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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Kaitila, Ville |
| Abstract: | Abstract In order to fight the climate change, the European Union and Finland as its member country are seeking carbon neutrality by 2050, Finland already by 2035. In this brief, we assess the development of Finnish greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent) in 2019–2023 based on ETLA’s most recent macroeconomic and industry sector forecasts. Technological change that will cut greenhouse gas emissions is paramount for the efforts to reach carbon neutrality. We use three technological assumptions that describe how the emission intensity of value added may develop. Our baseline scenario, based on how value added will change in each industry combined with their average development in emission intensity over the past few years, shows that the aggregate emissions will decrease on average by less than two per cent annually up until 2023. This will not be enough to reach the carbon neutrality target with current carbon sinks with which the average required annual rate of decrease would be over seven per cent. Consequently, technological change needs to accelerate considerably. The public sector can support the efforts to reach carbon neutrality by, among other things, R&D funding, removing harmful subsidies, introducing environmental taxes, and being active in the development of the EU’s emissions trading system. Carbon neutrality can also be taken into account in public procurement and infrastructure investments. |
| Keywords: | Economic forecast, CO2, Carbon neutrality, Emissions trading |
| JEL: | E17 O11 O30 O44 O47 |
| Date: | 2020–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:84&r=all |
| By: | Peñalver, Eduardo M.; Library, Cornell |
| Abstract: | In a brief but much noted passage of Laudato Si, Pope Francis criticized so-called “cap and trade” approaches to reducing carbon emissions. “The strategy of buying and selling ‘carbon credits,’” he said, “can lead to a new form of speculation, which would not help reduce the emission of polluting gases worldwide.” Commentators have interpreted the passage as a categorical and moralistic rejection of market-based solutions to climate change. Read within the context of the encyclical and the broader Catholic social tradition, however, it becomes clear that the Pope’s critique of cap-and-trade is simultaneously more and less all-encompassing than these initial readings allow. The Pope’s objection to market-based approaches to controlling carbon emissions is closely tied to his analysis of global economic inequality. It reflects an astute appreciation of the way in which inequality can distort the market’s ability to serve as an efficient and just means of allocating the costs of environmental protection. His critique therefore echoes earlier discussions within liberation theology of the notion of “structural sin” and reinforces calls within Catholic Social Thought for analysis of markets always to be considered within – and at the service of – a broader moral framework. Situating Francis’s discussion within these traditions makes clear that, under the right circumstances, a cap and trade system of emissions regulation could be consistent with the Pope’s analysis in Laudato Si. In this short essay, I will briefly describe the so-called “market-based” approaches to greenhouse gas reduction that have dominated policy discussions of climate change in recent years. I will then situate Pope Francis’s objection to these sorts of policy responses, both within the broader climate debate and within the tradition of Catholic social teaching. Finally, I will propose constraints that would seem to address Pope Francis’s concerns. |
| Date: | 2017–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:lawarx:4zyqu&r=all |
| By: | Jayasooriya, Sujith |
| Abstract: | Albeit economic growth of global economies is increasing, nexus of green economic growth, innovation, and financial development needs to be thoroughly understood to make prudent economic policies for sustainability. The research question intends to identify the green growth promoting policies and impact of innovation and financial systems on sustainable economic growth. Rationale for the research is to provide pragmatic evidences to build up economic systems that lead green growth under the emission control and abatement. Empirical approach is used to (i) estimate augmented-Green-Solow model for ASEAN countries (ii) EKC is also estimated with Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation to reveal the impact of financial development, innovation, and trade openness using World Bank data from 1980 to 2014. The empirical results indicate, across estimation methods and specifications, a strong correlation of the innovation, financial development and CO2 emissions per capita for green growth. Further, increase of innovation and financial structure leads the economies to be sustainable with increase of abatement cost with technological adaptation, and human capital. The implications of the study are to deliberate on the determinants of green growth to promote sustainable development in the economies. Finally, the paper guides policymakers to reform financial and innovation systems to achieve advancement in green technologies adapting sustainable economic policies for green growth. |
| Keywords: | Finance, Innovation, Green Solow Growth, Generalized Methods of Moments estimation. |
| JEL: | E61 F43 F62 F63 |
| Date: | 2020–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98212&r=all |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold; Glenn D. Rudebusch |
| Abstract: | The downward trend in Arctic sea ice is a key factor determining the pace and intensity of future global climate change; moreover, declines in sea ice can have a wide range of additional environmental and economic consequences. Based on several decades of satellite data, we provide statistical forecasts of Arctic sea ice extent during the rest of this century. The best-fitting statistical model indicates that sea ice is diminishing at an increasing rate. By contrast, average projections from the CMIP5 global climate models foresee a gradual slowing of sea ice loss even in high carbon emissions scenarios. Our long-range statistical projections also deliver probability assessments of the timing of an ice-free Arctic. This analysis indicates almost a 60 percent chance of an effectively ice-free Arctic Ocean in the 2030s -- much earlier than the average projection from global climate models. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1912.10774&r=all |
| By: | Theologos Dergiades (Department of International & European Studies, University of Macedonia); Robert K. Kaufmann (Boston University); Theodore Panagiotidis (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia) |
| Abstract: | We test two hypotheses that are derived from the anthropogenic theory of climate change. The first postulates that a growing population and increasing economic activity increase anthropogenic emissions of radiatively active gases relative to natural sources and sinks, and this alters global biogeochemical cycles in a way that increases the persistence of radiative forcing and temperature. The second postulates that the increase in the persistence of radiative forcing transmits a stochastic trend to the time series for temperature. Results indicate that the persistence of radiative forcing and temperature changes from I(0) to I(1) during the last 500 years and that the I(1) fingerprint in radiative forcing can be detected in a statistically measureable fashion in surface temperature. As such, our results are consistent with the physical mechanisms that underlie the theory of anthropogenic climate change. |
