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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Megha Sud |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the impacts and costs of pesticide and fertiliser pollution as well as the policy responses to counter these in selected OECD countries. More specifically, the paper begins with an overview of the main biodiversity and health impacts of excess pesticide and fertiliser. In economic terms, nitrogen pollution, for example, has been estimated to cost the European Union between EUR 70 billion and EUR 320 billion per year. The paper also provides an overview of the trends in both pesticide sales (per 1000 ha of agricultural land area), and pesticide use (in tonnes of active ingredients), as well as soil nutrient balances in OECD countries before reviewing policy instruments available to promote more sustainable fertiliser and pesticide use. Case studies of specific policy responses used to address adverse impacts of pesticides including in Denmark and France are presented along with case studies of policies to counter nutrient pollution in Denmark, Japan and the United States. Based on the literature review and case studies, the paper concludes with policy insights and recommendations. |
| Keywords: | agricultural policy, biodiversity conservation, ecological economics, ecosystem services, environment & development, government policy |
| JEL: | Q24 Q57 Q58 H23 |
| Date: | 2020–03–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:155-en&r=all |
| By: | John F. Raffensperger |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I introduce a new emissions trading system (ETS) design to address the problems with existing ETSs and carbon taxes. First, existing ETS designs inhibit emissions but do not constrain warming to any set level. Existing ETSs have the indirect objective of reducing emissions instead of directly reducing warming. Even a global mechanism using an existing ETS cannot guarantee a particular warming path. Part 1: A Price on Warming addresses this. My proposed market trades contracts tied to temperature in a double-sided auction of emissions permits and sequestration contracts. Unlike existing ETSs, the mechanism has a consistent timescale and metric tied to warming, with explicit limits on global temperature in every period into the far future. Every auction finds prices for emissions into the far future. Second, if a jurisdiction does not require firms to manage their emissions, the firms have little incentive to do so. Part 2: A Climate Insidium addresses this. My design incentivizes firms to participate even if their jurisdictions do not join. With sanctions from member jurisdictions and participating firms, the design has bottom-up incentives for joining, and the incentives rise over time under realistic conditions, potentially resulting in a rush to join. Third, existing designs have high transaction costs for implementation, requiring international treaties to begin. Part 3: A Faster Path Forward addresses this. I propose a path without national or international action to begin. A coalition can implement these rules, creating political force to accelerate participation. Full implementation still requires national agreements. This design appears to be closer to "first best", with a lower cost of climate mitigation, than any in the literature, while increasing the certainty of avoiding catastrophic global warming. It might also provide a faster pathway to implementation. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.05114&r=all |
| By: | Edenbrandt, Anna Kristina (Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Lagerkvist, Carl Johan (Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Nordström, Jonas (AgriFood economics centre) |
| Abstract: | Active avoidance of information is gaining attention in behavioral sciences, and recently also its’ relevance from an economic theory perspective. We explore motivations and policy implications of active avoidance of carbon emission information. In a stated preference survey respondents were asked to indicate if they wished to access carbon emission information (info-takers) or not (info-decliners) when selecting protein source in a first stage. In a second stage all respondents were provided carbon emission information. The info-takers reduced their CO2-emissions from their food choices with 32%, while the info-decliners also reduced their CO2 emissions (12%). This provides evidence of active information avoidance among at least some info-decliners. We explore cognitive dissonance and responsibility feelings and personal norms as motivations for actively avoiding carbon emission information on meat products, and how these motivations affect the reaction if imposed information. Our results show that carbon emission information increases choice task uncertainty most among individuals that experience climate related cognitive dissonance and/or responsibility feelings. These findings point to the potential of carbon emission information as a measure for changing food consumption towards less carbon emitting products. The study also highlights the importance of how the information is provided and presented. |
| Keywords: | Climate label; information avoidance; cognitive dissonance; carbon emission reduction; consumer behavior; strategic avoidance |
| JEL: | D12 D83 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luagri:2020_001&r=all |
| By: | Palazzo,Amanda; Valin,Hugo Jean Pierre; Batka,Miroslav; Havlík,Petr |
| Abstract: | This paper conducts an assessment of the global costs for expanding, upgrading, and improving irrigation infrastructure in developing countries, along different future scenarios toward 2050. It uses the GLobal BIOsphere Management Model, a partial equilibrium model of the global agricultural and forestry sectors. It examines the impacts of irrigation expansion on the agriculture and food system, from the perspective of different Sustainable Development Goals, in particular food security (goal 2), land use change and biodiversity (goal 15), greenhouse gas emissions (goal 13), and sustainable water use (goal 6). It finds that irrigation support policies improve food security globally and can reduce the burden on land by limiting expansion of cropland area. However, the effectiveness of irrigation to achieve a larger set of goals depends on the regional context. In South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa, the expansion of irrigation increases unsustainable water extraction practices. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the uncertainty of the infrastructure costs and impacts under different socioeconomic developments, levels of radiative forcing and climate change scenarios, dietary patterns, trade openness, and efficiencies of irrigation systems. The findings indicate that irrigation systems could play an important role in adaptation to the most adverse climate change; however, increased water scarcity may also limit adaptation potentials. |
| Keywords: | Hydrology,International Trade and Trade Rules,Food Security,Crops and Crop Management Systems,Climate Change and Agriculture,Nutrition |
| Date: | 2019–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8744&r=all |
| By: | Andree,Bo Pieter Johannes; Spencer,Phoebe Girouard; Chamorro,Andres; Dogo,Harun |
| Abstract: | This paper revisits the issue of environment and development raised in the 1992 World Development Report, with new analysis tools and data. The paper discusses inference and interpretation in a machine learning framework. The results suggest that production gradually favors conserving the earth's resources as gross domestic product increases, but increased efficiency alone is not sufficient to offset the effects of growth in scale. Instead, structural change in the economy shapes environmental outcomes across GDP. The analysis finds that average development is associated with an inverted $U$-shape in deforestation, pollution, and carbon intensities. Per capita emissions follow a $J$-curve. Specifically, poverty reduction occurs alongside degrading local environments and higher income growth poses a global burden through carbon. Local economic structure further determines the shape, amplitude, and location of tipping points of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The models are used to extrapolate environmental output to 2030. The daunting implications of continued development are a reminder that immediate and sustained global efforts are required to mitigate forest loss, improve air quality, and shift the global economy to a 2°pathway. |
| Keywords: | Global Environment,Inequality,Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Common Carriers Industry,Food&Beverage Industry,Plastics&Rubber Industry,Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies,Textiles, Apparel&Leather Industry,Pulp&Paper Industry,Construction Industry,General Manufacturing,Nutrition |
| Date: | 2019–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8756&r=all |
| By: | Siikamaki,Juha Veikko; Krupnick,Alan Jeff; Strand,Jon; Vincent,Jeffrey R. |
| Abstract: | The Amazon rainforest, the world's largest tropical rainforest and an important constituent of the global biosphere, continues degrading by rapid deforestation, which is expected to continue despite policies to prevent it. Current international funding to protect the Amazon rainforest focuses on benefits from reduced carbon emissions. This paper examines an additional rationale for Amazon protection: the valuation of its biodiversity and forests as natural heritage to the international community. To measure the economic value of this benefit, the paper examines U.S. and Canadian households'willingness to pay to help finance Amazon rainforest protection. The analysis finds that mean willingness to pay to avoid forest losses projected to occur by 2050 despite current protective policies is $92 per household per year. Aggregating across all households and considering the area protected, the analysis finds that preserving the Amazon rainforest is worth $3,168 per hectare (95-percent confidence interval $1,580-$4,756), on average, to households in the United States and Canada. Considering households in other developed countries would generate yet larger estimates of aggregate value, likely comparable to the carbon benefits from rainforest protection. The results reveal high values of the Amazon rainforest to people geographically distanced from it, lending support to international efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon. |
| Keywords: | Forestry,Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Global Environment,Biodiversity,Global Environment Facility,Transport Services |
| Date: | 2019–03–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8775&r=all |
| By: | Katherine Vande Velde; Jean Huge; Daniel D.A. Friess; Nico Koedam; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas |
