|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Mary O. Agboola (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); Festus V. Bekun (Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically investigates the agriculture-induced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in an agrarian framework. Annual time series data from 1981–2014 was employed using Augmented Dickey–Fuller and the Phillips–Perron (PP) unit root test complemented by the Zivot and Andrews unit root test that accounts for a single structural break to ascertain stationarity properties of variables under consideration. For the cointegration analysis, an autoregressive distributive lag methodology and the recent novel Bayer and Hanck combined cointegration technique is employed. For the direction of causality, the Granger causality test is used as estimation technique. Empirical findings lend support for the long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables under consideration. This study also validates the inverted U-shaped pattern of EKC for the case of Nigeria, affirming that Nigeria remains at the scale-effect stage of its growth trajectory. Further empirical results show that foreign direct investment attraction helps mitigate carbon emissions in Nigeria. Based on these results, several policy prescriptions on the Nigerian energy mix and agricultural operations in response to quality of the environment were suggested for policymakers, stakeholders, and environmental economists that formulate and design environmental regulations and strategies to realise the Goal 7 of sustainable development goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Agriculture ecosystem, Energy consumption, Granger Causality, EKC, Nigeria |
| JEL: | C32 Q1 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:19/040&r=all |
| By: | Mary O. Agboola (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); Festus V. Bekun (Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically investigates the agriculture-induced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in an agrarian framework. Annual time series data from 1981–2014 was employed using Augmented Dickey–Fuller and the Phillips–Perron (PP) unit root test complemented by the Zivot and Andrews unit root test that accounts for a single structural break to ascertain stationarity properties of variables under consideration. For the cointegration analysis, an autoregressive distributive lag methodology and the recent novel Bayer and Hanck combined cointegration technique is employed. For the direction of causality, the Granger causality test is used as estimation technique. Empirical findings lend support for the long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables under consideration. This study also validates the inverted U-shaped pattern of EKC for the case of Nigeria, affirming that Nigeria remains at the scale-effect stage of its growth trajectory. Further empirical results show that foreign direct investment attraction helps mitigate carbon emissions in Nigeria. Based on these results, several policy prescriptions on the Nigerian energy mix and agricultural operations in response to quality of the environment were suggested for policymakers, stakeholders, and environmental economists that formulate and design environmental regulations and strategies to realise the Goal 7 of sustainable development goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Agriculture ecosystem, Energy consumption, Granger Causality, EKC, Nigeria |
| JEL: | C32 Q1 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:19/040&r=all |
| By: | Felipe Carozzi; Sefi Roth |
| Abstract: | We study whether urban density affects the exposure of city dwellers to ambient air pollution using satellite-derived measures of air quality for the contiguous United States. For identification, we rely on an instrumental variable strategy, which induces exogenous variation in density without affecting pollution directly. For this purpose, we use three variables measuring geological characteristics as instruments for density: earthquake risks, soil drainage capacity and the presence of aquifers. We find a positive and statistically significant pollution-density elasticity of 0.13. We also assess the health implications of our findings and find that doubling density in an average city increases annual mortality costs by as much as $630 per capita. Our results suggest that, despite the common claim that denser cities tend to be more environmentally friendly, air pollution exposure is higher in denser cities. This in turn highlights the possible trade-off between reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and preserving environmental quality within cities. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, urban congestion, density, health |
| JEL: | Q53 R11 I10 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1635&r=all |
| By: | Goetz, Martin |
| Abstract: | Exploiting heterogeneity in U.S. firms' exposure to an unconventional monetary policy shock that reduced debt financing costs, I identify the impact of financing conditions on firms' toxic emissions. I find robust evidence that lower financing costs reduce toxic emissions and boost investments in emission reduction activities, especially capital-intensive pollution control activities. The effect is stronger for firms in noncompliance with environmental regulation. Examining the ability of regaining regulatory compliance by implementing pollution control activities I find that only capital-intensive activities help firms regaining compliance. These findings underscore the impact of firms' financing conditions for emissions and the environment. |
| Keywords: | Toxic emissions,Financing conditions,Bond markets,Unconventional Monetary Policy |
| JEL: | G32 E52 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:254&r=all |
| By: | O. Bessaoud (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); A. Sadiddin (FAO - Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations - United Nations Organization) |
| Abstract: | Les migrations en Méditerranée ont connu au cours de cette dernière décennie une mutation rapide, qu'il s'agisse de leurs flux (plus massifs), de leurs formes (migrations clandestines), des profils des migrants (hommes, femmes, enfants), des destinations et des nouvelles routes et réseaux utilisés (Sud-Nord, Sud-Sud). Les migrations présentes ne sont plus exclusivement des migrations de populations rurales et de paysans dont les relations au développement rural sont essentiellement traitées à travers la problématique des transferts d'argent des migrants au profit des villages ou des communautés rurales. Dans ce chapitre consacré aux migrations dans leurs dimensions environnementales, les auteurs tenteront de mieux appréhender les interactions complexes entre dégradations des ressources naturelles, changement climatique et migrations dans les régions sud et est de la Méditerranée. Les migrations dites « forcées », liées aux catastrophes naturelles et, plus précisément, au processus de dégradation des ressources naturelles (terres, eau agricole) et de changement climatique, ont pris des dimensions nouvelles qu'il est utile de comprendre et d'analyser. |
| Keywords: | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION,MEDITERRANEAN REGION,RESOURCE DEPLETION,INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT,MIDDLE EAST,CLIMATE MIGRATION,NATURAL RESOURCES,INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION,CLIMATIC CHANGE,RURAL DEVELOPMENT,PUBLIC POLICY,MIGRATION,MIGRATION INTERNATIONALE,EPUISEMENT DES RESSOURCES,CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE,DESERTIFICATION,DEGRADATION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT,DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL,RESSOURCE NATURELLE,DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL INTEGRE,POLITIQUE PUBLIQUE,MIGRATION CLIMATIQUE,MOYEN ORIENT,AFRIQUE DU NORD,REGION MEDITERRANEENNE |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02137633&r=all |
| By: | S., Meghana; H., Sujaya; Aithal, Sreeramana |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development has become one of the key principles for succeeding human development goals while at the same time strengthening the power of natural systems in order to provide ecosystem services which the economy and society depends upon. The society’s end result is where the use of resources and the living conditions prolong to meet the human needs without hindering the balance of the natural systems. If ever focusing on Environmental sustainability, it will have a concern with the natural environment and how it remains diverse and productive. For natural resources are derived from the environment, the state of water, air, soil are of particular concern. GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) has an important role to form a framework of sustainable development in businesses, government and other organizations. The goal of the sustainable development process is to achieve the status of ‘sustainability’ in all communities. It is important to make compatible with developed and flexible using the standards laid down by GRI therefore in the long term, strategies’ of sustainable development should assist the continuance of the system of biodiversity of city and suburbs through the active protection and sustainable utilization of natural sources. Therefore in order to achieve sustainability, it is necessary to make structural reforms as regarded in the standards set by GRI and to create some deep and fundamental changes in all levels of communities. Sustainable Business Models (SBM) integrates a triple bottom line approach and includes stakeholder interests, including the environment and society. They are important in implementing business innovation for sustainability and can help fix sustainability into corporate purpose, and serve as a key driver of competitive advantage. This study focuses on the analysis of the sustainable development of Vedanta Company. |
| Keywords: | Vedanta, GRI reporting, sustainability development, Environmental concerns, triple bottom line |
| JEL: | M14 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95164&r=all |
| By: | Di Bartolomeo, Giovanni; Saltari, Enrico; Semmler, Willi |
| Abstract: | We study the dynamic problem of pollution control enacted by some policy of regulation and mitigation. The dynamics of the transition from one level of regulation and mitigation to another usually in-volves inter-temporal trade-offs. We focus on how different policymaker’s time horizons affect these trade-offs. We refer to shorter lengths in policymaker’s time horizons as political short-termism or inat-tention, which is associated with political economy or information constraints. Formally, inattention is modeled by using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control. Therefore, it is a dynamic concept: our policy-makers solve an inter-temporal decision problem with finite horizon that involves the repetitive solu-tion of an optimal control problem at each sampling instant in a receding horizon fashion. We find that political short-termism substantially affects the transition dynamics. It leads to quicker, but costlier, transitions. It also leads to an under-evaluation of the environmental costs that may accelerate climate change. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:200143&r=all |
