a negative net effect on inclusive human development from the importance of trade openness in moderating the effect of CO2 intensity on inclusive human development. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/015&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuelle Augeraud-Véron (Université de Bordeaux, France); Giorgio Fabbri (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France); Katheline Schubert (Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France) |
| Abstract: | We study a model of strategic competition among farmers for land use in an agricultural economy. Each agent can take possession of a part of the collective forest land and convert it to farming. Unconverted forest land helps preserving biodiversity, which contributes to reducing the volatility of agricultural production. Agents' utility is given in terms of a Kreps Porteus stochastic differential utility capable of disentangling risk aversion and aversion to fluctuations. We characterize the land used by each farmer and her welfare at the Nash equilibrium, we evaluate the over-exploitation of the land and the agents' welfare loss compared to the socially optimal solution and we study the drivers of the inefficiencies of the decentralized equilibrium. After characterizing the value of biodiversity in the model, we use an appropriate decomposition to study the policy implications of the model by identifying in which cases the allocation of property rights is preferable to the introduction of a land conversion tax. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, insurance value,land conversion, recursive preferences, stochastic differential games |
| JEL: | Q56 Q58 Q10 Q15 O13 O20 C73 D62 |
| Date: | 2020–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2020011&r=all |
| By: | Pape,Utz Johann; Wollburg,Philip Randolph |
| Abstract: | Understanding the magnitude and importance of income shocks, such as drought or conflict, in causing and perpetuating poverty is critical to designing policies aimed at building resilience and contributing toward the goal of ending poverty. This paper uses micro-data from two waves of the Somali High Frequency Survey to assess the impact of the severe drought that Somalia experienced in 2016/17 on poverty, hunger, and consumption. The analysis uses a regression framework to quantify the effects of the drought, relying on spatial variation in drought exposure and the timing of data collection, which took place before and during the drought, for identification. The drought is found to have a sizable effect on poverty, consumption, and hunger in rural areas, where agricultural households and those lacking access to infrastructure and basic services are most severely affected. A renewed drought shock could lead to an increase in poverty of 9 percentage points. The findings underscore the importance of investing in rural resilience, especially among agricultural households. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters,Inequality,Food Security,Nutrition,Gender and Development,Environmental Engineering,Health and Sanitation,Water and Human Health,Small Private Water Supply Providers,Water Supply and Sanitation Economics,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Sanitation and Sewerage,Engineering,Sanitary Environmental Engineering |
| Date: | 2019–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8698&r=all |
| By: | Saumya Verma (Lady Shri Ram College,University of Delhi); Shreekant Gupta (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics); Partha Sen (Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics & CESifo) |
| Abstract: | THow would climate change affect India’s agriculture which accounts for sixty percent of employment? We study the impact of climate change on the level and variability of yields of rice (India’s major food crop) and two key millet crops (sorghum and pearl millet), using an all India district level panel dataset from 1966-2011. A stochastic production function is estimated with exogenous climate anomalies. We find that climate change adversely affects both the level and variability of crop yields - rice yields are reduced by rainfall extremes whereas extremely high temperatures make yields of all three crops highly variable with the biggest impact on millets. |
| JEL: | Q54 O13 D24 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cde:cdewps:305&r=all |
| By: | Julia Jouan (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Julia Heinrichs (Institute of Food and Ressource Economics, University of Bonn); Wolfgang Britz (Institute for Food and Ressource Economics, University of Bonn); Christoph Pahmeyer (Institute for Food and Ressource Economics, University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Legumes can limit the impact of agricultural systems on the environment by limiting N fertilization, diversifying crop rotation and substituting imported protein-rich feed. However, their production remains low in the European Union, which led to specific policies. France established Voluntary Coupled Support scheme for legumes. Germany did not introduce a coupled support, but provides more favorable implementation of the Nitrates Directive for legumes by allowing spreading manure on these crops. Our study assesses economic and environmental impacts of the coupled support and measures of the Nitrates Directive affecting legume production in France and Germany. We employ the bio-economic model FarmDyn, parameterized for a typical dairy farm in France and Germany. Legumes are introduced as cash crops and on-farm feed, highlighting interactions between crop and animal productions.Different levels of coupled support per hectare were analyzed and the French versus the German implementation of the Nitrates Directive were compared. Results suggest that voluntary coupled support leads to an increase in legume production but to a lesser extend in the German farm than in the French farm, due to higher opportunity costs of legumes. In both farms, the increase in legume production leads to limited environmental benefits: nitrogen leaching and global warming potential slightly decrease. In the French farm, the German implementation of the Nitrates Directive fosters legume production. Thus, this study shows that allowing manure spreading on legumes can help reaching high legume production in livestock farms. However, this further increase in legume production does not lead to environmental benefits. Thus, allowing manure spreading on legumes to increase their production should be justified by other goals such as improving the protein self-sufficiency of the farm. |
