|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2019‒07‒15
forty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Nabila Arfaoui (University Catholic of Lyon, ESDES); Amandine Gnonlonfin (Université de Nice/IMREDD) |
| Abstract: | The study collects original monetary estimates for Nature Based Solutions (NBS) and benefits, with restoration approach in a basin context. A database of 187 monetary estimates is constructed to perform the first meta-analysis, which will assess how individuals value the NBS restoration measures and their benefits. We find that individuals value, in particular, global climate regulation, local environmental regulation, recreational activities, and habitat and biodiversity benefits. We find also that NBS measures aimed at floodplains and river streams are more highly valued. The results of this study suggest that the Willingness-to-pay (WTP) is weakly influenced by the methodological variables. While the contingent valuation method affects the WTP compared to studies using choice experiments, the payment and econometric method means have only a marginal effect. Survey modes are never significant. Finally, studies on the US and Europe country contexts show higher WTP than those conducted in Asia. |
| Keywords: | Nature Based Solution (NBS), Meta-Analysis, Ecosystem services, Willingness To Pay |
| JEL: | Q51 Q57 O13 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:ppaper:2019.02&r=all |
| By: | Fleming, David; Kerr, Suzi; Lou, Edmund |
| Abstract: | Using the New Zealand Monitor Farm Data (NZMFD), this paper explores the cost-effectiveness of two mitigation options to reduce biological greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on farms: reducing stocking rate (SR; the number of cows per effective hectare of dairy land); and increasing animal performance (AP; measured by production of milk solids (MS) per cow). These mitigation options have been defined as “no cost” because, if applied together, they could reduce the carbon footprint of farms while also maintaining or even improving profits (de Klein & Dynes, 2017). We evaluate the effect of these mitigation options on three main variables: milk profitability of the farm (cash operating surplus (COS)/ton of MS produced); emissions intensity (ton CO2eq/ton of MS produced); and the value of emissions (COS/ton CO2eq). The paper has two main findings: high-AP farms show significantly lower emissions intensities and higher milk profitability; and higher SRs on farms are significantly associated with lower emissions intensities while not being significantly associated with milk profitability or negatively associated with profit per hectare. These results imply that higher levels of AP reduce the GHG intensity of the farm and increase profit – a “no-cost” option – but unless either the SR or the area under dairy farming fall, an increase in AP will lead to an increase in absolute emissions. However, our results cast doubt on the idea that reducing SR is a no-cost way to achieve absolute emission reductions. The two options do seem to constitute a no-cost outcome when combined, but potentially the same mitigation could be achieved with lower loss of profit by reducing the area of dairy land while maintaining high SRs and increasing the performance of the animals. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:motuwp:290399&r=all |
| By: | Kerr, Suzi; Leining, Catherine |
| Abstract: | Purchasing international emission reductions (IERs) can help New Zealand make a more ambitious and cost-effective contribution toward global climate change mitigation and support developing countries in accelerating their low-emission transition. However, New Zealand must avoid past mistakes by ensuring international purchasing does not derail its own decarbonisation pathway. Furthermore, the Paris Agreement has fundamentally changed how countries will trade IERs over the 2021–30 period. This working paper, which evolved under Motu’s ETS Dialogue process from 2016 to 2018, focuses on how we can balance our international and domestic mitigation efforts. It explores how many IERs we may want, how we should integrate international mitigation support with participants’ obligations under the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS), and what mechanisms we can use to fund international mitigation effectively. Fundamentally, the New Zealand government will need to ensure that all IERs counted toward its targets and accepted in the NZ ETS have environmental integrity and are both approved and not double counted by seller and buyer governments. This paper presents a working model for New Zealand’s purchase of IERs, in which the quantity is controlled by government, purchasing is managed by government for the foreseeable future (with potential participation by private entities), and the quantity is factored into decisions on the NZ ETS cap and price management mechanisms. If NZ ETS participants are able to purchase IERs in the future, then a quantity limit should apply as a percentage of the surrender obligation and the volume should offset other supply under the cap. The paper also highlights an innovative “climate team” mechanism for international climate change cooperation that could facilitate purchasing by the New Zealand government. Two companion working papers address interactions between decisions on international purchasing and the choice of NZ ETS cap and price management mechanisms. The three working papers elaborate on an integrated proposal for managing unit supply, prices, and linking in the NZ ETS that was presented in Kerr et al. (2017). |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:motuwp:290397&r=all |
| By: | Crick, Florence; Eskander, Shaikh M.S.U.; Fankhauser, Samuel; Diop, Mamadou |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates to what extent and how micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries are adapting to climate risks. We use a questionnaire survey to collect data from 325 SMEs in the semi-arid regions of Kenya and Senegal and analyze this information to estimate the quality of current adaptation measures, distinguishing between sustainable and unsustainable adaptation. We then study the link between these current adaptation practices and adaptation planning for future climate change. We find that financial barriers are a key reason why firms resort to unsustainable adaptation, while general business support, access to information technology and adaptation assistance encourages sustainable adaptation responses. Engaging in adaptation today also increases the likelihood that a firm is preparing for future climate change. The finding lends support to the strategy of many development agencies who use adaptation to current climate variability as a way of building resilience to future climate change. There is a clear role for public policy in facilitating good adaptation. The ability of firms to respond to climate risks depends in no small measure on factors such as business environment that can be shaped through policy intervention. Highlights: - Adaptive capacity determines the quality of current adaptation measures of SMEs. - Supportive business environment encourages sustainable adaptation responses. - Financial barriers lead SMEs to unsustainable adaptation practices. - Current adaptation practices influence the planning for future climate change. - Policy interventions can influence SMEs’ ability to respond to climatic risks. |