| Keywords: | Global climate change; radiative forcing; surface temperature. |
| JEL: | C12 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2019_06&r=all |
| By: | Thomas, Alban; Chakir, Raja |
| Abstract: | Set-aside policies providing agronomic and ecological benefits have been mainstream practices in European agriculture. Because they may lead to intensification on cultivated land, they can however have mixed environmental effects. To evaluate the indirect impact of a set-aside policy on crop intensification, we consider two elasticity indicators with respect to set-aside subsidy: chemical input demand and intensity of input use. We estimate a structural, multi-output model on a panel of French farmers from 2006 to 2010, accounting for multivariate selection (corner solutions) on crops and land use, with a semi nonparametric Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimator robust to deviations from normality and homoskedasticity. Results show that a set-aside subsidy can provide farmers with incentives to intensify their production, leading to potential adverse environmental effects that can however be offset by a complementary tax policy instrument. |
| Keywords: | Set-aside; land use; fertilizer and pesticide input demand; corner solutions; semi nonparametric estimation. |
| JEL: | Q12 C33 C34 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:123955&r=all |
| By: | Brendan J. Casey; Wayne B. Gray; Joshua Linn; Richard Morgenstern |
| Abstract: | Pricing carbon emissions from a jurisdiction could harm the competitiveness of local firms, causing the leakage of emissions and economic activity to other regions. Past research concentrated on national carbon prices, but the impacts of subnational carbon prices could be more severe due to the openness of regional economies. Focusing on subnational carbon pricing in the United States, we specify a flexible model to capture competition between a plant in a state with carbon pricing and plants in other states or countries. We estimate model parameters using confidential plant-level data from 1982–2011 and simulate the effects of regional carbon prices covering the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic (regions that currently cap carbon emissions from the electric sector) on manufacturing output, employment, and profits. Importantly, we model industry mix within a state or region, not simply energy price differences. A carbon price of $10 per metric ton reduces employment in the regulated region by 2.7 percent, and raises employment in nearby states by 0.8 percent; the effects on output and profits are broadly similar. National employment falls just 0.1 percent, suggesting that domestic plants in other states as opposed to foreign facilities are the principal winners from state or regional carbon pricing. |
| JEL: | Q4 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26629&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Chuanqi; Pan, Dongyang |
| Abstract: | Given central banks' recent interest in "greening the financial system", this research theoretically investigates the relationship between monetary and climate policy and tries to find their “optimal mix”. We build an Environmental Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (E-DSGE) model with the consideration of illegal emission which is pervasive in many countries. According to the model, we find: First, the dynamic of monetary policy is influenced by the selection of regimes of climate policy and the effectiveness of enforcement of environmental regulation. Second, the coefficients in the traditional Taylor rule of monetary policy can be better set to enhance welfare when a certain regime of climate policy is given in the economy. This helps find the constrained optimums of a policy mix. Third, if the mitigation of climate change is augmented into the target of monetary policy, the economy’s welfare can be enhanced. However, under certain circumstances, a dilemma in such monetary policy makes it incompatible with the traditional mandate of central bank. |
| Keywords: | Optimal Mix, Monetary Policy, Climate Policy, E-DSGE |
| JEL: | E52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97718&r=all |
| By: | Jennifer Castle; David Hendry |
| Abstract: | We investigate past climate variability over the Ice Ages, where a simultaneous-equations system is developed to characterize land ice volume, temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels as non-linear functions of measures of the Earth’s orbital path round the Sun. Although the orbital variables were first theorised as the fundamental causes of glacial variation by Croll in 1875 following Agassiz’s conception of a ‘Great Ice Age’ in 1840, their minor variations were thought insufficient to drive such major changes, especially the relative rapidity of shifts between glacial and warmer periods. The changes over the ice ages in atmospheric CO2 closely matched changes in land ice volumes, and since temperature changes are in turn affected by CO2 and also closely tracked ice volumes, a key identification issue is the causal role of CO2 in the process. As any links between CO2 and temperature above the forces from the orbital drivers (which of course are still operating) must have been natural ones hundreds of thousands of years ago, understanding their interactions at that time is important now that additional CO2 emissions are anthropogenic. We develop a simultaneous equation system over the last 800,000 years that allows a test of the role of CO2 as endogenously driven by the orbital variations, or an ‘exogenous’ influence as it now is. |
| Keywords: | Climate Econometrics; Model Selection; Outliers; Identification; Saturation Estimation; Au- tometrics; Ice Ages |
| JEL: | C01 C51 C87 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:898&r=all |
| By: | Alistair Munro (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Abstract: | While the use of surveys to understand perception of climate change and adaptation is common in research on agriculture, the reliability of aspects of the methodology is still largely untested. In particular there is limited evidence on (i) the degree to which measures of perception are sensitive to questionnaire design (ii) the accuracy of recall methods for climate change and (iii) the degree to which measures of adaptation based on recall from one-time surveys match the historical record. Using an established panel of farmers from across Kenya and a split sample method, I test both the sensitivity of stated perceptions of climate change to question format and the accuracy of recalled adaptations. In one treatment farmers face open-ended questions about temperature and rainfall changes while in the other treatment farmers are o ered closed-end questions. Both approaches are common in the voluminous literature on climate change adaptation. Responses are highly sensitive to question format, both in the degree of perceived change and in the types of changes. Stated adaptations are not so sensitive to question format, but still diverge. Stated adaptations do not correspond well to the historical record of farming practices over the 15 years of the panel. Overall, the evidence suggests that researchers and policy-makers should be highly cautious in their use of subjective perceptions of climate change and the use of adaptation measures based on recall data. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ngi:dpaper:19-30&r=all |