| Keywords: | protein crop,mathematical programming,bio-economic model,global warming potential,nitrates directive |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02501428&r=all |
| By: | Bulusu, Vishwanath; Sengupta, Raja |
| Abstract: | Owing to a century of innovation in connected and automated aircraft design, for the rst time in history, air transport presents a potential competitive alternative to road, for hub-to-door and door-to-door urban services. In this article, we study the viability of air transport, for moving people and goods in an urban area, based on three metrics - enroute travel time, fuel cost and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We estimate the metrics from emission standards and operational assumptions on vehicles based on current market data and compare electric air travel to gasoline road travel. For passenger movement, air is faster than road for all distances. It fares better on fuel cost and emissions only for longer distances (specic transition distances are stated in the text). For consolidated movement of goods, air is at par with road. Finally, for movement of unconsolidated goods, air again fares better than road on all three metrics. It is also noteworthy that these results are based on a road friendly urban design. Changes in design that facilitate easier access to air based hub-to-door and door-to-door services, would only make the case stronger for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), especially with connected and automated aircraft, as the next revolution in urban transportation. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Urban air mobility, drones, VTOL |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt6wq6x800&r=all |
| By: | Dessy, Sylvain; Marchetta, Francesca; Pongou, Roland; Tiberti, Luca |
| Abstract: | In communities highly dependent on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods, the common occurrence of climatic shocks can lower the marginal cost of a child and raise fertility. We test this hypothesis using longitudinal data from Madagascar. Exploiting exogenous within-district year-to-year variation in rainfall deficits in combination with individual fixed effects, we find that drought occurring in the agricultural season increases the fertility of young women living in agricultural households. This effect is long-lasting, as it is not reversed within four years after the drought occurrence. Analyzing mechanisms, we find that drought does not affect common factors of high fertility such as marriage timing. It operates mainly through a reduction of female agricultural income. Indeed, agricultural drought reduces the number of hours worked by women in agriculture but not men. It has no effect on the fertility of young women living in non-agricultural households, or in non-agrarian communities. Moreover, it does not affect fertility if it occurs during the non-agricultural season. These findings validate the marginal cost hypothesis whereby drought, by reducing the value of women's agricultural labor, lowers the marginal cost of a child, thus raising fertility. |
| Keywords: | Climate shocks,Drought,Young Women’s Fertility,Rural areas,Opportunity Cost of Childbearing |
| JEL: | C12 C13 C14 J12 J13 O12 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:490&r=all |
| By: | Jussila Hammes, Johanna (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes so-called city growth agreements and city environmental agreements in Norway and Sweden, respectively. We do case studies of two regions in Norway and two cities in Sweden. While the general aim of the agreements is similar in the two countries, namely for the central government to influence municipal infrastructure building in a more environmentally sustainable direction, the agreements differ in many respects. While the Norwegian agreements consist of several projects concerning the construction of roads and railroads, and infrastructure for public transport, pedestrians, and cycling, the Swedish agreements only concern one (type of) project at a time. Moreover, Norway emphasizes city planning more; even though the building of new housing is important also in Sweden, location and densification are less so. The Swedish projects are municipality driven, while the Norwegian system is based on reciprocal negotiations between the municipalities, the county, and the state. The Norwegian model fits better into a theoretical fiscal federalism-based framework than the Swedish one, with the state internalizing spatial spillovers arising from infrastructure projects. In Sweden, the agreements are better to be seen as means for institutionalized lobbying by municipalities |
| Keywords: | Co-financing; Cycling; Sustainable cities; Public transport; Infrastructure investment; State-local cooperation; City planning |
| JEL: | D70 H54 H71 Q54 R11 R42 |
| Date: | 2020–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2020_004&r=all |