| Keywords: | ES/K006576/1 |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2018–04–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:87482&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Taconet (CIRED, ENPC); Céline Guivarch (CIRED, ENPC); Antonin Pottier (EHESS) |
| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide emissions impose a social cost on economies, owing to the damages they will cause in the future. In particular, emissions increase global temperature that may reach tipping points in the climate or economic system, triggering large economic shocks. Tipping points are uncertain by nature, they induce higher expected damages but also dispersion of possible damages, that is risk. Both dimensions increase the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC). However, the respective contributions of higher expected damages and risk have not been disentangled. We develop a simple method to compare how much expected damages explain the SCC, compared to the risk induced by a stochastic tipping point. We find that expected damages account for more than 90% of the SCC with productivity shocks lower than 10%, the high end of the range of damages commonly assumed in Integrated Assessment Models. It takes both high productivity shock and high risk aversion for risk to have a significant effect. Our results also shed light on the observation that risk aversion plays a modest role in determining the SCC (the ''risk aversion puzzle''): they suggest that too low levels of damages considered in previous studies could be responsible for the low influence of risk aversion. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Tipping points, Expected Utility, Integrated Assessment Models |
| JEL: | C61 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2019.11&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This research examines the relevance of inclusive development in modulating the role of governance on environmental degradation. The study focuses on forty-four countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The Generalised Method of Moments is employed as the empirical strategy and CO2 emissions per capita is used to measure environmental pollution. Bundled and unbundled governance dynamics are employed, notably: political governance (consisting of political stability/no violence and “voice and accountability†), economic governance (encompassing government effectiveness and regulation quality), institutional governance (entailing corruption-control and the rule of law), and general governance (a composite measure of political governance, economic governance and institutional governance). The following main findings are established. First, the underlying net effect in the moderating role of inclusive development in the governance-CO2 emissions nexus is not significant in regressions pertaining to political governance and economic governance. Second, there are positive net effects from the relevance of inclusive development in modulating the effects of regulation quality, economic governance and general governance on CO2 emissions. The significant and insignificant effects are elucidated. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Governance; Sustainable development; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:19/006&r=all |
| By: | Colas, Mark (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis); Morehouse, John M. (University of Oregon) |
| Abstract: | Cities with cleaner power plants and lower energy demand have stricter land use restrictions; these restrictions increase housing prices and disincentivize living in these lower polluting cities. We use a spatial equilibrium model to quantify the effect of land use restrictions on household carbon emissions. Our model features heterogeneous households, cities that vary by power plant technology and the benefits of energy usage, as well as endogenous wages and rents. Relaxing restrictions in California to the national median leads to a 2.3% drop in national carbon emissions. The burden of a carbon tax differs substantially across locations. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse gasses; Local labor markets; Spatial equilibrium |
| JEL: | Q4 R13 R31 |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedmoi:0020&r=all |
| By: | Quentin Perrier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech); Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech); Olivier Boucher (LOA - Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lille) |
| Abstract: | In the context of climate change mitigation and the Paris Agreement, it is critical to monitor and understand the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions over different regions of the world. In this study, we quantify the contributions of different drivers behind the observed emission decrease in Europe between 2009 and 2014. To this end, we build a novel dataset of deflated input-output tables for each of the 28 EU countries. This dataset enables us to conduct the first Structural Decomposition Analysis of emissions in European countries since the economic crisis. Our results show that the largest drivers of emissions have been the improvement in carbon intensity (−394 MtCO 2 e), largely offset by the economic recovery (+285 MtCO 2 e). However, other less intuitive drivers also played a significant role in the emission decline: changes in the production system (−104 MtCO 2 e), mostly driven by an increase in imports; the evolution of final demand patterns (−101 MtCO 2 e); a decrease in emissions due to household heating (−83 MtCO 2 e) and private transport (−24 MtCO 2 e), with a small offset from population growth (+39 MtCO 2 e). However, these aggregate figures mask significant variations between EU countries which we also document. This study highlights the importance of including changes in consumption patterns, trade and temperature anomalies in tracking and fostering progress towards the Paris Agreement goals. |
| Keywords: | GHG emissions,Structural decomposition analysis,European Union |
| Date: | 2019–06–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02161008&r=all |
| By: | Evangelina Dardati (Economics Department, Universidad Alberto Hurtado); Meryem Saygili (Department of Social Sciences, The University of Texas at Tyler) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we use microdata from Chile to examine the relationship between export status and the environmental performance of firms. We proxy environmental performance by measures of emission intensity. We find that the correlation between export status and emission intensity depends on how the latter is measured. In particular, we find that export status is negatively correlated with emission intensity when we define emission intensity as emissions over sales, but it is uncorrelated when we use value added instead of sales. The difference between those two variables is that value added excludes the value of materials that the firm gets from other sources (outsourcing). Those intermediate inputs entail emissions that do not belong to the firm. Our data show that outsourcing is positively correlated with export status. Thus, using sales as an output measure overestimates firm activity, and, hence, exporters look cleaner than they actually are. We show, more formally, why the distinction between sales and value added is important, using a simple firm-level emission decomposition. |
| Keywords: | Emission intensity, export status, foreign ownership, productivity, outsourcing. |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ila:ilades:inv332&r=all |