| Abstract: | In Southeast Asia, mangrove forest cover and biodiversity has shown a rapid decline in recent decades, despite extensive conservation efforts. Identifying and analysing discourses on biodiversity conservation improves our knowledge and understanding of stakeholder perspectives (including normative values and socially constructed viewpoints) on biodiversity conservation within a specific social-ecological context. Considering these perspectives in a decision-making context contributes to the long-term sustainability of resulting conservation approaches, thus contributing to continued biodiversity conservation efforts in the far future. We consider the urban City State of Singapore to identify and interpret stakeholder discourses -including values and socially constructed viewpoints-on (effective) mangrove biodiversity conservation and management in an urban context. Using the Q methodology, we: (i) delineate and describe mangrove conservation and management discourses in Singapore and (ii) extract consensual perspectives common to discourses as a basis for management recommendations. Areas of agreement and disagreement on motivation, prioritization and responsibilities related to mangrove conservation and management are described based on numerical (i.e. sorting of statements along an ordinal scale) and qualitative data (i.e. structured interviews). There was a large overlap between discourses, suggesting that disagreement between various stakeholders may not be a prominent inhibitor of future decision making regarding mangrove conservation and management. It seems stakeholders realise the urban context strongly limits the range of realistic conservation and management approaches of mangrove forests, resulting in the larger overlap between discourses. Generally, all participants agree no further loss of existing Singapore mangroves should be allowed. The most important recommendations to reach this ultimate objective include indefinite legal protection and increase of mangrove areas under national park and nature reserve status, as well as continued promotion of mangrove's cultural ecosystem services. The identified discourses can inform decision-making by deducing shared stakeholder objectives based on the consensus values and perspectives. These shared objectives can readily be incorporated in decision-making processes on mangrove conservation and management in an urban context. |
| Keywords: | Inclusive conservation; Mangrove forest; Q methodology; Singapore; Stakeholder discourses; Urban biodiversity |
| Date: | 2019–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/289122&r=all |
| By: | Xiao, Bowen; Guo, Xiaodan; Fan, Ying; Voigt, Sebastian; Cui, Lianbiao |
| Abstract: | In light of increased economic integration and global warming, addressing critical issues such as the role of multilateral climate policies and the strategic interaction of countries in climate negotiations becomes paramount. We thus established for this paper an open economy environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous production sectors, bilateral climate policies, asymmetric economies, and asymmetric stochastic shocks, using China and the EU as case studies in order to analyze the interaction and linking of international carbon markets under dynamic international economic cycles. This led us to some major conclusions. First, with various methods we verified that, due to deadweight loss, the efficiency of the separate carbon market is lower than that of the joint carbon market. Second, the intensity of the spillover effects depends partly on different climate policies. This means that, in terms of supply-side shocks, the EU's economy in a joint carbon market is more sensitive because its cross-border spillover effects are enhanced, while demand-side shocks have a stronger impact on the EU's economy under a separate carbon market. Third, the Ramsey policy rule revealed that both China's and the EU's emission quotas should be adjusted pro-cyclically under separate carbon markets. The cross-border spillover effects of the joint carbon market, however can change the pro-cyclical characteristics of foreign (EU's) optimal quotas. |
| Keywords: | International economic cycle,Carbon market,China,the European Union (EU),Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) |
| JEL: | E32 F41 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:20011&r=all |
| By: | Huang, Bihong (Asian Development Bank Institute); Xu, Yining (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | As accompaniments to fast-growing economies, the effects of environmental degradation such as deteriorating water quality, land deforestation and pollution, and frequent atmospheric haze are gaining increasing attention from both policy makers and the public across countries in Asia. We give an overview on environmental performance, disentangle its drivers, and finally advance preliminary policy recommendations for more effective environmental governance in the region. |
| Keywords: | environment; environmental performance; governance; Asia |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0990&r=all |
| By: | Pradesha, Angga; Robinson, Sherman; Mondal, Md. Hossain Alam; Valmonte-Santos, Rowena; Rosegrant, Mark W. |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the economywide impact of promoting renewable power generation by targeting a 50 percent share of renewables in energy production by 2040. Using a novel approach by linking a bottom-up energy model with a top-down economywide model, we found that increasing the share of renewables in the power sector could slightly slow down the industrialization process and reduce economic growth. Implementing this policy, however, would allow the country to reduce carbon emissions by 65 million tons in 2040 and improve energy security. The health co-benefit is estimated to reach up to 324 billion Philippine pesos (PHP), which levels the welfare loss. Receiving foreign financial inflow as a compensation for reducing carbon emissions could drive the economy into Dutch disease, shifting more economic activities into the nontradable sector. Increasing total investment demand in the future as a policy response could potentially mitigate this effect and improve economic welfare by 155 billion PHP. |
| Keywords: | PHILIPPINES, SOUTH EAST ASIA, ASIA, renewable energy, energy policies, electricity, energy generation, economic growth, energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, energy models, Dutch disease, energy security, TIMES model, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1802&r=all |
| By: | Alexander Dobrinevski (OECD); Raphaël Jachnik (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents results from a first pilot study to measure the consistency of real economy investments with climate change mitigation objectives. The analysis focuses on investments in infrastructure and equipment in the manufacturing industries in Norway between 2010 and 2017, estimated at USD 2.5 billion per year on average. The consistency or inconsistency of these investments is then measured at subsector level based on two readily available reference points: the European Union Taxonomy for Sustainable Activities, and a 2°C scenario for the Nordic region from the International Energy Agency. The analysis further identifies sources of financing in these subsectors and discusses future investment and financing challenges, in light of more ambitious forward-looking decarbonisation targets and needs. Finally, the study draws methodological conclusions and calls for further pilot studies in order to improve and scale up such analysis at international level, including in terms of using different or complementary reference points specifically aligned to the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | capital expenditure, climate change, emissions, energy efficiency, finance, investment, low-greenhouse gas development, manufacturing, measurement, scenarios, taxonomy, tracking |
| JEL: | E01 E22 F31 G32 L60 H54 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:159-en&r=all |
| By: | Chan Yang (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Four decades of rapid economic expansion in China has generated enormous pressure on the environment, natural resources and public health. Alarming smog outbreaks during the 2010-13 period prompted the government to introduce a number of reforms to control air pollution, including a re-organisation of environmental institutions, improving the coordination and integrity of enforcement actions across levels of government, and the rolling out of a permit system for all stationary pollution sources. This paper reviews these recent developments, and discusses key remaining challenges. The paper complements two case studies on air quality policies in Korea and Japan, and a third case study on international regulatory cooperation on air quality in North America, Europe and North-East Asia. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, China, monitoring and enforcement, regulatory policy |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–03–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:157-en&r=all |
| By: | Bilynets, Iana; Cvelbar, Ljubica Knezevic; Dolnicar, Sara (The University of Queensland) |
| Abstract: | Destination image formation theory postulates that image affects destination choice, but that only induced image can be improved by marketing. Our study shows that this is not the case. We demonstrate how a destination can proactively and deliberately manage the organic image of being environmentally sustainable by redirecting money typically spent on communicating green credentials towards the implementation of publicly visible pro-environmental initiatives. With organic image being a key driver of destination choice, investing in pro-environmental initiatives suddenly becomes a rational marketing investment. This is particularly important given the increasing environmental concern of consumers. The invaluable side-effect of redirecting “green marketing dollars” towards “green action dollars” is the improved environmental performance of the destination |
| Date: | 2020–02–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:vxm29&r=all |
| By: | Michael Grubb (University College London); Claudia Wieners (Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant`Anna, Pisa, Italy.) |
| Abstract: | We analyze and critique how optimizing Integrated Assessment Models, and specifically the widely-used DICE model, represent abatement costs. Many such models assume temporal independence Ðabatement costs in one period are not affected by prior abatement. We contrast this with three dimensions of dynamic realism in emitting systems: inertia, induced innovation, and path dependence. We extend the DICE model with a stylized representation of such dynamic factors. By adding a transitional cost component, we characterize the resulting system in terms of its capacity to adapt in path-dependent ways, and the transitional costs of accelerating abatement. We formalize a resulting metric of the pliability of the system, and the characteristic timescales of adjustment. With the resulting DICE-PACE model, we show that in a system with high pliability, the optimal strategy involves much higher initial investment in abatement, sustained at roughly constant levels for some decades, which generates an approximately linear abatement path and emissions declining steadily to zero. This contrasts sharply with the traditional formulation. Characteristic transition timescales of 20-40 years result in an optimum path which stabilizes global temperatures around a degree below the traditional DICE behavior; with otherwise modest assumptions, a pliable system can generate optimal scenarios within the goals of the Paris Agreement, with far lower long run combined costs of abatement and climate damages. We conclude that representing dynamic realism in such models is as important as Ð and far more empirically tractable than Ð continued debate about the monetization of climate damages and `social cost of carbon`. |
| Keywords: | climate change, Integrated Assessment Models, DICE, path dependence, Pliable Abatement Cost Mechanisms. |
| JEL: | Q5 H23 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:thk:wpaper:112&r=all |
| By: | Anousheh Alamir; Tillmann Heidelk |
| Abstract: | It is well established that natural disasters can have a negative effect on human capital accumulation. However, a comparison of the differential impacts of distinct disaster classes is missing. Using census data and information from DesInventar and EMDAT, two large disaster databases, this paper assesses how geological disasters and climatic shocks affect the upper secondary degree attainment of adolescents. The paper focuses on Mexico, given its diverse disaster landscape and lack of obligatory upper secondary education over the observed time period. While all disaster types are found to impede attainment, climatic disasters that are not infrastructure-destructive (e.g. droughts) have the strongest negative effect, decreasing educational expansion by over 40%. The effects seem largely driven by demand-side changes such as increases in school dropouts and fertility, especially for young women. The results may also be influenced by deteriorated parental labor market outcomes. Supply-side effects appear to be solely driven by infrastructure-destructive climatic shocks (e.g. floods). These findings thus call for differential public measures according to specific disaster types and an enhanced attention to climatic events given their potentially stronger impact on younger generations. |