| By: | Helene Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Nicolas Rocle (UR ETBX - Environnement, territoires et infrastructures - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Didier Vye (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lucile Mineo-Kleiner (LETG - Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UBO - Université de Brest - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Esméralda Longépée (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Cécile Bazart (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Nicole Lautredou-Audouy (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The article aims to compare and to analyze results from ten quantitative research surveys conducted in mainland France (from 2007 to 2017) dealing with citizen perceptions and points of view about coastal adaptation measures and policies to face sea level rise. Beyond social perceptions and representations on coastal phenomena and coastal risks, the article highlights the influence of institutional factors on adaptation policies' acceptability depending on the type of population (primary and secondary residents, tourists…) : these factors are mainly the role of information, social perceptions of adaptation measures (protection, adjustment, coastal retreat…), trust and legitimacy about the institutions in charge of these policies, as well as feelings of (in)justice that are observed according to different propositions of funding in adaptation policies. Among the main convergent results, a majority of respondents express the feeling that they lack information about coastal risks and the way public authorities are engaged to tackle them. Moreover, a sequential approach for adaptation measures is expressed, where relocation is expected as a mid-term option after a period of protection and transition towards this type of operation. Regarding the conditions under which the different measures could be planned and conducted, a consensus seems to emerge in favor of a public leadership (especially by the State) where mechanisms of financial solidarity (at national or local scale) as well as procedures conducive to transparency and legitimacy of managing institutions are required. |
| Abstract: | À partir d'une synthèse de dix enquêtes quantitatives réalisées au cours de la dernière décennie (2007-2017) en France métropolitaine, cet article vise à capitaliser des résultats de recherche sur les points de vue des citoyens relatifs aux mesures et aux modalités d'adaptation des territoires littoraux à l'élévation du niveau de la mer. Au-delà des perceptions et représentations sociales des phénomènes littoraux et des risques associés, l'article met en exergue, selon les territoires ou les types de population (résidents principaux, résidents secondaires, touristes...), l'influence de facteurs institutionnels sur l'acceptabilité des politiques de gestion du trait de côte : rôle de l'information, points de vue et représentations quant aux options d'adaptation (protection, ajustement, relocalisation…), légitimité et confiance vis-à-vis des institutions chargées de ces politiques, ou encore sentiments de justice ou d'injustice suscités par certaines mesures de financement des politiques d'adaptation. Parmi les résultats convergents, sont relevés un sentiment de manque ou de défaut d'information chez la plupart des enquêtés, ainsi qu'une approche séquentielle de l'adaptation où la relocalisation est davantage envisagée à moyen terme après une phase de protection. Concernant les modalités de mise en oeuvre des mesures, un certain consensus émerge pour un portage par les autorités publiques (État notamment), associé à des mécanismes de solidarité financière (nationale ou régionale) et assorti de conditions sur la transparence et la légitimité des institutions gestionnaires. |
| Keywords: | climate change adaptation,social acceptability,legitimacy,relocation,submersion,marine erosion,érosion marine,adaptation au changement climatique,acceptabilité sociale,légitimité,relocalisation |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02454621&r=all |
| By: | Janet Currie; John Voorheis; Reed Walker |
| Abstract: | Racial differences in exposure to ambient air pollution have declined significantly in the United States over the past 20 years. This project links restricted-access Census Bureau microdata to newly available, spatially continuous high resolution measures of ambient particulate pollution (PM2.5) to examine the underlying causes and consequences of differences in black-white pollution exposures. We begin by decomposing differences in pollution exposure into components explained by observable population characteristics (e.g., income) versus those that remain unexplained. We then use quantile regression methods to show that a significant portion of the “unexplained” convergence in black-white pollution exposure can be attributed to differential impacts of the Clean Air Act (CAA) in non-Hispanic African American and non-Hispanic white communities. Areas with larger black populations saw greater CAA-related declines in PM2.5 exposure. We show that the CAA has been the single largest contributor to racial convergence in PM2.5 pollution exposure in the U.S. since 2000 accounting for over 60 percent of the reduction. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:20-02&r=all |
| By: | Forslid, Rikard (Dept. of Economics, Stockholm University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the environmental impact of emissions related to trade and transportation. It is shown that transportation may in principle lower global emissions if the production sector is dirtier than the transport sector. The measure of a sector´s dirtiness is related to the emissions taxes and the abatement efficiency within that sector. It is shown that a firm´s abatement efficiency can be calculated from the emissions-to-cost ratio times the emissions tax. Using Swedish data to rank 5-digit industries in terms of their dirtiness reveals that several production sectors have a higher dirtiness index than transportation does. |
| Keywords: | Emissions; Trade; Transportation; |
| JEL: | F10 F18 |
| Date: | 2020–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sunrpe:2020_0002&r=all |
| By: | Nikos Chatzistamoulou (AUEB); Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | In the present paper SDGs patterns are defined in terms of the country performance on the Sustainable Development Goals Index provided by the United Nations Index and Dashboards. We use this index to analyze how sustainability, based on the average performance on the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals, has evolved during the last four years both at global and European level in order to explore whether any patterns emerge. Indeed, analysis indicates that the best performers are the Nordic countries which lead us to shift the attention to Europe and compare performance within Europe as well as with the global average level. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2006&r=all |