| By: | H., Sujaya; S., Meghana; Aithal, Sreeramana |
| Abstract: | Running a green business in India and other developing economies is indeed a challenging job for the producers involved in this business. In a green business environment, the company may re-design the product attributes since the usage of the harmful chemical may be prevented and scarce resources may not be exploited. The main objective of this case study is to assess the factors that are associated with running a green business in India and other developing economies. This case study also highlights the issues related to the green business. This case study is developed by using secondary data to assess the factors that influence green business. The secondary data was obtained from another exhaustive literature review of journals and internet sources. The developing economies strive hard to achieve green business since it has been a necessity for these countries to depend on natural resources. The important aspect here is developing countries depend on both the economic and social factors which have a major impact on environmental factors. Moreover, developing countries are mainly dependent on natural resources for their potential and growth so as to give stiff competition for the developed economies in a global market. In addition, many developing economies face challenges basically related to power, water, ecological problems, social and economic problems and also problems related to weather and climate change. The challenges associated with green business also depends on cost analysis, where it is quite expensive for a poor and developing economy to reach the initial cost too since the usage of basic technology is lacking. Moreover, the treatment for wastewater, water resource management, treatment for disposal of effluents and toxic waste are not successfully utilized. The developed economies need to import modern technology and technical knowledge from other countries because of the lack of their own technology and technical skills. Now a day’s many countries have the knowledge of green growth which thereby helps to improve the economic standards of the countries. The government has to take certain measures such as the provision of subsidies which may support the challenges of green growth and development. The short-term subsidies may not benefit more since it may hamper the production and demand by raising the price and cost. But as for the long term is considered these reforms may provide more effectiveness in productivity and thereby lead to changes in technologies. |
| Keywords: | Green business environment, Challenging jobs, Developing economies. |
| JEL: | M0 M3 M39 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95163&r=all |
| By: | Chan, Sander; Bencini, Jacopo |
| Abstract: | The 2015 Paris Agreement and the accompanying Paris Decision recognise the importance of climate actions by non-state actors, such as businesses, civil society organisa¬tions, cities, regions and cooperative initiatives, to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and to adapt to climate change as necessary complements to governmental commitments. Prominent international platforms, such as the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action (NAZCA) by the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Climate Initiatives Platform ad¬min-istered by the United Nations Environmental Pro¬gramme/Technical University of Denmark (UNEP/DTU) Part¬ner¬ship, have greatly improved the visibility of such actions. Within this dynamic field of non-state climate action, non-state actors based in the European Union (EU) can be considered global leaders. Actions led by EU-based actors represent most initiatives registered with UNFCCC’s NAZCA platform. Moreover, individual member states have played leading roles in the Global Climate Action Agenda (also known as the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action). A recent study by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and the German Develop¬ment Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwick¬lungs¬politk (DIE) moreover finds that actions led by EU-based non-state actors are performing well compared with the global average (EESC, 2018). However, the implementation of non-state actions is not evenly distributed. In absolute terms, existing initiatives in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are underrepresented. Moreover, few actions led by EU-based non-state actors are recorded in international platforms in areas such as forestry, transport and construction (EESC, 2018). The need for more, and more effective, non-state actions is evident given the fact that current EU climate policies are inconsistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement. According to the Climate Action Tracker, the EU’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is insufficient; if all govern¬ments had targets similar to the EU, global warming could exceed 2°C and possibly even 3°C. Non-state actors could make important additional mitiga¬tion and adaptation contributions, both directly, for example, through new installations, as well as indirectly, for example, by encouraging behavioural change. Moreover, they could inspire governments and the EU to be more ambi¬tious. However, currently non-state actions are not easy to track. Despite a strong focus on climate mitigation, most actions led by EU-based actors do not set clear GHG reduction targets. In addition, many relevant actions remain unrecorded. This paper explores what is necessary to accelerate non-state actions and enhance their effectiveness in the EU and as a solution suggests that a light-touch framework be implemented to stimulate bottom-up climate actions. This framework should respond to the needs and challenges experienced by a range of stakeholders while building on existing efforts. Moreover, a well-designed framework could help address the imbalances identified in this study. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:212018&r=all |
| By: | Houdret, Annabelle; Pasqua, Irene; Meknassi, Saâd Filali |
| Abstract: | In Tunisia, Morocco and other North African countries, en¬vironmental problems increasingly lead to political protest. Industrial pollution and a lack of clean drinking water adversely impact the living conditions and income op¬portunities of already marginalised groups and trigger unrest. Environmental governance in the region is often highly centralised, and takes no consideration of the needs of the citizens in the use of natural resources. In a political context that remains unstable following the 2011 uprisings, the double challenge of mounting environmental problems and related social unrest calls for new approaches. Reinforcing accountable environmental governance could help, not only by addressing environmental problems and needs, but by contributing to the overall transformation of societal relationships towards more democratic (i.e. transparent, accountable and participative) governance in the longer term. Access to environmental information plays a crucial role in this regard: only if citizens know about availability, quality and use of natural resources, can they make informed choices and claim their rights. When public institutions address these rights, they can increase sustainable wealth for present and future generations. Institutions charged with strengthening accountability can also include citizens in their monitoring exercises, and help to hold public and private actors legally responsible for their decisions and behaviour. Related international standards can inform such reforms: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rio Declaration and the Aarhus Convention confirm the importance of access to environmental information. At national levels, environmental charters and Morocco’s and Tunisia’s new constitutions stress the need for participatory and accountable governance. As recent assessments in Morocco and Tunisia reveal, governments and development partners can support access to environmental information and thereby accountable governance. First, they can do this by strengthening accountable environmental governance and access to environmental information across sectors. This includes engaging democratic institutions in environmental issues and building up related capacities and know-how, supporting accountability organisations and rules, and improving citizens’ and the administrations’ understanding of new rights. It also entails empowering communities and forging new cross-sectoral coalitions, besides integrating the countries into international initiatives for accountable governance. Second, governments and development cooperation can support accountability in the environmental sector, including by taking advantage of international initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Climate mitigation and adaptation policies also provide opportunities for strengthening accountable environmental governance. Moreover, policy-makers need to be more aware of the links between environmental governance and its potential impact on human rights and political stability. Access to environmental information, related legal frameworks and institutional capacities also need further backing, including support to articulate related claims. Finally, comprehensive and transparent environmental and social impact assessments of public and private projects, and engaging protest movements in constructive dialogues with the administration and the private sector can help in preventing and addressing related social unrest. |
| Keywords: | Governance,Umwelt, Ökosysteme und Ressourcen |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:102018&r=all |
| By: | Pasche, Markus |
| Abstract: | The Hotelling rule is applied to the case of a fixed CO2 budget restriction which has to be met in order to reach the global warming goal according to the Paris Agreement. While the theoretical result is well-known and simple, the practical implementation under technological uncertainty suggests that tradable emission certificates are superior to CO2 taxes. The practical implementaion has also to consider that production chains are globalized, and that decarbonization strategies will be pointless if the Global South is not part of it. |
| Keywords: | climate change; CO2 reduction, Hotelling rule, CO2 taxes, emission trading system, globalization |
| JEL: | O30 Q30 Q37 Q38 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:94803&r=all |
| By: | Zhang, Lin; An, Yao |
| Abstract: | This study employs Vector Auto-regression model with Generalized Response Impulse Function to analyse the dynamic nexus between economic growth and the industrial environmental pollution intensity for six specific pollutants in Shanxi province of China from 1995 to 2015. The results show there exists bi-directional effects, with stronger impact running from economic development to industrial pollution is stronger. We also find Shanxi government shows significant capacity in the management of industrial solid waste and waste gas. The provincial government has higher capacity in controlling Sulfur Dioxide compared to soot/dust. Our results verify the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve through dynamic interactions between industrial pollution intensity and economic growth impulse. Three out of the six environmental pollution intensity responses are in the shape of inverted U curve. There are exceptions for three pollutants: N curve for Chemical Oxygen Demand and U curve for solid waste and waste gas. |