| By: | Christos Karydas (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Evangelos V. Dioikitopoulos (King's Business School, Group of Economics, King's College London, UK) |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that the joint relation between long-term orientation, environmental quality and innovation plays a key role in explaining environment-poverty traps. Based on empirical observations, we allow for the subjective discount rate to negatively depend on environmental quality in an R&D-driven endogenous growth model with local pollution externalities. Our model reconciles two empirical facts: i) multiple equilibria of economic and environmental development; ii) opposite responses to technological improvements depending on the initial equilibrium. Our results suggest that -- in addition to traditional policies such as development aid and technology transfer -- policies that aim at improving both the economic and the environmental dimension of sustainability, should also focus on changing individuals' long-term views in countries that face weak environmental conditions. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, innovation, time preference, environmental poverty traps, economic poverty traps |
| JEL: | D90 E21 O13 O44 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:20-330&r=all |
| By: | الرسول, أد/ أحمد أبواليزيد; معيزة, د/ شيماء إبراهيم; برجل, د/إلهام شعبان |
| Abstract: | استهدف البحث دراسة مدى إمكانية زيادة الإنتاج السمكي من البحر الأحمر في ضوء تحديد نوع الموسمية السائدة بمصايد البحر الأحمر سواء كانت موسمية منتظمة أم موسمية عشوائية. وقد توصلت الدراسة لمجموعة من النتائج تتمثل فيما يلي: (1) يتناقص الإنتاج السمكي من مصايد البحر الأحمر بمعدل سنوي معنوي إحصائياً عند مستوى 1% بلغ نحو 3.42%، في حين ازداد الدخل السمكي من مصايد البحر الأحمر بمعدل نمو سنوي معنوي إحصائياً عند مستوى 1% بلغ نحو 2.86%، ويساهم هذا الدخل بحوالي 36.8% من متوسط إجمالي الدخل السمكي من المصايد البحرية، أو حوالي 4.6% من متوسط إجمالي الدخل السمكي المصري. (2) المتغيرات التفسيرية الأكثر تأثيراً على كمية الإنتاج السمكي من مصايد البحر الأحمر استناداً إلى معامل الانحدار الجزئي القياسي (Beta) هي متغير متوسط سعر الطن، يليه متغير أعداد الصيادين، ثم درجة حرارة المياه عند عمق 2m، وأخيراً يأتي متغير أعداد المراكب الآلية. (3) يتميز نمط الموسمية السائدة في هذا المصيد من خلال دراسة مؤشر Seasonality Indexأن متوسط الإنتاج السمكي الشهري يقل عن المتوسط العام خلال الشهور مايو ويونيو ويوليو وأغسطس وسبتمبر، والذي يأتي تزامناً مع فترة وقف الصيد لبعض حرف الصيد في مصايد البحر الأحمر وبداية موسم الصيد. (4) الموسمية منتظمة أو حتمية "محددة" Deterministic تم اختبار مدى وجود الموسمية بافتراض الاستقرار وذلك بإستخدام اختبار F تبين استقرارها عند مستوى 1%. ولتأكيد تلك النتيجة تم إجراء اختبار لا معلمي وهو اختبار كروسكال-واليسKruskal-Wallis تبين استقرارها عند مستوى 5%، كما تبين استقرار الموسمية المتحركة Moving Seasonality باستخدام اختبار F عند مستوى 1%. وبتطبيق اختبار HEGY على البيانات الشهرية للإنتاج السمكي بمصايد البحر الأحمر خلال فترة الدراسة توجد دورات موسمية منتظمة أو حتمية أو متكررة في الإنتاج عند مستوى %5. وهذا يدل على أن التأثير المباشر للدورة الإنتاجية (المناخية) يهيمن على أي تطورات تكنولوجية محتملة في الإنتاج السمكي المصري بمصايد البحر الأحمر. (5) تبين أن نموذج ARIMA (1,1,1) هو الأفضل بين جميع النماذج التي تم تقديرها للتنبؤ بالإنتاج السمكي الشهري من مصايد البحر الأحمر، وأن معامل الارتباط بين القيم الفعلية والقيم التنبؤية بلغ حوالي 0.937 وهو معنوي عند مستوى 1%. |
| Abstract: | There is an urgent need to study the productive seasonality from natural fisheries in general and Red Sea fisheries in particular. The fish catch deficit is about 263.3 thousand tons in 2016, due to the inability of natural fisheries to meet fish needs due to depletion of fish stock, the negative effects of pollution in those fisheries and Fish seasonality of fish catch that causes fluctuations in fish supply in the local market and fish price in market and its alternatives, which ultimately affects individuals ’ability to obtain their needs of fish protein. This paper aimed to study the possibility of increasing fish catch from the Red Sea in light of the prevailing fish seasonality in the Red Sea, whether it is a deterministic seasonality or stochastic seasonality. This study reached a set of results as follows: (1) Fish catch from Red Sea fisheries decreases about 3.42% at a statistically significant annual rate at the level of 1%, while fish income from Red Sea fisheries increased at a statistically significant annual growth rate of about 2.86%, and this income contributes about 36.8% of The average gross fish income from marine fisheries, or about 4.6% of the average total fish income from Egypt. (2) The explanatory variables that most affect the amount of fish catch from Red Sea fisheries based on the standard partial regression coefficient (Beta) are the average price per ton, followed by the number of fishers, then the water temperature at a depth of 2m, and finally comes the variable number of motorboats. (3) The prevailing seasonal pattern in Red sea fisheries by studying the Seasonality Index that the average monthly fish catch is less than the general average during the months May, June, July, August and September, which coincides with the stop fishing period of some fishing methods in the Red Sea fishery and the beginning of the fishing season. (4) Deterministic seasonality is regular or inevitable. Seasonal presence was tested with the assumption of stability using F test showing stability at 1% level. To confirm this result, a non-teacher test was conducted, which was the Kruskal-Wallis test, which showed stability at 5%, and Moving Seasonality using F test at 1%. By applying the HEGY test to monthly data for fish production in Red Sea fisheries during the study period, there are regular, inevitable, or repeated seasonal cycles of production at the 5% level. This indicates that the direct impact of the (climate) productive cycle dominates any potential technological developments in Egyptian fish production in the Red Sea fisheries. 5) Predicting monthly fish production from Red Sea fisheries shows that the ARIMA model (1,1,1) is the best among all the models that were estimated and the highest correlation coefficient, where the correlation coefficient between actual and predictive values was about 0.937 which is statistically significant at the level of 1%. Key words: Red Sea Fisheries, Seasonality, Fish Production, Forecasting, HEGY Test |
| Keywords: | مصايد البحر الأحمر، الدليل الموسمي، الدورات الموسمية، اختبار HEGY، التنبؤ، نموذج آريما. |
| JEL: | Q22 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98214&r=all |
| By: | BILLEN, Pieter; MAES, Ben; LARRAÍN, Macarena; BRAET, Johan |