| Keywords: | Local labor markets; Natural disasters; Climate change; Urbanization; Educational attainment; Degree completion; Teen pregnancies; Individual preferences |
| JEL: | I25 J20 N36 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/303233&r=all |
| By: | Raja Chakir (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech); Alban Thomas (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole) |
| Abstract: | Set-aside policies providing agronomic and ecological benefits have been mainstream practices in European agriculture. Because they may lead to intensification on cultivated land, they can however have mixed environmental effects. To evaluate the indirect impact of a set-aside policy on crop intensification, we consider two elasticity indicators with respect to set-aside subsidy: chemical input demand and intensity of input use. We estimate a structural, multi-output micro-econometric model on a panel of French farmers from 2006 to 2010, accounting for multivariate selection on crops and land use (corner solutions). We estimate both a parametric and a more robust semi-nonparametric estimator, to detect deviations from normality and homoskedasticity. Our results show that a set-aside subsidy can provide farmers with incentives to intensify their production, leading to potential adverse environmental effects. |
| Keywords: | set-aside,fertilizer and pesticide demand,corner solution,decoupling,land use |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02482207&r=all |
| By: | Shilling, Fraser M.; Collins, Amy; Longcore, Travis; Vickers, Winston |
| Abstract: | Creating and maintaining sustainable transportation systems depends in part on understanding and mitigating ecological impacts. Wildlife crossing structures (WCS) are often used to mitigate impacts on wildlife populations. WCS and existing structures may provide passage for multiple species, depending on their sensitivity to traffic disturbance and perception of the roadway. In a previous project, the research team found that traffic conditions and traffic noise could reduce WCS effectiveness in facilitating passage of diverse and sensitive species. In the current project, they expanded the geographic scope to 26 sites throughout California, including detailed measurements of vehicle noise and lighting impacts on wildlife use of structures. They investigated individual animal behavior as the animals approached structures as a possible mechanism for reducing species diversity due to traffic disturbance. In order to inform future WCS planning, placement and construction, the team studied traffic noise and light impacts on wildlife in the vicinity of the proposed Liberty Canyon wildlife over-crossing (over US 101), the first and largest of its kind in California. They improved a preliminary statistical model of the effects of traffic on WCS use of existing structures. The authors recommend strategies for transportation agencies to use in developing and modifying WCS to improve wildlife passage. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Life Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Wildlife crossing structures, wildlife-vehicle collision, wildlife connectivity, mitigation, ecologically-sustainable transportation |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt72h3x0nk&r=all |
| By: | Lozano Gracia,Nancy; Soppelsa,Maria Edisa |
| Abstract: | As cities grow, the negative effects of congestion start to play their part, often affecting the cities'ability to become and remain competitive. Although many studies have focused on these negative effects, the links between pollution and city competitiveness are less explored. This paper focuses on this relationship, particularly the links between air pollution and city growth, and how it correlates with city competitiveness. Although high-income cities are usually better at managing pollution, the paper finds successful examples of fast-growing, lower-income cities that are able to tackle this issue. The evidence shows that cities can be competitive and still manage pollution, as long as they have a proactive attitude and focus on developing a green agenda to support this journey. |
| Keywords: | Air Quality&Clean Air,Pollution Management&Control,Brown Issues and Health,Regional Urban Development,Global Environment,Labor Markets,Health Care Services Industry |
| Date: | 2019–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8740&r=all |
| By: | Columba Martínez-Espinosa; Pieter Wolfs; Katherine Vande Velde; Behara Satyanarayana; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Jean Huge |
| Abstract: | Effective management of a socio-ecological system (SES) requires a good understanding of: (i) ecosystem functionality, (ii) interactions between social and ecological units, and (iii) stakeholder perceptions and activities. Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) covering 40,200 ha in Peninsular Malaysia is under silvicultural management (with a 30-year forest rotation cycle) for charcoal and timber production since 1902. The aim of this study is to assess the perceptions of (select) local stakeholders on the ongoing mangrove management of MMFR. Earlier, Huge et al. (2016), using Q methodology, identified three main shared perceptions, called discourses: (1) Optimization- ‘keep up the good work, but keep improving’, (2) Change for the better- ‘ecotourism & participatory management for sustainability’, and (3) Continuity – ‘business as usual is the way to go’. The current study is a follow-up to Huge et al. (2016) and reports on a survey which assessed the degree of support of the local stakeholders towards those three management discourses. The core statements of each discourse were presented as questions and then ranked by the participants. Based on the findings of the survey, the local stakeholders were clustered into three main working categories: (i) charcoal and timber workers, (ii) fishermen and (iii) service providers. The interviews held with 114 stakeholders indicated that discourse (2) ‘change for the better’ is the most popular (supported by 72% of the participants) regardless of the stakeholders’ working category. This discourse voices the involvement of local people in decision making, adopts participatory management, and encourages diverse mangrove-based economic activities beyond mere charcoal and timber production. Single-use management (focusing only on maximising charcoal and timber yields) was perceived as not equitably benefiting all local stakeholders. The insights of this study can guide the managers of Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve to improve the sustainability and the local support base for the existing mangrove management regime, e.g. by promoting diverse livelihood options for the local stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services; Forest management; Local-population perception; Mangrove management; Socio-ecological system; Stakeholder involvement |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/298679&r=all |
| By: | Andree,Bo Pieter Johannes; Spencer,Phoebe Girouard; Azari,Sardar; Chamorro,Andres; Wang,Dieter; Dogo,Harun |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a Spatial Vector Autoregressive Moving Average (SVARMA) model in which multiple cross-sectional time series are modeled as multivariate, possibly fat-tailed, spatial autoregressive ARMA processes. The estimation requires specifying the cross-sectional spillover channels through spatial weights matrices. the paper explores a kernel method to estimate the network topology based on similarities in the data. It discusses the model and estimation, focusing on a penalized Maximum Likelihood criterion. The empirical performance of the estimator is explored in a simulation study. The model is used to study a spatial time series of pollution and household expenditure data in Indonesia. The analysis finds that the new model improves in terms of implied density, and better neutralizes residual correlations than the VARMA, using fewer parameters. The results suggest that growth in household expenditures precedes pollution reduction, particularly after the expenditures of poorer households increase; that increasing pollution is followed by reduced growth in expenditures, particularly reducing the growth of poorer households; and that there are significant spillovers from bottom-up growth in expenditures. The paper does not find evidence for top-down growth spillovers. Feedback between the identified mechanisms may contribute to pollution-poverty traps and the results imply that pollution damages are economically significant. |
| Keywords: | Global Environment,Inequality,Brown Issues and Health,Air Quality&Clean Air,Pollution Management&Control,Health Service Management and Delivery |
| Date: | 2019–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8757&r=all |
| By: | Evangelia Apostolopoulou (Department of Geography, University of Cambridge); Elisa Greco (ESPOL - European School of Political and Social Sciences / École Européenne de Sciences Politiques et Sociales - ICL - Institut Catholique de Lille - UCL - Université catholique de Lille); William Adams (Department of Geography, University of Cambridge) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we explore the logic of biodiversity offsetting, focusing on its core promise: the production of 'equivalent natures'. We show how the construction of equivalence unravels the environmental contradictions of capitalism by exploring how and why it is achieved, and its profound implications for nature-society dialectics. We focus on the construction of an ecological equivalence between ecosystems, the construction of ecological credits that are considered equivalent in monetary terms, and, finally, the construction of an equivalence between places. The existing critical literature, in some cases implicitly and unwittingly, assumes that biodiversity offsetting creates value. In contrast to this argument, we draw onMarx's labortheory of value to conclude that in the majority of instances offsetting does not create value, rather it is an instance of rent. We also draw on Marxist analyses on the production of nature and place to show that biodiversity offsetting radically rescripts nature as placeless,obscuring the fact that it facilitates the production of space, place, and nature according to the interests of capital while emphasizing that at the core of offsetting lie social struggles over rights and access to land and nature. Biodiversity offsetting's dystopian vision for the future makes it an important focus for all critical scholars seeking to understand and challenge the contradictions of the capitalist production of nature. |
| Date: | 2019–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02441026&r=all |