| Keywords: | Environmental pollution intensity; Economic growth; Government capacity; Industrial pollutions control; Environmental Kuznets Curve |
| JEL: | Q00 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:94796&r=all |
| By: | Hackenesch, Christine; Bergmann, Julian; Keijzer, Niels; Koch, Svea |
| Abstract: | With the next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), the EU will define not only the financial but also the political priorities until 2030. Which political objectives the EU intends to pursue in the future will therefore be a key issue during the MFF negotiations. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Develop¬ment Goals (SDGs), which the EU played a key role in shaping, should guide this debate. In terms of EU domestic policy, the 2030 Agenda should help the European budget be more strongly tuned towards socially disadvantaged groups, reduce the EU’s environ¬mental footprint and promote sustainable economic growth. This, in turn, would enable the MFF to bolster public support for Europe. In terms of EU foreign relations, the 2030 Agenda requires the EU to not only focus on short-term security and migration policy interests but to allocate resources in the budget for supporting long-term sustainable development. This would allow the EU to position itself as a frontrunner for sustainable development – internationally as well as towards industrialised, emerging and developing countries. Two questions are central to the role of the 2030 Agenda in the next MFF: Where does the EU have the biggest deficits with respect to implementing the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs? And in which areas can the MFF make important contributions? We make five proposals on how to include the 2030 Agenda into the next MFF. These proposals complement one another and should be followed in parallel: (1) Embed the principles of the 2030 Agenda in the MFF: Individual principles of the 2030 Agenda, such as Leave no one behind, universality and policy coherence for sustainable devel¬op¬ment, call on the EU to take the SDGs into con¬sidera¬tion not only in its foreign but also domestic policies, for example in agricultural or structural funds. Moreover, these principles require the EU to reduce the negative impact of EU policies on third countries and to promote positive synergies. (2) Assign the SDGs to individual headings: The MFF should assign the global SDGs to individual headings and set minimum criteria for those SDGs and targets that each heading should contribute to. All headings should promote the three dimensions of sustainability – social, environ¬mental and economic. (3) Mainstream sustainability principle: The principle of sustainability should be mainstreamed across all headings, e.g. the current climate mainstreaming, should be supple¬mented by objectives for social and economic sustainability. (4) In heading IV (foreign relations), the EU should align its strategies for bilateral cooperation with the partners’ SDG strategies. In addition, three to four thematic flagship programmes should be created for cooperation with countries of all income groups, such as in the areas of urbanisation, inequality or climate change. (5) Cross-cutting issues: The successor to the Horizon 2020 programme should invest more in research on sustainability. EU Impact Assessments should take greater account of the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The next MFF should set clear guidelines for sustainable procurement. |
| Keywords: | Deutsche + Europäische + multilaterale Entwicklungspolitik,Agenda 2030 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:42018&r=all |
| By: | Colignatus, Thomas |
| Abstract: | The UN System of National Accounts (SNA) calculates standard national income (NI) under the condition that owned capital is maintained. Roefie Hueting defined in 1969 environmental functions (state, stock) as the possible uses by humans of the environment. Their actual use (flow) nowadays are also called ecosystem services. Hueting defined in 1986 environmentally sustainable national income (eSNI) (flow) under the condition that the vital environmental functions are maintained for future generations. Then eΔ = NI – eSNI gives the national distance to environmental sustainability. Thus eΔ measures the level of ecosystem services concerning the part that infringes upon environmental sustainability, or the abusive part in the ecosystem services that are provided. This communication aspires at a translation of the terminologies by economist Hueting and ecologists in the research of ecosystem services. |
| Keywords: | national accounts, national income, environmental sustainability, environmental functions, ecosystem services, eΔ = NI - eSNI, anthropocene, Jan Tinbergen, Roefie Hueting |
| JEL: | E01 E61 Q01 |
| Date: | 2019–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95106&r=all |
| By: | Kreickemeier, Udo; Richter, Philipp M. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyse the effects of a unilateral change in an emissions tax in a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms. We find a positive effect of tighter environmental policy on average productivity in the reforming country through reallocation of labour towards exporting firms. Domestic aggregate emissions following the tax increase is smaller than in autarky. Moreover, general equilibrium effects through changes in the foreign wage rate lead to a reduction in foreign emissions and, hence, to negative emissions leakage in case of transboundary pollution. |
| Keywords: | Trade and environment,Heterogeneous firms,Unilateral environmental policy,Emissions leakage |
| JEL: | F18 F12 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kcgwps:15&r=all |
| By: | Lars Sorge; Anne Neumann |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions within the STIRPAT framework over the period 1971 to 2014 for a panel of 76 countries clustered into income groups. Using dynamic panel estimations techniques, the empirical results robustly show an inverted N-shaped relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions in the long-term associated with the ecological modernization theory in particular for the lower- and middle-income panel: increasing levels of urbanization tend to reduce CO2 emissions in the long-term. The estimated turning point for the urbanization ratio after which CO2 emissions decline is almost identical and around 54% both for the lower- and middle-income panel. The long-term relationship for CO2 emissions and its relevant impact factors tends to be similar across groups. The impact of population determines CO2 emissions significantly only in the long-term within any panel. Different from previous studies, the results robustly indicate that GDP per capita does impact CO2 emissions greater than population in any panel. This suggests, that it is rather the growth in consumption than the number of people leading CO2 emissions to increase. Energy efficiency reductions most harmfully effect CO2 emissions within the high-income panel in the long- and short-run. |
| Keywords: | STIRPAT, carbon dioxide emissions, urbanization, ecological modernization, level of economic development, panel data data methods |
| JEL: | Q5 Q43 R11 C23 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1812&r=all |
| By: | Kuralbayeva, Karlygash |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the consequences of environmental tax reforms for unemployment and welfare, in the case of developing countries with a large informal sector, rural-urban migration, and three different assumptions about public spending: (1) as part of a revenue-neutral policy, (2) fixed, and (3) varying endogenously. Under the indexation of unemployment benefits and informal-sector income that give rise to a double dividend, a lower level of public spending is associated with a smaller negative impact on the after-tax income of households and a higher increase in employment. These policies, however, still lead to a reduction in social welfare; even more so in the case of endogenous public spending, although it is associated with a higher increase in employment and a smaller reduction in private-sector incomes. The model implies that complementary policy, in terms of lower public spending, is unlikely to be socially acceptable, and does not support the case for a green tax reforms in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | informal sector; matching frictions; rural-urban migration; pollution taxes; double dividend; Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy |
| JEL: | H20 H23 H30 |
| Date: | 2018–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:86378&r=all |
| By: | Matthew E. Kahn; Kamiar Mohaddes; Ryan N. C. Ng; M. Hashem Pesaran; Mehdi Raissi; Jui-Chung Yang |
| Abstract: | We study the long-term impact of climate change on economic activity across countries, using a stochastic growth model where labour productivity is affected by country-specific climate variables. defined as deviations of temperature and precipitation from their historical norms. Using a panel data set of 174 countries over the years 1960 to 2014, we find that per-capita real output growth is adversely affected by persistent changes in the temperature above or below its historical norm, but we do not obtain any statistically significant effects for changes in precipitation. Our counterfactual analysis suggests that a persistent increase in average global temperature by 0.04°C per year, in the absence of mitigation policies, reduces world real GDP per capita by 7.22 percent by 2100. On the other hand, abiding by the Paris Agreement, thereby limiting the temperature increase to 0.01°C per annum, reduces the loss substantially to 1.07 percent. These effects vary significantly across countries. We also provide supplementary evidence using data on a sample of 48 U.S. states between 1963 and 2016, and show that climate change has a long-lasting adverse impact on real output in various states and economic sectors, and on labour productivity and employment. |
| Keywords: | climate change, economic growth, adaption, counterfactual analysis |
| JEL: | C33 O40 O44 O51 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7738&r=all |
| By: | Kahn, M. E.; Mohaddes, K.; Ng, R. N. C.; Pesaran, M. H.; Raissi, M.; Yang, J-C. |
| Abstract: | We study the long-term impact of climate change on economic activity across countries, using a stochastic growth model where labour productivity is affected by country-specific climate variables-defined as deviations of temperature and precipitation from their historical norms. Using a panel data set of 174 countries over the years 1960 to 2014, we fi?nd that per-capita real output growth is adversely affected by persistent changes in the temperature above or below its historical norm, but we do not obtain any statistically significant effects for changes in precipitation. Our counterfactual analysis suggests that a persistent increase in average global temperature by 0.04° per year, in the absence of mitigation policies, reduces world real GDP per capita by 7.22 percent by 2100. On the other hand, abiding by the Paris Agreement, thereby limiting the temperature increase to 0.01° per annum, reduces the loss substantially to 1.07 percent. These effects vary signifi?cantly across countries. We also provide supplementary evidence using data on a sample of 48 U.S. states between 1963 and 2016, and show that climate change has a long-lasting adverse impact on real output in various states and economic sectors, and on labour productivity and employment. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, economic growth, adaptation, counterfactual analysis |