| By: | Christina Greßer; Daniel Meierrieks; David Stadelmann |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of temperature on economic development on the sub-national level, employing cross-sectional data for up to 15,533 sub-national units from two distinct sources. In contrast to the existing cross-country literature on the temperature-income relationship, our setting allows us to exploit sub-national heterogeneity through the inclusion of country fixed effects and mitigate omitted variable bias. We find no negative relationship between regional temperature and four different measures of economic development (per capita GDP, growth of per capita GDP, nightlights and gross cell production). We also test whether temperature is non-linearly related to income (with hotter regions being potentially particularly prone to adverse effects of temperature on income) but find no evidence in favor of such a relationship. Finally, we examine whether the effect of temperature on economic development is especially pronounced in poorer regions (e.g., due to weaker adaptation), but find no robust evidence for this proposition. In sum, our findings suggest that adaptation to temperature differences could be feasible and relevant. |
| Keywords: | Regional temperature; regional income; sub-national data; non-linearity |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cra:wpaper:2020-01&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Taconet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech); Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech); Antonin Pottier (EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales) |
| Date: | 2019–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-02408904&r=all |
| By: | Giacomo Chiappa (University of Sassari); Stefano Usai (University of Cagliari); Antonio Cocco (University of Cagliari); Marcello Atzeni (University of Cagliari) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents and discusses findings of research carried out on a sample of 141 tourism stakeholders with two tourism destinations located in Sardinia, Italy. Specifically, it investigates: (1) the priorities that respondents consider essential to attain sustainability and competitiveness for their business and the destination as a whole, (2) the main barriers to tourism sustainability and (3) their attitude towards climate change and its influence on tourism. Our contribution to the literature, along with managerial implications, is discussed and suggestions for future research are given. |
| Keywords: | climate change,barriers,Supply-side perspective,tourism sustainability,destination competitiveness |
| Date: | 2018–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02462372&r=all |
| By: | Teresa Molina (University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how labor market conditions drive gender differences in the human capital decisions of men and women, focusing on how their schooling decisions respond to an exogenous change in cognitive ability. Using data from Mexico, I begin by documenting that in utero exposure to air pollution leads to lower cognitive ability in adulthood for both men and women. I then explore how male and female schooling decisions respond differentially to this cognitive shock: for women only, pollution exposure leads to reduced educational attainment and income. I show that two labor market features are fully responsible for this gender difference: (1) women sort into white-collar occupations at higher rates, and (2) schooling and ability are more complementary in white-collar than blue-collar occupations. |
| Keywords: | gender, occupational choice, early life, pollution, education, Mexico |
| JEL: | I26 Q53 J24 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:duh:wpaper:1905&r=all |
| By: | Persico, Claudia (American University) |
| Abstract: | Although industrial plants, known as Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites, exist in every major city of the United States releasing billions of pounds of toxic substances annually, there is little evidence about how these pollutants might harm child development and children's long run outcomes. Using the detailed geocoded data that follows national representative cohorts of children born to the NLSY respondents over time with detailed information on families, locations, health, disability and labor market outcomes, I compare siblings who were gestating before versus after a TRI site opened or closed within one mile of their home. In other words, I compare siblings in the same family whose family does not move between births where one or more child was exposed to TRI pollution during gestation and other siblings were not exposed because the plant opened or closed in between the conceptions of different children in the same family. I find that children who were exposed prenatally to TRI pollution have lower wages, are more likely to be in poverty as adults, have fewer years of completed education, are less likely to graduate high school, and are more likely to have a disability. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, academic achievement, child health |
| JEL: | Q53 I24 I14 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12965&r=all |
