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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Catherine Aubertin (PALOC - Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance - MNHN - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); Livia Kalil |
| Abstract: | Assessing Brazil's contribution (INDC) to the United Nations convention on climate change to COP21, we present a study showing how the country affirms both its sovereignty and dual posture as a model learner and a leader in the international arena. The decline in deforestation in the Amazon rain-forest has allowed Brazil to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions while masking the increase of emissions in all other sectors. While not proposing an energy transition, the contribution made every effort to follow an « Agribusiness of the future » without undermining the political model based on the export of agricultural commodities. Here we are studying Brazil's contribution as an illustration of its national political model in response to the problem represented by global warning. |
| Abstract: | En étudiant la contribution nationale (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution-INDC) du Brésil à la convention des Nations unies sur le changement climatique pour la COP21, cet article montre comment le pays affirme à la fois sa souveraineté et sa double posture de bon élève et de leader sur la scène internationale. La baisse de la déforestation de l'Amazonie lui a en effet permis de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre, tout en masquant leur augmentation dans tous les autres secteurs. À défaut d'organiser une transition énergétique, la contribution brésilienne fait reposer tous les efforts sur un "agrobusiness du futur", sans rupture par rapport au modèle politique reposant sur l'exportation de matières premières agricoles. Dans ce texte, la contribution brésilienne indique un modèle de politique nationale décliné à l'aune de la nouvelle problématique que représente le réchauffement climatique. |
| Abstract: | Estudando a contribuição nacional (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions – INDC) do Brasil à convenção das Nações Unidas sobre as mudanças climáticas para a COP21, esse artigo mostra como o país afirma tanto a sua soberania quanto a sua dupla postura de bom aluno e de líder na cena internacional. A queda do desmatamento na Amazônia permitiu de fato ao Brasil reduzir suas emissões de gás a efeito estufa, mas camuflou o aumento das emissões em todos os outros setores. Sem propor uma transição energética, a contribuição brasileira deposita todos os seus esforços no « agronegócio do futuro », sem romper com o modelo político baseado na exportação de matérias primas agrícolas. Estudamos neste artigo a contribuição brasileira como indicador de um modelo de política nacional interpretado em função da nova problemática que representa o aquecimento global. |
| Keywords: | POLITIQUE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT,CHANGEMENT SOCIAL,POLITIQUE ENERGETIQUE,POLITIQUE AGRICOLE,CLIMAT,DEFORESTATION,GESTION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT,COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE,CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE,COP21,BRESIL |
| Date: | 2017–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01973874&r=all |
| By: | Nopiah, Ririn; Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | Climate change is responsibility of the economic system like households, firms, and governments that produces Greenhouse Gases (GHG). This paper aims to analyze effectiveness and efficiency of climate change mitigation policies for Japan, China and India that are large Asian emitters through market-based instruments. GTAP-E model is used to analyze the impact of carbon tax policy using their global commitments to reduce carbon emissions. The result shows that carbon tax is best alternative choice for Japan, China, and India to reduce CO2 emissions as a climate change mitigation. The carbon tax provides that in a GDP increase of 0,44% in Japan. But in China and India find that reducing CO2 emission causes GDP is decline around 0,82% for China and 1,98 for India. Thus, all regions can get emission target by cost-effectively and each welfare loss can be compensated by carbon tax revenues. However, carbon tax is not one way fits to climate change mitigation. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Tax, Fuel Tax, Mitigation, Climate Change |
| JEL: | Q5 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91230&r=all |
| By: | Wachsmuth, Jakob; Schaeffer, Michiel; Hare, Bill |
| Abstract: | The European Commission's long-term Strategic Vision "A clean planet for all" and the In-Depth Analysis supporting it were released on 28 November, 2018. The Commission claims that an 80% reduction of the EU's GHG emissions by 2050 can be taken as being in line with the Paris Agreement's long-term temper-ature goal (LTTG). This is shown to be questionable due to the Commission's re-labelling of the former "hold-below-2°C" pathways associated with the 2010 Can-cun Agreements as "well-below 2°C" pathways. Those "hold-below-2°C" path-ways had a 66% chance of limiting warming to 2°C and were further characterised by a peak warming of around 1.7-1.8°C. By contrast, the actual Paris long-term temperature goal is, by design, a strength-ening of the former "hold-below-2°C" goal. In this paper, strong arguments are provided that this implies achieving a lower peak warming and a higher probability of limiting warming to 2°C. Further, the "hold-below-2°C" pathways do not provide guidance in terms of lowering peak warming and increasing the probability of lim-iting warming to 1.5°C, an integral part of the Paris LTTG (unless with negative emissions at a scale the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C does not deem feasible). At the same time, the IPCC SR1.5 is very clear about the increases in climate risks between 1.5°C and 2°C, which relates to the clause of the LTTG that holding warming well below 2°C significantly reduces the risks and impacts of climate change. This provides a clear argument for lower limit to peak warming. Despite the shortcoming with regard to interpreting "well-below-2°C", the EU Strategic Vision is a clear shift away from the lower end of the former "80-95%" re-duction target by 2050 towards achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. This is based on the In-Depth Analysis, which shows that a greenhouse gas emission reduction of 90% by 2050 compared to 1990 is necessary to keep 1.5°C in range, while limiting negative emissions even calls for net-zero green-house gas emissions in 2050. Hence, the "net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050" target chosen in the Strategic Vision is a reasonable choice in light of the Paris Agreement and the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C, but 80% reduction by 2050 is not. Thus, the lower end of the current "80-95%" EU target is insufficient. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s222018&r=all |
