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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2019‒06‒24
fifty-four papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Ben-Othmen, Marie Asma; Ostapchuk, Mariia |
| Abstract: | Grasslands are a crucial component of the agricultural landscape of most French regions. They contribute to human well-being through the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services such as ruminantfeeding. In this way, they have an impact upon the quality of animal production. Grasslands also support biodiversity conservation by promoting pollination, climate regulation, water quality regulation, landscape quality, etc. Despite these multiple benefits, grassland areas have been rapidly and constantly shrinking over the last 50 years in the face ofthe extension of forage corn considered a more profitable crop. Agri-environmental schemes (AES) have been identified to date as playing a pivotal role in the promotion of a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices within the European Union. In this paper, through the application of the Choice Experiment (CE) method, we intend to analyze the factors that influence farmers’ preferences and motivations to join or not an AES involving grasslands restoration in Normandy. We estimate the relative weight of these factors, and we evaluate the willingness to accept changes related to each factor. In addition to the evaluation of the financial contribution, our objective lies in highlighting the role of the collective participation, the technical support and the area of the farm enrolled in the AES. Hence, our study contributes to a better understanding of factors that might alter famers’ behaviour towards new restoration practices. Potential policy implications that emerged from our data are briefly discussed. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289701&r=all |
| By: | Julien Hanoteau (KEDGE Business School [Marseille], AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - Ecole Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); David Talbot (ENAP - École nationale d'administration publique - École nationale d'administration publique) |
| Abstract: | In 2013, Québec implemented a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading system (QC ETS), despite opposition from industry, which feared loss of competitiveness and warned about job destruction. This article assesses the impact of that carbon regulation on industrial facilities in Québec. Conditional difference-in-differences ordinary least squares regressions show that regulated plants reduced their GHG emissions by about 9.8%, employment by about 6.8% and carbon intensity by about 3.7% more compared to non-regulated plants in the rest of Canada during the period 2013–2015. This suggests that facilities adapted to the new program by improving their technology, but first and foremost by scaling down their activity, which raises questions about the ability of the QC ETS to induce enough environmental investment and innovation in industrial facilities. The results, in terms of employment effects, contrast with the findings of similar studies on the early stages of the European ETS and the British Columbia carbon tax scheme, and this information challenges the initial allocation scheme for permits, in particular, with a view to a green fiscal reform. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation,carbon market,employment,climate policy |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02151028&r=all |
| By: | Sasu-Boakye, Yaw; Valin, Hugo; Wirsenius, Stefan; Havlik, Petr; Hedenus, Fredrik; Frank, Stefan; Herrero, Mario |
| Abstract: | The European Parliament recently adopted a plan for a European strategy for the promotion of protein crops for food and feed. While the motivation is to reduce further deepening of the dependence on third-party imports, it is also anticipated that increased sourcing of protein feed from the EU will contribute to reduce deforestation and lower GHG emission footprint from EU livestock production. However, a significant part of the protein meals currently sourced from the EU is the result of a different policy, the Renewable Energy Directive, that promotes the use of vegetable oil for fossil fuel substitution in the EU transportation sector. This paper compares two different strategies to decrease reliance of the EU feed protein market to imports - direct support to oilseed production, and incorporation targets for biodiesel in transport. We assess GHG emission impacts of these scenarios using GLOBIOM, a partial equilibrium model of agriculture and land use, enriched with detailed representation of the oilseed supply chains. The results show that direct substitution of soybean feed with protein meal from rapeseed and sunflower decreases deforestation related GHG emissions even though increased demand for agricultural land contributes to higher GHG emissions from agricultural production. Direct substitution of soybean feed leads to net savings if the protein crops are sourced from Europe. However, when a demand for vegetable oil-based biofuel is introduced as the primary driver of feed substitution, the land-use emissions go in opposite direction, with net increase in overall GHG emissions, partly due to additional imports of palm oil from Southeast Asia. Therefore, a supply-oriented policy targeting domestic protein and oil crops appear environmentally preferable to sponsoring demand of vegetable oil for energy use, which shows the importance of connecting better the discussions on the Renewable Energy Directive and the European strategy for the promotion of protein crops for food and feed. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289709&r=all |
| By: | Ritter, Hendrik; Zimmermann, Karl |
| Abstract: | We assess a 2-period, non-cooperative equilibrium of an n country policy game where countries chose either (i) carbon taxes, (ii) cap-and-trade policy with local permit markets or (iii) cap-and-trade policy with internationally linked permit markets and potential central redistribution of permit revenues. Policy makers maximizes welfare, which depends on household consumption over time and environmental damage from period-1 resource use. We assume costless and complete extraction of this non-renewable resource, so damage only depends on speed of extraction. Tax policy is the least efficient option due to carbon leakage, which introduces a second externality adding to the environmental externality. Cap-and-trade policy does not show any leakage since all symmetric countries will employ caps. Its equilibrium thus only suffers from the environmental externality and welfare is higher than under carbon taxation. The policy scenario with linked permit markets and central redistribution yields an efficient outcome. The redistribution of revenues creates a negative externality which offsets the positive environmental externality. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy,Carbon Tax,Cap-and-Trade Policy,Linked Permit Markets |
| JEL: | H23 Q38 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:197796&r=all |
| By: | Ojo, Marianne |
| Abstract: | With ever expanding possibilities for innovative advances and technological breakthroughs, the need for facilitating techniques to ensure that economic and environmental sustainability measures can match or rather keep up with such pace of development, is becoming more evident. Artificial Intelligence (AI), vertical integration and block chain systems and technologies will have increasing roles to play, particularly in respect of areas which relate to global climate change, trade and energy, in facilitating transitional processes, complex transactions and changes which are consequential of such developments. The Seychelles “Debt Conversion for Marine Conservation and Climate Program” illustrates the complexity of transactions involved in the program – as well as the need for future and flexible provisional arrangements and technologies which will facilitate the achievement of the goals and objectives of the programs – in addition to the intended roles and engagements of stakeholders involved. Challenges presented with Artificial Intelligence and Block Chain Systems incorporate the need for greater certainty and tested (and proven) procedures with controls and governance in respect of bionic collaborations between humans and technology. In their publication “Harnessing Innovation to Lead the Bionic Lending Revolution (© 2019 PwC)”, Pollini, Hernandez, Prescher and Shipley highlight the following in respect of the “Bionic Revolution”: “With the onset of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), consumer lending organizations are facing altogether new questions about the future. The lending environment has already experienced vast change; yet, we are quickly seeing a transition into a marketplace of end-to-end home ownership offerings and financial health ecosystems that are likely to trigger a revolution rather than the next stage of evolution.” As well as illustrating and addressing certain questions and challenges which Artificial Intelligence and Block chain technologies face, possible steps forward, and why Blockchain technology, particularly, still has quite a way to go, this paper highlights how such technologies can play vital roles in sustainable development – and with particular reference to complex lending and financing arrangements which embody such programs as those relating to the “Debt Conversion for Marine Conservation and Climate Program”. What possibilities also exist for wild life programs – particularly those aimed at preserving endangered species in environments not heavily affected by air or water pollution? Moreover, how can leading economies engage in programs more effectively to mitigate jurisdictional differences, facilitate disclosure and transparency in their collaborations – whilst also according appropriate considerations to increasingly topical matters as trade, climate change and sustainable development? |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence; Vertical Integration; Block chain systems; Sustainable Development; energy; climate, environment; Fourth Industrial Revolution; The Bionic Revolution; patents; intellectual property; trade relationships; transparency; information disclosure |