| By: | Preeya Mohan (Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, The University of the West Indies); Toshihiro Okubo (Faculty of Economics, Keio University); Eric Strobl (Department of Economics, Bern University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate whether destruction due to natural disasters induces industries to increase their production efficiency using the case of prewar Japan, a period of frequent disasters and technological upgrading. To this end, we compile a regional sectoral data set of natural disaster destruction and production for machinery and textiles during the period. We then employ a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approach to estimate the role of disaster events on changes in production efficiency. Our results show that earthquakes led to increases in efficiency for both machinery and textiles, although they were substantially greater for textiles due to recovery persisting longer. In contrast, climate-related natural disaster events played no role in production efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), Natural Disasters, Production Efficiency, Earthquakes, Inefficiency Scores |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 O47 |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2020-006&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Douenne (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Adrien Fabre (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper helps to understand how beliefs form and determine attitudes towards policies. Using a new survey and official households' survey data, we investigate the case of carbon taxation in France in the context of the Yellow Vests movement that started against it. We find that French people would largely reject a Tax & Dividend policy, i.e. a carbon tax whose revenues are redistributed uniformly to each adult. However, they also overestimate the negative impact of the scheme on their purchasing power, wrongly think it is regressive, and do not perceive it as environmentally effective. Using information about the scheme as instruments to robustly identify causal effects, our econometric analysis shows that if we could rectify these three biased beliefs, it would suffice to generate majority approval. Yet, only a small minority can be convinced by new information and revisions are biased towards pessimism. Finally, if overly pessimistic beliefs cause tax rejection, they also result from it through motivated reasoning, which manifests what we define as "tax aversion". |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy,Carbon tax,Bias,Beliefs,Preferences,Tax aversion |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02482639&r=all |
| By: | Damien Sans (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sonia Schwartz (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider competitive polluting firms that outsource their abatement activity to an upstream imperfect competitive eco-industry to comply with environmental regulation. In this case, we show that an usual environmental policy based on a Pigouvian tax or a pollution permit market reaches the first-best outcome. The main intuition is based on the idea that purchasing pollution reduction services instead of pollution abatement inputs modifies for each potential tax rate (or out of the equilibrium permit price) the nature of the arbitrage between pollution and abatement. This induces a demand for abatement services which is, at least partially, strongly elastic and therefore strongly reduces upstream market power. This argument is first illustrated with an upstream monopoly selling eco-services to a representative polluting firm under a usual Pigouvian tax. We then progressively extend the result to permit markets, heterogeneous downstream polluters and heterogeneous upstream Cournot competitors. JEL Codes: Q58, D43 |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation,Eco-industry,Imperfect Competition,Abatement Outsourcing |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02477911&r=all |
| By: | Mikou,Mehdi; Rozenberg,Julie; Koks,Elco Eduard; Fox,Charles James Edward; Peralta Quiros,Tatiana |
| Abstract: | Rural accessibility is the only metric used in the Sustainable Development Goals to track progress toward better transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the proportion of the rural population who live within 2 kilometers of an all-season road, in 166 countries using open data. It then explores the cost of increasing the rural accessibility index in 19 countries, using an algorithm that prioritizes rural roads investments based on their impact on rural access and connectivity. Investment costs quickly balloon as the rural accessibility index increases, questioning the affordability of universal access to paved roads for many countries by 2030. If countries spent 1 percent of their gross domestic product annually on the upgrade of rural roads, even under optimistic assumptions on growth of gross domestic product, rural accessibility would only increase from 39 to 52 percent by 2030 across all developing countries. Alternative solutions to rural integration must thus be implemented in the short run until countries can afford to increase significantly access to all weather roads. For example, drones that supply regular food and medicine supply to remote communities are much more affordable than roads in the short term. |
| Keywords: | Rural Transport,Rural Roads&Transport,Intelligent Transport Systems,Hazard Risk Management,Global Environment Facility,Biodiversity |
| Date: | 2019–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8746&r=all |
| By: | Losos,Elizabeth Claire; Pfaff,Alexander; Olander,Lydia Pauline; Mason,Sara; Morgan,Seth |
| Abstract: | The Belt and Road Initiative, due to its diverse and extensive infrastructure investments, poses a wide range of environmental risks. Some projects have easily identifiable and measurable impacts, such as energy projects'greenhouse gas emissions. Others, such as transportation infrastructure, due to their vast geographic reach, generate more complex and potentially more extensive environmental risks. The proposed Belt and Road Initiative rail and road investments have stimulated concerns because of the history of significant negative environmental impacts from large-scale transportation projects across the globe. This paper studies environmental risks -- direct and indirect -- from Belt and Road Initiative transportation projects and the mitigation strategies and policies to address them. The paper concludes with a recommendation on how to take advantage of the scale of the Belt and Road Initiative to address these concerns in a way not typically available to stand-alone projects. In short, this scale motivates and permits early integrated development and conservation planning. |
| Date: | 2019–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8718&r=all |
| By: | Babu, Suresh Chandra; De Pinto, Alessandro; Paul, Namita |
| Abstract: | The frequency of natural disasters, especially storms and floods, has been increasing globally over the last several decades. Developing countries are especially vulnerable to such disasters but are often the least capable of coping with the associated impacts because of their limited adaptive capacity. Despite the increased interest in strengthening institutional capacity, it remains a challenge for many developing countries. Institutional capacity for disaster management and risk reduction can be built through various mechanisms. One key approach is via the agriculture sector, where climate-resilient agriculture has become an effective tool for adapting to climate change and developing resilience in the long run – resulting in increased capacity for disaster management and risk reduction at the system, institutional, and individual levels. This paper presents the experiences of four countries, which we have evaluated to develop an institutional strengthening framework. |
| Keywords: | BANGLADESH, SOUTH ASIA, ASIA, GHANA, WEST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, INDIA, VIET NAM, VIETNAM, SOUTH EAST ASIA, SOUTHEAST ASIA, disaster risk management, disaster risk reduction, climate, resilience, institutional development, climate-smart agriculture, capacity strengthening, institutional capacity, climate resilient agriculture, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1846&r=all |
| By: | Nicholls,Robert John; Hinkel,Jochen; Lincke,Daniel; van der Pol,Thomas |
| Abstract: | Sea-level rise threatens low-lying areas around the world's coasts with increased coastal flooding during storms. One response to this challenge is to build or upgrade coastal flood defenses. This report examines the potential investment costs of such an adaptation strategy applied globally over the 21st century for sea-level rise scenarios consistent with three Representative Concentration Pathways and 3 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. For all the protection models considered, much less than half of the world's coast is protected. The total defense costs are significantly higher than earlier estimates, amounting to as much as US$18.3 trillion. With cost-benefit analysis, there are large uncertainties and empirical observations of protection standards are limited. Hence, the estimates should be considered as indicative, and this remains an important topic for future research. Further, building defenses is not a one-off capital investment. Over the 21st century, the cost of a comprehensive protection strategy is dominated by maintenance costs in all the cases considered in this report. This indicates that in addition to capital investment, the development of appropriate institutions and governance mechanisms to deliver maintenance, as well as the necessary funding streams, are essential for such a protection-based adaptation strategy to be effective. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation to Climate Change,Hydrology,Natural Disasters,Energy and Natural Resources,Coastal and Marine Resources,Ecosystems and Natural Habitats,Wetlands |
| Date: | 2019–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8745&r=all |
| By: | Hideo Konishi (Boston College); Minoru Nakada (Nagoya University); Akihisa Shibata (Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the effects of a free trade agreement (FTA) with environmental standards between Northern and Southern countries, with explicit considerations for transferring clean technology and enforcing reduced emissions. Southern producers benefit greatly from having unimpeded access to a Northern market, but they are reluctant to use new high-cost, clean technology provided by the North. Thus, environmentally conscious Northern countries should design an FTA where Southern countries are provided with sufficient membership benefits but must follow tighter enforcement requirements. Since including too many Southern countries dilutes the benefits of FTA membership, it is in the best interest of the North to limit the number of Southern memberships while strictly enforcing emissions reduction. This may result in unequal treatment among the Southern countries. We provide a quantitative evaluation of FTA policies using a numerical example. |
| Keywords: | Free trade agreements; Environmental standards |
| JEL: | Q56 F53 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kyo:wpaper:1026&r=all |
| By: | Cisneros Tersitsch, Marco Elías; Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Nuryartono, Nunung |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interactions between political and economic incentives to foster forest conversion in Indonesian districts. Using a district-level panel data set from 2001 to 2016, we analyze variation in remotely sensed forest loss and forest fires as well as measures of land use licensing. We link these outcomes to economic incentives to expand oil palm cultivation areas as well as political incentives arising before idiosyncratically-timed local mayoral elections. Empirical results document substantial increases in deforestation and forest fires in the year prior to local elections. Additionally, oil palm plays a crucial role in driving deforestation dynamics. Variations in global market prices of palm oil are closely linked to deforestation in areas which are geo-climatically best suited for growing oil palm and they amplify the importance of the political cycle. We thus find clear evidence for economic and political incentives reinforcing each other as drivers of forest loss and land conversion for oil palm cultivation. |
| Keywords: | deforestation,palm oil,local election cycles,Indonesia |
| JEL: | O13 Q15 Q56 P16 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:842&r=all |
| By: | Christian Du Tertre (LADYSS (UMR_7533) - Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ATEMIS); Patrice Vuidel (ATEMIS); Claire Pinet (ATEMIS) |