| By: | Justin Leroux (Department of Applied Economics HEC Montréal & CIRANO & CRÉ); Daniel Spiro (Oslo Business School, Oslo Akershus University College of Applied Sciences & CREE) |
| Abstract: | Arctic oil extraction is inconsistent with the 2°C target. We study unilateral strategies by climate-concerned Arctic countries to deter extraction by others. Contradicting common theoretical assumptions about climate-change mitigation, our setting is one where countries may fundamentally disagree about whether mitigation by others is beneficial. Arctic extraction requires specific R&D, hence entry by one country expands the extraction-technology market, decreasing costs for others. Less environmentally-concerned countries (preferring maximum entry) have a first-mover advantage but, being reliant on entry by others, can be deterred if environmentally-concerned countries (preferring no entry) credibly coordinate on not following. Furthermore, using a pooling strategy, an environmentally-concerned country can deter entry by credibly “pretending” to be environmentally adamant, thus expected to not follow. A rough calibration, accounting for recent developments in U.S. politics, suggests a country like Norway, or prospects of a green future U.S. administration, could be pivotal in determining whether the Arctic will be explored. |
| Keywords: | arctic region, oil exploration, climate change, geopolitics, unilateral action |
| JEL: | D82 F50 O33 Q30 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oml:wpaper:201705&r=all |
| By: | Leining, Catherine; Kerr, Suzi |
| Abstract: | The fundamental purpose of an emissions trading system (ETS) is to constrain emissions and enable the market to set an emissions price path that facilitates an effective transition to a low-emissions economy. In a conventional ETS, the emissions constraint is defined by a cap (a fixed limit) on tradable, government-issued emission units together with a quantity limit on any external units allowed in the system (e.g. via an offsets mechanism). Essentially, an ETS cap underpins the ambition, cost-effectiveness, distributional implications, and credibility of a jurisdiction’s approach to decarbonisation. From 2008 to mid-2015, the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) broke from convention by linking to the global Kyoto cap without its own limit on domestic emissions. NZ ETS participants met compliance obligations using unlimited overseas units at low prices and faced little incentive to reduce their own emissions. The NZ ETS delinked from the Kyoto market in mid-2015, creating uncertainty over the future of domestic unit supply and an efficient price path for domestic decarbonisation. This working paper, which evolved under Motu’s ETS Dialogue process from 2016 to 2018, explores key considerations for ETS cap setting and proposes the design for a cap on units auctioned and freely allocated in the NZ ETS. The recommendations focus on issues of cap architecture rather than ambition. The proposed cap is defined in tonnes of emissions per year, fixed for five years in advance, extended by one year each year, and guided by an indicative ten-year cap trajectory. The fixed cap and cap trajectory need to reflect consideration of New Zealand’s domestic decarbonisation objectives, international targets, mitigation potential and costs in both ETS and non-ETS sectors, and prospects for cost-effective investment in overseas emission reductions. Two companion working papers address how the choice of cap will interact with decisions on ETS price management mechanisms and linking to overseas markets. The three working papers elaborate on an integrated proposal for managing unit supply, prices, and linking in the NZ ETS that was presented in Kerr et al. (2017). |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:motuwp:290395&r=all |
| By: | Evangelina Dardati (Economics Department, Universidad Alberto Hurtado); Meryem Saygili (Department of Social Sciences, The University of Texas at Tyler) |
| Abstract: | We use microdata from Chile to examine the relationship between foreign ownership and the environmental performance of firms. We make a distinction between exporting vs. non-exporting foreign firms. We proxy environmental performance by a measure of emission intensity. We find that foreign firms that serve only the domestic markets have higher emission intensity than foreign exporters. |
| Keywords: | Emission intensity, export status, foreign ownership. |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ila:ilades:inv333&r=all |
| By: | Dietz, Simon; Venmans, Frank |
| Abstract: | We exploit recent advances in climate science to develop a physically consistent, yet surprisingly simple, model of climate policy. It seems that key economic models have greatly overestimated the delay between carbon emissions and warming, and ignored the saturation of carbon sinks that takes place when the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide rises. This has important implications for climate policy. If carbon emissions are abated, damages are avoided almost immediately. Therefore it is optimal to reduce emissions significantly in the near term and bring about a slow transition to optimal peak warming, even if optimal steady-state/peak warming is high. The optimal carbon price should start relatively high and grow relatively fast. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2019–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:100733&r=all |
| By: | Opeyemi Akinyemi (Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria); Uchenna Efobi (Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Evans S. Osabuohien (Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the dynamic relationship between renewable energy usage and trade performance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), while considering the conditioning role of corruption control, regulatory quality, and the private sector access to finance. Focusing on 42 SSA countries for the period 2004-2016, and engaging the System generalized method of moments (GMM) technique for its estimation, this study found a negative relationship between renewable energy usage and the indicators of trade performance. However, with corruption control, improved regulatory framework, and better finance for the private sector, there are potentials for a positive net impact of renewable energy usage on manufacturing export. For renewable energy and total trade nexus, we find that improved regulatory framework and better finance for the private sector are important conditioning structures. These findings are significant because they highlight the different important structures of SSA countries that improve the effect of renewable energy use on trade outcomes. For instance, the consideration of the financial, institutional and regulatory frameworks in SSA countries in conditioning the renewable energy-trade nexus stipulates a clear policy pathway for countries in this region as the debate for transition to the use of renewable energy progresses. |
| Keywords: | Environment; Green growth; Trade performance; Pollution; Renewable energy; sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | C5 F1 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:19/032&r=all |