| By: | AhAtil, Ahmed; Bouheni, Faten Ben; Lahiani, Amine; Shahbaz, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the environmental impact of economic growth, energy consumption, financial development and globalization in China over the period 1970Q1-2015Q4. In particular we consider four dimensions of globalization namely economic, social, political and overall globalization. The Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) model has been employed to capture the potential asymmetric impact of the determinants of dioxide carbon emissions in China. Interestingly, findings show that: (1) In the short-run: economic growth and financial development have a significant symmetric impact on CO2 emissions. Energy consumption has a nonlinear and asymmetric influence on CO2 emissions. However, economic globalization does not impact CO2 emissions. (2) In the long-run: economic growth, financial development and economic globalization exhibit an asymmetric influence on carbon emissions in model including the economic dimension of globalization. Economic growth has a positive symmetric impact on CO2 emissions in model including social globalization, however, it does not influence CO2 emissions in case of political or overall globalization. In addition, energy consumption is positively linked to CO2 emissions. Moreover, financial development does not influence carbon emission in models including respectively social, political and overall globalization. Social and overall globalization have a significant influence on CO2 emissions. The results of this paper are important for policies that would promote sustainable development and environment protection. |
| Keywords: | Energy, Growth, Financial Development, Globalization, CO2 Emissions |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91190&r=all |
| By: | Claudia Kettner-Marx (WIFO); Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig (WIFO); Angela Köppl (WIFO); Beate Littig; Irina Zielinska |
| Abstract: | Two major international frameworks provide landmarks for future development paths: the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. Monitoring the progress towards achieving the individual goals has to consider a multitude of synergies and trade-offs. In this paper we use composite indices to analyse climate and energy policy in Austria and other selected EU countries. The analysis delivers several results which are also supported by the assessment of climate and energy policies in the case study countries. In general, the improvements regarding energy efficiency, emissions and deployment of renewables have been moderate in the period under observation. This hints at the time needed for restructuring to take place. This underlines the importance of credible political commitment to climate targets, the implementation of ambitious instruments and the need for stability in the guiding frameworks in order to effectuate substantial changes. In addition, the description of the circumstances and policy frameworks in the selected countries shows, that each one is characterised by a very specific energy system (complemented by specific social structures) which determines the challenges that have to be overcome on the way to decarbonisation. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, composite indices, energy policy, climate policy, cross-country comparison, EU Member States |
| Date: | 2019–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2019:i:575&r=all |
| By: | Manoj Atolia; Prakash Loungani; Helmut Maurer; Willi Semmler |
| Abstract: | The Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) has extensively treated the adverse effects of climate change and the appropriate mitigation policy. We extend such a model to include optimal policies for mitigation, adaptation and infrastructure investment studying the dynamics of the transition to a low fossil-fuel economy. We focus on the adverse effects of increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration on households. Formally, the model gives rise to an optimal control problem of finite horizon consisting of a dynamic system with five-dimensional state vector consisting of stocks of private capital, green capital, public capital, stock of brown energy in the ground, and emissions. Given the numerous challenges to climate change policies the control vector is also five-dimensional. Our solutions are characterized by turnpike property and the optimal policy that accomplishes the objective of keeping the CO2 levels within bound is characterized by a significant proportion of investment in public capital going to mitigation in the initial periods. When initial levels of CO2 are high, adaptation efforts also start immediately, but during the initial period, they account for a smaller proportion of government's public investment. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal policy;Climate Change, Optimal Control, Environmental Economics, Environmental Economics: Government Policy |
| Date: | 2018–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:18/270&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Caterina Gennaioli; Ralf Martin; Mirabelle Muûls; Thomas Stoerk |