| JEL: | D8 G2 G28 G3 K2 Q2 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:94210&r=all |
| By: | Serena Fatica (European Commission – JRC); Roberto Panzica (European Commission – JRC); Michela Rancan (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | The financial system plays a major role in the transition to a low-carbon economy. We investigate this issue analysing the recent developments and challenges in the bond and debt markets. First, we study the pricing of green bonds at issuance. We find a premium when green bonds are issued by supranational institutions and corporates while there is no effect for financial institutions. We also document an effect for external review and repeated access to this market. Second, we investigate lending decisions by banks issuing green bonds. Our results show that these lenders reduce their funding towards more polluting segments of the economy but limited to the amount of loans they granted as lead bank in the deal. This evidence may explain why we do not find a green premium for financial issuers. Yet it also suggests that the banking system may play a much larger role in channelling funds towards low-carbon activities, and thus reducing the environmental risks also for the financial system. |
| Keywords: | sustainable finance; climate change; bond interest rates; financial institutions |
| JEL: | G12 G20 Q52 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:201907&r=all |
| By: | Adenaeuer, Lucie; Hayden, Anne; Breen, James |
| Abstract: | With the Food Harvest 2020 and Foodwise 2025, Ireland has published two national food strategies to chart the direction of agri-food, forestry and fisheries for what will come after the EU milk quota abolishment and to develop a strong and sustainable ‘green’ pillar of the Irish economy up to 2025. Next to this agricultural development strategy, Ireland has Greenhouse Gas emission targets set, which since 2009, not only contain the EU’s Emission Trading Scheme sector but also the non-ETS sector. In the absence of any mitigation, agricultural GHG emissions in Ireland are projected to increase by 9% by 2030 relative to the 2005 base year due to strong growth of the agriculture sector. Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACCs) estimated by the Teagasc Working Group on GHG emissions have projected the total technically feasible mitigation potential for the Irish agriculture, forestry and land use (AFOLU) sector up to 2030. Existing Irish studies on the real term realisation of mitigation measures identify, through the use of either probit or logit models, farmers’ attitudes and farm structures that influence the level of adoption of abatement tools. This study adjusts the MACC abatement potential by applying the identified uptake rates of these Irish case studies. The adjusted mitigation potential for the AFOLU sector appears to lie 29% below the potential projected through the MACC approach. From the results, it can be inferred that policy measures need to be implemented in order to increase the abatement potential of the AFOLU sector, to substantially help bring the nexus between agricultural development and GHG emission targets in Ireland closer together. One main factor influencing the uptake rate of mitigation measures is the farmers’ understanding of the issues and measures available to tackle these. Therefore, the behavioural changes of farmers need to be understood and to reduce agricultural GHG emissions,polices are needed that remove the barriers to behavioural change. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289672&r=all |
| By: | Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates an augmented measure of national output inclusive of environmental pollution damage in the United States economy over a 60-year period. The paper reports two primary findings. First, air pollution intensity declined precipitously from the 1950s to the modern era. Air pollution damage comprised roughly 30 percent of output in the post WWII economy, declining to under 10 percent in 2016. Second, accounting for pollution damage significantly affects growth rates. Prior to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, GDP outpaced Environmentally-Adjusted Value Added (EVA), defined as GDP less air pollution damage. Following passage of the Act, EVA grew more rapidly than GDP. Macroeconomic and environmental policies, as well as the business cycle, appreciably affect damages and EVA growth. |
| JEL: | O44 Q51 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25910&r=all |
| By: | Donnellan, Trevor M; Hanrahan, Kevin F; Lanigan, Gary J |
| Abstract: | As part of its international obligations, Ireland faces emission reduction targets with respect to greenhouse gases (GHG). These reduction targets are to be achieved both in the short term and over the coming decades. Agriculture is a substantial source (33%) of Ireland’s GHG emissions. Whereas the economic welfare of farmers has been the dominant force in shaping agriculture policy for several decades, there has been a notable increase in environmental concerns and a gradual emergence of environmental policies which are relevant to agriculture, particularly in the last 10 years. The future evolution of the agri-food sector in Ireland must therefore be seen in the context of both the economic growth objectives of national agricultural policy, as well as national environmental policy objectives arising from international obligations. In light of the recent proposals with respect to the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) post-2020 (EC, 2018), environmental objectives will become an increasingly important subset of the CAP objectives and the implementation of the CAP in Ireland. The EU Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) requires that Ireland reduce its non-ETS GHG emission by 20% by 2020 relative to the 2005 level. The reduction target for the non-ETS sector for 2030 is 30%, but incorporates so called flexibility mechanisms designed to make the achievement of this target less onerous. A partial equilibrium model of Irish agriculture is used to explore differing future outcomes in terms of the sector’s size and associated GHG emissions to 2030. The scenario analysis employed demonstrates the implications of different future pathways for bovine (dairy and beef) agriculture, the dominant sector in Irish agriculture and the principal source of its GHG emissions. Mitigation actions are then factored in to provide measures of future levels of emissions inclusive of this mitigation capacity. While technical mitigation actions are largely grounded in interventions that are based on science, the scenario analysis makes clear that the scale of the ultimate challenge in mitigating agricultural GHG emissions will be determined by the overall size of the agriculture sector and the intensity of production per hectare. The dairy and beef sectors in Ireland are noteworthy for their contrasting levels of profitability; dependence on support payments; and farm income. Now that the EU milk quota has been eliminated, from the perspective of economic development, an increase in the size of the dairy sector and entry into the dairy sector are desirable economic policy objectives. However, the paper demonstrates the strong contrast between dairy and beef farms, not just in terms of income but also in terms of intensity of production per hectare and the associated level of emissions produced. It follows that a transition from beef production to dairy production, while desirable from the point of view of farm income, could have adverse consequences for emissions. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289828&r=all |
| By: | Snorre Kverndokk; Erik Figenbaum; Jon Hovi |
| Abstract: | Aiming to reduce the number of brown (polluting) cars on the road, several countries currently promote the purchase and use of green (emission-free) cars through financial and non-financial incentives. We study how such incentives affect consumers who continue to drive brown cars. Using a simple model, we analyze the effects of policy instruments such as subsidizing green cars, taxing brown cars, and allowing green cars to drive in bus lanes. Car owners are influenced by price incentives as well as by external effects from traffic (such as congestion) both in regular lanes and in bus lanes. An extension of the model also considers how changes in local driving habits affect brown-car driving. We find that subsidizing green cars and allowing green cars to drive in bus lanes might increase brown-car driving. We also report the results of a recent survey containing questions specifically designed to tap the significance of the model’s core mechanisms. The results are largely consistent with propositions derived from the model. While most brown-car respondents report their driving was unchanged after the implementation of the policies to promote green cars, some – particularly in major cities – report that these policies caused them to reduce or increase their driving. We conclude that some mechanisms in our model are more important than others and that certain mechanisms appear to influence different brown-car drivers in different ways. Overall, it seems that Norwegian policies to promote the purchase and use of green cars have indeed reduced brown-car driving. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, environmental policies, external effects, habit formation, social norms |
| JEL: | D62 H23 Q54 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7679&r=all |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Gupta, Monika; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sengupta, Tuhin |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of corruption in public sector on carbon emissions in presence of energy use segregation, following the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. The study has been carried out for Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS) and Next 11 countries over the period of 1990-2017. Along with the finding of inverted N-shaped EKC for both the cases, we find that incidents of corruption enhance environmental degradation by reducing the positive impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality, and increasing the negative impact of fossil fuel consumption. This study has also divulged that the corruptive practices are more prone in case of the countries, where the development is mature and institutionalization is more stringent. Based on these findings, we suggest that environmental policies should take account of the corruption, and thereby, making the policies more robust and effective. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve; CO2 Emissions; Corruption; Next 11; BRICS |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:94357&r=all |