| JEL: | C33 O40 O44 O51 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1965&r=all |
| By: | Angelo Antoci (University of Sassari); Simone Borghesi (University of Siena and European University Institute); Giulio Galdi (University of Siena); Sergio Vergalli (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and University of Brescia) |
| Abstract: | The global nature of the climatic challenge requires a high level of cooperation among agents, especially since most of the related coping strategies produce some kind of externalities toward others. Whether they are positive or negative, the presence of externalities may lead the system towards Pareto-dominated states. In this work, we study under and over-adoption of environmental adaptation technologies which enhance environmental quality for the individual while transferring externalities to other agents. We distinguish adaptation technologies between maladaptation and mitigation ones, depending on the sign of the externalities. In particular, we show that over adoption may occur for maladaptive technologies, whereas under-adoption may occur in case of mitigation. We study a model with two regions at different stages of development, which allows us to draw considerations on well-being consequences of environmental dumping. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Negative Externalities, Evolutionary Dynamics, Public Good Game, Environmental Dumping |
| JEL: | C70 D62 O13 O40 Q20 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2019.14&r=all |
| By: | Stoerk, Thomas; Wagner, Gernot; Ward, Robert E. T. |
| Abstract: | Large discrepancies persist between projections of the physical impacts of climate change and economic damage estimates. These discrepancies increase with increasing global average temperature projections. Based on this observation, we recommend that in its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) improve its approach to the management of the uncertainties inherent in climate policy decisions. In particular, we suggest that the IPCC: (i) strengthen its focus on applications of decision-making under risk, uncertainty, and outright ambiguity; and (ii) estimate how the uncertainty itself affects its economic and financial cost estimates of climate damage and, ultimately, the optimal price for each ton of carbon dioxide released. Our hope is that by adopting these recommendations, AR6 will be able to resolve some of the documented inconsistencies in estimates of the physical and economic impacts of climate change and more effectively fulfill the IPCC’s mission to provide policy-makers with a robust and rigorous approach for assessing the potential future risks of climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change; global warming; damages; risk; uncertainty; unknowns; ES/K006576/1 |
| JEL: | D81 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:87957&r=all |
| By: | Groß, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Sustainable Development Goal 17 assigns an important role to multi-stakeholder approaches in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). What are the advantages and impacts of a multi-stakeholder approach in decentralisation programmes? The multi-stakeholder approach aims to involve all stakeholders from politics, civil society and the private sector that are relevant for a reform process. In the context of decentralisation programmes, this approach usually allows for simultaneous cooperation with political actors (supply side) and civil society (demand side) and applies to all state levels (i.e. national, regional and local). There have been few studies until now on how a multi-stakeholder approach can contribute to the success of decentralisation and how it can develop its full potential. This paper argues that the multi-stakeholder approach supports the effectiveness as well as the sustainability of decentralisa¬tion. Important is the horizontal as well as vertical cooperation in the multi-level system when promoting decentralisation: Simultaneously strengthening the supply and demand side increases the effectiveness of decentralisation reforms. The example of citizen participation shows that support to local authorities makes it easier for civil society to gain access, while support to civil society enables it to participate more effectively. By strengthening citizen participation in this way, citizen participation is more likely to lead to the improvement of municipal services. If cooperation takes place in a multi-level system, decentralisation can be promoted in a more sustainable manner: for example, international actors – together with civil society – can bring experiences from the local level into legislation and subsequently support its implementation at the local level. To fully exploit the potential of the multi-stakeholder approach, the following is important: International actors should find a balance in supporting state and non-state actors in decentralisa¬tion processes. The (non-governmental) demand side often receives less attention. Supporting different actors is not about an ‘either-or’ situation but rather an ‘as well as’. Citizen participation should lead to visible results so that the willingness to participate in civil society is established in the long term. This is why the follow-up of citizen participation on both the supply and demand side is important. Continuity and intensity of support are important for the sustainable success of the reforms. The results stem from a research project of the German Development Institute on the impact assessment of governance programmes. |
| Keywords: | Governance,Wirksamkeit und Evaluierung |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:22018&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Luoye; Khanna, Madhu; Blanc, Elena; Hudiburg, Tara; DeLucia, Evan |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291091&r=all |
| By: | Casini, Paolo; Valentini, Edilio |
| Abstract: | There is a large consensus that low levels of carbon price cannot provide adequate incentives to invest in cleaner technologies and abate emissions. Since carbon demand and price tend to decrease during recessions, economists and policy makers have proposed different types of price stabilizing mechanisms (PSM) for emissions markets to prevent carbon price from falling too low. We investigate the effects of a PSM on investments and emissions and show that when unfavorable macroeconomic conditions reduce emissions, adjusting the supply of allowances to sustain their price may inhibit investments. Moreover, when firms invest in an integrated abatement technology, not only can emissions increase - an effect previously examined in the literature - but a PSM can exacerbate this effect when an exogenous negative shock curbs the demand of carbon. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2019–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemec:291801&r=all |
| By: | Houdret, Annabelle; Pasqua, Irene; Meknassi, Saâd Filali |
| Abstract: | En Afrique du Nord, les problèmes environnementaux sont une source croissante de contestation politique. La pollution et la rareté des ressources se répercutent négativement sur les conditions de vie et les revenus de groupes déjà vulnérables, et causent des protestations. La gouvernance environnementale est un processus souvent très centralisé qui ne tient pas compte des besoins des citoyen(ne)s. Dans un contexte politique plus fragile depuis 2011, le double défi posé par l’aggravation des problèmes environnementaux et l’agitation sociale qui en résulte exige de nouvelles approches. Face à ces défis, une gouvernance environnementale responsable aiderait non seulement à traiter les problèmes environnementaux et les besoins des populations, mais contribuerait aussi à la transformation des relations sociétales vers une gouvernance plus démocratique (c.-à-d. transparente, responsable et participative). L’accès à l’information environnementale joue un rôle crucial à cet égard : seuls des citoyen(ne)s au fait de la disponibilité, de la qualité et de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles, peuvent débattre, prendre des décisions éclairées et revendiquer leurs droits. Les institutions chargées de renforcer la transparence peuvent contribuer à ce que les acteurs publics et privés rendent compte de leurs décisions. Les normes internationales connexes peuvent informer ces réformes (Déclaration universelle des droits humains, Déclaration de Rio et Convention d’Aarhus). À l’échelon national, les chartes et lois environnementales et les nouvelles constitutions du Maroc et de la Tunisie promeuvent une gouvernance participative et responsable. De récentes évaluations menées dans ces deux pays indiquent que les gouvernements et les partenaires de développement devraient : Renforcer la gouvernance environnementale responsable à travers la promotion de l’accès à l’information environnementale. Cela inclut la participation des institutions démocratiques aux questions environnementales et le renforcement des capacités connexes, l’appui aux organisations chargées de la redevabilité, et une meilleure compréhension des nouveaux droits par les citoyen(ne)s et les administrations. Par ailleurs, les communautés doivent avoir les moyens d’agir et d’établir de nouvelles coalitions intersectorielles, en plus d’intégrer ces pays dans des initiatives internationales pour une gouvernance responsable. Appuyer l’obligation de rendre compte dans le secteur de l’environnement. Des initiatives internationales telles que les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) et les politiques d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques peuvent ici insuffler un nouvel élan. En outre, les décideurs doivent avoir davantage conscience des liens entre la gouvernance de l’environnement et son incidence potentielle sur les droits humains et la stabilité politique. L’accès à l’information environnementale, les cadres juridiques y relatifs et les capacités institutionnelles requièrent eux aussi un soutien accru. Enfin, des études transparentes d’impacts environnementaux et sociaux de projets ainsi que l’intégration des mouvements de contestation, de l’administration et du secteur privé dans des dialogues constructifs peuvent contribuer à prévenir et traiter les contestations. |
| Keywords: | Umwelt, Ökosysteme und Ressourcen,Governance |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:112018&r=all |
| By: | Jan Stede |