| By: | Kreickemeier, Udo; Richter, Philipp M. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyse the effects of a unilateral change in an emissions tax in a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms. We find a positive effect of tighter environmental policy on average productivity in the reforming country through reallocation of labour towards exporting firms. Domestic aggregate emissions fall, due to both a scale and a technique effect, but we show that the reduction in emissions following the tax increase is smaller than in autarky. Moreover, general equilibrium effects through changes in the foreign wage rate lead to a reduction in foreign emissions and, hence, to negative emissions leakage in case of transboundary pollution. |
| Keywords: | Trade and environment,Heterogeneous firms,Unilateral environmental policy,Emissions leakage |
| JEL: | F18 F12 F15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:373&r=all |
| By: | Kerr, Suzi; Leining, Catherine |
| Abstract: | New Zealand is facing a challenging low-emission transition, and effective emission pricing needs to be part of the solution. In its pure form, an emissions trading system (ETS) fixes the quantity of emissions in regulated sectors and the market sets the emission price. In New Zealand’s current policy and market context, there is value in managing both unit supply and emission prices under the NZ ETS. While emission price changes in response to policy and market conditions are desirable to drive efficient abatement, excessive price instability can deter low-emission investment. This working paper, which evolved under Motu’s ETS Dialogue process from 2016 to 2018, explores key considerations for emission price management in the context of a specific working model for unit supply in the NZ ETS. Emission price instability can be reduced at its source by reinforcing policy commitment and improving market regulation and development. Emission price instability can be mitigated by incorporating a price ceiling (cost containment reserve backed by a fixed-price option) and a price floor (auction reserve price) into the auction mechanism. Decisions on price management should be coordinated with other decisions affecting unit supply, guided by an indicative ten-year trajectory for both unit supply and emission prices, and informed by independent advice. Two companion working papers address interactions between ETS price management and the choice of cap and linking to overseas markets. The three working papers elaborate on an integrated proposal for managing unit supply, prices, and linking in the NZ ETS that was presented in Kerr et al. (2017). |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:motuwp:290396&r=all |
| By: | Mohamed Boly (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Louis Combes (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascale Combes-Motel (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Maxime Menuet (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Alexandru Minea (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Patrick Villieu (LEO - Laboratoire d'Economie d'Orléans - UO - Université d'Orléans - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The article explores the relationship between public debt and environmental debt. The latter is defined as the difference between the "virgin state" which is the maximum stock of environmental quality that can be kept intact with natural regenerations and the current quality of the environment. A theoretical model of endogenous growth is built. We show that there is a unique well-determined balanced-growth path. The public debt and the environmental debt are substitute in the short-run but complementary in the long-run. Indeed, budget deficit provides additional resources to finance pollution abatement spending, but generate also unproductive expenditures (the debt burden). This hypothesis is tested on a sample of 22 countries for the period 1990-2011. The environmental debt is measured by the cumulative CO2 emissions per capita. We use panel time-series estimators which allow for heterogeneity in the slope coefficients between countries. It appears mainly that, in the long term, an increase of 100% in public debt ratio leads to an increase of 74% in cumulative CO2 per capita. In addition, this positive long-run relationship is still present at the country and the sub-sample level, despite some differences in the short-term dynamics. |
| Keywords: | environmental debt,public debt,heterogenous panel data model |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02165453&r=all |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold (Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania); Glenn D. Rudebusch (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a multidimensional shift. While much research has documented rising mean temperature levels, we also examine range-based measures of daily temperature volatility. Specifically, using data for select U.S. cities over the past half-century, we compare the evolving time series dynamics of the average temperature level, AVG, and the diurnal temperature range, DTR (the difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperatures at a given location). We characterize trend and seasonality in these two series using linear models with time-varying coecients. These straightforward yet flexible approximations provide evidence of evolving DTR seasonality, stable AVG seasonality, and conditionally Gaussian but heteroskedastic innovations for both DTR and AVG. |
| Keywords: | Unemployment DTR, temperature volatility, temperature variability, climate modeling, climate change |
| JEL: | Q54 C22 |
| Date: | 2019–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:19-012&r=all |
| By: | Snaebjorn Gunnsteinsson; Achyuta Adhvaryu; Parul Christian; Alain Labrique; Jonathan Sugimoto; Abu Ahmed Shamim; Keith P. West Jr |
| Abstract: | Severe environmental shocks have grown in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Can policy protect against the often devastating human impacts of these shocks, particularly for vulnerable populations? We study this question by leveraging data from a situation in which a tornado tore through an area involved in a double-blind cluster-randomized controlled trial of at-birth vitamin A supplementation in Bangladesh. Tornado exposure in utero and in infancy decreased birth size and physical growth, and increased the incidence of severe fevers. But infants who received vitamin A supplementation, which boosts immune system functioning, were protected from these effects. Tornado impacts and protective effects were both substantially larger for boys. Our results suggest that wide-scale supplementation policies would generate potential health benefits in disaster-prone areas of low-income countries. |
| JEL: | I18 J13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25969&r=all |
| By: | Brendan Hoover; Richard S. Middleton; Sean Yaw |