| By: | Chalmers, Neil; Revoredo-Giha, Cesar |
| Abstract: | Sustainable diets incorporate consumer acceptability whilst being nutritious and having a low carbon footprint. This paper estimated Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) incomplete demand systems for different households using the Scottish section of Kantar Worldpanel data from 2010 to 2015. The resulting price elasticities were used within the Green et al (2015) quadratic programming diet model to estimate the quantities of food products which would constitute a sustainable diet. Four demographic groups were modelled and the results suggested that three of the groups could experience carbon emission reductions of between 30 to 55 per cent relative to baseline emissions. The diets would also likely offer an improvement in terms of nutritional quality as measured by the Mean Excess Ratio (MER). |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc19:289675&r=all |
| By: | Walter, Jason; Raff, Zach |
| Abstract: | The U.S. EPA designates areas as in non-attainment with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) if ambient air concentrations of certain pollutants exceed standard levels. Stationary sources located in these areas are required to significantly reduce emissions through technological and other requirements; these sources are also subjected to greater regulatory oversight. However, non-attainment is not a permanent designation and regulatory oversight subsides once an area moves out of non-attainment. In this paper we examine whether the additional regulatory oversight of non-attainment designation is successful (and necessary) at reducing emissions from stationary sources. We estimate the effects of an area moving out of non-attainment on emissions at coal-fired power plants located in these areas. We first model the actions of utility managers subjected to emission reduction requirements. The model suggests that firms under additional scrutiny via non-attainment designation intentionally lower emissions. However, when areas exit non-attainment, i.e., direct regulatory oversight subsides, firms under-utilize clean strategies-including technology-which results in emission increases. Empirical analysis results show that boilers with abatement technology installed as a result of non-attainment increase NO x emissions and emission rate by 16% and 9%, respectively, when exiting non-attainment. Extended model results present evidence that regulated firms are less likely to use fully emission control methods in the absence of direct regulatory oversight. Specifically, the emission increases of exiting non-attainment are driven by the under-utilization of abatement technology inputs and the switch to lower quality fuel. |
| Keywords: | Coal-fired power plants; environmental regulation; National Ambient Air Quality Standards; nitrous oxide; sulfur dioxide |
| JEL: | D21 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:94158&r=all |
| By: | Corinne Langinier; Amrita Ray Chaudhuri |
| Abstract: | We develop a theoretical framework to investigate the impact of patent policies and emission taxes on green innovation that reduces the emission output ratio, and on the emission level. In the absence of green consumers, the introduction of patents results in a paradox whereby increasing emission tax beyond a certain threshold leads to a discrete increase in the emission level, which may be avoided by reducing the patenting cost. In the presence of green consumers, this paradox is restricted to an intermediate range of tax rates, and at suffciently high tax rates, reducing the patenting cost may increase the emission level. Also, higher emission taxes increase green investment only if the fraction of green consumers is sufficiently small, and the magnitude of this effect decreases as this fraction increases. Moreover, a stricter patentability requirement is only effective at reducing emissions if the fraction of green consumers is sufficiently small. |
| JEL: | O34 L13 Q50 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:win:winwop:2019-02&r=all |
| By: | Robert Stavins |
| Abstract: | There is widespread agreement among economists – and a diverse set of other policy analysts – that at least in the long run, an economy-wide carbon pricing system will be an essential element of any national policy that can achieve meaningful reductions of CO2 emissions cost-effectively in the United States. There is less agreement, however, among economists and others in the policy community regarding the choice of specific carbon-pricing policy instrument, with some supporting carbon taxes and others favoring cap and trade mechanisms. This prompts two important questions. How do the two major approaches to carbon pricing compare on relevant dimensions, including but not limited to efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and distributional equity? And which of the two approaches is more likely to be adopted in the future in the United States? This paper addresses these questions by drawing on both normative and positive theories of policy instrument choice as they apply to U.S. climate change policy, and draws extensively on relevant empirical evidence. The paper concludes with a look at the path ahead, including an assessment of how the two carbon-pricing instruments can be made more politically acceptable. |
| JEL: | Q40 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25912&r=all |
| By: | Matthews, K.B.; Blackstock, K.L.; Waylen, K.A.; Juarez-Bourke, A.; Rivington, M; Miller, D.G.; Wardell-Johnson, D; Cabello, V.; Kovacic, Z.; Renner, A.F.; Ripa, M.; Giampietro, M. |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the conference discussions of (1) “what are the trade-offs and synergies between the economic, environmental and social dimensions of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) as a policy geared towards sustainability”; and (2) how to measure the performance of agriculture at a range of scales. Specifically, we assess whether there are tensions for CAP policy between enhancing productivity and the provision of public goods. Our insights are derived from an EU Horizon 2020 project, Moving Towards Adaptive Governance in Complexity: Informing Nexus Security (MAGIC) exploring the robustness of policy narratives in the water, energy, food and environment nexus. As highlighted in the conference objectives, assessing the role of the CAP in delivering sustainability requires taking multiple, non-equivalent perspectives (e.g. geographical scales or structural hierarchies). The conduct of these multi-perspective studies is guided by the concepts of societal metabolism analysis. The analytical focus is thus on understanding the mix of biophysical and socio-economic resources needed to maintain social-ecological systems (e.g. food and farming systems) and the degree to which these are met locally, highlighting where there may be dependencies on other systems or externalised impacts. We conducted transdisciplinary research with policy makers using Quantitative Story Telling (QST). The QST process has a phase of qualitative analysis of the institutional and semantic framings of CAP policy narratives, followed by formal quantification of the robustness of policy narratives using the MuSIASEM toolkit for societal metabolism analysis. Interpretation of these formal analyses, with stakeholders in DG Agri and other EU institutions, closed the loop. The results of this analysis (and of other analyses for Biodiversity, Circular Economy, Energy Efficiency, and Water Framework Directive) are available via the MAGIC document repository. From the semantic qualitative phase, the narrative selected as the basis for formal analysis was: “CAP aims to ensure European agricultural competitiveness in the world market and aims to deliver public goods such as biodiversity conservation, water quality and climate change mitigation. These aims are in opposition”. The formal societal metabolism analysis was pan-EU, focusing on key aspects of EU farming systems. These characterized imports and exports of agricultural commodities, the relative intensities of inputs use in production systems and the aggregate impacts of production systems on environmental indicators. Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) data and Eurostat CAP impact metrics already include variables that can support these pan-EU societal metabolism analyses. Adding more bio-physical quantities to those existing within FADN, particularly for inputs and outputs, would enhance its analytical value, particularly for identifying externalisation and pressures on the environment. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289806&r=all |
| By: | Bozzola, Martina; Smale, Melinda |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of crop genetic diversity on farm income and production risk using a large panel dataset of rural households in Kenya. We consider three different metrics of in situ crop diversification (richness, evenness and concentration) and test the effects of each strategy on crop income and crop income vulnerability. We apply a comprehensive econometric approach that differentiates climatic shocks, weather and climate change. Welfare implications of diversity are evaluated using a partial moments-based approach. The results suggest that the benefits from higher diversification in terms of enhanced land productivity and lower production costs surpass the foregone benefit from higher efficiency in more concentrated production systems. Crop richness and evenness each reduce exposure to risk, especially for more vulnerable farmers producing below the expected revenue threshold. Farmers relying on greater crop specialisation, on the contrary, are more exposed to risk. In the absence of financial insurance for hedging, crop diversification may be a useful adaptation strategy. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc19:289670&r=all |