| By: | Nabila Iken (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Morel (Technocentre Renault [Guyancourt] - RENAULT); Franck Aggeri (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the article is twofold. We first present a Life Cycle Costing methodology applied at different scales to compare between design options in terms of materials use: in an automobile vehicle part, a whole vehicle, and a car manufacturer's portfolio. The Life Cycle Costs consider costs for different stakeholders, including environmental damage costs (supported by the civil society), fuel expenses (supported by the customer) and materials costs (supported by the car manufacturer). The second objective of the article is to bring a management and socio-technical vision to the issue of material use in the automobile industry, in order to challenge the idea that all decisions regarding material use depend on purely technical and economic criteria. Through a qualitative research, we investigated the barriers to material efficiency and integrating the environmental criterion in decision making from a French car manufacturer's perspective. Within the same company, we also collected material experts' feedbacks on the LCC tool developed in the first Part, both in terms of methodology and potential integration in decision-making. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02445410&r=all |
| By: | Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2008&r=all |
| By: | Guillaume Delalande; Cécile Sangaré; Friederike Rühmann; Julia Benn |
| Abstract: | This working paper presents the main findings of the pilot study conducted in Burkina Faso in 2019 as part of the development of the statistical measurement framework for "Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD)". The pilot study includes Burkina Faso’s perspective on the statistical methodology of TOSSD, first orders of magnitude of TOSSD to Burkina, as well as a statistical capacity assessment of Burkina Faso to access, collate, collect, analyse and use data on external financing in support of sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Burkina Faso, Development Finance, Economic Development, SDG, TOSSD, Transparency |
| JEL: | C4 O11 F3 E44 |
| Date: | 2020–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:69-en&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki |
| Abstract: | This chapter is based on the work of DAFNE project, a decision analytic framework to explore the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus in complex transboundary water resources of fast countries. In particular, we develop three geo- and temporally-referenced scenarios under economic growth and climate change in the Zambezi river basin (ZRB), which is the 4th largest river basin in Africa and located in eight different countries 1. The future scenarios are conceptually driven by the selected combination of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 4.5). As baseline is used the SSP2 or the Business-as-usual pathway following a pattern of action that is consistent with the experience of the last century. The time horizon of the explored case study ZRB shared by eight countries is the period from 2018 to 2060. The aim of this work is to develop a better understanding of the WEF nexus by providing the input to a cost-benefit optimization model aiming to optimally allocate over time and space water-energy-food. WEF nexus is a complex situation to be modeled due to the trade-offs among the different sectors of the economy, p.es. energy production and irrigation, governance and common property challenges. The findings show that the water, energy and food requirements are expected to double during the period of interest considering only demographic development, while economic development and international trade will put an additional burden to the supply chain in meeting those goals. |
| Keywords: | Modelling tool, integrated assessment, river basin, demographic index, water, electricity and food projections, economic indexes forecast, nexus, Africa. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2004&r=all |
| By: | Gregor Semieniuk (Political Economy Resaerch Institute and Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst); Emanuele Campiglio (Institute of Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business); Jean-Francois Mercure (Department of Geography, University of Exeter); Ulrich Volz (SOAS Centre for Sustainable Finance & Department of Economics, SOAS University of London); Neil R. Edwards (Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University, UK) |
| Abstract: | Transition risks for finance arise from the transition to a low-carbon economy, which can disrupt the ability of carbon-intensive industries to meet their financial obligations and lead to abrupt changes in asset valuations of affected firms and default on their debt. An understanding of these risks is key for any ambitious emissions reduction programme, such as that implied by the Paris Agreement. Insight from theory and study of past transitions is of limited help, as these see financial risks mostly flowing from speculation with rising industries propped up by a set of new vastly more productive technologies. The current transition instead requires policy to quickly render a set of currently productive high-carbon industries unprofitable, stranding their assets, so the risks are located in the declining industries. Absent a unified framework of the interaction of real and financial aspects of the transition, one set of studies conceptualises and quantifies asset stranding and other transition costs in declining industries, and a separate one estimates the potential impact of these transition costs on the financial system. Combining these two research strands and modelling the feedback of financial distress on the real economy will require more research, which could help integrate transition risks into the cost analysis of mitigation in integrated assessment models. An important insight from the past transitions literature is that once low-carbon industries are rendered more profitable than high-carbon ones, financial risks could also build in these newly rising industries due to speculation. |
| Keywords: | Transition risks, low-carbon economy, declining industries, stranded assets, financial distress |
| JEL: | E32 E44 G17 G32 L16 N2 O3 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:soa:wpaper:233&r=all |
| By: | Duque,Juan Carlos; Lozano Gracia,Nancy; Patino,Jorge E.; Restrepo Cadavid,Paula; Velasquez,Wilson A. |