| Abstract: | "The article deals with the monitoring of territories engaged in a trajectory of social, economic and ecological development, mobilizing the framework of the Economy of Functioning andCooperation (EFC). The hypothesis is that the main challenge to be faced is the ability to think and put into practice an articulation between a development model that responds jointly to the ecological, societal and economic challenges of the territory; and the emergence of a new enterprise-level economic model, whatever its status. This articulation would take the form of cooperative and territorialized ecosystems." |
| Abstract: | "O artigo trata do acompanhamento de territórios engajados em uma trajetória de desenvolvimento social, econômico e ecológico, mobilizando o referencial da Economia da Funcionalidade e da Cooperação (EFC). A hipótese é a de que o principal desafio a enfrentar é a capacidade de pensar e colocar em prática uma articulação entre um modelo de desenvolvimento que responda conjuntamente aos desafios ecológicos, societais e econômicos do território; e a emergência de um novo modelo econômico ao nível da empresa, seja qual for seu status. Essa articulação assumiria a forma de ecossistemas cooperativos e territorializados. Palavras chave: desenvolvimento sustentável; economia da funcionalidade; cooperação. Abstract The article deals with the monitoring of territories engaged in a trajectory of social, economic and ecological development, mobilizing the framework of the Economy of Functioning and Cooperation (EFC). The hypothesis is that the main challenge to be faced is the ability to think and put into practice an articulation between a development model that responds jointly to the ecological, societal and economic challenges of the territory; and the emergence of a new enterprise-level economic model, whatever its status. This articulation would take the form of cooperative and territorialized ecosystems." (source éditeur) |
| Keywords: | sustainable development,functionality economics,cooperation,cooperação,economia da funcionalidade,desenvolvimento sustentável |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02457817&r=all |
| By: | Huang, Bihong (Asian Development Bank Institute); Punzi, Maria Teresa (Asian Development Bank Institute); Wu, Yu (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper maps the risk arising from the transition to a low-emission economy and studies its transmission channels within the financial system. The environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model shows that tightening environmental regulations deteriorates firms' balance sheets as it internalizes the pollution costs, which consequentially accelerates the risks that the financial system faces. This empirical study, which employs the Clean Air Action that the Chinese government launched in 2013 as a quasi-experiment, supports the theoretical implications. The analysis of a unique dataset containing 1.3 million loans shows that the default rates of high-polluting firms rose by around 50% along their environmental policy exposure. At the same time, the loan spread charged to such firms increased by 5.5% thereafter. |
| Keywords: | environmental DSGE Model; Clean Air Action; lending spread; default rate |
| JEL: | E32 E50 H23 Q43 |
| Date: | 2019–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0974&r=all |
| By: | Gulyani,Sumila; Ryan Rizvi,Andrea C.; Talukdar,Debabrata |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a framework that examines three levels of access to infrastructure -- nominal, effective, and quality-adjusted access. Most conventional indicators measure nominal access --whether a household has physical access to a service in or near the house. By contrast, effective access incorporates functionality and use of service, and quality-adjusted access raises the bar by incorporating quality metrics. The paper illustrates the analytical utility of this conceptual framework by deploying data from a survey of 14,200 households in 15 Kenyan cities in 2012-13. First, the analysis finds that these cities fall far short of delivering universal access to basic infrastructure. Second, for most services there a large gap -- 3 to 41 percentage points?between nominal and effective access. When the bar is raised to include quality of service, the drop-off in the proportion of those with access is even more dramatic. These findings suggest that conventional nominal measures overreport the level of service in urban communities, and that current approaches to infrastructure delivery might be enhancing availability of a service without ensuring that the service is usable -- that is, functional, reliable and affordable. Third, there is an infrastructure access gap between nonpoor and poor households, as well as formal and informal settlements. Fourth, hedonic regression analysis reveals that four services -- electricity, water, toilets, and garbage collection?are associated with higher rents. The analysis has broader implications for understanding and measuring service access. It raises important questions as global discussions turn to indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals. |
| Keywords: | Hydrology,Energy Policies&Economics,Inequality,Water and Human Health,Small Private Water Supply Providers,Sanitary Environmental Engineering,Water Supply and Sanitation Economics,Engineering,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Environmental Engineering,Sanitation and Sewerage,Urban Transport,Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2019–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8750&r=all |
| By: | Enrico Botta (OECD); Sho Yamasaki (OECD) |
| Abstract: | The pollution intensity of the Japanese economy, measured as emissions per dollar of GDP, is among the lowest within OECD countries. However, air pollution remains a significant issue. Almost 80% of the Japanese residents were exposed to an annual concentration of PM2.5 above the WHO guideline while the attainment rate of the domestic air quality standard for photochemical oxidants is below 1%. The analysis of the regulatory and enforcement framework for air quality management in Japan identifies best practises and key remaining challenges, including a limited understanding of the generation mechanism of ozone pollution and the need to strengthen cooperation among Prefectures. This paper complements two case studies on air quality policies in China and Korea, and a third case study on international regulatory cooperation on air quality in North America, Europe and North-East Asia. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, Japan, monitoring and enforcement, regulatory policy |
| Date: | 2020–03–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:156-en&r=all |
| By: | Julie Chaurand (IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Charlotte Bigard (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sylvie Vanpeene-Bruhier (IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); John d. Thompson (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Face aux multiples bilans et rapports documentant la perte massive de biodiversité, la préservation de la biodiversité est plus que jamais un impératif de l'aménagement du territoire. C'est dans cette perspective que les politiques publiques françaises telles que la Trame verte et bleue (TVB) et la séquence Éviter-réduire-compenser (ERC) se veulent des outils d'aménagement durable des territoires et de préservation de la biodiversité au-delà des seules aires protégées. Ces deux politiques publiques ont été inscrites explicitement dans plusieurs lois et s'imposent donc aux acteurs des territoires. Or elles peinent à être mises en oeuvre dans les documents d'aménagement des territoires et à avoir un réel effet sur la conservation de biodiversité. Dans cet article nous rappelons et comparons les trajectoires historiques de ces deux politiques publiques en France avant de présenter les difficultés concernant leur intégration dans le cadre de la planification stratégique des territoires. Afin d'y pallier, nous identifions différentes sources de complémentarités entre les deux politiques et nous examinons les principales limites que cette articulation implique. Enfin, pour un développement plus durable, nous nous interrogeons sur la cohérence interterritoriale des projets des territoires suite aux récentes évolutions réglementaires avec notamment l'introduction de la « solidarité écologique » en tant que principe qui appelle à prendre en compte les interdépendances des écosystèmes, des êtres vivants et des milieux naturels ou aménagés dans toute prise de décision publique ayant une incidence sur l'environnement. |
| Keywords: | Politiques publiques,aménagement du territoire,biodiversité,continuités écologiques,séquence Eviter-Réduire-Compenser |
| Date: | 2019–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02448927&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Trnka (OECD) |
| Abstract: | During past years, Korea figured among the OECD countries with the highest share of population exposed to excessive PM2.5 (atmospheric particulate matter that have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres) concentrations and PM2.5 concentration level in Seoul is about two times higher than the WHO’s guidelines or the levels of other major cities in developed countries. A number of countermeasures have been recently introduced to address such challenges, including a tightening of air quality standards and increasing local inspection and enforcement capacity. This paper reviews these recent reforms, and discusses possible further improvements. This paper complements two case studies on air quality policies in China and Japan, and a third case study on international regulatory co-operation on air quality in North America, Europe and North-East Asia. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, Korea, monitoring and enforcement, regulatory policy |
| Date: | 2020–03–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:158-en&r=all |
| By: | Emil Heesche (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Mette Asmild (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is often used by regulators to create a pseudo-competitive environment for sectors with natural monopolies. In addition to develop a theoretically well-behaved model, regulators need to take into account several other factors, such as the political agenda and the historical context of the regulation. This sometimes results in some unconventional approaches, which furthermore are not easily changed. In this paper, we discuss the model used for DEA-based benchmark regulation of the Danish water sector. More specifically, we look at the characteristics of the method the regulator uses to take into account differences in the companies’ environmental conditions. We show how the approach currently used to control for differences in environmental conditions seemingly does not sufficiently control for the actual differences as intended since second stage analysis still reveals significant correlations between the efficiency scores and these external factors. To explain this, we reconsider the second stage analysis, using permutation-based approaches and also accounting for the fact that only those companies that in the DEA assign weights to those output measures adjusted for environmental conditions, will benefit from the adjustments. |
| Keywords: | Data envelopment analysis; Second Stage Analysis; Environmental Variables; Regulation; Permutation |
| JEL: | C02 C14 C51 C52 C61 C67 L51 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2020_03&r=all |
| By: | Kevin J. Stiroh |
| Abstract: | Remarks at Risks, Opportunities, and Investment in the Era of Climate Change, Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts. |
| Keywords: | climate change; risk management; physical risk; transition risk; governance; risk identification; credit risk; market risk; climate-related scenario analysis; transparency; bank supervision |
| Date: | 2020–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsp:87584&r=all |
| By: | Robertson, Richard D. |