| By: | Marco Ceccarelli (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Swiss Finance Institute); Stefano Ramelli (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance); Alexander F. Wagner (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR); European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI); Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | In April 2018, the investment platform and financial advisor Morningstar introduced a new eco-label for mutual funds, the Low Carbon Designation (LCD). The unexpected release of this label induced responses by (1) investors and (2) mutual funds. First, investors flocked to funds labeled as Low Carbon. Through the end of 2018, such funds enjoyed a 3.1% increase in assets compared to otherwise similar funds. This effect was distinct from that of more generic sustainability ratings ("Globes"), and it reversed for funds that lost the label in August or November 2018. Second, managers of just-missing funds adjusted their holdings towards lower carbon risk and lower fossil fuel involvement, the two criteria used to assign the LCD. Both the rewards-for-LCD and the moving-towards LCD effects are stronger for European funds, retail funds, funds with weak financial performance, and low-sustainability funds. Overall, the findings suggest that financial intermediaries actively compete for flows driven by the increasing demand for climate-conscious investment products. |
| Keywords: | behavioral finance, climate change, eco-labels, investor preferences, mutual funds, sustainable finance |
| JEL: | D03 G02 G12 G23 |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp1913&r=all |
| By: | Youcef Mechouar (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Vincent Hovelaque (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Carl Gaigné (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Christian Vigouroux (IGR-IAE Rennes - Institut de Gestion de Rennes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Rennes - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes) |
| Abstract: | Current environmental issues and challenges have a direct impact on firms' strategic and operational decisions in terms of location, transport and production. In this work, we propose to investigate a firm that reconsiders its location and production decisions under a carbon tax policy on transport-related carbon emissions. Traditionally sustainable facility location models under carbon pricing scheme assume that firm supply is given (complementary essential inputs). In our framework, input mix and location decision are allowed to vary simultaneously. The relationship between the production level and the input quantities is captured through a production function that enables different degrees of substitutability among the raw material quantities. The results show that variation in the elasticity of substitution across the different types of inputs affects the firm location and supply choices. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in controlling the level of the pollution stemming from commodity shipping through adjustments in the input supply quantities. Our analysis also reveals the sensitivity of the facility location decision to a higher carbon tax when firm has a high flexibility on its ability to substitute among the input quantities. |
| Keywords: | facility location,raw material substitution,Environmental issues,carbon tax,sustainability |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02129628&r=all |
| By: | Buschmann, Christoph; Röder, Norbert |
| Abstract: | Growing evidence suggests that biodiversity in the agricultural landscape is declining sharply. Farmland birds are particularly affected, e.g. the lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) population has been decreasing strongly in Germany and Europe. Up to now the European Union has tried to tackle the problem of biodiversity loss mainly with voluntary (second pillar) agri-environmental schemes financed by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). However, only a small fraction of the agricultural land is enrolled in such programs. We analyse different schemes promoting lapwings in order to identify drivers and inhibitors of acceptance. The analysis is based on a discrete choice experiment with 270 arable farmers in Germany. Results show that those scheme attributes associated with EAFRD compliance, the type of sanctioning and a minimum participation period of five years, markedly reduce the farmers’ acceptance. The results have several policy implications. First, it shows clearly that the maximum support rates for agri-environmental and climate measures according to Art. 28 of EU 1305/2013 laid down in Annex 2 are set too low to achieve an effective implementation of the measure. Second, Eco-Schemes which are an element of the European Commission’s legislative proposal for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) could be a valid option to address some of the identified caveats. Eco-Schemes that shall be part of the future direct payments will presumably produce higher participation rates since they offer greater flexibility due to the minimum period of only one year and the late timing of the farmers’ decision until mid-May of the running year. In addition, they could provide additional basic income support and not just compensate for the income loss associated with the protection measure. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289824&r=all |
| By: | Schütte, Rebekka; Guzmán, Gema; Plaas, Elke; Gómez, José Alfonso |
| Abstract: | Vine cultivation on slopes causes serious erosion with significant losses of nutrients, organic matter and water, followed by an overall loss of soil biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). Cover crops (CC) in inter-rows can reduce these effects, but are often renounced by winegrowers due to economic causes. Soil erosion rates which were obtained from field data and simulations with ORUSCAL (Orchard RUSle CALibration) lay the basis for comparing three different scenarios of soil management; conventional tillage (CT), temporary cover crops (TCC) and permanent cover crops (PCC). We use the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) to include on- and off-side costs of erosion and to demonstrate their economic implications. The scenarios are calculated for two different European wine regions, Montilla-Moriles (Spain) and Carnuntum (Austria). Results from ORUSCAL show that erosion is decreased in most cases with increasing use of vegetation cover. Overall, the consideration of erosion costs in the budget of farmers has only minor effects on their competitiveness and additional costs for CC are not covered by private erosion cost savings. However, if social erosion costs are added, CC are cost-effective in both regions. This is even without the valuation of non-marketed ecosystem services such as cultural and aesthetic aspects which most likely will increase social costs of erosion. Furthermore, our results show that higher revenues are of greater importance for management decisions than lower input prices. Therefore, CC should be rewarded either through a higher willingness to pay from consumers or government support. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289710&r=all |
| By: | Hayden, Anne; Adenaeuer, Lucie; Jansson, Torbjörn;; Höglind, Lisa; Breen, James |
| Abstract: | The Luxembourg agreement of 2005 marked a new direction for EU agriculture with the decoupling of direct support payments for production. Under the CAP reform of 2013, Member States had the option to retain an element of coupled support for agriculture. Building on a previous study from Jansson et al. (2018), this study analyses the regional effects for beef production resulting from a redistribution of voluntary coupled supports (VCS) through area payments in the national budgets. The redistribution of VCS payments is projected to result in a modest reduction in the income from beef production, the EU beef herd size as well as the total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions form EU beef production. However, these impacts vary across EU regions with some regions marginally increasing their beef production levels while other regions are projected to significantly reduce their beef meat activities. Especially Member States which had retained some form of VCS, a reduction in beef herd size and income is likely while those countries that had opted to fully decouple payments in 2005 are projected to show a slight increase in herd size and income. Generally, this leads to a decrease of the total GHG emissions, yet, an increase in GHG emission per livestock unit is seen due to a change in herd composition, production or feed intensity. From the results, it can be inferred that VCS payments for the beef sector have the potential to encourage beef production in regions where it may be less profitable to do so (negative income before the redistribution of VCS in the national budgets). Therefore, the decoupling of the remaining coupled supports within the CAP would likely lead to a minor restructuring of beef production within the EU. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289735&r=all |
| By: | Ollikainen, Markku; Kosenius, Anna-Kaisa; Punttila, Eliisa; Ala-Harja, Venla; Ekholm, Petri |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the development of a new and efficient agri-environmental measure, gypsum amendment of arable fields, and its inclusion as a voluntary measure in national agricultural support schemes. Gypsum reduces erosion and both particulate and dissolved reactive phosphorous loads to surface waters, thus having high potential in the Finnish agriculture in contributing Finland to meet phosphorous reduction targets set by the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan. Gypsum amendment suits clayey soils located also in other Baltic Sea countries. A large scale gypsum pilot was organized in Southwest Finland, along the Savijoki River that flows to the Baltic Sea. Structured surveys and discussions in workshop explored how 55 farmers adopted gypsum amendment and gathered experience from spreading gypsum and its impacts on soils, yields and aquatic systems. Gypsum amendment is an investment in nutrient load reduction that entails high upfront costs to farmers and requiring, in case of large farms, a public tendering. As these may hinder large-scale adoption of an efficient measure, the paper suggests to include a completely new option to CAP framework: national environmental protection investments that facilitate ex-ante payment schemes to overcome the financial challenge to farmers. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289698&r=all |