| Abstract: | In energy efficiency networks, groups of firms exchange experiences on energy conservation in regular meetings over several years. The companies implement energy efficiency measures in order to reach commonly agreed energy savings and CO2 reduction goals. Energy efficiency networks exist in several countries, such as Germany, Sweden and China. Existing evaluations of such voluntary regional networks in Germany claim that participants improved energy efficiency at twice the speed of the industry average. Based on comprehensive data from the German manufacturing census, this paper examines whether participation in energy efficiency networks has a causal impact on energy conservation and CO2 emissions. I employ both a difference-in-differences estimator, using companies that joined energy efficiency networks at a later point in time as a control group, as well as a semiparametric matching estimator. I demonstrate that for the average participant there is no evidence of a statistically significant effect on energy productivity or CO2 emissions due to the network activities. However, there is some indication that exporters may have benefitted from the networks by reducing their CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | Business networks, voluntary agreements, energy conservation, policy evaluation |
| JEL: | D22 Q40 Q51 C50 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1813&r=all |
| By: | Farnia, Luca; Cavalli, Laura; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | In this paper we calculate the Italian Cities Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Composite Index potentially useful for policy analysis and dissemination of sustainable development at local level in Italy. Structured into several dimensions representing 16 out of 17 SDGs adopted by the United Nations at the end of September 2015, the index merges 53 available economic, social and environmental elementary indicators into a single composite dimension, highlighting a geographical and demographic heterogeneity within the country. By using the Spectral Value Decomposition technique, the index offers an urban focus of sustainability, showing some differences among the goals and the cities of Italy. Finally, it identifies the Goal concerning quality education and decent work and economic growth as the main key Goals for sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2019–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemec:291803&r=all |
| By: | Bauer, Steffen; Berger, Axel; Iacobuta, Gabriela |
| Abstract: | With a collective responsibility for 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions, while representing 80% of global wealth, it is imperative that the countries of the G20 throw their weight behind the implementation of both the Paris Climate Agree-ment and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Develop¬ment. In the past, the G20 has demonstrated that it can do that. The G20 Summit in November 2015 in Antalya, Turkey, provided strong support for the climate agreement signed a month later at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. In 2016 in Hangzhou, China, the G20 adopted an Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Develop¬ment and committed to “further align its work” with the 2030 Agenda. Even though both agendas have emerged in the multilateral context of the United Nations system, the G20 is expected to exert strong political leadership to address global climate change and to achieve sustainable development. Yet, since 2017 the G20 has struggled to provide such leadership, as support for multilateral commitments, especially those involving ambitious climate actions, appears to be fading. Crucially, opposition to strong multilateral climate policy in the US and Brazil resorts to outright climate denialism at the highest levels of government. These developments are challenging the G20, and BRICS and the G7 for that matter, to sustain support for multilateral commitments on climate and sustainable development. The rise of populist and unilaterally minded parties in European club members may further the risk of side-lining climate and sustainability-related issues in the G20 process. This does not bode well at a time when the G20’s support could be a vital ingredient for the success of the United Nations’ summits on climate action and sustainable development, both scheduled to convene in New York in September 2019 – less than three months after the Osaka G20 Summit in Japan. Following our analysis, we identify four ways forward that should be conducive to harnessing the G20’s economic weight and political clout to push more ambitious global action towards climate-friendly sustainable development, in spite of apparent discrepancies between domestic agendas and global understandings: Strive for strong political declarations in support of the multilateral commitments on climate and sustainable development. Yet, focus at the same time on advancing specific issue-centred initiatives that are palatable to domestic audiences and compatible with the objectives of the Paris Agreement and 2030 Agenda, without framing them as “climate policy” or “sustainability policy”. Embrace non-state and subnational actors as strategic partners to safeguard continuity in times of antagonistic member governments and volatile policies, as well as to build capacities and strengthen implementation of pertinent policies. The so-called G20 Engagement Groups representing business, labour, civil society, women and think tanks are key partners in this respect. G20 workstreams should strive to co-produce specific climate- and sustainability-related initiatives across G20 workstreams as a means to overcome policy silos and to increase ownership and uptake beyond the “usual suspects”. The Think20 (T20) should concentrate – rather than further expand – pertinent expertise and policy advice to leverage crosscutting action by G20 workstreams. Furthermore, detaching its working approach from the official G20 calendar could improve its ability to inform strategic agenda setting. |
| Keywords: | Agenda 2030,Klimawandel |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:102019&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Chen-Ti; Lade, Gabriel; Crespi, John M.; Keiser, David A. |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291262&r=all |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold; Glenn D. Rudebusch |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a multidimensional shift. While much research has documented rising mean temperature levels, we also examine range-based measures of daily temperature volatility. Specifically, using data for select U.S. cities over the past half-century, we compare the evolving time series dynamics of the average temperature level, AVG, and the diurnal temperature range, DTR (the difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperatures at a given location). We characterize trend and seasonality in these two series using linear models with time-varying coefficients. These straightforward yet flexible approximations provide evidence of evolving DTR seasonality, stable AVG seasonality, and conditionally Gaussian but heteroskedastic innovations for both DTR and AVG. |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1907.06303&r=all |
| By: | Svetlana Vegera (Polatsk State University); Alena Malei (Polatsk State University); Ina Sapeha (Polatsk State University); Volha Sushko (Polatsk State University) |
| Abstract: | Circular economy is one of the imperatives of sustainable development of production and society as a whole, which poses corresponding challenges to existing accounting system. In modern conditions of transition from industrial to post-industrial economy, the problem of maintaining a favorable environment and rational use of natural resources requires an adequate transformation of accounting methodology, oriented to the reproduction and sustainable use of natural resources, and not maximum revenue from their exploitation. At present, there is no complete system of accounting for production waste, which would allow solving tasks, which are set by the circular economy, which determines the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of this research is the determination of technological cycle stages of industrial waste and the identification of accounting objects arising at these stages for further recommendations development of industrial waste assessment and accounting for the curcular economy purposes. Among the methods used in the study, the authors identify synthesis, analysis, comparison, logical generalization, inference by analogy, classification, grouping etc. In this article, technological cycle stages of industrial waste will be considered (Stage 1 "Appearance", Stage 2 "Collection and Accumulation", Stage 3 "Waste Preparation for Use", Stage 4 "Storage", Stage 5 "Use", Stage 5 "Burial (destruction)" and identified the objects of their accounting: waste of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, construction waste, waste arising from reservoirs cleaned), as well as costs due to the specifics of technological cycle stage. |
| Date: | 2018–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02121133&r=all |
| By: | Acocella, Nicola; Di Bartolomeo, Giovanni |
| Abstract: | Environment is a public good whose preservation requires some type of intervention. Use of natural resources for economic activities should be regulated by the local communities; however, this can have in turn external effects on other communities. Environment then takes the double nature of local and global public good, requiring intervention of different levels of governments, whose interplay may raise further conflicts. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we survey the literature on conflicts arising from the alternative uses of land and natural resources and discuss the effects and policy implications of the interplay between different governments. Second, we focus on the role of strategic interactions in the environmental governance and the implied policy trade-offs and present a formal policy game with potential conflicts between central and local authorities. The model aims to describe the circumstances according to which the lack of coordination between local and central authorities leads to under- or over- provision of natural resources and environment preservation. |
| Keywords: | Environment,Development,Public goods,Conflict |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:200144&r=all |
| By: | Ángela García-Alamino (University of Castilla-La Mancha); Santiago J. Rubio (University of Valencia) |
| Abstract: | The paper studies the use of emission taxes and feed-in subsidies for the regulation of a monopoly that can produce the same good with a technology that employs a polluting input and a clean technology. The second-best tax and subsidy are calculated solving a two-stage policy game between the regulator and the monopoly with the regulator acting as the leader of the game. We find that the second-best tax rate is the Pigouvian tax. The tax implements the efficient level of the dirty output but does not affect the total output. On the other hand, the subsidy leads to the monopoly to reduce the dirty output but also to increase the total output. This increase in total output may yield a larger net social welfare when the subsidy is used provided that the marginal cost of clean output is not very high, as a linear-quadratic specification of the model confirms. Finally, it is showed that the combination of an emission tax with a feed-in subsidy induces the firm to choose the efficient outputs, but in this case the first-best tax must be lower than the Pigouvian tax. Thus, the findings of this paper support the idea that feed-in subsidies open the possibility for improving the regulation of a polluting firm with market power. |