| Abstract: | Does unilateral climate change policy cause companies to shift the location of production, thereby creating carbon leakage? In this paper, we analyse the effect of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on the geographical distribution of carbon emissions of multinational companies. The empirical evidence is based on unique data for the period 2007-2014 from the Carbon Disclosure Project, which tracks emissions of multinational businesses by geographical region. Because they already operate from multiple locations, multinational firms should be the most prone to carbon leakage. Our data includes regional emissions of 1,122 companies, of which 261 are subject to EU ETS regulation. We find no evidence that the EU ETS has led to a displacement of carbon emissions from Europe towards the rest of the world, including in countries with no climate policy in place and within energy-intensive companies. A large number of robustness checks confirm this finding. Overall, the paper suggests that modest differences in carbon prices between countries do not induce carbon leakage. |
| Keywords: | Carbon leakage, EU-ETS, CO2 emissions, multinational companies. |
| JEL: | H23 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:97&r=all |
| By: | Reyer Gerlagh; Veronica Lupi; Marzio Galeotti |
| Abstract: | The historical increase in emissions is for one-fourth attributable to the growth of emissions per person, whereas three-fourths are due to population growth. This striking evidence is not represented in the majority of climate-economic studies, which mostly neglect the environmental consequences of individuals’ reproductive decisions. In this paper, we study the interactions between climate change and population dynamics. We develop an analytical model of endogenous fertility and embed it in a calibrated climate-economy model. Our results present family planning as an integral part of climate policies and quantify the costs of neglecting the interaction. |
| Keywords: | fertility, climate change, population, carbon tax, fertility tax, climate-economy models |
| JEL: | J11 J13 H23 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7421&r=all |
| By: | Dasih, Kuntari; Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | To achieve the carbon emission target in Indonesia in 2030, what trade offs will be carried out if viewed from an economic perspective such as GDP, energy consumption? This study employs the CGE model to see the impact of imposing carbon tax on GDP and GHG emissions in Indonesia. Five scenarios have been applied to gauge the linkage between those factors. The main finding in this study is that carbon tax can reduce emissions in large numbers in Indonesia thus that carbon tax can be used as an effective emission control instrument. However, what needs to be concerned is the impact of carbon tax on decreasing GDP. It is different from Singapore where the impact of carbon tax almost does not affect GDP, in Indonesia even though the tax is applied in small amounts but has a significant effect on changes in GDP. |
| Keywords: | carbon emission, GHG, carbon tax, CGE |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91317&r=all |
| By: | Budhi Utomo, Ginanjar; Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | Over the past two decades, researchers have sought to establish empirical evidence for an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for carbon dioxide (CO2), with varied results. This study builds on that research to re-evaluate whether the EKC exists for CO2 emissions, using an improved dataset and the enhanced econometric technique Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator. The aims determine how various factors like economic growth, and energy use influence CO2 emissions. The CO2 emission rate is the dependent variable and the independent variables of the model include the lagged dependent variable, GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$), and energy use. We find that EKC is based on economic growth for ASEAN countries, and increased energy use actually increase CO2 emissions |
| Keywords: | ASEAN, CO2, Environmental Kuznets Curve,GMM. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91312&r=all |
| By: | Septiyas Trisilia, Mustika; Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impacts of China coal import tariff against US on global economy and CO2 emissions. Using Global Trade Analysis Project Environmental (GTAP-E) model, coal import tariff was found to generate trade deflection and trade depression phenomena. Then, US and China’s would have welfare loss, but Indonesia and Australia would seem gainers from this tariff war. Furthermore, skilled and unskilled labor will decline in coal’s industry in US and increase in China. Finally, it is also found evidence that China coal import tariff was not good policy because not only the global economy, the environment would be disadvantaged by increasing CO2. |
| Keywords: | Import tariff, Coal, Carbon dioxide emissions, GTAP |
| JEL: | F18 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91231&r=all |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Nwachukwu, Jacinta; Pyke, Chris |
| Abstract: | This study examines how information and communication technology (ICT) could be employed to dampen the potentially damaging effects of environmental degradation in order to promote inclusive human development in a panel of 44 Sub-Saharan African countries. ICT is captured with internet and mobile phone penetration rates whereas environmental degradation is measured in terms of CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 intensity. The empirical evidence is based on Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions using data from 2000-2012. In order to increase the policy relevance of this study, the dataset is decomposed into fundamental characteristics of inclusive development and environmental degradation based on income levels (Low income versus (vs.) Middle income); legal origins (English Common law vs. French Civil law); religious domination (Christianity vs. Islam); openness to sea (Landlocked vs. Coastal); resource-wealth (Oil-rich vs. Oil-poor) and political stability (Stable vs. Unstable). Baseline findings broadly show that improvement in both of measures of ICT would significantly diminish the possibly harmful effect of CO2 emissions on inclusive human development. When the analysis is extended with the abovementioned fundamental characteristics, we observe that the moderating influence of both our ICT variables on CO2 emissions is higher in the group of English Common law, Middle income and Oil-wealthy countries than in the French Civil law, Low income countries and Oil-poor countries respectively. Theoretical and practical policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; ICT; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91510&r=all |