| By: | Johan Gars; Daniel Spiro |
| Abstract: | Climate change is predicted to substantially alter forest growth. Optimally, forest owners should take these future changes into account when making rotation decisions today. However, the fundamental uncertainty surrounding climate change makes predicting these shifts hard. Hence, this paper asks whether forecasting them is necessary for optimal rotation decisions. While climate-change uncertainty makes it theoretically impossible to calculate expected profit losses of not forecasting, we suggest a method utilizing Monte-Carlo simulations to obtain a credible upper bound on these losses. We show that an owner following a rule of thumb - ignoring future changes and only observing changes as they come - will closely approximate optimal management. If changes are observed without too much delay, profit losses and errors in harvesting are negligible. This means that the very complex analytical problem of optimal rotation with changing growth dynamics can be simplified to a sequence of stationary problems. It also implies the argument that boundedly-rational agents may behave “as if” being fully rational has traction in forestry. |
| Keywords: | climate change, decision making under uncertainty, forestry, quantitative methods |
| JEL: | C60 D81 Q23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7636&r=all |
| By: | Soumendra N. Banerjee; Jayjit Roy; Mahmut Yasar |
| Abstract: | The relevance of analyzing whether exporting rms engage in greater pollution abatement cannot be overemphasized. For instance, the question relates to the possibility of export promotion policies being environmentally benecial. In fact, the issue is especially relevant for developing countries typically characterized by ine/ective environmental regulation. However, despite the signicance of the topic, the extant literature examining the environmental consequences of rm-level trade is skewed toward developed countries. Moreover, the existing contributions rarely attend to concerns over non-random selection into exporting. Accordingly, we employ cross-sectional data across Indonesian rms as well as a number of novel identication strategies to assess the causal e/ect of exporting on abatement behavior. Two of the approaches are proposed by Millimet and Tchernis (2013), and entail either minimizing or correcting for endogeneity bias. The remaining methods, attributable to Lewbel (2012) and Klein and Vella (2009), rely on higher moments of the data to obtain exclusion restrictions. While we largely nd exporting to encourage pollution abatement, the estimated impacts are more pronounced after accounting for selection into exporting. Key Words: Exporting, Environment, Pollution Abatement, Instrumental Variables, Treatment Efects |
| JEL: | C26 F18 F23 Q4 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:19-10&r=all |
| By: | Opeyemi Akinyemi (Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria); Uchenna Efobi (Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Evans Osabuohein (Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the dynamic relationship between renewable energy usage and trade performance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), while considering the conditioning role of corruption control, regulatory quality, and the private sector access to finance. Focusing on 42 SSA countries for the period 2004-2016, and engaging the System generalized method of moments (GMM) technique for its estimation, this study found a negative relationship between renewable energy usage and the indicators of trade performance. However, with corruption control, improved regulatory framework, and better finance for the private sector, there are potentials for a positive net impact of renewable energy usage on manufacturing export. For renewable energy and total trade nexus, we find that improved regulatory framework and better finance for the private sector are important conditioning structures. These findings are significant because they highlight the different important structures of SSA countries that improve the effect of renewable energy use on trade outcomes. For instance, the consideration of the financial, institutional and regulatory frameworks in SSA countries in conditioning the renewable energy-trade nexus stipulates a clear policy pathway for countries in this region as the debate for transition to the use of renewable energy progresses. |
| Keywords: | Environment; Green growth; Trade performance; Pollution |
| JEL: | C5 F1 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:19/032&r=all |
| By: | Toland, Gerald D. Jr.; Onyeaghala, Raphael O. |
| Abstract: | Samuel-Fitwi, et al. (2012) observe that global aquacultural production increased forty-times between 1957 and 2008. Advancing aquacultural technologies and management practices contributed to these dramatic increases. Rising global aquacultural output also necessitates producers to allocate limited resources to satisfy accelerating global fishery food demand. Gains in aquacultural output consequently generate market-external effects. Adverse externalities influence social, economic and environmental (ESE) welfare on a local, regional and global scale. Competitive aquacultural shrimp production practices include extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems (Hatch and Tai, 1997). Our research examines the ESE sustainability of alternative shrimp production systems. Utilizing Valenti, et al.’s (2018) methodologies, we evaluate shrimp aquaculture systems across a range of ESE sustainability indicators. We also review a case study of an intensive system (known as trū® Shrimp) where advanced techniques and management practices alter the current and future ESE effects of shrimp production. We assess the efficacy of using sustainability-indices to investigate gains or shortfalls associated with alternative shrimp production-systems. We utilize our research results to suggest management practices for shrimp aquaculture that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc19:289658&r=all |
| By: | Marion Tharrey (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro - Institut National d'Etudes Supérieures Agronomiques de Montpellier); Marlène Perignon (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Pascale Scheromm (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Caroline Méjean (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Nicole Darmon (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Background Despite growing evidence for the multiple health benefits of community gardening, longitudinal studies based on quantitative data are needed. Here we describe the protocol of JArDinS, a quasi-experimental study, aimed at assessing the impact of community garden participation (a natural experiment) in the adoption of more sustainable lifestyles. Methods Gardeners (n = 80) starting gardening in a community garden in Montpellier (France) will be recruited. Volunteers with no experience in community gardening and matched for age range, gender, household income and household composition will be recruited in a control group (n = 80). The sustainability of lifestyles in its social/health, environmental and economic dimensions will be assessed from a food supply diary (recording type, quantity and price of foods acquired in a 1-month period and the carbon impact of relevant food trips), a triaxial accelerometer (measuring physical activity) and online questionnaires on mental and social health, sensitivity to food waste, and connection with nature. Change of outcomes after 1 year will be compared between the natural experiment and the control groups. Discussion This study will provide information on the impact of participation in a community garden on the different dimensions of sustainability, based on a robust quasi-experimental design allowing causality evaluation. Trial registration The JArDinS study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03694782. Date of registration: 3rd October 2018, retrospectively registered. |
| Keywords: | urban community garden,food purchase,nutritional quality,sustainable food system,social inequalities in health,natural experiment,diet,food prices,environment,physical activity,nature,well-being,food waste,loneliness,accelerometry,food system,social inequality,food habits,physical exercise,human health,jardin collectif,système alimentaire,alimentation durable,inégalité sociale,prix alimentaire,gaspillage alimentaire,comportement alimentaire,activité physique,qualité nutritionnelle,santé humaine,bien-être,expérimentation,accelerométrie,environnement |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02154635&r=all |
| By: | Teodora Diana Corsatea; Soeren Lindner; Inaki Arto (Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)); Maria Victoria Roman (European Commission – JRC); Jose Manuel Rueda-Cantuche (European Commission – JRC); Agustin Velezquez Afonso (European Commission – JRC); Antonio F. Amores (European Commission – JRC); Frederik Neuwahl (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report describes the approach adopted for the update of the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) environmental accounts for the period 2000-2016. In constructing the WIOD-based energy and emission accounts we follow closely the methodology developed by Genty et al. (2012), with some adjustments due to changes in system boundaries, which are further detailed. This report illustrates the data adjustment steps required to reconcile energy and economic data which stem, for example, from different accounting principles. Special care has been taken to address problems related to time series breaks in order to achieve a smooth transition between the years 2009 and 2010 at the intersection between the original and new WIOD releases. Results for EU countries are compared with other data sources such as the previous WIOD time series, the Physical Energy Flows Accounts (PEFA) and the National Accounts Matrices with Environmental Extensions (NAMEA) showing a satisfactory goodness of fit, with some exceptions. A final comparison of the inter-temporal structure across periods is proposed in order to identify possible reasons of changes in the patterns of gross energy use. |