| Abstract: | Understanding the global distribution of agricultural production provides valuable context for policymaking concerning development, wellbeing, and climate change. The IMPACT model generates broad regional aggregations of agricultural production and how much land would be needed, but a much more fine-grained picture would be helpful. The basic building blocks of such a companion system are presented here. Describing site specific land use and cropping choices as they are currently realized is a difficult proposition. Projecting them into the future is an even more challenging task. A key problem is that none of the simple “right†ways adequately mimic observed behavior. We present a mix of theoretical and heuristic approaches that bring together climate data, cost of access, and crop modeling results, to develop pixel level allocations of crops and natural lands consistent with economic simulations from the IMPACT model. We find that climate change is much more of a threat to natural land types than agricultural expansion into such locations. |
| Keywords: | GLOBAL, land use, land cover, geographical information systems, agricultural production, land use mapping, land cover mapping, climate change, land allocation, global modeling, linked economic models, IMPACT model, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1800&r=all |
| By: | Illukpitiya, Prabodh; Ortiz, Avis; Fisseha, Tegegne |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Agribusiness, Production Economics, Farm Management |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302312&r=all |
| By: | De Silva, Nirodha Sudershini; Chidmi, Benaissa; Whittaker, Wesley |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302318&r=all |
| By: | Roy, Sandeepan (Asian Development Bank Institute); Maji, Avijit (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | High-speed railway (HSR) planners aim to select locations that optimize the overall utility or benefit of HSR stations by satisfying various desirable requirements. Among other factors, accessibility and environmental impact are important considerations for selecting a location for an HSR station. The desirable requirements of these two factors include improved access to, and intermodal integration with, existing transportation facilities and services (like airports, train stations, and bus stops); avoidance of environmentally sensitive areas (such as water bodies, wetlands, and forest) and land with higher right-of-way costs; and accommodation of strategic necessities (for example, proximity to city centers and socioeconomic development hubs). We quantify the overall utility of an HSR station by analyzing the extent to which a location satisfies these desirable requirements. For this, suitable utility functions were developed and evaluated. To obtain individual utility scores, we assigned appropriate weights based on relative importance. We then estimated the overall utility of a location as the weighted summation of these utility scores. A GIS-based analytical framework was specifically developed for geo-processing, mapping, and visualization of the geospatial data analysis and result representation. This utility-based quantification and identification process would be useful to planners in assessing an area and determining the most suitable station locations for an HSR project. The proposed model was used to identify the potential station locations along the Mumbai-Ahmedabad HSR corridor in India and to compare the obtained results with the planned locations of the project. |
| Keywords: | high-speed rail stations; geographic information systems; environmental impact; accessibility; utility functions |
| JEL: | L92 R11 R41 R58 |
| Date: | 2019–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0953&r=all |
| By: | Stephen P. Holland; Erin T. Mansur; Andrew J. Yates |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles have a unique potential to transform personal transportation. We analyze the transition to electric vehicles with a dynamic model that captures the falling costs of producing electric vehicles, the decreasing pollution from electricity generation, the increasing substitutability of electric for gasoline vehicles, and the durability of the vehicle stock. Due to the external costs from pollution, inefficiencies under business as usual result from the mix of vehicles as well as the transition timing, the severity of which depends on substitutability. We calibrate the model to the US market and find the magnitude of the inefficiency is rather modest: less than 5 percent of total external costs. The optimal purchase subsidy for electric vehicles and the optimal ban on the production of gasoline vehicles both give about the same efficiency improvement, but the latter leads to a sharp increase in gasoline vehicle production just before the ban. Phasing out gasoline vehicles with a bankable production quota reduces deadweight loss substantially more than the other policies, but may lead to a very large deadweight loss if set incorrectly. |
| JEL: | D62 H23 Q40 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26804&r=all |
| By: | Qin, Qiongxia; Michael, Reed; Saghaian, Sayed |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302296&r=all |
| By: | Natalini, Davide; Bravo, Giangiacomo; Newman, Edward |
| Abstract: | This paper defines ‘fuel riots’ as a distinct type of energy-related conflict. The paper provides the first database for fuel riots and explores their social, economic and environmental drivers. Focussing upon refined fuel commodities, the analysis demonstrates a link between fuel riots and rising international fuel prices in countries characterised by weak state capacity and deficient governance, fuel scarcity and poor economic performance. We suggest a potential causal pathway for fuel riots: when international fuel prices spike, net fuel-importing countries bear higher costs and if these societies are politically fragile, the likelihood of fuel riots is high. Countries with high GDP per capita can absorb the increase and maintain subsidies, therefore avoiding upheavals, as opposed to poorer societies where fuel riots are more likely. Our findings demonstrate the role of state fragility and socio-economic conditions in enabling conflict, and will inform policy in identifying fertile ground for fuel riots, i.e. those societies most likely to be affected by increases in fossil fuel prices due to fuel scarcity and climate action (e.g. carbon taxes). We propose that policies aimed at controlling international prices are key to prevent fuel riots. Long-term strategies require phasing out fuel subsidies with inclusive and equitable processes. |
| Date: | 2020–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:p83jr&r=all |
| By: | Ivlevs, Artjoms (University of the West of England, Bristol) |
| Abstract: | This study provides novel evidence on the effects of emigration on pro-environmental behaviour back home. Focusing on the seven successor states of former Yugoslavia, I explore the relationship between people's present-day pro-environmental action and the local-level intensity of a major guestworker emigration wave that occurred four decades earlier. I find that more intense local-level emigration is associated with a lower likelihood of pro-environmental action; the instrumental variable analysis supports the causal nature of this relationship. This finding supports the conjecture that emigration contributes to greater consumerism at home and therefore reduces pro-environmental behaviour. At the same time, controlling for the intensity of local-level emigration, a higher proportion of women in the local migrant population is associated with a greater likelihood of pro-environmental action. As women are generally more likely to undertake pro-environmental behaviour as well as transfer new norms and practices across borders, this finding supports the hypothesis that migration contributes to a cross-border transmission of pro-environmental norms and practices. |
| Keywords: | emigration, pro-environmental behaviour, former Yugoslavia, monetary remittances, social remittances, instrumental variable analysis, gender effects |
| JEL: | F22 F24 F64 P28 R11 R23 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12984&r=all |
| By: | Miyuki Hino; Marshall Burke |
| Abstract: | Floods and other climate hazards pose a widespread and growing threat to housing and infrastructure around the world. By incorporating climate risk into asset prices, markets can discourage excessive development in hazardous areas. However, the extent to which markets actually price these risks remains poorly understood. Here we measure the effect of information about flood risk on residential property values in the United States. Using multiple empirical approaches and two decades of sales data covering the universe of homes in the US, we find little evidence that housing markets fully price information about flood risk in aggregate. However, the price penalty for flood risk is larger for commercial buyers and in states where sellers must disclose information about flood risk to potential buyers, suggesting that policies to improve risk communication could influence market outcomes. Our findings indicate that floodplain homes in the US are currently overvalued by a total of $34B, raising concerns about the stability of real estate markets as climate risks become more salient and severe. |
| JEL: | Q54 R3 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26807&r=all |
| By: | Yang, Wenju; Long, Ruiyun |
| Abstract: | The inter-provincial economic gap in China is obvious and tends to expand, although it is still unclear why this occurs. This paper combines DEA-based green economic growth accounting, growth convergence test and distribution dynamic analysis to show that China's inter-provincial labor productivity demonstrated significant growth convergence between 1997 and 2016, while it was significantly promoted by capital deepening and obviously inhibited by technological progress and human capital accumulation, and the effect of technological efficiency change remained unclear. In addition, the gap of labor productivity level in China's provinces widened significantly, which can be largely attributed to the combined effects of technological progress and capital deepening. The economic growth accounting analysis ignoring Energy and environmental factors tends to overestimate the relative contribution of factor accumulation and underestimate that of TFP changes, while ignoring human capital will lead to opposite biased results, but both of which do not change the qualitative conclusions mentioned above. |
| Keywords: | counterfactual analysis,distribution dynamic analysis,green economic growth accounting,multimodal test,non-parametric test |
| JEL: | O18 O47 R11 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:20203&r=all |
| By: | Hoffmann, Vivian; Mutiga, Samuel H.; Harvey, Jagger; Nelson, Rebecca J.; Milgroom, Michael G. |
| Abstract: | Unlike physical losses, deterioration of food safety can be difficult to observe. In low- and middle- income countries, much of the food supply is never tested for safety hazards. We analyze data from 1500 maize samples and associated consumer surveys collected from clients of small-scale hammer mills in rural Kenya. We find that while visible damage to maize is penalized by lower prices, there is no correlation between price and aflatoxin, a carcinogenic fungal contaminant, implying an absence of market incentives to manage this aspect of food loss. Aflatoxin contamination is, however, correlated with consumer perceptions of quality, especially for self-produced maize, suggesting an information asymmetry that could lead to inefficiencies in this market. |
| Keywords: | KENYA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, food safety, crop losses, maize, safety, prices, food prices, aflatoxins, mycotoxins, markets, storage, crop storage, postharvest losses, O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O13 Economic Development: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Energy, Environment, Other Primary Product, O15 Economic Development: Human Resources, Human Development, Income Distribution, Migration, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1886&r=all |
| By: | Dizon,Felipe Jr Fadullon; Josephson,Anna Leigh; Raju,Dhushyanth |