| Abstract: | To date, global atmospheric concentrations of F-gases with alleged high global warming potential are still on the rise. The most potent among the greenhouse gases identified as such by IPCC is sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which has been used in various applications because of its chemical stability and inertness, next to its high dielectric strength. In the European Union, its use has to date been banned from several applications, for which technological alternatives exist. An important exception is gas-insulated electrical switchgear (GIS), both for medium voltage and high voltage applications, to which cost-effective and environmentally sound alternatives were unavailable when the F-gas regulation was last revised in 2014. Yet, to date, interest in technological alternatives has grown, and we argue that a next step in the phasing out of SF6 may spur the accelerated development of alternatives with lower carbon footprint. The installed SF6 amount in switchgear in the EU-28 is unclear, estimated between 10 800 and 24 700 t (with a mode at 12 700 t) in 2017, resulting in 68 to 140 t of annual emissions from operational leakage only, corresponding to 1.6 to 3.3 Mt of CO2-eq. The higher emissions value seems more likely, as its underlying model (EDGAR) was earlier corroborated by measurements. In our study, we estimate the potential greenhouse gas savings over the lifecycle of one exemplary 145 kV gas-insulated switchgear bay upon replacing SF6 by decafluoro-2-methylbutan-3-one (C5-FK) and heptafluoro-2-methylpropanenitrile (C4-FN) mixtures. These single-bay results were projected over estimated future installed high-voltage GIS in the EU-28 consequentially. A phase-out scenario starting from 2020 onwards could reduce the carbon footprint by 4 to 31 Mt, with median at 14 Mt, of CO2-eq., over a period of 50 years. A phase-out starting in 2025, allowing more time for further technology development, results in 12.5 Mt of CO2-eq. (median) savings by 2070. Extrapolation to medium voltage is uncertain, given the decentralization of electricity distribution, yet one can assume savings of similar magnitude. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ant:wpaper:2020001&r=all |
| By: | Soler, Louis-Georges; Thomas, Alban |
| Abstract: | In the scientific literature, the debate on health and environmental benefits of a reduction in the share of animal-sourced food, in particular beef, in consumer diets is mostly focused on demand-side vs. supply transitions. We claim in this paper that a win-win scenario may exist where consumer preferences towards quality meat in diets are accompanied by a transition in livestock production systems towards a separating equilibrium in meat quality. Lower beef consumption per head, of higher quality and lower environmental impact, may co-exist with lower-quality beef production for exports. We examine the credibility of the win-win scenario, by detailing conditions related to determinants for reduced beef consumption, productivity gains, innovation in quality and environmental impacts at the global scale. We propose a set of research priorities and recommendations for policy makers. Policies that are best suited for accompanying transition in food and livestock production system can be identified by a cost-benefit analysis at the global scale. |
| Keywords: | Beef consumption; food system transition; cost-benefit analysis; demand for quality; agricultural exports; product innovation. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:123956&r=all |
| By: | David Martin (Department of Economics, Davidson College) |
| Abstract: | I examine the potential conflict between two roles of zoos, as an ex situ protector of species and as a place for human recreation using a sample of 76 zoos in India whose collections include about 470 species. Under the National Zoo Policy, India zoos are supposed to prioritize local species and to protect endangered species. Using the beta-diversity of each zoo as a measure of distinctiveness, I assess if the distinctiveness of zoo collections increases with the holdings of protected species and decreases with visitors’ demand to see popular species. I find strong evidence that the percentage of protected species held by zoos increases zoo distinctiveness and only weak evidence that amenity demand is related to convergence of zoo collections. These results suggest that Indian zoos are well situated to play important roles in integrating ex situ species protection with in situ conservation efforts. |
| JEL: | Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dav:wpaper:20-01&r=all |
| By: | Mönnig, Anke; Schneemann, Christian (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany]); Weber, Enzo (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany]); Zika, Gerd (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany]) |
| Abstract: | "This article examines the effects of the German government's climate package (as of 20.09.2019 plus the change from the Federal-Länder compromise of 16.12.2019) on the German economy and labour market. With the help of the scenario technique, a number of assumptions relating to measures from the climate package were made and integrated into the QINFORGE analysis tool. The results show that compared to the baseline scenario, the impact of the 2030 climate protection programme on the economy and labour market will only be minor on balance, but causes a higher turnover of jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| JEL: | C53 E27 J21 Q58 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202002&r=all |
| By: | Cunha, Bruno S. L.; Garaffa, Rafael; Gurgel, Angelo Costa |
| Abstract: | The TEA model is a multi-regional and multi-sectorial Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model that tracks the production and distribution of goods in a dynamic recursive setup for the global economy. The model is built in GAMS and departures from the framework of the GTAPinGAMS model [1]. The dynamic structure and parameters are based in other CGEs and Integrated Assessment Models (AIM) as the MIT EPPA model [2, 3] and the COFFEE model [4], considering the evolution of primary factors and technologies in 18 regions and 21 economic sectors. The TEA model was built to perform economic analysis of future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, considering technological and structural changes in the global economy, under different climate policies. The TEA model can work on a standalone basis but also soft-linked to other tools and models (such as the COFFEE model), in order to increase the capacity of Brazilian research groups to contribute to the scientific and policy debate on climate change and its related topics. This document describes the TEA model structure and its functionalities. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:520&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Putri, Yulinda Tri Kurnia |
| Abstract: | Penulis terlebih dahulu melakukan sebuah observasi yang dilakukan di Yogyakarta, yaitu di Gunungkidul. Penulis mengambil destinasi wisata yang terdapat di kota tersebut, yaitu Green Village Gedangsari yang merupakan salah satu destinasi baru yang terdepat di Gunungkidul. Penulis mengambil objek tersebut karena penulis ingin mengingatkan kepada masyarakat umum bahwa begitu banyaknya destinasi-destinasi baru di Indonesia terutama di Gunungkidul. |
| Date: | 2019–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gn4wq&r=all |
| By: | Skarpaas, Olav (University of Oslo); Heegard, Einar; Framstad, Erik; Halvorsen, Rune |