| Keywords: | Monopoly, Polluting Inputs, Clean Technology, Production-mix, Emission Tax, Feed-in Subsidy |
| JEL: | D42 H23 L12 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2019.15&r=all |
| By: | Raphaël Boroumand (PSB - Paris School of Business); Stéphane Goutte (LED - Laboratoire d'Economie Dionysien - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Thomas Porcher (ESG Research Lab - ESG Management School) |
| Abstract: | Our article provides a better understanding of risk management strategies for all energy market stakeholders. A good knowledge of optimal risk hedging strategies is not only important for energy companies but also for regulators and policy makers in a context of climate emergency. Indeed, the electricity sector is key to achieve energy and ecological transition. Electricity companies should be on frontline of climate change struggle. Taking the perspective of electricity retailers, we analyze a range of portfolios made of forward contracts and/or power plants for specific hourly clusters based on electricity market data from the integrated German-Austrian spot market. We prove that intra-day hedging with forward contracts is sub-optimal compared to financial options and physical assets. By demonstrating the contribution of intra-day hedging with options and physical assets, we highlight the specificities of electricity markets as hourly markets with strong volatility during peak hours. By simulating optimal hedging strategies, our article proposes a range of new portfolios for electricity retailers to manage their risks and reduce their sourcing costs. A lower hedging cost enables to allocate more resources to digitalization and energy efficiency services to take into account customers' expectations for more climate-friendly retailers. This is a virtuous circle. Retailers provide high value-added energy efficiency services so that consumers consume less. The latter contributes to reach electricity reduction targets to fight climate warming. |
| Keywords: | Diversification,Climate,Electricity,Risk,Intra-day,Hedging |
| Date: | 2019–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02175358&r=all |
| By: | Acquah, Sarah; Ferin, Kelsie; VanLoocke, Andy; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290880&r=all |
| By: | Zhang, Ruohao; Li, Huan; Khanna, Neha; Sullivan, Dan; Krupnick, Alan; Hill, Elaine |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290817&r=all |
| By: | Gill, Mackenzie; Jensen, Kimberly L.; Upendram, Sreedhar; English, Burton C.; Labbe, Niki; Lambert, Dayton M.; Jackson, Sam |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290845&r=all |
| By: | Rocha, Adauto B.; Gianetti, Giovani W.; Almeida, Alexandre N.; Ferreira, Joaquin Bento |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291229&r=all |
| By: | Ogunnaike, Maria Gbemisola; Shittu, Adebayo M.; Obayelu, Abiodun E.; Sodiya, Comfort I. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291102&r=all |
| By: | Jorge Tarifa Fernández; Jerónimo de Burgos Jiménez; José Joaquín Céspedes Lorente |
| Keywords: | Supply chain integration; agriculture; proactivity; integration; environmental performance. |
| JEL: | M21 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ovr:docfra:1905&r=all |
| By: | Yeh, D. Adeline; Gomez, Miguel I.; Fan, Xiaoli; Drummond, Francis |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291108&r=all |
| By: | Cécile Couharde; Olivier Damette; Rémi Generoso; Kamiar Mohaddes |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the growth effects of ENSO events through their interactions with local weather conditions using the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) from 1975 to 2014 and over a sample of 74 countries. The inclusion of SPEI in panel estimation makes it possible to control for time-varying country-specific effects of ENSO events, therefore outlining their heterogeneous effects on growth and eliminating a potential source of omitted-variable bias. By better identifying the persistence of ENSO effects on local weather conditions, we evidence that ENSO events generate heterogeneous and local effects depending not only on countries’ climate regime but also on their weather patterns. Our results suggest that examining the growth effects of ENSO events should thus explicitly account for their interaction with weather patterns to capture more precisely the heterogeneity across countries. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, ENSO events, Weather conditions. |
| JEL: | C33 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2019-27&r=all |
| By: | Morin, Jean-Frédéric; Chaudhuri, Vera; Gauquelin, Mathilde |
| Abstract: | Trade agreements have mixed effects on the environment. On the one hand, trade generates additional pollution by raising production levels. Trade rules can also restrict the capacity of governments to adopt environmental regulations. On the other hand, trade agreements can favour the diffusion of green technologies, make production more efficient and foster environmental cooperation. Whether the overall effect is positive or negative partly depends on the content of the trade agreement itself. Recent studies have found that trade agreements with detailed environmental provisions, in contrast to agreements without such provisions, are associated with reduced levels of CO2 emission and suspended particulate matter (Baghdadi et al., 2013; Zhou, 2017). It remains unclear, however, which specific provisions have a positive environmental impact and how they are actually implemented. This briefing paper discusses how provisions on environmental cooperation in trade agreements can contribute to better environmental outcomes. It is frequently assumed that the more enforceable environmental commitments are, the more likely governments are to take action to protect the environment (Jinnah & Lindsay, 2016). This assumption leads several experts to argue in favour of strong sanction-based mechanisms of dispute settlement in order to ensure the implementation of trade agreements’ environmental provisions. Nevertheless, there is evidence to suggest that softer provisions can result in increased environmental cooperation, which can in turn favour domestic environmental protection (Yoo & Kim, 2016; Bastiaens & Postnikov, 2017). The European Union privileges this more cooperative approach in its trade agreements, and a recent European non-paper (2018) stresses that a sanction-based approach is a disincentive for ambitious environmental commitments and can result in a political backlash. To shed light on this debate, this paper examines the design and the implementation of cooperative environmental provisions of trade agreements. Our analysis is based on three main data sources. First, we make use of the TRade & ENvironment Dataset (TREND) which provides information on 285 types of environmental provisions included in 688 trade agreements signed since 1947 (Morin et al., 2018; see also www.TRENDanalytics.info for an online visualisation tool for the data). Second, we draw on official documents to better understand how these provisions are implemented domestically. Third, we fill the gaps using information provided by 12 interviewees who work for 7 different governments. This briefing paper is organised in four parts. We first provide an overview of some general trends in treaty design. In sections 2 to 4, we then take a closer look at selected types of provisions that prove particularly relevant due to their prevalence: (a) general commitments to cooperate on environmental issues; (b) clauses creating international environmental institutions; (c) provisions on technical and financial assistance from one party to another. We find that both the implementation of these provisions and their contribution to environmental protection vary depending on the degree of legal precision, the budgeting of financial resources and governments’ political commitment. Based on these findings, we suggest that trade negotiators should i) lay out precise clauses with specific targets and clear time frames, (ii) specify in the trade agreement where the funding for cooperation activities will be sourced and (iii) create forums where civil society actors can engage in a dialogue with policy-makers on the implementation of trade agreements. |
| Keywords: | Handel und Investitionen,Umwelt, Ökosysteme und Ressourcen |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:82018&r=all |
| By: | Matias, Denise Margaret; Fernández, Raúl; Hutfils, Marie-Lena; Winges, Maik |
| Abstract: | In the face of increasingly frequent extreme weather events, the need to manage climate risk becomes more urgent, especially for the most vulnerable countries and communities. With the aim of reducing vulnerability, climate risk transfer in the form of climate risk insurance (CRI) has been gaining attention in climate policy discussions. When properly designed, CRI acts as a safety net against climate change impacts by providing financial support after an extreme weather event. Two main types of insurance enable payouts: indemnity (traditional) insurance or predefined parameters (index-based) insurance. Individuals, groups, or even governments may take out policies with either type of insurance and receive payouts directly (insurer to beneficiary payout) or indirectly (insurer to aggregator to beneficiary payout). Direct insurance is usually implemented at the micro-level with individual policyholders. Indirect insurance is usually implemented through group contracts at the meso-level through risk aggregators and at the macro-level through the state. While promising, risk transfer in the form of CRI also has its share of challenges. Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the lack of accessibility and afford¬ability of CRI for poor and vulnerable groups have been identified as barriers to uptake. In light of climate justice, asking the poor and climate-vulnerable groups - most of whom do not contribute substantially to anthropogenic climate change - to solely carry the financial burden of risk transfer is anything but just. Employing a human rights-based approach to CRI may ensure that the resilience of poor and climate-vulnerable groups is enhanced in a climate-just manner. Indigenous peoples are some of the poorest and most climate vulnerable groups. Often marginalised, they rarely have access to social protection. The strong communal relationship of indigenous peoples facilitates their participation in community-based organisations (CBOs). CBOs are a suitable vehicle for meso-insurance, in which risk is aggregated and an insurance policy belongs to a group. In this way, CBOs can facilitate service provision that would otherwise be beyond the reach of individuals. Conclusions of this briefing paper draw on a conceptual analysis of meso-insurance and the results of field research conducted in March 2018 with indigenous Palaw’ans in the Philippines. We find that CRI needs to be attuned to the differential vulnerabilities and capacities of its beneficiaries. This is particularly true for poor and vulnerable people, for whom issues of accessibility and affordability need to be managed, and human rights and pro-poor approaches need to be ensured. In this context, meso-insurance is a promising approach when it provides accessibility and affordability and promotes a pro-poor and human rights-based approach of risk transfer by: Properly identifying and involving target beneficiaries and duty-bearers by employing pro-poor and human rights principles. Employing measures to improve the financial literacy of target beneficiaries. Designing insurance models from the bottom up. |