| Abstract: | Through a review of the literature, this paper examines the links of food and agriculture with nutrition in South Asia, a region characterized by a high level of malnutrition. The review finds that the level and stability of food prices play a critical part in food consumption, with rising prices affecting poor households the most. Although public food transfer programs are aimed at addressing this, most are too small to have a marked effect in protecting or promoting nutrition. Several supply-side food and agricultural interventions suggest promise in improving nutrition, although their effects have yet to be well identified. These include the cultivation of home gardens, animal farming, and use of biofortification and post-harvest fortification. All these efforts will be futile, however, without parallel efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Crops and Crop Management Systems,Climate Change and Agriculture,Food Security,Climate Change and Environment,Climate Change and Health,Science of Climate Change,Nutrition |
| Date: | 2019–03–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8766&r=all |
| By: | Michael Hamwi (Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA)); Iban Lizarralde (ESTIA Recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA)) |
| Abstract: | Recent developments in technology have been considered a critical factor in fighting climate change and accelerating energy transition. These developments are changing the current centralized and fossil fuel-based energy system into a new system with integrated renewable energy resources. The developments also facilitate the emergence of new business models and allow entrepreneurs to propose new products and services. This paper aims to identify the existent energy business models based on a systematic literature review, focusing on two main areas: renewable energy and demand-side management. With that purpose, a framework is described including specific characteristics for energy business models. Based on this framework, 22 different energy business models are presented clustered in eight patterns. The study draws on an exhaustive picture of the emerging business models and provides insights for researchers and for early-stage companies to innovate through business model transformation. |
| Keywords: | Business model,energy services,energy entrepreneur,renewable energy,demand-side management,demand response |
| Date: | 2019–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02448505&r=all |
| By: | Andor, Mark Andreas; Frondel, Manuel; Horvath, Marco |
| Abstract: | Based on hypothetical responses originating from a large-scale survey among about 6,000 German households, this study investigates the discrepancy in willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates for green electricity across single-binary-choice and open-ended valuation formats. Recognizing that respondents self-select into two groups distinguished by their belief in their answers' consequences for policy making, we employ a switching regression model that accounts for the potential endogeneity of respondents' belief in consequences and, hence, biases from sample selectivity. Contrasting with the received literature, we find WTP bids that tend to be higher among those respondents who obtained questions in the openended format, rather than single-binary-choice questions. This difference substantially shrinks, however, when focusing on individuals who perceive the survey as politically consequential. |
| Keywords: | Elicitation format,contingent valuation,consequentialism |
| JEL: | D03 D12 Q48 Q50 H41 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:841&r=all |
| By: | Peter Christensen; Ignacio Sarmiento-Barbieri; Christopher Timmins |
| Abstract: | Local pollution exposures disproportionately impact minority households, but the root causes remain unclear. This study conducts a correspondence experiment on a major online housing platform to test whether housing discrimination constrains minority access to housing options in markets with significant sources of airborne chemical toxics. We find that renters with African American or Hispanic/LatinX names are 41% less likely than renters with White names to receive responses for properties in low exposure locations. We find no evidence of discriminatory constraints in high exposure locations, indicating that discrimination increases relative access to housing choices at elevated exposure risk. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 R31 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26805&r=all |
| By: | Al-Sudani, Amer; Sampson, Gabriel; Bergtold, Jason |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302299&r=all |
| By: | Walsh,Brian James; Hallegatte,Stephane |
| Abstract: | Traditional risk assessments use asset losses as the main metric to measure the severity of a disaster. This paper proposes an expanded risk assessment based on a framework that adds socioeconomic resilience and uses wellbeing losses as its main measure of disaster severity. Using a new, agent-based model that represents explicitly the recovery and reconstruction process at the household level, this risk assessment provides new insights into disaster risks in the Philippines. First, there is a close link between natural disasters and poverty. On average, the estimates suggest that almost half a million Filipinos per year face transient consumption poverty due to natural disasters. Nationally, the bottom income quintile suffers only 9 percent of the total asset losses, but 31 percent of the total wellbeing losses. The average annual wellbeing losses due to disasters in the Philippines is estimated at US$3.9 billion per year, more than double the asset losses of US$1.4 billion. Second, the regions identified as priorities for risk-management interventions differ depending on which risk metric is used. Cost-benefit analyses based on asset losses direct risk reduction investments toward the richest regions and areas. A focus on poverty or wellbeing rebalances the analysis and generates a different set of regional priorities. Finally, measuring disaster impacts through poverty and wellbeing impacts allows the quantification of the benefits from interventions like rapid post-disaster support and adaptive social protection. Although these measures do not reduce asset losses, they efficiently reduce their consequences for wellbeing by making the population more resilient. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Natural Disasters,Disaster Management,Hazard Risk Management,Social Risk Management,Disability,Services&Transfers to Poor,Access of Poor to Social Services,Economic Assistance |
| Date: | 2019–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8723&r=all |
| By: | Daniel, Aemiro Melkamu (Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | Paper [I] investigates household heterogeneity in valuing electricity contract attributes that include various load controls and information sharing to induce demand flexibility. Using a stated preference choice experiment conducted with Swedish households, this paper shows that, although a large proportion of households asks for substantial compensation, some households are willing to share their electricity consumption information and require relatively lower compensation to allow load controls. In addition, this paper finds that some households that are willing to provide flexibility by accepting load controls at a relatively low compensation ask for sizeable compensation to share their electricity consumption information, and vice versa. From the perspective of the contract providers, these findings suggest that information-optional contracts can generate more customers than contracts that bundle households’ consumption information with various load controls. Paper [II] uses a flexible model to accommodate heterogeneous decision rules in analysing data obtained from a discrete choice experiment aimed at eliciting Swedish households’ willingness to accept compensation for restrictions on household electricity and heating use during peak hours. The model combines behavioural processes based on random utility maximization with an elimination-by-aspects strategy, where the latter involves a two-stage decision process. In the first stage, respondents are allowed to eliminate from their choice set alternatives that contain an unacceptable level, in this case restrictions on the use of heating and electricity. In the second stage, respondents choose between the remaining alternatives in a rational utility maximizing manner. Our results show that about half of the respondents choose according to an elimination-by-aspects strategy, and considering elimination-by-aspects behaviour leads to a downward shift in elicited willingness-to-accept. Paper [III] tests the effect of a pro-environmental framing on households’ stated willingness to accept restrictions on their electricity use. We use a split-sample choice experiment and ask respondents to choose between their current electricity contract and hypothetical contracts featuring various load controls and monetary compensation. Our results indicate that the pro-environmental framing has little impact on the respondents’ choices. We observe a significant framing effect on choices and marginal willingness-to-accept for only a few contract attributes. The results further suggest that there is no significant framing effect among households that are already engaged in pro-environmental activities. Paper [IV] explores the socio-demographic and housing characteristics that affect household fuel choice and fuel use decisions in urban Ethiopia. The results indicate that, whereas households with a female head are more likely to combine traditional solid (firewood and charcoal) and modern (electricity) fuels for different uses, households with less-educated heads, many family members, and poor living conditions (fewer rooms) tend to use traditional solid biomass fuels. We find that households with an individual electricity meter are significantly less likely to use charcoal. Further, the results show the satiation effect from the increasing use of a fuel by households is relatively higher for firewood and lower for electricity. |
| Keywords: | Choice experiment; demand flexibility; electricity contract; fuel choice; fuel stacking; household heterogeneity; load control; pro-environmental framing; willingness-to-accept |
| JEL: | C25 C99 D01 D12 Q42 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:0971&r=all |
| By: | Stephenson, Kurt; Easton, Zach; Bock, Emily; Ferris, William |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302327&r=all |
| By: | Gruener, Sven |
| Abstract: | False news stories constitute a problem for democracy since they make it hard to identify what the true state of the world is. The goal of this study is to experimentally explore who is good at identifying false news stories and to learn something about mechanisms to debunk false news stories. Both research fields are not new. However, the present study adds value to the literature by dealing with environmental topics (the bulk of existing studies on false news stories is about political topics in the US) and by analyzing news stories in the length of a small paragraph (former studies are primarily presented in the format of a Facebook post). Our main findings are: (i) Perceived familiarity increases the propensity to accept the stories as true. Actively open-minded thinking helps to distinguish between true and false. In contrast to earlier studies on false news stories, thinking deliberately (instead of spontaneously) does not help to prevent to fall for false news stories. Surprisingly, men performed slightly better than women in distinguishing between false and true. (ii) By repeating false news stories, subjects are more likely to adequately identify them later. Thus, there is no evidence for a familiarity backfire effect. However, repeating false news stories results in a decreased ability to adequately identify correct messages. A somewhat reverse, but weaker effect seems to occur when true stories are repeated: the correct identification of correct news stories is more successful, but the opposite holds for the identification of false news stories. Detailed explanations of why the false stories contain false content increases the correct identification of false news stories, but the ability to correctly identify correct news stories is detrimental. |