| Keywords: | Energy accounts, Emission accounts, World Input-Output Database |
| JEL: | C67 E01 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc116234&r=all |
| By: | Tsur, Yacov |
| Abstract: | The water prices that implement the optimal water policy are derived. These prices contain the supply cost components and two shadow price terms: one reflecting the in situ value of natural water and the other representing the scarcity of recycled water. The former accounts for the scarcity, extraction cost and instream value of natural water, and has a pronounced effect on the onset and extent of desalination along the optimal policy. The latter accounts for the scarcity of recycled water, stemming from the limit imposed on its supply by the sewage discharge, and acts as a tax on users of recycled water and as a subsidy for domestic and industrial users that contribute to the supply of recycled water (via the sewage they discharge). Special attention is given to implications of the public good role of environmental water allocation. An example based on Israel’s water economy is presented. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:huaedp:290060&r=all |
| By: | Benchekroun, H.; Ray Chaudhuri, A. (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research); Tasneem, Dina |
| Abstract: | We consider a common-pool renewable resource differential game. We show that within this dynamic oligopolistic framework, free trade may lead to a lower discounted sum of consumer surplus and of social welfare than autarky. Trade restrictions may be supported based on both resource conservation and efficiency motives. A priori, this fi…nding is not straightforward; a move from Autarky to Free Trade causes industry output to fi…rst increase and then decrease over time. While producers are shown to be always worse off under free trade than under autarky, consumers are better off in the short run and worse o¤ in the long run. We determine the conditions under which the long-run effects outweigh the short-run effects of trade, leading to a decrease in the discounted sum of not only consumer surplus, but also social welfare. |
| Keywords: | renewable resources; international trade; fisheries; common property |
| JEL: | F10 Q20 Q22 Q27 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:41c456ca-4ff9-470d-a93b-40d648459ddb&r=all |
| By: | Zabala, José A.; Marín-Miñano, Cristina; Albaladejo-García, José A.; López-Becerra, Erasmo I.; de Miguel, M. D.; Martínez-Paz, José M.; Alcon, Francisco |
| Abstract: | Agroecosystems main function is food, fiber and fodder provision. However, other ecosystem services (ES) are provided by these systems, such as the reduction of soil loss or the enjoyment of the landscape. Many of these ES do not take part in the market, but their valuation is important to develop a sustainable management of the system. Valuing ES requires a clear classification of ES and some efforts on the study and clarification of the ES classification has been carried out. Nevertheless, the assessment of non-market benefits requires defining and classifying ES according to the type of ecosystem studied and prioritizing the ES impact on social well-being. Thus, this work aims to develop an adaptation of the existing ES classification for irrigated agroecosystem ES valuation, and verify it through an agricultural stakeholders’ consultation. Their contribution could permit to advance towards agricultural ES valuation. It would allow the implementation of management and policy actions which take into account the importance of agroecosystem ES provision and their impact on human well-being. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289724&r=all |
| By: | Gbologah, Franklin E.; Rodgers, Michael O.; Li, Hanyan "Ann" |
| Abstract: | The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency identified the use of low rolling resistance (LRR) tires as an effective method of reducing vehicle fuel consumption, especially from heavyduty vehicles (HDV). LRR tires are important to HDV operations because fuel accounts for about 25% of operating costs, and improving fuel economy also reduces emissions of both greenhouse gases and oxides of nitrogen, a precursor to the formation of ozone, which is harmful to humans, plants, and animals. However, their adoption rate has been slow primarily due to performance uncertainties under real-world operating conditions. Previous mathematical models developed to help fleet operators estimate the impact of LRR tires on their operations have suffered from poor accuracy because they do not account for variable speed profiles in realworld HDV operations. Georgia Tech researchers have developed a new tool for fleet managers that better predicts the benefits of LRR tires under real-world conditions. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Data analysis, Fleet management, Fuel consumption, Heavy duty vehicles, Rolling resistance, Simulation, Tires, Tractor trailer combinations, Traffic speed, Vehicle fleets |
| Date: | 2019–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6cg510sf&r=all |
| By: | Ojo, Mathew Paul; Ayanwale, Adeolu Babatunde |
| Abstract: | One of the factors affecting availability of productive capital and exacerbating farmers’ vulnerability to climate change risks, is that they lack access to formal safety nets to which they could turn in times of need as most smallholder farmers lack capital and are unable to access credit. This study used a multi-stage sampling procedure to obtain a cross-sectional data from 300 plantain farmers in Southwest Nigeria and estimated their financing gap as a measure of their vulnerability to climate change hazards. Collected data were analysed using the Stochastic frontier function, the Harold-Dorma equation and the Foster Geer-Thorbecke (FGT) to determine the degree of farmers’ vulnerability. The Probit regression model was also used to examine factors affecting climate change adaptation methods in the study area. Results showed that with the vulnerability line at $409.6, more than two-third (84%) of the plantain farmers were vulnerable to climate change risks due to financial constraints, with 36% of the farmers being severely vulnerable. It required an average amount of $225.28 to get a farmer out of financial vulnerability. Also, the Probit result showed that access to credit, climate insurance and climate information were the major determinants of the use of climate change adaptation methods in the study area. The financing gap approach enabled the determination and extent of each farmer’s vulnerability. Measures aimed at bridging the financing gap of individual farmer through increased access to credit and improved climate change information services should therefore be vigorously pursued, to reduce vulnerability in the study area. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc19:289671&r=all |
| By: | Blandford, David |
| Abstract: | Due to climatic and other factors, Greece is likely to face increasing challenges in managing the risk of wildfires. Available data suggest that while the annual number of fires has tended to decline, the average area burned has tended to increase. If risk of damage and potential loss of life are to be addressed, there will need to improvements in both fire prevention and suppression. Many of the challenges are associated with the development of human settlements and associated changes in land use that increase wildfire risk. Institutional constraints relating to property rights and the implementation of fire risk reduction measures, e.g. limitations on controlled burning, construction of fire breaks, and the management of vegetative types that increase fire risk, as well as the elimination of unregulated building are important. Improved land management in high risk areas needs to be accorded high priority. A recent committee report on wildfire risk reduction and management prepared for the Greek government proposes a number of measures to avoid a repeat of the loss of life experienced in 2018. Some of these measures have been proposed before but never implemented. Consequently, whether necessary changes will be actually be made is an open question. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc19:289654&r=all |
| By: | Pacific K. T. Yapatake (Yaounde, Cameroon); Gabriella M-A. M Ngaba (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of corruption control on capital flight in the least corrupt African countries and uses panel data covering the period of 1996-2010. The results show that the extent of corruption proxy, the total natural resources rent are statistically significant and affect positively the capital across the pooled, random and fixed effects. Inflation and economic growth are also found to have a negative impact on capital flight. Moreover, exchange rate has a negative and significant effect on capital flight. The findings of this study suggest that the extent of corruption control by responsible institutions can be considered as one of the most effective weapons in the fight against capital flight in the least corrupt African countries. The paper recommends to the government of the least corrupt countries in Africa to create an enabling political and economic environment for investor’s attractiveness. This in turn will reduce the occurrence of capital flight and lead to the sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Capital flight, extent of corruption control, Panel data, the Least Corrupt African Countries |
| JEL: | C50 C33 F21 O38 O55 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aby:wpaper:19/002&r=all |