| Abstract: | Many habitats and species of conservation concern are too rare to be adequately represented in a simple random sample of observation units, e.g., for monitoring purposes. Here, we explore possibilities and limitations of a promising alternative approach, probability-based sampling, by which the probability of being sampled is a function of the predicted probability of occurrence in a potential sampling unit. We compare probability-based vs. random sampling for rare and common target phenomena by simulating variables at three nested sample levels allowing investigation of, e.g., presence or absence of a habitat, presence or abundance of a species in the habitat, and properties of this species, and by deriving theoretical limits for the different sampling designs based on a priori knowledge of the properties of the system. We show that the lower limit for target prevalence, allowing for reliable estimation of its properties, can be expressed as a function of the acceptable precision, the sampling effort and variable parameters. The simulations confirm these theoretically derived lower prevalence limits. As expected, lower demands on precision and higher sampling effort allow investigation of rarer and less predictable phenomena. Probability-based sampling gives sufficiently precise estimates for phenomena with prevalence several orders of magnitude lower than simple random sampling, as well as more precise estimates for common phenomena. This suggests a substantial unrealized potential for the use of probability-based sampling in biodiversity and conservation studies. We demonstrate how our results can be applied in sampling design for veteran oaks with many rare and threatened beetles. |
| Date: | 2019–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:mgkwn&r=all |
| By: | Thomas, Alban; Lamine, Claire; Allès, Benjamin; Chiffoleau, Yuna; Doré, Antoine; Dubuisson-Quellier, Sophie; Hannachi, Mourad |
| Abstract: | We discuss in this paper the role of the economic and social organization in agriculture and the food industry, in relation with the Health-Agriculture-Environment-Food Nexus (HAFEN) concept. The aim is to better understand the potential impact of the implementation of this concept in food consumption and production systems. We discuss the need for a detailed analysis of the economic and social processes underlying food consumption practices, as well as innovation drivers towards more sustainable agrifood systems. The paper suggests a research agenda dedicated to the modes of social and economic organization of key stakeholders in the implementation of Nexus-based systems, facilitating the convergence between health, food and environmental objectives. Based on a literature survey, three main topics are discussed: a) processes and drivers of change of food consumption practices; b) co-ordination and multi-agent governance modes to better account for health issues in agrifood systems; c) the analysis of paradigms that put forward health as an entry point to reshape existing agricultural and food systems, and associated modes of knowledge production. For each of these topics, we provide examples of researches based on past or on-going scientific projects on selected French case studies, and suggest some research priorities for the future. |
| Keywords: | Nexus ; food system ; social and economic organization ; behavior |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:123963&r=all |
| By: | Ozbugday, Fatih Cemil |
| Abstract: | Kültürün rolüne dair yeni bir paradigma, kültürün, sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı mümkün kılmak veya ekonomik başarı elde etmek üzere bireyler ve toplumlar için zengin bir varlık olduğudur. Kültür, pek çok kanal aracılığıyla, ekonomik performansa ve kalkınmaya önemli katkılarda bulunur. Bunlar, kısaca şu şekilde özetlenebilir (Sen, 2004, s. 39-43): 1. Kalkınmayı oluşturan unsurlardan biri olarak kültür: Kalkınma için gerekli bir şart olan refahın artması ve özgürlüklerin genişlemesi, ancak müzik, edebiyat, güzel sanatlar veya diğer kültürel ifade ve pratiklerin yaşamlarımızı zenginleştirmesiyle mümkün olabilir. Kişi başına oldukça yüksek bir gayri safi milli hasılaya (GSMH) ancak çok düşük müziğe, sanata, edebiyata vs. sahip olmak bir ekonomik kalkınma başarısı değildir. 2. Ekonomik olarak kazançlı kültürel faaliyetler ve nesneler: Ekonomik getirisi olan çeşitli faaliyetler doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak kültürel olanaklara ve daha genel olarak kültürel çevreye bağlı olabilir. Kültürel turizm, bunun bir örneğidir. Müzik, dans ve diğer kültürel aktiviteler de oldukça büyük –hatta küresel- ticari pazarlar oluşturabilir. 3. Kültürel faktörler ekonomik davranışı şekillendirir: Pek çok iktisatçı, bireylerin izole bir şekilde kişisel çıkarlarını ençoklayacak bir biçimde davrandığını düşünse de gerçekte bu durum genelde böyle değildir. Kültürel faktörler; iş etiği, sorumlu davranış, risk alma iştahı, girişimcilik gibi ekonomik başarıyı etkileyebilecek birçok insan davranışı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Ayrıca, ekonomik ürünlerin değiş-tokuşunun başarılı bir şekilde işletilmesi, yine kültürle ilişkili olan karşılıklı güvene ve örtük normlara bağlıdır. 4. Kültür ve siyasi katılım: Sivil etkileşimlere ve siyasi faaliyetlere katılım kültürel koşullardan etkilenir. Kamusal tartışma ve katılımcı etkileşimler geleneği, siyaset süreci için gereklidir ve demokrasinin kurulması, korunması ve uygulanması için önemli olabilir. Katılım kültürü, önemli bir sivil erdemdir. 5. Sosyal dayanışma ve birlik: Ekonomik etkileşimler ve politik katılımın yanı sıra, toplumsal dayanışma ve karşılıklı desteğin işletilmesi de kültürden etkilenebilir. Sosyal yaşamın başarısı, büyük ölçüde insanların birbirleri için yapabilecekleri şeylere (daha az şanslı olan kişilerin bakımı, ortak varlıkların korunması vs.) bağlıdır. Bir topluluktaki, diğerlerine yakınlık duygusu, bu topluluk için büyük bir varlık olabilir. 6. Kültürel sahalar ve geçmiş miras: Bir topluluğun veya ülkenin kültürel tarihinin sistematik bir şekilde keşfedilmesi, o topluluğun veya ülkenin geçmişinin daha açık ve geniş bir şekilde anlaşılmasını sağlar. Tarih, çoğunlukla, günümüzün yoğun siyasi - ve çoğu zaman tarih ile ilgili olmayan - yorumlarının izin verdiği eğilimlerden çok daha fazla kültürel etki ve gelenek içerir. Örneğin, Hindu milliyetçilerinin Hindistan’ı Hindu bir ülke olarak görme ve diğer dinleri daha aşağı bir statüde konumlandırma çabaları, Hint tarihinin muhteşem çeşitliliği (Jain kültürü, 4.yüzyıldan itibaren Hristiyanların varlığı, 8.yüzyıldan itibaren Zerdüştlerin varlığı, Müslümanlar ve Hindular arasındaki etkileşim, Sihizm dininin ortaya çıkışı ve büyümesi) ile örtüşmemektedir. Bu nedenle, tarihi nesneler, siteler ve kayıtlar, çatışmacı modern siyasetin yol açtığı tahribatın bir kısmını telafi etmeye yardımcı olabilir. Tarihsel nesnelerin ve alanların ortaya çıkarılması, korunması ve erişilebilirliği aracılığıyla geçmiş kültürel çeşitliliğin vurgulanması, çağdaş ortamlarda çeşitliliğe tolerans gösterilmesinde ve bir ulusun geçmişinin “monokültürel” okumalarının çatışma için kullanılmasına karşı bir rol oynayabilir. Tarihin hatırlanması, hoşgörünün geliştirilmesinde ve çeşitliliğin kutlanmasında –ki bunlar doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak kalkınmanın önemli özellikleri arasındadır- büyük bir destek sağlayabilir. 