| Abstract: | The impact of urban form on economic performance and quality of life has been extensively recognized. The studies on urban form have focused in developed countries; only a few cities in developing countries have been studied. This paper utilizes nighttime lights imagery and information on street networks, automatically retrieved from OpenStreetMap, to calculate a series of spatial metrics that capture different aspects of the urban form of 919 Latin American and Caribbean cities. The paper classifies these cities into clusters according to these spatial metrics. It also studies the relationship between the urban form metrics and some factors that can correlate with urban form (topography, size, colony, and economic performance) and performs a spatio-temporal analysis of urban growth from 1996 to 2010. Among the results, the paper highlights the identification of five typologies of cities, the tendency of a group of cities to grow at a steeper slope, some worrying cases of urban growth over protected areas, and a trend toward increasing sprawl in some Latin American and Caribbean cities. |
| Keywords: | City to City Alliances,Urban Economics,Urban Economic Development,National Urban Development Policies&Strategies,Urban Communities,Regional Urban Development,Transport Services,Labor Markets,Energy and Natural Resources,Coastal and Marine Resources |
| Date: | 2019–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8702&r=all |
| By: | Jan Fagerberg (IKE, Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University; Center for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK), University of Oslo; Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University); Martin Srholec (Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University; CERGE-EI, Economics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | The capability concept is commonly used in analyses of firms, however, as this paper shows, it may also be used at the level of nations. Factor analysis is used on a broad set of relevant indicators to derive composite measures of national technological and social capabilities. The data covers 114 countries worldwide on different levels of development for the period 1995-2013. The paper then analyzes the relationships between these capability measures and economic development, defined in various ways, and controlling for other relevant factors. The results suggest that improving national technological and social capability is a must for achieving (sustainable) economic development and improving living conditions. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:wparch:2020001&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Kauffmann (NIMEC - Normandie Innovation Marché Entreprise Consommation - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | The governance of the commons has been studied mostly focusing on one main issue: the tragedy of the commons. This paper proposes to examine the governance of the commons in terms of a different aspect, which is their action in a network. This paper focuses on the particular case of inland waterway transport infrastructure. After identifying inland waterway infrastructure as a specific category of commons, the paper studies the transferability of Ostrom's model of commons governance to the infrastructural commons used in inland waterway transport on France's main gateway corridors. |
| Abstract: | La gouvernance des biens communs s'articule autour d'une notion clé : la tragédie des biens communs. Cet article propose d'examiner la nature de cette tragédie dans un cas particulier : les infrastructures de transport et de logistique regroupées au sein des corridors logistico-portuaires. Après la caractérisation des infrastructures logistiques en tant que bien commun, ce papier étudie la transposabilité du modèle de gouvernance des biens communs de Ostrom (2010) au cas des communs infrastructurels mobilisés dans le transport fluvial sur les principaux corridors logistico-portuaires français. |
| Keywords: | Port,common goods,governance,transport,inland waterway,corridor,biens communs,gouvernance,fluvial,port |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02432969&r=all |
| By: | Diego Rodríguez Rodríguez |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo se analiza y valora el borrador actualizado del PNIEC español para el periodo 2021-2030, publicado a finales del pasado mes de enero. Tras describir los objetivos en materia de consumo energético y emisiones que la UE ha establecido para el año 2030 y el mecanismo de gobernanza de la transición, se discuten las principales objetivos y medidas recogidos en el plan y las principales dificultades que cabe anticipar para su cumplimiento. |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2020-09&r=all |
| By: | Nikos Chatzistamoulou (AUEB); Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | In this introductory chapter we aspire to offer a comprehensive yet complete roadmap of the concept and content of the much used but not quite appropriately perceived term of sustainability economics. Interestingly, there is not a formal and universally accepted definition as the field is considered as a relative science and thus requires an interdisciplinary approach to be studied. However, through indicative yet recent literature we offer an insight on the state of the art in order to relate with its core meaning. A historical background is also outlined as understanding the foundations is crucial. Elements of Economic Theory serve as means to bridge the past and current trends on how theories have evolved to understand what is necessary to achieve not only economic growth in numbers but also to ensure well-being and prosperity for the current and future generations. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2005&r=all |
| By: | Hamilton,Kirk E.; Naikal,Esther G.; Lange,Glenn-Marie |