| By: | Annika Tienhaara (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)); Heini Ahtiainen (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)); Eija Pouta (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)); Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | The paper uses data from a discrete choice experiment to examine information effects on stated preferences for an unfamiliar environmental good, i.e. agricultural genetic resources. We define two groups of respondents based on their use of additional information provided in an internet survey, and model information use and its effect on individual preferences and scale using the logit and mixed logit models. Our findings indicate that both sociodemographic and attitudinal variables affect the use of information, with the respondent’s age, gender, familiarity and perceptions of stakeholder responsibilities having a significant effect. The results show individual preference heterogeneity, but no significant differences in scale between the information groups after allowing the mean coefficients for the attributes to differ. Those who have used the additional information derive higher utility from the changes in the protection of agricultural genetic resources. Our results highlight the importance of genetic resource conservation and controlling for the effects of information use in choice experiment models for unfamiliar goods. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural genetic resources; Discrete choice experiments; Environmental valuation; Information effects |
| JEL: | Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2019-07&r=all |
| By: | Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how gasoline tax rates are related to the time workers in the United States spend commuting by private car, public transport, or with other physical modes of transport. Our identification strategy relies on both between-state differences and time variations in gasoline taxes. Using the American Time Use Surveys for the years 2003 to 2015, we find that higher gasoline tax rates are related with less time spent in commuting. Furthermore, higher gasoline taxes are related to a lower proportion of commuting by private car, and higher proportions of commuting by public transport and/or a physical mode of transport (e.g., walking, cycling). Our results highlight the importance of gasoline taxes (and prices) on the consumption of energy for personal transport, as higher gasoline taxes are related to a greater use of "green" modes of transport, showing that fuel taxes are important for good management of the environment. |
| Keywords: | commuting time, public transport, walking/cycling, gasoline taxes |
| JEL: | D1 Q4 R4 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12377&r=all |
| By: | Kan, Iddo; Reznik, Ami; Kimhi, Ayal; Kaminski, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | This paper combines a structural estimation of vegetative-agriculture supply, based on a farmland-allocation model, with a market-level partial equilibrium demand model, to simulate the effects of climate change on agricultural production and food prices. The supply estimation accounts for corner solutions associated with disaggregate land-use data, enabling the treatment of prices as exogenous. The explicit formulation of production and output prices enables linkage to the demand, as well as the exploitation of market-level data so as to assign production interpretation to the estimated coefficients of the land-use model. We use the model to assess climate-change impacts in Israel, where agriculture is protected by import tariffs. We find that the projected climate changes are beneficial to farmers, particularly due to the positive impact of the forecasted large temperature rise on field-crop production. Fruit outputs are projected to decline, and reduce consumer surplus, but to a lower extent than the increase in total agricultural profits. Nearly 20% of the profit rise is attributed to farmers’ adaptation through land reallocation. Adaptation to the projected reduction in precipitation by increasing irrigation is found to be warranted from the farmers’ perspective; however, it is not beneficial to society as a whole. Abolishing import tariffs effectively transfers surpluses from producers to consumers, but the impact of this policy on social welfare becomes positive only under scenarios of large climate change. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:huaedp:290059&r=all |
| By: | REL Mid-Atlantic |
| Abstract: | School climate data can drive school improvement. Learn about why school climate is important and how school climate can be measured. |
| Keywords: | Climate surveys, positive environment, educators, policymakers, low school performance, improve student outcomes |
| JEL: | I |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:1a7732cf5ae94144a67926183bebd3d4&r=all |
| By: | Hassan Benchekroun; Amrita Ray Chaudhuri; Dina Tasneem |
| Abstract: | We consider a common-pool renewable resource differential game. We show that within this dynamic oligopolistic framework, free trade may lead to a lower discounted sum of consumer surplus and of social welfare than autarky. Trade restrictions may be supported based on both resource conservation and effciency motives. A priori, this fi nding is not straightforward; a move from Autarky to Free Trade causes industry output to first increase and then decrease over time. While producers are shown to be always worse off under free trade than under autarky, consumers are better off in the short run and worse off in the long run. We determine the conditions under which the long-run effects outweigh the short-run effects of trade, leading to a decrease in the discounted sum of not only consumer surplus, but also social welfare. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:win:winwop:2019-01&r=all |
| By: | Kan, Iddo; Slater, Yehuda; Reznik, Ami; Finkelshtain, Israel |
| Abstract: | This paper incorporates the detrimental agronomic effects of irrigation-water salinity into an empirical economy-wide dynamic hydro-economic model to study the interactions between salinity, agricultural policies and optimal long-run water-allocation policies and water-infrastructure plans. Application to the case of Israel indicates economic viability of large-scale delivery of desalinated water for agricultural irrigation during a 30-year period (2016–2045). We explain this finding by the large share of salinity-sensitive crops in the total irrigation-water consumption and production value of the Israeli vegetative agriculture sector, which stems from the historical policy to protect local agriculture. On average, the annual damage caused by the presence of salts in Israel’s water sources is evaluated at nearly $4,500 per hectare of arable land, comprising deadweight loss in both the water and agricultural economies. Overlooking salinity’s agronomic effects in the design of water infrastructures entails an annual welfare loss of nearly $1,360/hectare, and income redistributions wherein the profits of water suppliers increase significantly at the expense of the economic surpluses of urban water users, farmers, and consumers of agricultural products. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:huaedp:290061&r=all |
| By: | Garg, Teevrat (University of California, San Diego); Gibson, Matthew (Williams College); Sun, Fanglin (University of California, San Diego) |
| Abstract: | How do people in developing countries respond to extreme temperatures? Using individual-level panel data over two decades and relying on plausibly exogenous variation in weather, we estimate howextreme temperatures affect time use in China. Extreme temperatures reduce time spent working, and this effect is largest for female farmers. Hot days reduce time spent by women on outdoor chores, but we find no such effects for men. Finally, hot days dramatically reduce time spent on childcare, reflecting large effects on home production. Taken together, our results suggest time use is an important margin of response to extreme temperatures. |
| Keywords: | time use, extreme weather, gender |
| JEL: | Q54 O13 H53 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12372&r=all |
| By: | Paul Hindsley; David M. McEvoy; O. Ashton Morgan |
| Abstract: | Ethically-labeled products – those that address environmental and human-welfare issues – are increasingly prevalent in consumer decision-making. This research estimates the value consumers place on direct trade coffee, a relatively new and complex ethical product. Direct trade coffee is defined by having three attributes that differentiate it from standard coffee: (i) price premiums are paid directly to farmers; (ii) harvesting practices are sustainable; and (iii) the quality of the product is enhanced. The first two attributes of direct trade coffee lead to social benefits while the third is strictly a private benefit. Using a discrete-choice experiment, we find that consumers are willing to pay significant premiums for each of the three attributes, and are willing to pay slightly more for those attributes with social benefits. While we find evidence of heterogeneity in responses, cultural worldviews do not appear to play a significant role in shaping consumers’ values for direct trade coffee. Key Words: ethically-labeled products, impure public goods, direct trade coffee, discrete choice experiments, |
| JEL: | C72 C91 C92 D02 H41 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:19-09&r=all |
| By: | European Environmental Bureau |
| Keywords: | Europa; Crecimiento económico; medio ambiente; Europe; Economic growth; environment |
| Date: | 2018–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000418:017295&r=all |
| By: | Claire Etrillard (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Michel Pech (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Denis François (IFSTTAR/AME/EASE - Environnement, Aménagement, Sécurité et Eco-conception - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - UNAM - PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans); Pascal Gastineau (IFSTTAR/AME/EASE - Environnement, Aménagement, Sécurité et Eco-conception - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - UNAM - PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans) |