| By: | Khaerul Azis, Mohammad; Widodo, Tri |
| Abstract: | This study aims to examine the impact of imposing carbon taxes as an effort to reduce the effects of greenhouse gases. By using GTAP-E, this study found that the imposition of a vehicle carbon tax of 5 percent resulted in a reduction in the GDP rate of 0.01 percent and effectively reduced the level of carbon dioxide emissions by 0.06 percent. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax, GTAP |
| JEL: | Q51 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91314&r=all |
| By: | Patricia Renou-Maissant (Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, CREM, F-14000 Caen, France et EconomiX, UMR CNRS 7235, Université de Paris Nanterre, 92001 Nanterre, France); Rafik Abdessalam (Université de Lyon, Lumière Lyon 2, COACTIS, EA 4161, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France); Jean Bonnet (Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, CREM, F-14000 Caen, France) |
| Abstract: | Transition towards low-carbon energy sources is a dominant paradigm of public energy policies today. This article conducts an inventory of energy transition in the European Union over the period 2000-2015. Multidimensional data analysis methods are employed in order to develop temporal and spatial typologies of the energy transition with respect to the three targets defined by the European Climate Energy Package. Results show evidence of a gradual transition over three sub-periods towards a more environmentally conscious economy: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, developing renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency. Four profiles of energy transition are proposed. The evolutionary analyses of the 28 EU countries over the sub-periods shows strong stability in country trajectories, with a few exceptions. The interpretation of the energy transition classes is then enriched by reference to wide range of variables related to five themes, namely energy systems; environmental characteristics; economic performance; political characteristics; and demographic, climatic and geographic characteristics. These themes contribute to the identification of barriers as well as levers in the energy transition. Finally, our results highlight the backwardness of the great Western European countries in achieving the goals assigned to them. |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2018-14&r=all |
| By: | Raphaël Homayoun Boroumand (City University London); Stéphane Goutte (LED - Université Paris 8); Thomas Péran (Paris School of Business); Thomas Porcher (ESG Research Lab - ESG Management School) |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to pattern a non-driven geographical classication of French departmental territorial units based on both mobility behavior and passenger car eet composition. With no mathematical regression analysis but applying datamining methodology to behavior, consumption and geography variables, we have grouped French territorial units into 8 clusters with similar characteristics. The main results reveal that commuters' behavior with respect to the choice of transport mode varies substantially across clusters (rural and highly rural, urban and highly urban clusters, ...). Conversely, the structure of the French vehicle eet and French car purchases in terms of engines, tax horsepower and CO2 emissions are similar. this nding should enable state organizations to implement dierentiated public policies for environmental and industrial sectors. Alternatively, our paper should help industrial groups to better deploy their economic strategies in line with environmental concerns. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions,Datamining,Cluster,Worker mobility,Passenger cars,France |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01968001&r=all |
| By: | Julika Herzberg (Aachen university) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I study the effectiveness of privately managed FSC certified forests and public sustainability reserves distributed over the entire Brazilian Amazon from 2002-2015. The paper uses high-resolution data on forest cover derived from satellite images and organized in a grid of 1 km2 cells. Using a difference-in-differences estimator in a regression discontinuity environment, I find an increase in deforestation of an annual area of 8,057 ha in FSC forests after the certification. Public sustainability zones' impact on deforestation is also positive but declines over time. The effectiveness of both type of zones improves if they are located closer to (export) markets or existing infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | deforestation, commodity prices, sustainable forest management |
| JEL: | J43 O13 O14 Q15 Q17 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201901&r=all |
| By: | Sebastian Osorio; Robert C. Pietzcker; Michael Pahle; Ottmar Edenhofer |
| Abstract: | Germany aims to phase out coal to achieve its 2030 climate target, for which a UK-style carbon price floor is considered. But this measure comes with risks related to the uncertainty about what price level is sufficient, and the waterbed effect arising from unilateral policy under the EU-ETS. Quantifying these risks we find that to be on the “safe side” target-wise, the price must be nearly twice as high as the reference scenario price (33 €/tCO2). Further, cancelling 1.1 GtCO2 of certificates and forming coalitions with other countries is essential to reduce the risk that EU climate policy will renationalize. |
| Keywords: | EU-ETS, carbon price floor, coal phase-out, policy interaction, waterbed effect |
| JEL: | L94 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7438&r=all |
| By: | Wojciech Szewczyk (European Commission - JRC); Juan Carlos Ciscar Martinez (European Commission - JRC); Ignazio Mongelli (European Commission - JRC); Antonio Soria Ramirez (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report details the economic integration of the biophysical impact results of the JRC PESETA III project. Six impact areas have been fully integrated: labour productivity, river floods, coastal floods, energy, agriculture and human mortality due to heatwaves. A second objective of the economic task has been to explore the degree to which climate impacts cross geographical borders, the so-called spillover analysis. The global transboundary analysis has been made for the four sectors for which global impact estimates are available: labour productivity, river floods, energy, and agriculture. This document presents the methodology and main results of the economic assessment. |