7. Değer oluşumu ve evrimi üzerindeki kültürel etkiler: Kültürel faktörler, değerlerin oluşmasında merkezi bir role sahip olabilir. Örneğin, düşük doğurganlık oranları, kız ve erkek çocukları arasında ayrımcılık olmaması, çocukları okula göndermeyi istemek gibi normların oluşması serbest ve açık kamusal tartışma kültürü tarafından etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışma, kültürün ekonomik performansa etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Bunun için, öncelikle anaakım iktisat literatüründe kültürün ekonomik performansa etkisi üzerine yapılan akademik çalışmaların bulguları derlenmiş, ardından UNESCO’nun kültür-ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisine dair yaklaşımı özetlenmiş ve anaakım iktisat alanyazınının bulguları ışığında UNESCO’nun yaklaşımı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma boyunca, ekonomik başarıdan veya performanstan kast edilen kâr marjlarının motive ettiği vahşi ve yıkıcı ticari başarı değil kapsayıcı ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik ilerlemedir. Bu çalışmanın sonunda, UNESCO’nun çeşitli başarılarına rağmen, kültürün kalkınma politika ve stratejilerine yaygınlaştırılması ihtiyacının devam ettiği, bu tespitin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma 2030 Hedeflerinin bağlamında bariz bir şekilde görüldüğü ifade edilmiştir. Bundan sonrasında kültürün ekonomik başarıya veya sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya katkısını artırmak için olası öneriler sıralanmış, bu önerileri gerçekleştirmek için her şeyden önce kültürü kentsel yönetişime entegre edilmesi gerektiği, bu kapsamda, özellikle yerel yönetimlere önemli sorumluluklar düştüğü ifade edilmiştir. |
| Keywords: | culture, economic growth, sustainable development |
| JEL: | O1 O19 Z1 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:96734&r=all |
| By: | Jussila Hammes, Johanna (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | Utsläppsminskningspotential från tunga lastbilstransporter (över 3,5 ton) beräknas för elektrifiering av de svenska europavägarna och vissa riksvägar. Fyra scenarier analyseras. I huvudscenariot (scenario 1) minskar utsläppen med ca 52 procent jämfört med de totala utsläppen från den tunga trafiken år 2017, på 3 326 kton CO2. En enkel analys av den samhällsekonomiska lönsamheten tyder på att med dagens koldioxidskatt på 1,15 SEK per kg CO2 och givet en ”låg” investeringskostnad på 20 mSEK per km väg skulle det kunna löna sig att elektrifiera E4 i Stockholms län och E6 i Skåne län. Marginalkostnaden för att elektrifiera hela E4 från Stockholm till Skåne och E6 från Skåne till den norska gränsen ligger på 2,38 SEK per kg CO2. Mer välutvecklade samhällsekonomiska analyser bör dock göras innan investeringsbeslut fattas. |
| Keywords: | Electric roads; Carbon dioxide; Net present value of carbon dioxide emissions reductions; Sweden; Heavy freight transport |
| JEL: | Q54 Q55 R42 |
| Date: | 2020–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2020_002&r=all |
| By: | Anne Briand (LASTA - Laboratoire d'Analyse des Sociétés, Transformations et Adaptations - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Noukignon Kone (LASTA - Laboratoire d'Analyse des Sociétés, Transformations et Adaptations - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | The article analyzes data from a Contingent Valuation survey that we conduced in 2014 among 402 households in low-income settlements of Abidjan in order firstly, to identify the determinants of stated demand for an informal waste collection service and secondly, to evaluate the benefits of using this service on different impact variables linked to human development. Indeed, households are exposed to negative externalities (odours, insects, health risks, loss of quality of life) that could lead them wish to offset the loss of utility with an individual investment in the informal service. The article contributes to the academic literature and gives recommendations in terms of economic policy applied to the waste sector in Africa. Firstly, our study identifies the determinants of stated demand for the informal service and the ability of households to finance an improved service. Secondly, the article evaluates the beneficial effects of using the informal service by the propensy score method. We evaluate the impact of the use of the informal service on the monthly amount that households are willing to pay for the improved service. We quantify the benefits in terms of socioeconomic and human development. |
| Date: | 2020–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02430455&r=all |
| By: | Prete, Carmelina; Cozzi, Mario; Viccaro, Mauro; Sijtsma, Frans; Romano, Severino |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea19:300919&r=all |
| By: | Hakobyan, Zaruhi; Koulovatianos, Christos |
| Abstract: | Differential games of common resources that are governed by linear accumulation constraints have several applications. Examples include political rent-seeking groups expropriating public infrastructure, oligopolies expropriating common resources, industries using specific common infrastructure or equipment, capital-flight problems, pollution, etc. Most of the theoretical literature employs specific parametric examples of utility functions. For symmetric differential games with linear constraints and a general time-separable utility function depending only on the player's control variable, we provide an exact formula for interior symmetric Markovian-strategies. This exact solution, (a) serves as a guide for obtaining some new closed-form solutions and for characterizing multiple equilibria, and (b) implies that, if the utility function is an analytic function, then the Markovian strategies are analytic functions, too. This analyticity property facilitates the numerical computation of interior solutions of such games using polynomial projection methods and gives potential to computing modified game versions with corner solutions by employing a homotopy approach. |
| Keywords: | differential games,endogenous growth,tragedy of the commons,Lagrange-d'Alembert equation,analytic functions |
| JEL: | C73 C61 D74 E0 O40 O44 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:638&r=all |
| By: | Stephen Jarvis; Olivier Deschenes; Akshaya Jha |
| Abstract: | Many countries have phased out nuclear electricity production in response to concerns about nuclear waste and the risk of nuclear accidents. This paper examines the impact of the shutdown of roughly half of the nuclear production capacity in Germany after the Fukushima accident in 2011. We use hourly data on power plant operations and a novel machine learning framework to estimate how plants would have operated differently if the phase-out had not occurred. We find that the lost nuclear electricity production due to the phase-out was replaced primarily by coal-fired production and net electricity imports. The social cost of this shift from nuclear to coal is approximately 12 billion dollars per year. Over 70% of this cost comes from the increased mortality risk associated with exposure to the local air pollution emitted when burning fossil fuels. Even the largest estimates of the reduction in the costs associated with nuclear accident risk and waste disposal due to the phase-out are far smaller than 12 billion dollars. |
| JEL: | C4 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26598&r=all |