| Date: | 2020–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zmx5p&r=all |
| By: | Laura Gallup; David D.A. Sonnenfeld; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas |
| Abstract: | Laura Gallup, David A. Sonnenfeld, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. Mangrove use and management within the Sine-Saloum Delta, Senegal. 2019. Mangroves constitute one of the most complex and productive ecosystems in the world. This study explores mangrove use and management within the Sine-Saloum Delta, Senegal. It utilizes field-based, mixed research methods, drawing primarily on quantitative survey data, supplemented with qualitative data from semi-structured interviews, personal communications with villagers, and participant observation from August–December 2013. Research results indicate that use of dead mangrove wood for fuelwood is the most important extractive use of mangroves within the Delta. Fish, clam, oyster, and shrimp collection is the second most important use of mangroves in the region. Senegal's Forest Code Law notwithstanding, ambiguity remains in mangrove management and adequate means are lacking for protection of mangroves within the Delta. Study results show that mangrove reforestation is a robust activity in the region, and that financial incentives from international organizations and NGOs are significant in motivating community involvement. Study results suggest that mangrove plantings may have a low survival rate, however further investigation is needed. |
| Keywords: | Coastal management; Community-based natural resource management; Fuelwood harvesting; Mangrove reforestation; West Africa |
| Date: | 2019–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/296972&r=all |
| By: | Toshihiro Okubo (Faculty of Economics, Keio University); Eric Strobl (Department of Economics, Bern University) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the damage impact of the 1959 Ise Bay Typhoon-the most destructive storm in Japanese history-on firm performance in Nagoya City. To this end, we combine firm-level data with a locally derived damage index measured in terms of the duration of storm surge-induced flooding. We find heterogeneous impacts of flood damage across firms and sectors. More specifically, older manufacturing firms tend to survive and, conditional on survival, longer time inundation moderated their employment and sales growth, but also promoted capital growth, suggesting investment in new machinery and facilities. In contrast, employment growth increased in the construction sector to satisfy the construction demand for rebuilding after the supertyphoon. |
| Keywords: | Typhoon, Flood, Firm survival, Firm growth, Nagoya city |
| JEL: | Q54 R10 R12 R14 D22 L25 |
| Date: | 2020–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2020-005&r=all |
| By: | Larry Karp (University of California, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics - UC Davis - University of California [Davis] - University of California); Thierry Paul (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In familiar models, a decrease in the friction facing mobile factors (e.g., lowering their adjustment costs) increases a coordination problem, leading to more circumstances where there are multiple equilibria. We show that a decrease in friction can decrease coordination problems when a production externality arises from a changing stock, e.g. of pollution or knowledge. In general, the relation between the amount of friction that mobile factors face and the likelihood of multiple equilibria is non-monotonic. |
| Keywords: | costs of adjustment,coordination games,multiple equilibria,cross-sectoral pollution,intersectoral migration,learning-by-doing,factor reallocation |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02469871&r=all |
| By: | Ramy, Katlin N.; Riley, John Michael; Norwood, F. Bailey; Devuyst, Eric A. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302324&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Kauffmann (NIMEC - Normandie Innovation Marché Entreprise Consommation - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Frank Guerin (NIMEC - Normandie Innovation Marché Entreprise Consommation - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | Within a context of sustainable development, inland waterway transport may expand in the future. In France, inland waterway transport faces a major paradox, since it's poorly used although France has a very long network. Within that scope, this article examines the nature of relationships that the development of this means of transport may have with the various dimensions of public management. This paper highlights the major roles of communication, process management, financial issues and marketing in the revival of inland waterway transport. |
| Abstract: | Dans le contexte actuel de développement durable, le transport fluvial est amené à intervenir de plus en plus. Or, en France, ce secteur est dans une situation paradoxale, sa part modale restant très faible au regard de l'étendue du réseau. Dans ce contexte, cet article examine comment les différentes dimensions du management public peuvent interagir avec la relance du mode fluvial. Ce travail met en évidence le rôle majeur des dimensions communication, management processuel, financière, et marketing du management public dans la relance du transport fluvial. |
| Keywords: | transport,public management,strategy,logistics,stratégie,Transport,fluvial,logistique,management public |
| Date: | 2019–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02434125&r=all |
| By: | Diallo, Souleymane Sadio; Fofana, Ismaël; Diallo, Mariam Amadou |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of agricultural investment to the achievement of Côte d'Ivoire's development objectives. More specifically, it aims to analyze the extent to which the implementation of the National Agricultural Investment Programme can contribute to the achievement of the objectives and targets of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP), the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the African Union's Agenda 2063. The methodological used combines a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and a microsimulation model to assess the impact of agricultural investment options on different outcomes related to the different agendas above. The simulation results indicate that the implementation of the NAIP would enable Côte d'Ivoire to make significant progress and achieve some of the CAADP, SDGs and the African union’s 2063 Agenda’s targets. Thus, the country could achieve investment targets by slightly exceeding the 10% share of public expenditure in total government expenditure and a significant increase in private investment in agriculture. This progress in terms of investment could result in an acceleration of agricultural growth so that Côte d'Ivoire's agricultural GDP would increase at a growth rate above the target of 6% per year. It would also make it possible to achieve several SDGs by 2030, as well as certain targets of the African Union's Agenda 2063. However, despite progress in terms of productivity in some segments of the agricultural value chain, the fight against poverty will remain a major challenge that the country will not be able to meet. |
| Keywords: | COTE D'IVOIRE, WEST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, agricultural development, economic development, development plans, poverty, Sustainable Development Goals, National Agricultural Investment Programme, |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:agrowp:41&r=all |
| By: | Jensen, Kimberly; Hughes, David; DeLong, Karen; Wright, Hannah; Menard, Jamey; MacKenzie, Gill |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302310&r=all |
| By: | Clifford, McKenna; McKendree, Melissa G.S. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Agribusiness, Marketing, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302302&r=all |
| By: | Hoffmann, Vivian; Grace, Delia; Lindahl, Johanna; Mutua, Florence; Ortega-Beltran, Alejandro; Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Mutegi, Charity; Herrman, Tim |
| Abstract: | Aflatoxin is a poisonous substance produced by a fungus, Aspergillus flavus, that occurs naturally in soils of cultivated and non-cultivated areas. The fungus commonly produces the toxin in maize, groundnut, and other staple grains and vegetables, and is especially prevalent in Africa. When animals consume feed contaminated with aflatoxin, milk and (at very low levels) meat, fish and eggs, can also be contam-inated. This note brings together recent research from the CGIAR and others on technologies for aflatoxin control in Africa and provides recommendations for catalyzing their adoption. |
| Keywords: | GHANA, WEST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, technology, aflatoxins, health, maize, groundnuts, contamination, livestock, subsidies, food safety, biological control, aflatoxin control, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:pnnovember_133794&r=all |
| By: | Glyn Wittwer; Michael D Young |
| Abstract: | This study starts by examining the background economic circumstances of the 2007 Water Act and the 2012 Murray Darling Basin Plan. During the 1990s, a competitive Australian dollar contributed to an expansion of some sectors in the Murray Darling Basin, notably wine grapes. From the turn of the millennium, two adverse background events brought difficulties for agriculture in the Basin. First, the millennium drought resulted in reduced irrigation water allocations and contributed to diminished dry-land productivity, notably in 2002-03 and from 2006-07 to 2008-09. Second, the Australian dollar appreciated markedly relative to levels of the 1990s in the wake of the mining boom. This diminished returns to agriculture. In the context of background difficulties, there were mixed responses in Basin communities to the Water Act (McCormick 2007). Some farmers embraced the financial option that arose from proposed buybacks, using proceeds as an opportunity to restructure or retire. Others regarded buybacks as a threat to the viability of Basin communities. Using TERM-H2O, a multi-regional CGE model of Basin regions, previous studies showed that the marginal impacts of buybacks are second-order relative to drought, and can even be positive. A change in political direction has resulted in a suspension of water buybacks, regarded by economists as the cheapest mechanism to increase environmental flows. The Basin Plan is at present concentrating on infrastructure upgrades. An updated version of TERM-H2O shows that a $4 billion program on upgrades between 2020 and 2024 to procure almost 500 GL of water for the environment would result in a net present value (NPV) welfare loss of $1.1 billion. The investment in upgrades increases jobs in the Basin by around 1000 relative to no investment for each of the five years of upgrades. Thereafter, Basin jobs increase by around 100 relative to no upgrades, based on estimated productivity gains arising from the upgrades. This study also models the marginal impacts of increased public spending of $4 billion over 10 years on services in the Basin. This is treated as a substitute for infrastructure upgrades. In this scenario, the same volume of water rights, almost 500 GL, is set aside for environmental purposes. Each dollar spent on education, health and community services creates four times as many jobs as spending on infrastructure upgrades. That is, jobs in the Basin rise relative to base by between 1,800 and 2,100 over the decade of additional spending. The NPV of the welfare loss is $0.125 billion. |
| Keywords: | irrigation reforms environmental flows, regional economic impacts |
| JEL: | Q15 C68 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-295&r=all |