| Abstract: | Cost Surfaces are a quantitative means of assigning social, environmental, and engineering costs that impact movement across landscapes. Cost surfaces are a crucial aspect of route optimization and least cost path (LCP) calculations and are used in a wide range of disciplines including computer science, landscape ecology, and energy infrastructure modeling. Linear features present a key weakness to traditional routing calculations along costs surfaces because they cannot identify whether moving from a cell to its adjacent neighbors constitutes crossing a linear barrier (increased cost) or following a corridor (reduced cost). Following and avoiding linear features can drastically change predicted routes. In this paper, we introduce an approach to address this "adjacency" issue using a search kernel that identifies these critical barriers and corridors. We have built this approach into a new Java-based open-source software package called CostMAP (cost surface multi-layer aggregation program), which calculates cost surfaces and cost networks using the search kernel. CostMAP not only includes the new adjacency capability, it is also a versatile multi-platform package that allows users to input multiple GIS data layers and to set weights and rules for developing a weighted-cost network. We compare CostMAP performance with traditional cost surface approaches and show significant performance gains, both following corridors and avoiding barriers, using examples in a movement ecology framework and pipeline routing for carbon capture, and storage (CCS). We also demonstrate that the new software can straightforwardly calculate cost surfaces on a national scale. |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1906.08872&r=all |
| By: | Pauline Pedehour (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes); Margaux Tesson (UN - Université de Nantes); Thomas Vallée (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | In a context of an increasing water scarcity, urbanization processes must adapt to the additional costs of network's extension to provide an access to this resource. The aim of this paper is to identify determinants of waste induced by water distribution system in Nantes Métropole. An applied environmental benchmark based on the network length and the number of subscribers allows us to measure the impact of network density and management structure on water leaks. The comparative study of efficiency between municipalities shows that low-density networks and management by the public sector are less efficient, and subject to more water loss during its delivery. |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte de rareté croissante de l'eau, les procédés d'urbanisation doivent s'adapter aux surcoûts de l'étalement pour offrir l'accès à cette ressource. L'objet de cet article est de comprendre les déterminants du gaspillage induit par les réseaux de distribution d'eau à Nantes Métropole. Une analyse d'efficience environnementale en fonction des kilomètres de réseau et du nombre d'abonnés nous permet de mesurer l'impact de la densité des réseaux et du mode de gestion sur les fuites d'eau. L'étude comparée de l'efficience des communes sur le gaspillage montre que les réseaux peu denses et en régie sont moins efficaces et plus propices aux pertes d'eau lors de son acheminement. |
| Keywords: | benchmarking,eau domestique,performance environnementale,réseau de distribution |
| Date: | 2019–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02166268&r=all |
| By: | GIORGIO FABBRI (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS); SILVIA FAGGIAN (Department of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy); GIUSEPPE FRENI (Department of Business and Economics, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy) |
| Abstract: | We develop a spatial resource model in continuous time in which two agents/players strategically exploit a mobile resource in a two-region setup. To counteract the overexploitation of the resource (the tragedy of commons) that occurs when players are free to choose where to fish/hunt/extract/harvest, the regulator can establish a series of spatially structured policies. We compare the equilibria in the case of a common resource with those that emerge when the regulator either creates a natural reserve, or assigns Territorial User Rights to the players. We show that, when the discount rate is close to its \critical value", i.e. when technological and preference parameters dictate a low harvesting intensity/effort, the policies are ineffective in promoting the conservation of the resource and, in addition, they lead to a lower payoff for at least one of the players. Conversely, in a context of harsher harvesting intensity, the intervention can help to safeguard the resource, preventing extinction while also improving the welfare of both players. |
| Keywords: | Spatial harvesting problems, Markov perfect equilibrium, Environmental protection policies, Differential Games |
| JEL: | Q28 C72 Q23 C61 R12 |
| Date: | 2019–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2019012&r=all |
| By: | Marion Leroutier (Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris I-Panthéon-Sorbonne, Centre International de Recherche pour l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED)) |
| Abstract: | The electricity and heat generation sector represents about 40 % of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2016. Policy-makers have implemented a variety of instruments to decarbonise their power sector. This paper examines the UK Carbon Price Floor (CPF), a novel carbon pricing instrument implemented in the United Kingdom in 2013. After describing the potential mechanisms behind the recent UK power sector decarbonisation, I apply the synthetic control method on country-level data to estimate the impact of the CPF on per capita emissions. I discuss the importance of potential confounders and the amount of net electricity imports imputable to the policy. Depending on the specification, the abatement associated with the introduction of the CPF range from 106 to 185 millions tons of equivalent CO2 over the 2013-2017 period. This implies a reduction of between 41% and 49% of total power sector emissions by 2017. Several placebo tests suggest that these estimates capture a causal impact. This paper shows that a carbon levy on high-emitting inputs used for electricity generation can lead to successful decarbonisation. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, electricity generation, synthetic control method |
| JEL: | D22 H23 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2019.12&r=all |
| By: | Dolores de la Mata (CAF-Development Bank of Latin America); Carlos Felipe Gaviria Garces (Universidad de Antioquia) |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of air pollution exposure (CO, O3 and Pm10) during pregnancy and early years of life on infant health for a sample of children attending public kinder- gartens in Bogota, Colombia. The study uses a unique database that gathers information on children health which allows to combine information of residential location of the mother with information from the city air quality monitors. To overcome endogeneity problems due to residential sorting we identify pairs of siblings in the dataset and imple- ment panel data models with mother xed e ects. Results show evidence that mothers, who are exposed to higher levels of CO and O3 during pregnancy, have a higher proba- bility of their babies being born with a low birth weight. Furthermore, a child exposed in-utero to higher levels of O3 has a higher probability of being diagnosed with a lung- related disease. Our ndings advocate for more strict environmental regulations as a way to improve human capital in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution, Infant Health, Mother-Family Fixed Effects, Panel Data |
| JEL: | C33 J13 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:duh:wpaper:1902&r=all |
| By: | Marina Friedrich; Michael Pahle |