| By: | Obi, Chinedu Temple; Vergamini, Daniele; Bartolini, Fabio; Brunori, Gianluca |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea19:300916&r=all |
| By: | Merriman, Ben |
| Abstract: | This article examines public involvement in the six-year administrative review process of Waukesha, Wisconsin’s application to draw water from Lake Michigan to replace its radium-contaminated local water supply. The article shows that public positions on the proposal inverted the typical relationship between partisanship and environmental attitudes, prompting both supporters and opponents to ignore scientific evidence and the central matter of water safety. In successive rounds of state and regional administrative review, these political stances induced administrators to engage in increasingly legalistic forms of assessment. Although Waukesha’s application was approved in 2016, these administrative dynamics may limit the ability of the recently-enacted Great Lakes Compact to address current and prospective water safety problems in the region. The case typifies an emerging pattern in water governance in the United States: contentious administrative politics drive cooperative agreements to resemble adversarial proceedings, in turn limiting their ability to adapt to new environmental problems. Citation: Merriman, Ben. 2017. “Testing the Great Lakes Compact: Administrative Politics and the Challenge of Environmental Adaptation.” Politics & Society 45(3): 441-466. |
| Date: | 2017–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rjea7&r=all |
| By: | Mahkameh Zarekarizi; Vivek Srikrishnan; Klaus Keller |
| Abstract: | Homeowners around the world elevate houses to manage flood risks. Deciding how high to elevate the house poses a nontrivial decision problem. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommends elevating a house to the Base Flood Elevation (the elevation of the 100-yr flood) plus a freeboard. This recommendation neglects many uncertainties. Here we use a multi-objective robust decision-making framework to analyze this decision in the face of deep uncertainties. We find strong interactions between the economic, engineering, and Earth science uncertainties, illustrating the need for an integrated analysis. We show that considering deep uncertainties surrounding flood hazards, the discount rate, the house lifetime, and the fragility increases the economically optimal house elevation to values well above the recommendation by FEMA. An improved decision-support for home-owners has the potential to drastically improve decisions and outcomes. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2001.06457&r=all |
| By: | Yvan Andriameva Assany (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université); Mireille Razafindrakoto (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université); François Roubaud (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université) |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Agenda and the transition from the MDGs to the SDGs focus on the quality of institutions, governance, peace and security (GPS). This renewed interest drove a pressing need for measurement, monitoring and evaluation in developing countries and rich countries. Such are the aims of SDG16 at global level and Agenda 2063 (Aspirations 3 and 4) in Africa. This working paper describes and analyses eight dimensions of governance drawn from GPS-SHaSA initiative household surveys “Governance, Peace and Security” in nine Sub-Saharan African countries. Those dimensions are: Non-discrimination and equality; Participation in political and public affairs; Openness; Access to and quality of justice; Responsiveness and satisfaction with services; Absence of corruption; Trust in institutions; Safety and security. This document helps populating with empirical evidence the UN Handbook on governance statistics, developed under the auspices of the Praia Group on Governance Statistics. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Governance, Peace, Security, Indicators, Statistics, Households surveys, Sub-Saharan Africa, Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD), Gouvernance, Paix, Sécurité, Indicateurs, Statistiques, Enquêtes ménages, Afrique Sub-Saharienne. |
| JEL: | A33 C21 D02 D63 D71 D72 D73 D74 H56 K41 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt201915&r=all |
| By: | Gaston Clément Nyassoke Titi (Université de Douala); Jules Sadefo Kamdem (MRE - Montpellier Recherche en Economie - UM - Université de Montpellier, UG - Université de Guyane); Louis Fono (Université de Douala) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we study the problem of optimal fishing for regime switching, which may be regarded as sequential optimal problem with changes of regimes. The growth dynamics of a given fish species is described by the differential stochastic logistic model in which we take into account two states: prior or during floods and after. The resulting dynamic programming principle leads to a system of variational inequalities, by means of viscosity solutions approach, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the value functions. Then numerical approximation is used to answer the question: what is the optimal fishing effort for a sustainable fishery? |
| Keywords: | regime switching,floods,crra utility,logistic growth,mean-reverting prices,viscosity solution,Howard's algorithm |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02433395&r=all |
| By: | Singh, KM; Singh, Pushpa |
| Abstract: | Nutrition and Agriculture are interlinked with each other. Sustainable agricultural development is agricultural development that contributes to improving resource efficiency, strengthening resilience and securing social equity/responsibility of agriculture and food systems in order to ensure food security and nutrition for all, now and in the future. While poverty has always been associated with severe forms of acute under-nutrition, it is fact that poverty affects an individual’s health throughout their lifetime. Low access to food and associated levels of malnutrition reduces an individual’s intellectual capability, leading to lower learning levels and work capacity. Such a vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition ultimately limits an individual’s earning potential throughout a lifetime, increasing vulnerability to serious medical conditions and health inequities. This is one of the vital reasons of farmers’ distress and suicides due to indebtedness. Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. One of the biggest challenges of nutritional sensitive agriculture and sustainable development is how to secure and provide plentiful, healthy and nutritious food for all. The present study tries to present an overview of the present status and suggests suitable policy initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Nutrition, Agriculture, Dietary pattern, Sustainable development |
| JEL: | Q1 Q16 Q18 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98120&r=all |
| By: | Bequet, Ludovic |