| Keywords: | climate change, warming, economics, damage |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc113810&r=all |
| By: | Sushama Murty (Jawaharlal Nehru University); Resham Nagpal (Jawaharlal Nehru University) |
| Abstract: | The by-production approach is employed in conjunction with data from the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) of India to compute the output-based F¨are, Grosskopf, Lovell (FGL) eciency index and its decomposition into productive and environmental eciency indexes for the Indian coal-based thermal power plants (ITPPs). We show that given (i) the aggregated nature of data on coal reported by CEA (ii) CEA’s computation of CO2 emissions through a deterministic linear formula that does not distinguish between different coal-types and (iii) the tiny share of oil in coal-based power plants, the computed output-based environmental eciency indexes are no longer informative. Meaningful measurement of environmental eciency using CEA data is possible only along the dimension of the coal input. Productive eciency is positively associated with the engineering concept of thermodynamic/energy eciency and is also high for power plants with high operating availabilities reflecting better management and O&M practices. Both these factors are high for private and centrally-owned as opposed to state-owned power-generating companies. The example of Sipat demonstrates the importance of (ultra)supercritical technologies in increasing productive and thermodynamic eciencies of the ITPPs, while also reducing CO2 emitted per-unit of the net electricity generated.Length:40 pages |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:citdwp:18-07&r=all |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (The New School) |
| Abstract: | A 3-dimensional climate justice approach introduces to share the benefits and burden of climate change in an economically efficient, legally equitable and practically feasible way around the globe. Climate justice within a country pays tribute to low and high-income households carrying the same burden proportional to their dispensable income through consumption tax, progressive carbon taxation and a corporate inheritance tax. Climate change burden sharing between countries ensures those countries benefiting more from a warmer environment bear higher responsibility regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate justice over time is proposed by an innovative bonds climate change burden sharing strategy (Puaschunder, 2018, forthcoming). |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Climate Bonds, Climate Justice, Climate Wealth of Nations, Climate Finance, Fairness, Inheritance Tax, Intergenerational Responsibility, International Law, Mitigation, Progressive Tax |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:jpaper:06jp&r=all |
| By: | M’hamed Gaîgi; Stéphane Goutte (LED - Université Paris 8); Idris Kharroubi (CEREMADE - CEntre de REcherches en MAthématiques de la DEcision - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thomas Lim (ENSIIE - Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to determine the optimal balance between extraction and storage of a natural resource (in particular crude oil) over time under a large array of environmental, operational and financial constraints for an infinite maturity time. We consider a manager that owns an oil field from which he can extract oil and decides to sell or store it. This operational strategy has to be carried out in continuous time and has to satisfy physical, operational, environmental and financial constraints such as storage capacity, crude oil spot price volatility, amount available for possible extraction or maximum amount that could be invested at time t for the extraction choice. The costs of storage and extraction are also taken into account to better fit the real market scenario. We solve the optimization problem of the manager's profit under this large array of constraints and provide an optimal strategy. We then examine different numerical scenarios to check the robustness and the corresponding optimal strategies given by our model, which is obtained by a numerical approach, with respect to different possible events related to the market , environmental policies or ecological constraints. |
| Keywords: | Ecological,Oil Storage,Oil Extraction,Environment,Optimal Strategy,Drilling |
| Date: | 2019–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01968000&r=all |
| By: | Sophie Clot (UOR - University of Reading); Gilles Grolleau (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, CEREN - Centre de Recherche sur l'ENtreprise [Dijon] - BSB - Burgundy School of Business (BSB) - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Dijon Bourgogne (ESC)); Lisette Ibanez (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Rather than just examining moral licensing and cleansing at an aggregate level, we investigate experimentally the moral dynamics at an individual level. We also propose a formal definition of moral consistency or inconsistency (i.e., moral licensing and/or moral cleansing). We found that half our sample present inconsistent pro-environmental behaviour, independently of the way behavior is elicited (positive or negative framing). Men seem to behave more consistently over time, but when they compensate, they license (respectively cleanse) in a higher (respectively lesser) extent than women. We suggest that policies can improve their performances by avoiding a ‘one size fits all approach' and take into account this heterogeneity of moral dynamics. |
| Keywords: | moral in(consistency,licensing,cleansing,dictator game,taking game. |
| Date: | 2019–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01954925&r=all |