| Abstract: | Estimates of total factor productivity growth, a measure of increases in the efficiency of production, have traditionally been based on a two-factor model of labor and fixed capital. Because profits are measured residually in the System of National Accounts, they implicitly include rents on natural resource exploitation, with the result that the contribution of fixed capital to growth in the inputs to gross domestic product is misstated, particularly in resource dependent developing countries. This leads to incorrect measures of total factor productivity growth. Using data on natural resources from the World Bank's Wealth of Nations database and methods combining the Solow growth accounting model with recent work at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, this paper makes new estimates of total factor productivity growth for 74 developing countries over 1996-2014. In the aggregate, including natural resources as a factor of production increases estimated total factor productivity growth across all country income classes and regions of the world when compared with the traditional two-factor approach. In addition, the estimated total factor productivity growth including natural resources is less volatile over time in the great majority of countries compared with the traditional approach. The availability of World Bank data on natural resource quantities and rents for a wide range of countries suggests that natural resources should be included in total factor productivity growth estimation going forward. Further research could focus on the distinctive roles played by different natural resource endowments. |
| Keywords: | Global Environment,Energy and Natural Resources,Coastal and Marine Resources,Food Security,Oil Refining&Gas Industry,Inequality |
| Date: | 2019–01–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8704&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Joseph Nnanna (The Development Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the role of income levels (low and middle) in modulating governance (political and economic) to influence inclusive human development. The empirical evidence is based on interactive quantile regressions and forty-nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2002.The following main findings are established. First, low income modulates governance (economic and political) to positively affect inclusive human development exclusively in countries with above-median levels of inclusive human development. It follows that countries with averagely higher levels of inclusive human development are more likely to benefit from the relevance of income levels in influencing governance for inclusive development. Second, the importance of middle income in modulating political governance to positively affect inclusive human is apparent exclusively in the median while the relevance of middle income in moderating economic governance to positively influence inclusive human development is significantly apparent in the 10th and 75th quantiles. Third, regardless of panels, income levels modulate economic governance to affect inclusive human development at a higher magnitude, compared to political governance. Policy implications are discussed in the light of the post-2015 agenda of sustainable development goals and contemporary development paradigms. This study complements the extant sparse literature on the inclusive human development in Africa. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development; Income levels; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | D31 I10 I32 K40 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/014&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Joseph Nnanna (The Development Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the role of income levels (low and middle) in modulating governance (political and economic) to influence inclusive human development. The empirical evidence is based on interactive quantile regressions and forty-nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2002.The following main findings are established. First, low income modulates governance (economic and political) to positively affect inclusive human development exclusively in countries with above-median levels of inclusive human development. It follows that countries with averagely higher levels of inclusive human development are more likely to benefit from the relevance of income levels in influencing governance for inclusive development. Second, the importance of middle income in modulating political governance to positively affect inclusive human is apparent exclusively in the median while the relevance of middle income in moderating economic governance to positively influence inclusive human development is significantly apparent in the 10th and 75th quantiles. Third, regardless of panels, income levels modulate economic governance to affect inclusive human development at a higher magnitude, compared to political governance. Policy implications are discussed in the light of the post-2015 agenda of sustainable development goals and contemporary development paradigms. This study complements the extant sparse literature on the inclusive human development in Africa. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development; Income levels; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | D31 I10 I32 K40 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/014&r=all |
| By: | Lou, Loretta Ieng Tak; Fabian, Nele |
| Abstract: | As Hong Kong’s landfills are expected to reach saturated conditions by 2020, the city can no longer rely on landfilling alone as the sole solution for waste treatment in the long term. Drawing on five months of archival research at the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Public Records Office (PRO) in 2016 as well as 17 months of fieldwork conducted between 2012, 2013 and 2016, this article provides a much-needed overview of why sustainable waste management has always been such a challenge for Hong Kong. Focusing on the city’s dependence on landfills and its failure to integrate alternative waste management technologies, namely incineration, into its current waste management regime, we explicate Hong Kong’s waste management predicaments from the 1950s to the present day. Through a historical lens, we argue that Hong Kong’s waste problems have a historical root and that they are unlikely to be resolved unless the government is willing to learn from its past mistakes and adopt a much more proactive approach in the near future. |