| Abstract: | The Emissions Trading Scheme of the European Union is a central instrument of EU's climate policy. Looking at the development of allowance prices shows that prices have been low for a long time and previous research indicates that a link to fundamental price drivers is hard to establish. Only recently, prices have started to increase. This new price development has received a lot of attention in political discussions in which it has been attributed to the recent reform of the EU ETS -- the strengthening of the Market Stability Reserve through cancellation. It is, however, challenging to find empirical evidence which can link the two, or more generally, to provide evidence about the true cause of the upward trend. In this paper, we obtain first empirical results pointing in the direction of a period of exuberance in EUA prices. This period overlaps with the recent upward trend in prices. We further investigate several abatement-related fundamentals and show that they do not display explosive behavior which could have driven the allowance price movements. We conjecture that this price exuberance could either be caused by an adaption process or an overreaction of prices to the announcement of the reform. In addition, we revisit the effects of fundamental price drivers, such as coal prices, gas prices and measures of economic activity, on allowance prices in the EU ETS using a time-varying coefficient regression model. |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1906.10572&r=all |
| By: | Mohammad Reza Farzanegan (Philipps-Universitaet Marburg); Mehdi Feizi (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad); Hassan F. Gholipour (Swinburne University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This study demonstrates an economic consequence of climate change and water crises in Iran. It examines the effect of drought on housing prices, residential land prices, and housing rents in Iran. Using data from provinces of Iran from 1993 to 2015 and applying static and dynamic panel fixed effects estimators, we find evidence that an increase in the balance of water (reducing the severity of drought) within provinces has a positive effect on property prices. Our results have important implications for Iranian policymakers and property investors. |
| Keywords: | Drought; Water Crisis; Property Prices; Housing; Iran |
| JEL: | R21 R31 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201916&r=all |
| By: | Jens Sorvik; Anna Zingmark; Matilda Ardenfors |
| Abstract: | There is a revival in the automotive sector in West Sweden, whereby several new companies set around the vehicle industry are attracting fresh capital and expertise into the region. An increasingly dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem is generating new innovation intermediaries who provide added-value functions. The emergence of these innovation intermediaries is being driven by political, market-related, socio-cultural, relational and technological factors. These include societal challenges and trends that drive political interest, such as environmental issues and climate change. There is also a political interest in adapting to globalisation, to secure regional competitiveness and resilience. New technology developments include the electrification of vehicles, automation and connected vehicles. This is driving an interest from industry and academia in attracting talent and securing competences. There is also a tradition and experience of collaboration in the region. Volvo Group (AB Volvo) and Volvo Cars are very interested in continuing to nurture the regional ecosystem, by attracting other companies to the region. Civil society is eventually involved in the innovation ecosystem as user of technology, where user behaviour is analysed as an input to development processes. A common view among respondents is that it should be the needs of the stakeholders to drive the setting-up of innovation support actors or collaborative projects. These initiatives should support not only single companies but also many actors in the system, and be conducive to collaborative activities. |
| Keywords: | Place-based, innovation ecosystem, Gothenburg, Sweden, Volvo, quadruple helix, smart specialisation, territorial development, new technologies, automatation, connected vehicles |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc114384&r=all |
| By: | Kerr, Suzi; Lippert, Steffen; Lou, Edmund |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of side-payments to countries that have a low net benefit from participating in efficient climate cooperation in a repeated games framework with investment in different technologies. We consider different timings of these payments and different degrees of commitment. If countries cannot commit ex ante to transfer funds to low-benefit participants to an agreement, then there is a trade-off. Investment based agreements, where transfers occur before emissions are realized, but after investments have been committed, maximize the scope of cooperation. Results-based agreements minimize transfers whenever these agreements implement cooperation. If countries can commit to transfer funds, then agreements in which countries with high benefits of climate cooperation pre-commit to results-based payments to countries with low benefits both maximize the scope of cooperation and minimize transfers. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:motuwp:290394&r=all |
| By: | Kluschke, Philipp; Uebel, Maren; Wietschel, Martin |
| Abstract: | Angesichts des Klimawandels werden Maßnahmen zur CO2-Reduktion dringend benötigt und viel diskutiert. Der Verkehrssektor spielt dabei mit einem Anteil von etwa 20 % an den Gesamt-CO2-Emissionen in Deutschland eine zentrale Rolle. Neben Pkw sind vor allem schwere Lkw im Güterfernverkehr durch hohe Fahrleistungen und hohen Energieverbrauch die Hauptverursacher der CO2-Emissionen. Eine Umstellung der Antriebsstruktur hin zu CO2-neutralen Technologien in diesem Sektor kann somit einen hohen Beitrag zur Emissionsreduktion und damit zur Umwelt- und Klimaentlastung leisten. Eine solche Umstellung kann nur erfolgreich sein, wenn sie im Sinne der täglichen Nutzer stattfindet. Um alternative Antriebstechnologien gemäß den Anforderungen von Nutzern im schweren Güterfernverkehr gestalten zu können, werden in dieser Studie Nutzeranforderungen an Fahrzeuge und die Infrastruktur ermittelt und quantifiziert. Dazu wird aufbauend auf einer qualitativen Untersuchung, in der ökonomische, ökologische und technische Nutzeranforderungen identifiziert wurden, eine quantitative Forschungsmethode angewendet. Hierbei wird in einem ersten Schritt ein webbasierter Fragebogen entworfen und die Datenerhebung durchgeführt. Die erhobenen Daten werden daraufhin deskriptiv und korrelativ analysiert. Insgesamt konnten 70 Teilnehmer bzw. Unternehmen für die Studie gewonnen werden. Die Analysen zeigen eine hohe Relevanz der ökonomischen Anforderungen, insbesondere die der Gesamtkosten und Zuverlässigkeit. In der Speditions- und Logistikbranche gibt es durch hohen Wettbewerb und Kostendruck kaum finanziellen Spielraum, insbesondere für die Umsetzung umweltfreundlicher Maßnahmen. Bei den ökologischen Nutzeranforderungen gehen die Meinungen der Nutzer stark auseinander. Die Befragung zu Infrastrukturanforderungen ergibt, dass viele Nutzer durchaus bereit sind längere Tank- oder Ladezeiten (zwischen 10 und 30 Minuten) bzw. Umwege (bis zu 20 km) in Kauf zu nehmen. Insgesamt zeigen sich die Nutzer überwiegend offen und können sich vorstellen auf alternative Antriebe umzusteigen. Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass Nutzer eher bereit sind auf alternative Antriebe umzusteigen, wenn sie die gesamten Nutzungskosten über die Fahrzeuglebensdauer priorisieren, weil hier alternative Antriebe oft Vorteile durch geringere Energiekosten aufweisen. Die Umsteigebereitschaft sinkt hingegen, wenn sie Investitionen stärker gewichten - alternative Antriebe sind häufig durch einen höheren Anschaffungspreis charakterisiert. Korrelationsanalysen zeigen zusätzlich, dass größere Unternehmen und Nutzer mit Kenntnissen bezüglich alternativer Antriebe eher umsteigebereit sind. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s052019&r=all |