| By: | Mirzabaev, Alisher; Njiraini, Georgina Wambui; Gebremariam, Gebrelibanos; Jourdain, Damien; Magaia, Emílio; Julio, Felita; Mosse, Gerivásia; Mutondo, João; Mungatana, Eric |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes that transboundary water governance needs to become an essential input to sustainable governance of protected natural reserves. The paper reviews the challenges and opportunities for such governance mechanisms, and identifies the factors behind successful practices. Successful transboundary governance of water and nature requires the reduction of associated transaction costs. Firstly, water diplomacy through joint research, data collection and monitoring, capacity building, dialogues for consensus building, promoting responsible leadership and providing advisory support can help in overcoming mistrust between stakeholders and create opportunities for cooperation. Secondly, power asymmetries may hinder transboundary water governance, therefore, there is a need to involve multi-scale links across stakeholders to counter-balance local power asymmetries and engage all stakeholders in consultations and negotiations. Thirdly, transboundary water governance is critically dependent on accurate and transparent data and analysis tools for informing policy decisions. Science-policy interactions for facilitating transboundary water governance were found to be most effective when the knowledge on joint water and nature governance is co-produced in a trans-disciplinary manner, in collaboration with wide-ranging informal networks of scientists, policy makers, and civil society. Finally, transboundary water governance organizations can serve as platforms for facilitating water diplomacy, building trust and cooperation, especially when they are granted the ability to enter into binding cooperative agreements regardless of external political pressures. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubonwp:281340&r=all |
| By: | Dawud Ansari; Franziska Holz; Hasan Basri Tosun |
| Abstract: | Existing long-term energy and climate scenarios are typically a rather simple extrapolation of past trends. Both qualitative and quantitative outlooks co-exist, but they often focus narrowly on individual perspectives, which is opposed to the interlinked and complex nature of energy and climate. Therefore, this study presents a set of novel and multidisciplinary narratives that give insight into four distinct and extreme yet plausible worlds: base case ‘Business-as-usual’, worst case ‘Survival of the Fittest’, best case ‘Green Cooperation’, and surprise scenario ‘ClimateTech’. Going beyond other outlooks, our narratives focus on changes in the geopolitical landscape and global order, social perspectives on climate issues, and technological progress. These holistic scenarios are designed to overcome previous barriers by an innovative bridging between both qualitative and quantitative methods. We start with the generation of qualitative scenario storylines using techniques of foresight analysis, including a facilitated expert workshop. Then, we calibrate the numerical energy systems model Multimod to reflect the different storylines. Finally, we unite and refine storylines and numerical model results into holistic narratives. In addition to the narratives (which include quantitative results on e.g. emissions, energy consumption, and the electricity mix), the study generates insights on the key uncertainties and drivers of different pathways of (more or less successful) climate change mitigation. Additionally, a set of transparent indicators serves as an early-warning system to identify which of the paths the world might enter. Lessons learnt include the dangers from increased isolationism and the importance of integrating economic and energy-related objectives as well as the large role of public opinion and social transition. |
| Keywords: | Energy and climate, scenarios, equilibrium model, global order, geopolitics |
| JEL: | C61 C73 C78 F50 L13 Q40 Q47 Q54 Z13 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1782&r=all |
| By: | Carlos Hugo Carvalho Silva; Sheila Cavalcante Pitombeira; Marcelo Augusto Farias de Castro |
| Abstract: | O presente artigo aborda os aspectos do licenciamento ambiental para o parcelamento de solo urbano no Estado do Ceará, à luz da legislação vigente. Têm por objetivo demonstrar as fases do licenciamento ambiental para esta modalidade junto à Superintendência Estadual do Meio Ambiente (SEMACE), órgão ambiental responsável pelos licenciamentos no Estado. Através do presente estudo, se prevê o alcance de uma abordagem que facilite o entendimento das principais características para a implantação de loteamentos; competência do órgão licenciador e da concessão das licenças prévia, de instalação e operação; custos e prazos de validade e análise para a concessão das licenças, bem como os estudos ambientais exigidos. A pesquisa desenvolvida tem como público alvo os empreendedores do setor, buscando auxiliá-los num entendimento mais didático sobre os processos legais e o atendimento as condicionantes do licenciamento, bem como otimizar o tempo e os custos gastos em todo o processo. A metodologia adotada se deu através de pesquisas sobre acervo bibliográfico, leis e diretrizes em meios físicos e digitais. À luz da legislação vigente, conclui-se que o processo de licenciamento de parcelamentos de solo urbano no estado do Ceará é eficaz do ponto de vista processual, no entanto, bastante lento devido o organograma burocrático a ser seguido pelos requerentes, o que determina uma enorme perca de tempo e agilidade na confirmação e aprovação dos projetos, reverberando diretamente nos custos finais do empreendimento. Portanto, este estudo se confere, para além da gestão espacial e ambiental, num importante instrumento de auxílio para maior eficiência administrativa e financeira. O meio ambiente, pensado de forma ecologicamente equilibrada, socialmente justa e economicamente viável, prospera todas as principais premissas conceituadas por um desenvolvimento sustentável eficiente. |
| Keywords: | environmental legislation; legislação ambiental; loteamento urbano; parcelamento de solo urbano; sustainability; Sustentabilidade; Urban Development; urban land installment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2018–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lre:wpaper:lares_2018_paper_82-silva-pitombeira-castro&r=all |