| Abstract: | Improved seeds varieties have led to an increase in agricultural production as well as to a change in agricultural practices and input use. A side effect of these changes that has received little attention to date is the impact of those new technologies on environmental degradation. Using an original survey method of farming households on the Philippine island of Mindanao covering the past ten years, this paper finds a positive correlation between GM corn cultivation and landslide occurrence, which is robust to the inclusion of household fixed effects as well as to the use of matching and survival models. An endogenous allocation of crops on plots can be ruled out as a mechanism. Instead, more aggressive weed control via broad-spectrum herbicide appears to explain the results. Looking at the distribution of landslides as a function of wealth, landslides are found to increase socio-economic inequality as poorer farmers lose on average a significantly larger portion of their plots to landslides while for the top tail of the landholding distribution is less affected. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture; Environmental degradation; Landslides; Biotechnology |
| JEL: | O13 Q12 Q15 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98225&r=all |
| By: | Brooks, Karen; Dunston, Shahnila; Wiebe, Keith; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa; Robertson, Richard |
| Abstract: | Climate change matters for all young people. It matters especially for those whose livelihoods depend on agriculture and will continue to do so in the future due to slowing growth in labour-intensive manufacturing and constraints on labour absorption in the service sector. Of the slightly more than 500 million rural young people projected globally in 2030, two thirds will be in sub-Saharan Africa and in South Asia. In many African countries farming still employs over half of a rapidly growing labour force, and the absolute number of agricultural workers is still rising (although the share of the labour force is falling with structural transformation). Where agriculture is called upon to deliver job security as well as food security, vulnerability to climate change presents major risks for the large numbers of young job-seekers. Adaptation to climate change is feasible, and options will increase as new technologies and management approaches come onstream. Adaptation requires proactive planning and investments in relevant infrastructure and agricultural science. Strategies for job creation in highly affected countries must accord more attention than is the case at present to agriculture, both on the farm and in the food system. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:301001&r=all |
| By: | Pronti, Andrea; Auci, Sabrina; Di Paola, Arianna; Mazzanti, Massimiliano |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea19:300914&r=all |
| By: | Georgiana Mardare Balusescu (Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania); Oana Horhogea (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania) |
| Abstract: | In order to be in a permanent equilibrium, the human body needs small quantities of heavy metals. When heavy metals from water, air or ingested food exceed normal concentrations, they can be a real danger to the health of the individual, causing health disorders that can culminate in the death of the person. But what can happen when these small amounts of heavy metals are introduced into the body, constantly, at short intervals? If in the bone, aluminum replaces calcium in the mineralization process, can we consider that the body can gradually adapt and accept a higher concentration of heavy metals without completely attacking and destroying any organ? Can heavy metals become "invisible enemies", difficult to detect, due to events similar to other diseases? Can, also, all these reactions of the body to intoxicating, against a background of emotional disturbance, to push the subject to suicide? |
| Keywords: | aluminum, emotional disorder, heavy metals, intoxication, suicide |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:ipaper:012mb&r=all |
| By: | Adachi, Misato |
| Abstract: | The development of renewable energy sources is central to the goal of gaining independence from conventional fossil fuels and achieving a sustainable energy supply. As these technologies are not yetfully developed and due to multi-dimensional selection environments cannotalwayscompete with conventional energy sources in the market, renewable energy sources initially require temporary protective space. Although some research has identified important factors with regard to the development of renewable technologies, there have not been any clear empirical studies, especially focusing on the new Member Statesof the European Union. Bulgaria and Poland in particular showed divergent results with regard to the deployment of the renewables. One, Bulgaria, achieved an outstanding increase in the share of energycoming from renewablessince its target was set in 2009, while another, Poland, has seen a sluggish result with regard to its policies. The aim of this paper is to identifythe factors leading to the successful promotion of renewable energy in the new Member States by using a comparative study of the cases of Bulgaria and Poland. The comparative study is conducted based on the three protective spaces advocated by Smith & Raven (2012). As a result, two main factors can be seen as the determinants of the success of renewable energy policies; "mprovement of connection to grid networks in shielding process" and "schemes for a transition from a niche space to a socio-technical regime in an energy industry structure in empowering process." Additionally, the delay of effective renewable energy policy implementation, which in the case of Poland, led to a failure of policy. |
| Keywords: | Bulgaria,Empowering,EU,Evolutionary theory,New Member States,Nurturing,Protective space,Poland,Renewable energy policy,Shielding |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:1312019&r=all |
| By: | Wilson, Bradley (Independent Researcher) |
| Abstract: | Modeled damage estimates are an important source of information in the hours to weeks following major earthquake disasters, but often lack sufficient spatial resolution for highlighting specific areas of need. Using damage assessment data from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake, this paper evaluates a spatial regression model for interpolating geolocated damage survey data onto a 1 x 1 km2 grid. The proposed approach uses a combination of geospatial covariate data and Gaussian spatial process random effects modeling to estimate the percentage of structures attaining complete damage states from sparse survey clusters using the INLA-SPDE method. Model performance is evaluated across fifty iterations of 100, 250, and 1000 simulated survey clusters and compared to observed damage assessments and model predictions using more traditional fragility-based methods. Results show strong model fit to observed values, with mean absolute errors of .17, .13, and .11 and correlation coefficients of .75, .82, and .85 for increasing numbers of survey clusters. These results show significant improvements over existing methods with a fraction of the damage surveys that were available within several weeks after the Gorkha event. Thus, with sufficient rapid damage assessment mobilization, the proposed spatial modeling framework offers improved damage estimates and higher spatial resolution while remaining tractable within the time frame required to deliver a Post Disaster Needs Assessment. |
| Date: | 2020–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:eartha:64whm&r=all |