| By: | Jiaxing Wang (Department of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University. 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8366, Japan.); Shigeru Matsumoto (Department of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University. 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8366, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | Although many countries have implemented subsidy programs for next-generation vehicles in order to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, the effect of such programs has not yet been fully investigated in terms of their influence of households f vehicle selection. The Japanese government introduced a subsidy program entitled gEco-car h during 2009 and 2012. In this study, we apply multinomial logit models to micro-level data of vehicle selection from the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in order to identify the types of households who switched from conventional gasoline vehicles to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) using this subsidy program. Our analyses demonstrate that higher income households who used compact gasoline vehicles (CGVs) before the Eco-car program switched to HEVs using the subsidy, whereas those who used regular gasoline vehicles (RGVs) did not switched to HEVs. Although seniors chose HEVs over CGVs before the Eco-car program, younger consumers began choosing HEVs over CGVs after the Eco-car program. We also find that gasoline price became a less important factor on HEV purchase after the Eco-car program. |
| Keywords: | Eco-car program, Hybrid electric vehicles, Micro-level data, Multinomial logit model |
| JEL: | H23 Q55 C25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:1904&r=all |
| By: | Yang Zhengping |
| Abstract: | We live in the 21st century, we are happy and joyful, and at the same time we may face danger from time to time. With the rapid development of economy, it has brought many benefits to our lives. However, these benefits are not pure, but have a price. As the age grows up, some things around us are undergoing subtle changes. It brings us many wonderful things, but also brings us many problems, the first of which is environmental issues. Key Words: environment, environmental concerns, smart city Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2018-27-11&r=all |
| By: | Yasuyuki Sawada (The University of Tokyo and Asian Development Bank); Keiko Iwasaki (NLI Research Institute); Toyo Ashida (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo) |
| Abstract: | Disasters affect livelihoods and preferences. We investigate the relationship between damage caused by a disaster and individual hyperbolic discounting, adopting sui generis data from two communities hit by the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011: Iwanuma and Futaba, where exposure to a disaster aggravates an individual's present bias captured in elementary or junior high school. This causal relationship is a key mechanism behind the disaster and depression nexus. Our results suggest the need to provide commitment devices to mitigate harmful outcomes induced by aggravated hyperbolic discounting resulting from disaster exposure, thus shedding new light on disaster rehabilitation policies. |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2018cf1100&r=all |
| By: | Bercholz, Maxime; Roantree, Barra |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:bp2020/1&r=all |
| By: | Wei Meng |
| Abstract: | Smart City is the use of information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate key information of the core system of urban operation, thus meeting various needs including people's livelihood, environmental protection, public safety, urban services, industrial and commercial activities. Make a smart response. Its essence is to use advanced information technology to realize the intelligent management and operation of the city, thereby creating a better life for the people in the city and promoting the harmonious and sustainable growth of the city. Smart cities are the ultimate development of modern cities. In the historical context of increased pressure on land use in modern cities and traffic congestion, developing smart cities is the best choice for solving these problems. However, the construction of smart cities itself is also facing many problems. This paper explores these issues and proposes corresponding solution. Key Words:paradigm shift, higher education, challenges in education Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2018-27-09&r=all |
| By: | Kulbhushan Balooni (Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode); Vineetha Menon (Kannur University, Kerala) |
| Abstract: | Drawing insights from a case study of an agrarian tribal community—the Kurichiyan—from South India, we find that tank irrigation,which wasoncesustained by strong community norms, a kinship organizationthat upheld individual subsistence entitlements from jointly held private property and the tribal community’sunderstandings of local social ecology,isnow on the wane. The state entitlements channelled through decentralized development interventionsthat promote individual citizen’s entitlements have unintendedly undermined community norms and tank irrigation. |
| Keywords: | Decentralized development initiatives, Individual citizen’sentitlements,Social transformations,Ecological wisdom,Livelihood, Sustainability of tank irrigation |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iik:wpaper:323&r=all |
| By: | Cortes-Acosta, Sandra; Fleming, David A.; Henry, Loic; Lou, Edmund; Owen, Sally; Small, Bruce |
| Abstract: | New Zealand scientists have suggested that multiple pastoral farming practices could reduce on-farm biological greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while maintaining (and in some circumstances even increasing) farm profits (e.g. de Klein and Dynes, 2017). However, these win–win practices (which we define as “no-cost” mitigation practices) are reported to be under-adopted in New Zealand (Reisinger et al. 2018). The focus of this paper is to identify barriers affecting the adoption or expansion of no-cost mitigation practices by farmers in New Zealand. We define and categorize barriers to adoption using a typology of barriers developed by Jaffe (2017). This typology provides a comprehensive list and precise/accurate description of multiple barriers that might be present in farming contexts. First, we confront the typology with empirical evidence in the literature studying the barriers to the adoptions of technologies and practices in the context of pastoral farming. Although the evidence on perceptions and adoption of GHG emissions mitigation options in New Zealand is very limited, several of the barriers in Jaffe’s typology have been evidenced by researchers as affecting the decisions to adopt different innovative