| By: | Jonathan I. Dingel; Kyle C. Meng; Solomon M. Hsiang |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that greater global spatial correlation of productivities can increase cross-country welfare dispersion by increasing the correlation between a country’s productivity and its gains from trade. We causally validate this general-equilibrium prediction using a global climatic phenomenon as a natural experiment. We find that gains from trade in cereals over the last half-century were larger for more productive countries and smaller for less productive countries when cereal productivity was more spatially correlated. Incorporating this general-equilibrium effect into a projection of climate-change impacts raises projected international inequality, with higher welfare losses across most of Africa. |
| JEL: | F11 F14 F18 O13 Q17 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25447&r=all |
| By: | Paul Malliet (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | La fiscalité des carburants ne peut expliquer à elle seule le mouvement social des gilets jaunes. Mais elle a fédéré le ressentiment d’une partie de la population française sur la question du pouvoir d’achat et a finalement conduit le gouvernement à renoncer à la hausse programmée de la composante carbone de la taxe intérieure sur la consommation sur les produits énergétiques (Contribution climat énergie, CCE) tout comme le rattrapage de la fiscalité du diesel sur celle de l’essence pour l’année 2019 |
| Keywords: | Changement climatique; Environnement; C02; Gaz à effet de serre; Fiscalité écologique; Taxe carbone |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/1uns34715k8e7rud3v5sn9dgfr&r=all |
| By: | Sushama Murty (Jawaharlal Nehru University); Resham Nagpal (Jawaharlal Nehru University) |
| Abstract: | In contrast to conventional output-based efficiency indexes that hold input-levels fixed, a graph index of efficiency-improvements (EIs) is derived for a by-production technology by optimizing a weighted average of EIs in input and good and bad output-directions. Trade-offs, which determine optimal-EIs, arise between EIs in good and bad outputs when inefficiencies are removed in emission-causing input-directions. The optimal configurations of EIs for Indian coal-based thermal power plants depend on weights assigned and are correlated with output-based productive-efficiency (OBPE). EIs for plants with high OBPE is limited. With equal weights assigned to EIs in both outputs, optima of plants with moderate OBPE involve greatest EIs in coal-usage and CO2-generation, with no electricity-expansion, while most plants with low OBPE need focus only on electricity expansion with existing coal-usage. With increasing weight on CO2-reduction, EIs in coal-usage and emission-generation at existing electricity-levels become optimal for increasingly more plants, EIs being greatest for lowest-OBPE plants.Length:52 pages |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:citdwp:18-08&r=all |
| By: | Narvarte, Alejandra; Zanfrillo, Alicia Inés; Artola, María Antonia |
| Abstract: | Tendencias globales como la sostenibilidad de las prácticas organizativas, adhesión a estándares internacionales y reducción de residuos se perciben en las exigencias de la sociedad a través de la presión legislativa y la demanda de transparencia informativa sobre acciones responsables con el medio ambiente y en concordancia con los intereses de sus grupos de interés. Conscientes de la importancia de disminuir el impacto de las actividades sobre el ambiente y competir en un entorno globalizado que exige protocolos de sostenibilidad, las organizaciones de nuestro país han comenzado a realizar el inventario de los gases de efecto invernadero cuantificando las fuentes de emisión para el desarrollo del ciclo de vida de los bienes junto con los recursos naturales y energéticos empleados para ello. El propósito de nuestro trabajo consiste en determinar los efectos ambientales de la adopción de la modalidad a distancia en las carreras de grado de una universidad de gestión pública argentina a efectos de comprobar la reducción que se realiza sobre la emisión de los gases efecto invernadero -GEI- y la disminución de los costos de transporte correspondiente a los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran un ahorro significativo en los efectos indirectos de los GEI, como la movilidad de los estudiantes y en los costos del transporte mientras que para los efectos directos los ahorros se concentran en la disminución del consumo energético de luminarias y equipamiento informático. |
| Keywords: | Huella de Carbono; Costos; Medio Ambiente; Educación Superior; Educación a Distancia; Responsabilidad Social; |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3019&r=all |
| By: | Jacopo Bonan (Politecnico di Milano, EIEE and LdA); Cristina Cattaneo (EIEE, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici and FEEM); Giovanna d'Adda (University of Milan); Massimo Tavoni (Politecnico di Milano, EIEE and CMCC) |
| Abstract: | Social information programs are increasingly used to nudge behavioral change, but still relatively little is known about sources of heterogeneity in their impact. This paper examines whether individual values are associated with heterogeneous responses to social information. Using data from a large field experiment of household energy conservation, we combine electricity metering and survey data to study how environmental values affect the impact of the program. We then leverage the role of values by augmenting social information messages with an environmental self-identity prime. Results show that values are important drivers of heterogeneity. Moreover, enhancing social information by making environmental self-identity more salient boosts the social information impact, but only among individuals who acted pro-environmentally in the past. |
| Keywords: | Energy consumption, Environmental identity, Social norms, RCT |
| JEL: | D91 Q49 |
| Date: | 2019–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:443&r=all |