| Keywords: | waste management; landfills; land reclamation; incineration; recycling; sustainability; Hong Kong |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2019–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:103562&r=all |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | Although the spatial dimension is embedded in the vast majority of issues studied by environmental and resource economics, its incorporation into economic models - especially in the form of explicit introduction of a spatial transport mechanism - is not widespread. As a result, important aspects of these issues may not be accounted for, which could lead to regulatory inefficiencies. In this paper, the major spatial transport mechanisms are discussed, along with the way in which they can be incorporated into forward-looking optimizing economic models. Furthermore, an extension of Pontryagin's maximum principle under spatial dynamics is provided and the emergence of spatial pattern formation through optimal Turing instability is explained. A number of examples of the use of spatial dynamics illustrate why space matters in environmental and resource economics. Moreover, the differentiation of policy when spatial transport mechanisms are taken into account is presented. The tools presented in the paper, along with their applications, provide a path for future research in environmental and resource economics in which the underlying spatial dimension - which is very real - is fully taken into account. |
| Date: | 2020–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2002&r=all |
| By: | Ahmad Ma'ruf (Department of Economics, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Febriyana Aryani Author-2-Workplace-Name: Institute of Public Policy and Economic Studies, Yogyakarta, 55293, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - Financial Inclusion is an essential agenda at the ASEAN level. Increasing financial inclusion aims to develop the economic capacity of the population to reduce poverty and encourage income distribution. This study aims to analyze the relationship of financial inclusion to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the aspect of poverty alleviation in ASEAN.Methodology/Technique - This study uses a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary data in the period between 2010 and 2018. Data processing uses multiple regression. The financial inclusion dimensions analyzed are the socioeconomic dimension and the infrastructure dimension.Findings - Financial Inclusion has a negative and significant relationship with the achievement of sustainable development goals (SGDs) in the aspect of poverty alleviation in ASEAN.Novelty - The statement that the development of countries in ASEAN to realize SDGs on poverty eradication becomes very important. This study is essential for policymakers regarding poverty alleviation and financial inclusion development. This study contributes to the financial inclusion literature in ASEAN with an emphasis on the socioeconomic dimension. |
| Keywords: | Financial Inclusion; Sustainable Development Goals; Poverty; ASEAN. |
| JEL: | G00 G28 |
| Date: | 2019–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber180&r=all |
| By: | Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We study the problem faced by activists who want to maximize …rms'compliance with high environmental standards. Our focus is on radical activism which relies on non-violent civil disobedience. Disruptive actions and the threat thereof are used to force …rms to concede i.e., to engage in self-regulation. We address the optimal use of scarce activist resources in face of incomplete information by looking at a general mechanism, directly adapted from Myerson's (1981) optimal auction theory. The characterization informs that the least vulnerable and most polluting …rms should be targeted with disruptive actions while the others are granted a guarantee not to be targeted in exchange for a concession. This characterization allows studying the determinants of the activist's strength and how it is a¤ected by repression, a central feature for civil disobedience. We …nd that optimal radical activism is relatively resilient to repression. In an extension that accounts for asymmetry between …rms'abatement cost, we …nd that the mechanism optimizes the allocation of abatment efforts and creates incentives for innovation. We discuss some other welfare properties of optimal activism. |
| Keywords: | Activism,self-regulation,mechanism design,repression Keywords: Activism,repression |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02492834&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2003&r=all |
| By: | Francis Declerck (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Jean-Pierre Indjehagopian (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School); Frédéric Lantz (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at explaining the major drivers of biodiesel market prices by examining agricultural resource prices and gasoil prices for automotive fuels in the context of the EU environmental policy. The EU policy has enhanced biodiesel production since 2006. Biodiesel prices are impacted by the EU policy as well as rapeseed and oil prices which have fluctuated a lot over the last decade. An econometric analysis was performed using monthly data from November 2006 to January 2016. However, tests for structural breaks show several changes in price behavior. This leads us to estimate a regime-switching model which reveals two main regimes for the biodiesel price pattern. When oil prices are high, biodiesel, rapeseed and diesel oil prices are related, mainly driven by oil prices. When oil prices are low, biodiesel prices are mostly related to rapeseed prices according to EU regulations requiring the blending of biodiesel and gasoil. |
| Keywords: | switching regime model,biofuel,oil market,structural changes |
| Date: | 2020–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02487491&r=all |