technologies and practices on farms. To complement the literature review and, more importantly, focus on no-cost GHG mitigation practices, we conducted interviews with 14 farmers in different regions of the country. In these conversations we discussed different managerial and practical implications of five different no-cost farming practices, with the aim of identifying barriers that affect their adoption or expansion. We describe in the paper more than 40 quotes obtained from farmers, from which we identified the occurrence of 16 different barriers. Among these, the “Unsureness about practicality”, “risk and uncertainty” and “complex interactions” barriers showed as the most frequent barriers identified as causing under-adoption of the evaluated practices. In addition, different types of perceived costs (financial barriers), such as “modelling mismatch” and “learning and adjustment”, have been pointed out as a limitation for adoption (which are captured by barriers category “arguably efficient” in Jaffe’s typology). We also found that in some cases non-financial barriers seem to be interconnected – in especial the case when the interactions’ complexity increases the riskiness of the outcome (the “risk and uncertainty” barrier) and makes it difficult to see whether the mitigation option is practical (a barrier of “unsureness about practicality”). We expand our analysis to the identification of barriers on other practices that have not been necessarily defined as no-cost. Namely, the use of dairy bobby calves in the sheep and beef industry and once a day milking. Finally, we also recorded quotes from farmers regarding their direct perception of the different barriers from Jaffe’s typology. This complements our analysis with comments from farmers with respect to implications of the multiple barriers investigated. Our findings are relevant because they not only point out the need for further research to investigate the no-cost status of different practices in different contexts, but also highlight different non-financial barriers that directly affect the adoption of mitigation practices. Identifying these barriers is key for future policy planning and GHG mitigation research, as, with clearer signals and incentive mechanisms, policy can better inform the decision-making of farmers, therefore reducing on-farm GHG emissions throughout New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:motuwp:290398&r=all |
| By: | Javier Gomez Prieto (European Commission - JRC); Albane Demblans (European Commission - JRC); Manuel Palazuelos Martinez (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The first global workshop on Smart Specialisation was organised in Seville on 25 September 2018. This workshop has showcased the variety of experiences and interests generated by Smart Specialisation on the five continents and represented a first step towards the creation of an international community of Smart Specialisation. Building on the outcomes and lessons from this event, the present Science for Policy report brings together experiences, policy aspects, challenges and opportunities gravitating around the topic of Smart Specialisation worldwide, and elaborates on the further international potential of the Smart Specialisation concept and approach. |
| Keywords: | Smart Specialisation, international, innovation, community, Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc117005&r=all |
| By: | Clive Spash |
| Abstract: | The proposal has been put forward that ecological economics seek to become substantive economics (Gerber and Scheidel 2018). This raises important issues about the content and direction of ecological economics. The division of economics into either substantive or formal derives from the work of Karl Polanyi. In developing his ideas Polanyi employed a definition from Menger and combined this with Tönnies theory of historical evolution. In this paper I explore why the resulting substantive vs. formal dichotomy is problematic. In particular the article exposes the way in which trying to impose this dichotomy on history of economic thought and epistemology leads to further false dichotomies. Besides Polanyi, the positions of other important thinkers informing social ecological economics (SEE) are discussed including Neurath, Kapp and Georgescu-Roegen. The aim is to clarify the future direction of ecological economics and the role, in that future, of ideas raised under the topic of substantive economics. |
| Keywords: | Substantive economics; Karl Polanyi; Formal economics; History of thought; Epistemology; Social ecological economics; Economic anthropology |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2019_05&r=all |
| By: | Lynch, Muireann Á.; Devine, Mel |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:rb201911&r=all |
| By: | Ferraro, Bruno; Lanfranco, Bruno; Saldías, Rodrigo; Penengo, Cecilia; Sanguinetti, María Noel |
| Abstract: | El objetivo de este trabajo fue, en primer lugar, analizar la evolución de la competitividad del sector arrocero, medido a través del volumen de recursos financieros que transfiere hacia otros sectores de la economía En segundo lugar, se procuró estimar el resultado económico resultante de un paquete tecnológico a ser aplicado en un marco de intensificación de la producción, co:nsiderando la sostenibilidad ambiental del cultivo. No obstante su muy alta capacidad competitiva, la cadena arrocera no es neutral a los efectos de las políticas públicas. En los últimos años se viene observando un importante deterioro en la competitividad del sector. Los costos de producción han venido sufriendo un importante incremento, fundamentalmente los no transables (salarios y cargas sociales). afectando no solo la rentabilidad del negocio sino también su capacidad contributiva a la economía nacional. Para que el sector cumpla con la cuota de aporte que le requiere la sociedad. la rentabilidad del negocio debe ser una condición necesaria ya que su competitividad no es infinita. El sector debe poder seguir creciendo en forma sostenible, desde el punto de vista económico, social y ambiental. La investigación ha venido mostrando que aun con la tecnología actual se puede intensificar la producción y mejorar la ecuación económica, mejorando incluso el desempeño de los principales indicadores ambientales. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que una mejora en la combinación de insumas y prácticas de manejo a nivel de chacra puede marcar la diferencia entre obtener un resultado positivo o negativo. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Political Economy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iniast:290552&r=all |
| By: | Amy J. Pickering; Sammy M. Njenga; Lauren Steinbaum; Jenna Swarthout; Audrie Lin; Benjamin F. Arnold; Christine P. Stewart; Holly N. Dentz; MaryAnne Mureithi; Benard Chieng; Marlene Wolfe; Ryan Mahoney; Jimmy Kihara; Kendra Byrd; Gouthami Rao; Theodora Meerkerk; Priscah Cheruiyot; Marina Papaiakovou; Nils Pilotte; Steven A. Williams; John M. Colford; Jr.; Clair Null |
| Abstract: | Helminth and protozoan infections affect more than 1 billion children globally. Improving water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition could be more sustainable control strategies for parasite infections than mass drug administration, while providing other quality of life benefits. |
| Keywords: | Sanitation, Kenya, infections |
| JEL: | F Z |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:b056c901c24c4dad92672a0ebe056017&r=all |