| Keywords: | Armut und Ungleichheit,Klimawandel |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:192018&r=all |
| By: | Haqiqi, Iman; Bowling, Laura C.; Jame, Sadia; Hertel, Thomas W.; Baldos, Uris Lantz C.; Liu, Jing |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291101&r=all |
| By: | Cédric Chambru (Department of Economics, University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | I use spatial and temporal variation in temperature shocks to examine the effect of adverse weather conditions on the onset of social conflicts in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France. The paper’s contribution is threefold. First, I document the effect of temperature shocks on standards of living using cross-section and panel prices data. Second, I link high-resolution temperature data and a new database of 8,528 episodes of social conflicts in France between 1661 and 1789. I use a linear probability model with subregional and year fixed effects to establish a causal connection between temperature shocks and conflicts. One standard deviation increase in temperature increased the probability of social conflicts by about 5.3 per cent. To the best of my knowledge, these results are the first to quantify the effect of temperature shocks on intergroup conflict in pre-industrial Europe. Finally, I investigate the role of local leaders– the intendants– in the mitigation of temperature shocks. I show that leaders with higher level of local experience were better able to cope with adverse weather conditions. I argue that years of local experience were a key determinant in the intendant’s ability to administer efficiently his province. This interpretation is supported by historical evidence. |
| Keywords: | Weather shocks, Institutions, Social Conflicts, Grain Prices, France, Ancien Régime |
| JEL: | H12 N53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0161&r=all |
| By: | Serge Svizzero (CEMOI - Centre d'Économie et de Management de l'Océan Indien - UR - Université de La Réunion); Clement Tisdell (University of Queensland [Brisbane]) |
| Abstract: | After a long period of prosperity, the Únĕtice (2300-1600 B.C.) – a Central European Early Bronze Age culture – collapsed in few decades without obvious reason. Since Únĕtice was the first bronze metalworkers of Central Europe, we examine whether the reduced availability of bronze could have triggered this social collapse. We claim that it could have been so and provide a detailed analysis of two complementary reasons related to shortages of inputs - placer tin and fuel wood - used to produce bronze which could explain the demise of bronze production and the social collapse of the Únĕtice culture. |
| Keywords: | Early Bronze Age,Social and Cultural Collapse,Únĕtice Culture,Tin Bronze,Unsustainable Development |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02145465&r=all |
| By: | Economic Policy Research Centre |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Industrial Organization, Livestock Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2018–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eprcrr:291789&r=all |
| By: | Gori Maia, Alexandre; Morales Martinez, Daniel; Burney, Jennifer; Cesano, Daniele |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291301&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This case study examines the Pomorskie local entrepreneurship ecosystem and regional smart specialisation approach. It identifies bottlenecks and enablers in the local entrepreneurship ecosystem and makes policy recommendations on how to further strengthen local entrepreneurship and industrial renewal. The case study offers a number of policy suggestions and models for Pomorskie and for other regions interested in promoting entrepreneurship and emerging industries. |
| Date: | 2019–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2019/05-en&r=all |
| By: | Tolhurst, Tor N.; Goodhue, Rachael E.; Klonsky, Karen; DeMars, Christopher; Zhang, Minghua |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291248&r=all |
| By: | Gori Maia, Alexandre; Fonseca, Camila Veneo Campos; Silveira, Rodrigo Lanna F.; Burney, Jennifer; Cesano, Daniele |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291202&r=all |
| By: | Kollenberg, Sascha; Taschini, Luca |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of a supply management mechanism (SMM) similar to the Market Stability Reserve proposed in 2015 which preserve the overall emissions cap and we comment on the recent cap-changing amendments. We provide an analytical description of the conditions under which an SMM alters the emissions abatement paths, affecting the expected length of the banking period and its variability. While abatement strategies of risk neutral firms solely depend on the former, for riskaverse firms changes in the latter would lead to higher risk premia, accelerated depletion of the bank and, consequently, further reduction of abatement and allowance prices. Cancellation of part of the reserve could partially outweigh the effect on risk premia sustaining allowance prices. |
| Keywords: | ES/K006576/1 |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2019–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:100857&r=all |
| By: | Victor Manuel Isidro Luna |
| Abstract: | This article outlines the role of three types of development banks (communal, national, and multilateral) in promoting sustainable growth and development in the future. The 2007-2008 crisis made clear the need for: (1) heavy investment in developed as well as peripheral countries, and (2) coordinated financial institutions at the local, national, and international levels. Given a historical and spatial context, development banks can adopt different types of ownership (public or private), can target a myriad of specific sectors, and can promote local and international cooperation. We argue that for sustainable growth to be achieved, “confidence” has to be provided by public financial institutions. In our analysis we follow post-Keynesian ideas, which, considering the use of money with “social responsibility,” are thought to match the ideas of other heterodox approaches. |
| Keywords: | Development Banks, 2007-2008 Crisis, State of Confidence, Post-Keynesian, Sustainable Growth |
| JEL: | G10 G20 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp1917&r=all |
| By: | Pena, Jorge; Guasch, J. Luis; Escribano, Álvaro |
| Abstract: | Developing countries are increasingly concerned about improving country competitiveness and productivity. Investment Climate surveys (ICs) at the firm level, are becoming the standard way for the World Bank to identify key obstacles to country competitiveness. This paper develops a general to specific econometric methodology, based on firm level observable fixed effects that generate robust investment climate effects (elasticities) on total factor productivity (TFP). By robust IC elasticities on TFP we mean elasticity estimates with equal signs and of similar magnitudes for several competing TFP measures. We apply this econometric methodology to the IC survey of Costa Rica showing how robust the investment climate effects are for several measures of TFP when conditioning on relevant plant-level information that is usually unobserved. For the economic evaluation we estimate the marginal effects of each IC variable on TFP as well as their IC impacts on average TFP obtaining important economic differences. These IC estimates are obtained from five blocks of IC variables, (i) infrastructure, (ii) red tape, corruption and crime, (iii) finance and corporate governance, (iv) quality, innovation and labor skills and (v) other control variables, could be used as benchmarks to assess cross-country IC assessments of TFP. |
| Keywords: | Demeaned Tfp; Impact Evaluation On Average Tfp; Input-Output Elasticities; Estimates; Robust; Observable Fixed Effects; Investment Climate; Total Factor Productivity |
| JEL: | C51 F14 L11 L25 C18 C23 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:28639&r=all |
| By: | Zhu, Xinqi; Sauer, Johannes; Venus, Thomas J.; Vrachioli, Maria; Drabik, Dušan |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291242&r=all |
| By: | Kuralbayeva, Karlygash |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a general equilibrium model that incorporates specific features pertaining to developing countries: a large informal sector and rural-urban migration. A calibrated version of the model is used to study the effects of energy tax changes and a reduction in agricultural-sector energy subsidies on labor market outcomes. The results indicate that the incidence of energy taxes is partly shifted on to the rural sector through rural-urban migration. The results thus highlight the importance of modeling the features particular to developing countries and the economic general equilibrium effects when assessing the impact of environmental taxation in those countries. |
| Keywords: | informal sector; matching frictions; energy taxes; subsidies; rural-urban migration |
| JEL: | H20 H23 H30 |
| Date: | 2018–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:76561&r=all |
| By: | Yoon, Sungeun; House, Lisa A.; Gao, Zhifeng; Grogan, Kelly A.; Mullally, Conner C. |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290868&r=all |
| By: | Michael Batu (Department of Economics, University of Windsor); Zichun Zhao (Department of Economics, University of Windsor) |
| Abstract: | We provide empirical evidence on the negative relationship between intense solar activity and GDP in OECD countries. Among the different sectors, we find that the information and communication sector is the most adversely affected by space weather. |
| Keywords: | Solar activity, economic costs, disasters |
| JEL: | D24 O49 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wis:wpaper:1903&r=all |