| Abstract: | Les gestionnaires d'infrastructures linéaires de transport (ILT) sont aujourd'hui conscients de l'importance des enjeux des dépendances vertes (DV) pour la biodiversité. Les ILT traversent des territoires dans lesquels sont présents divers types d'acteurs locaux impliqués dans la gestion et l'entretien de milieux naturels ou semi-naturels. Le projet Gedev s'est fixé pour objectif d'apprécier les possibilités d'intervention de ces acteurs locaux dans les DV, compte tenu du cadre juridique et de leurs intérêts, dans le but de mettre en œuvre des pratiques d'entretien bénéfiques sur le plan écologique. |
| Keywords: | biodiversité,infrastructure linéaire de transport,dépendance verte |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02154653&r=all |
| By: | Gaspar Núñez Rodríguez |
| Keywords: | Applied General Equilibrium Model; Social Accounting Matrix; Mexico; taxes; hydrocarbons; extraction; Modelo de Equilibrio General Aplicado; Matriz de Contabilidad Social; México; impuestos; extracción; hidrocarburos. |
| JEL: | C68 D58 D69 H22 |
| Date: | 2018–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000418:017299&r=all |
| By: | Hu, Bin; Li, Zhengtao; Zhang, Lin |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the linkages among total Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, total GDP and energy efficiency using China’s provincial panel data from 2002 to 2015. We investigate total emissions rather than per capita emissions or ambient concentrations, since it is total emissions that the environment cares about. Energy efficiency is estimated using stochastic frontier analysis and decomposed into both persistent and transient efficiency. We then investigate the long-run dynamics among SO2 emissions, economic growth and energy efficiency by employing the panel-based error correction model and taking the effects of cyclical variations into account. Our analysis shows that GDP has a positive impact on total SO2 emissions in the short run and gains in energy efficiency have a significant negative effect on emissions in the long run. By controlling the effects of business cycle, the effects of GDP on emissions remain positive in both short and long run. Cross-sectional analysis provides similar insights. We argue that economic growth itself is an emission generator. Therefore, the government needs to establish a long-run strategy to curb the emissions by improving energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Sulphur dioxide emissions; energy efficiency; stochastic frontier analysis; error-correction model |
| JEL: | Q0 Q01 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:94588&r=all |
| By: | Rahmani, Djamel; Loureiro, Maria; Escobar, Cristina; Gil, Jose Maria |
| Abstract: | A labelled discrete choice experiment (DCE) combined with a blinded wine tasting was conducted among 180 Catalans red wine drinkers to assess their preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for three different wines: conventional, organic, and selected vintage organic wines in the context of habitual purchase. The DCE was carried out before and after wine tasting and a comparison between pre and post responses was undertaken to measure the effect of wine taste on wine repurchase. Facial expression analysis was conducted to test whether different wine typologies evoke different emotions and if these emotions influence consumers’ wine choices and WTP. Moreover, we tested for hypothetical bias in the DCE subjecting half of the sample to a hypothetical DCE and the other half to a nonhypothetical DCE. Results show that consumers’ preferences for the three wine typologies in both hypothetical and nonhypothetical DCE were not statistically different. However, consumers’ preferences were significantly influenced by wine taste, evoked emotions and actual liking. Our findings showed that there was a positive and significant association between wine evoked emotions (positive experience) and wine choices, especially in the case of organic and selected vintage organic wine. However, wine evoked emotions did not affect significantly consumers’ WTP for each of the three wine typologies. Our findings also showed that organic or selected vintage organic wines were preferred by women and participants with high environmental involvement. Our findings improved our understanding of wine choices, contributed to the application of DCEs for eliciting preferences and provided useful information to winemakers. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc19:289662&r=all |
| By: | Laure Kühfuss (University of St Andrews [Scotland]); Raphaële Preget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Afin de repenser les modalités d'intervention publique, l'économie comportementale permet d'analyser comment les biais comportementaux et cognitifs peuvent limiter ou renforcer la portée des incitations économiques traditionnelles. Issu des sciences comportementales et popularisé par Thaler et Sunstein (2008), le concept de « nudge » offre un outil d'intervention intéressant et généralement peu coûteux. Complétant les dispositions réglementaires et les incitations économiques (monétaires), les « nudges » sont des interventions non contraignantes modifiant l'architecture des choix afin d'orienter les décisions des agents vers des comportements améliorant leur bien-être. Pour ce faire, sans restreindre les choix des agents, les « nudges » mobilisent certains biais comportementaux ou cognitifs, comme par exemple les préférences pour le statu quo ou la tendance des individus à se comparer entre eux. Les résultats des travaux présentés ci-dessous illustrent l'impact des normes sociales dans les décisions individuelles des agriculteurs et la façon dont on pourrait mobiliser les « nudges » pour construire des incitations comportementales s'appuyant sur ces normes sociales et renforçant l'impact des incitations économiques. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02129075&r=all |
| By: | Robinson, Lisa A.; Raich, William; Hammitt, James K. |
| Abstract: | The estimates used by U.S. Federal agencies and others to value reductions in fatality risks generally reflect adults’ willingness to trade income for changes in their own risks. Several studies have now been completed that address the value of risk reductions to children. We review these studies for quality and applicability based on selection and evaluation criteria derived from recent discussions of best practices. To limit the effects of between-study variability, we searched for studies that estimate values for both adults and children using a consistent approach. We find seven studies that meet our selection criteria. The studies suggest that the value for children exceeds the value for adults by a factor of 1.2 to 3.0, with a midpoint of 2.1. Studies that estimate the value of reductions in nonfatal risks lead to similar results. Although some studies suggest that the divergence between child and adult values may decrease as the child ages, more work is needed to determine the extent to which these multipliers vary across age groups. |
| Keywords: | benefit-cost analysis; value per statistical life; willingness to pay; health risk valuation; regulation |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:123106&r=all |
| By: | Wachsmuth, Jakob; Denishchenkova, Alexandra; Fekete, Hanna; Parra, Paola; Schaeffer, Michiel; Ancygier, Andrzej; Sferra, Fabio |
| Abstract: | The current nationally determined contributions of the Parties to the Paris Agree-ment are far from being sufficient to achieve the long-term goal to limit global warming. Therefore, the question of how to distribute the global mitigation burden among the Parties in a fair and cost-effective way remains topical. In this paper, approaches based on different fairness criteria and the criterion of cost-effective-ness are applied to a global emission budget compatible with the Paris targets and evaluated for the globally largest emitters including the EU as well as Ger-many. The results show that domestic mitigation efforts need to be increased in the majority of those countries even more than for the below-2êC limit of the Can-cun Agreements. Moreover, even if the cost-effective level is assumed to be reached, there remains a strong need for support by the historical large emitters to others from a fairness perspective. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s042019&r=all |
| By: | Viira, Ants-Hannes; Ariva, Jelena |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the role of market driven structural changes, and changes in agricultural policy in reconversion of permanent grassland to cropland in Estonia. Data on parcels of agricultural land and beneficiaries of direct payments in Estonia, from 2013 to 2016, and logistic regression is used in the analysis. It is argued that as a result of crisis in milk market in 2015 and 2016 some of the dairy farms changed their specialisation to cereals, oilseeds and protein crops and reconverted some of their permanent grasslands to cropland. At the same time, dairy farms who quit milk production and became specialised in cattle, sheep and goats preserved their permanent grasslands. In 2015 and 2016 the cheapest maintenance practice of permanent grassland, grass chopping, was restricted on a beneficiary’s permanent grasslands that exceeded 10 ha. This stimulated changes in land market. Some of the permanent grasslands that were preserved by passive land owners were transferred to cereals, oilseeds and protein crops farms, and cattle farms. As an adverse effect, this increased likelihood that permanent grasslands were reconverted to cropland. It is concluded that since passive land owners and cereal, oilseeds and protein crops farmers also contribute to maintenance of permanent grasslands, the cheapest maintenance practices should not be restricted. At the same time, it is crucial to improve resilience of grassland farms that contribute the most to permanent grasslands preservation. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2019–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa172:289717&r=all |
| By: | Akinwehinmi, Oluwagbenga; Amos, Taiwo; Ogundari, Kolawole |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc19:289677&r=all |