| By: | Schraven, Benjamin; Adaawen, Stephen; Rademacher-Schulz, Christina; Segadl, Nadine |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an overview of what is actually known about the relationship between climate change and human mobility in West, East and Southern Africa – the most affected regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is a general lack of data on “climate migration”, trends can be deduced from the growing number of case studies and research projects. This paper also formulates some recommendations for German and European development policies for addressing “climate migration” in Africa. The adverse effects of climate change in the three regions are mainly linked to increasing rainfall variability and a higher frequency or intensity of floods and droughts. These effects are a major challenge for human security. The consequences for human mobility, which range from forced displacement to circular labour migration, are embedded in a complex and very context-specific set of political, social, economic, cultural and ecological factors. Due to generally fragile contexts and armed conflicts, the risk of forced displacement in the context of climate change is probably the highest in the Horn of Africa. In all three regions, many households affected by climate change can be considered “trapped” – mobility is not an option for them at all. If mobility is possible, it often takes the form of individual and circular labour migration. Under favourable circumstance (e.g. in the absence of labour exploitation), money earned by migrants might help their households to compensate or at least mitigate the losses induced by climate change (“migration as adaptation”). The ideal political response towards human mobility in the context of climate change is to avoid forced displacement, to maximise positive mechanisms of migration and to minimise negative aspects like labour exploitation. This demands a multi-sectoral and multi-level policy approach. To achieve this, we have formulated the following recommendations: Capacity building and bridging gaps between different policy fields. Dialogue processes between the different (policy) fields and communities need to be fostered. As concepts of migration differ significantly between relevant policy fields, a common understanding of the challenges related to human (im-)mobility in the context of climate change has to be created. Multi-level governance and local empowerment. Open policy spaces should be established and more resources mobilised to strengthen vulnerable groups and communities, which have so far only played a marginal role in relevant policy processes. Collection of data and best practices. The creation of an appropriate database and documentation of best practices regarding the complex problems of local vulnerability and the role of human mobility is absolutely essential for further action. There are severe gaps in this regard. |
| Keywords: | Flucht und Migration,Klimawandel |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:122019&r=all |
| By: | Li, Jie; Ma, Zekun; Gomez, Miguel I.; Yeh, D. Adeline; Ge, Frank |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290862&r=all |
| By: | Cédric Clastres (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Jacques Percebois (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University); Olivier Rebenaque (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University); Boris Solier (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University) |
| Abstract: | The deployment of renewable energies relies upon incentive policies to make their use profitable for the owner. Increasing costs of renewable support result in rising public service obligation tariffs to fund these policies. The photovoltaic prosumption could help decreasing the cost of developing renewables but induces cross-subsidies between prosumers and other users of the network that may compensate the benefits. We show that such cross-subsidies do occur but are dependent on the self-consumption rate that will remain low in the coming years. The regulator could fund these cross-subsidies by increasing the fixed part of the network tariff for prosumers only. |
| Keywords: | network tariff,cross-subsidies,self-consumption |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02146533&r=all |
| By: | Sellars, Sarah C.; Thompson, Nathanael M.; Wetzstein, Michael E.; Bowling, Laura C.; Cherkauer, Keith A.; Frankenberger, Jane R.; Prokopy, Linda S.; Hemler, Michelle R.; Lee, Charlotte I.; Reinhart, Benjamin D. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291193&r=all |
| By: | Pardoe, Joanna; Vincent, Katharine; Conway, Declan |
| Abstract: | Government ministries are increasingly mainstreaming climate change adaptation within policies and plans. However, government staff in key implementing ministries need to be empowered to ensure effective delivery of policy goals. Motivation to act on climate change, combined with the capacity to make decisions and apply resources to programmes, is crucial. Informed by theories of motivation and workplace environments from social psychology and organisational theory, this paper reports findings from a questionnaire of government staff (103 respondents) in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia. The questionnaire was designed using self-determination theory to investigate the role of external influences, institutional structures and resources and how these, in turn, affect staff motivation and capacities to design and implement new policies and strategies. The study finds that whilst external influences and hierarchical structures are recognised, these do not have a strong direct influence on staff motivation, but they do appear to inhibit capacities to act. The results show that lack of staff and limited government-allocated budget reduce the ability of ministries to be self-determined and set their own agendas. Instead they are dependent on donor-determined projects which may be selective in the aspects of climate change adaptation plans and policies they support and even divert focus away from government priorities. |
| Keywords: | self-determination policy; climate change adaptation; institutions; organisational theory; motivation; NE/M020398/1; NE/M020010/1; ES/K006576/1 |
| JEL: | J50 |
| Date: | 2018–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:90398&r=all |
| By: | Elisabeth Albertini (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School) |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This paper aims to determine how integrated reporting (IR) can effectively report on multiple capitals that, when taken together, should create value in a sustainable way, with the objective of reducing information asymmetry. Design/methodology/approach: To answer this research question, a qualitative content analysis was conducted of the IR disclosed by the French companies in the period 2013-16. Findings: The study reveals that information asymmetry is not reduced since companies mention only some capitals as inputs to their value creation process while almost entirely excluding natural capital. Moreover, companies disclose only positive information, mainly about their financial capital, without mentioning any destruction of capital, especially natural capital. Finally, the lack of compulsory reporting prevents any comparison between companies or over time. Research limitations/implications: Given its exploratory nature, this research presents several limitations. First, only a few companies have disclosed an IR in France, preventing the generalization of the findings to a larger number of companies. Second, the IR studied covered a period of only four years, preventing the generalization of the findings over a longer period of time. Practical implications: This paper provides insights about the information disclosed through IR in French companies and has implications for adopters and regulators. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02148574&r=all |
| By: | Clement Tisdell (University of Queensland [Brisbane]); Serge Svizzero (CEMOI - Centre d'Économie et de Management de l'Océan Indien - UR - Université de La Réunion) |
| Abstract: | After a long period of substantial economic growth and population increase in the Early Bronze Age, the reason(s) for the relatively rapid disappearance of Únĕtice cultural populations in Silesia and the subsequent lack of population in much of their former territory for around 200 years remains unclear. Various theories have been proposed for these developments, such as changed long distance trade routes or the depletion of materials for bronze-making. However, these fail to explain why large areas formerly occupied by the Únĕtice cultural population remained unoccupied (or virtually so) for so long after their abandonment. We argue, on the basis of demographic and other scientific evidence, that the collapse of this population was primarily the result of unsustainable ecological development. Human-induced changes to ecosystems eventually reduced agropastoral productivity, substantially reduced the standard of living of the populations involved and resulted in the abandonment of their settlements. The extent and nature of ecological damage was such that it took a considerable amount of time for natural ecosystems to recover sufficiently before the affected areas were economically suitable for resettlement. The possibility that resource shortages for bronze-making and changed trade routes contributed to the unsustainable economic development of Silesian Únĕtice cultural groups is also considered. |
| Keywords: | Agropastoral sustainability,Early Bronze Age,Ecosystem change,Natural resource depletion,Sustainable development,Únĕtice culture |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02145471&r=all |
| By: | Ignacio Ángel Sánchez García |
| Abstract: | El Régimen de Comercio de Derechos de Emisión de la UE, en funcionamiento desde 2005, constituye el instrumento principal de la UE para regular las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector de generación eléctrica, industria y transporte aéreo. Este artículo se centra en la asignación gratuita de derechos de emisión y las subastas de derechos, los dos métodos que se utilizan actualmente para introducir los derechos en el mercado. Se describen los resultados obtenidos en España, así como las principales dificultades encontradas y cómo se han ido introduciendo modificaciones en el marco regulatorio para superarlas. |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2019-20&r=all |
| By: | Harizanova-Bartos, Hristina Stefanova; Terziyska, Ralitsa; Dimitrova, Annie |
| Abstract: | This article proposes an interpretation of the process of adopting innovations and farm manager perceptions of innovations and diversification in Bulgarian agriculture. Bulgarian agriculture is operating in new macro-conditions since Bulgaria joined the EU. This paper shows the main trends of agricultural sector and the level of diversification of the activities, which also is the aim of the study. It represents the adoption of innovation as a possibility for farm development using the collected data. The well-known models of farm management are not bringing the required profit of agricultural activities every time. Furthermore, the scarcity of resources and the increasing need for environmental protection lead to a search for innovative processes and techniques for reaching decent development in the sector. There is a link between the farmer’s age and the willingness to innovate the activities. The main findings show that farmers under 50 are more likely to adopt innovations. Around 37% of the farmers are planning to adopt innovations. The paper outlines some factors that are constraining the processes. Other evidences show that some diverse activities in Bulgaria are an innovation for the area. The innovative activities are: provision of health, social or educational services, snow cleaning, craftsmanship and restaurant services, rural tourism, etc. The methodological framework is based on the following logic: theoretical review of innovation and item discussing the diversification as an innovative concept in agriculture; the state and condition of the Bulgarian agriculture; evaluation of some factors influencing innovative processes in the agriculture based on own survey; evidence of diversification activities based on statistics and own research. According to the analysed information some general conclusions are made. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:291531&r=all |