| By: | Nathalie Lazaric (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | La région SUD PACA est caractérisée par une forte croissance démographique, tant au niveau des aglomérations qu'au niveau des zones rurales. Il en découle des tensions importantes sur l'appprovisionnement énergétique, amplifiées, d'une part, par une fragilité du système électrique et, d'autre part, par la forte consommation locale et le développement rapide de l'urbanisation. La région est, par conséquent, en dépendance énergétique. En effet, si la consommation de la région SUD PACA représente 8 % de la consommation nationale, sa production énergétique primaire représente 1 % de la production nationale, ce qui permet de couvrir seulement 10 % de sa consommation effective. Cette situation est souvent jugée critique et accentue les tensions sur l'approvisionnement électrique, la région, et plus précisément les Alpes-Maritimes, étant par ailleurs en situation de péninsule électrique car située en « bout de réseau ». Au niveau des principaux postes de consommation (cf. Figure 1), le secteur industriel (33 % au niveau local contre 19 % au niveau national) est prédominant du fait de la présence de grandes infrastructures, telles que l'Etang de Berre, qui contribue à accroître fortement la consommation énergétique. Figure 1 : Consommation d'énergie finale par secteur d'activité (Source : ORECA) Consommation régionale Consommation nationale Par ailleurs, le secteur des transports (35 %) est le principal consommateur d'énergie et représente le principal poste d'émissions des gaz à effet de serre. Le transport routier est, en 2016, responsable de plus de 52 % des émissions d'oxydes d'azote NOx et de 32 % de celles de particules fines PM2.5. Le principal émetteur des particules fines est le secteur de l'habitat et du tertiaire (36 %). Au niveau de la consommation énergétique de l'habitat et du tertiaire, le chauffage représente 75 % de la consommation. Ce poids très important du chauffage est une caractéristique régionale liée à la faible performance énergétique locale et la surreprésentation des chauffages électriques. La vétusté de l'équipement énergétique (équipement en double vitrage insuffisant dans les bâtiments collectifs, et réhabilitations thermiques très en retard par rapport au niveau national), conjuguée à un taux de pauvreté élevé dans la région, conduisent à une précarité énergétique qui devrait être une priorité en matière de politique publique locale pour les partenaires publics et privés. En 2012, 16,9 % des ménages vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. La région SUD PACA est la troisième région touchée par la pauvreté, derrière la Corse et le Nord-Pas |
| Date: | 2018–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01944584&r=all |
| By: | Muñoz, Agustina; Lupín, Beatriz; Bertoni, Marcela |
| Abstract: | Cada acto particular de consumo, repercute sobre el medio ambiente. Por ende, la reiteración descuidada de acciones de consumo incrementa notablemente los impactos sobre el entorno, afectando tanto a la población actual como a las generaciones futuras. Así, se torna relevante la figura del "consumidor responsable". Siguiendo los ejes conceptuales "conocimiento", "elecciones" y "hábitos", el objetivo del trabajo es caracterizar a aquellos consumidores comprometidos con el medio ambiente. Las preguntas de investigación son: ¿Cómo es el comportamiento de consumo de los residentes de Mar del Plata?, ¿Qué características particulares presentan los consumidores responsables? |
| Keywords: | Comportamiento del Consumidor; Responsabilidad; Medio Ambiente; Análisis Multivariado; |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:2996&r=all |
| By: | Vu, Tien Manh |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of concurrent weather, corresponding to test sites as well as three-year consolidated weather conditions at high school time, on the math test scores of census examinees participating in the Vietnamese national entrance examinations to universities and colleges on July 4 and 15, 2009. Using individual first difference, I find that the maximum temperature of the day, 30 to 32°C (86-89.6°F), which is slightly below the usual average in all July between the years 1950-2009, benefitted examinees most. My analysis demonstrates that female testers were more vulnerable to harsh temperature and extreme weather but also more physically adaptive to temperature than males. Extreme weather occurring at the high school, especially during the school calendar, has a negative effect on the test scores. |
| Keywords: | Temperature, Extreme weather, Test score, Human capital, Gender, Drought, Vietnam, I25, J24, J16, I15, O15, Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:00000150&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Transport - Roads & Highways Transport - Transport and Trade Logistics Transport - Railways Transport Transport - Ports and Waterways Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:30912&r=all |
| By: | Zakaria Babutsidze (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques); Lionel Nesta (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | À l'heure où la grogne monte, où les promesses de manifestation se multiplient, force est de constater qu'au-delà des solutions technologiques attendues et des politiques de soutien à l'innovation verte, la préservation de notre environnement passera forcément par une modification de nos habitudes les plus profondément ancrées. Ce Policy Brief présente les résultats d’une étude sur la connaissance des Français du changement climatique, sur leurs valeurs et les comportements adoptés comme réponses à celui-ci. Les résultats dressent le profil d’une nation inquiète au sujet du changement climatique, mais encore trop peu mobilisée. Le sentiment d’efficacité de nos actions est faible et l’idée est très répandue que la responsabilité d’agir face au changement climatique incombe aux autres (aux entreprises, aux gouvernements et à la communauté internationale) plutôt qu’aux individus eux-mêmes. Ces résultats laissent entrevoir des défis réels mais surmontables pour mobiliser les Français dans une révision durable de leurs comportements. Nous proposons trois recommandations qui devraient accompagner ce défi : ■ Premièrement, pour favoriser la prise de conscience de chacun, toute action de communication doit apparaître comme locale et concrète. Aussi, l’élaboration d’un plan d’action national pour une communication sur le changement climatique, toute campagne de publicité, aussi ambitieuse soit-elle, doit nécessairement se décliner aux spécificités locales. Une approche globale, uniforme et indifférenciée nous semble vouée à l’échec ; ■ Deuxièmement, il faut mettre en place un observatoire de la perception du changement climatique. Cet observatoire doit avoir pour objectif l’élaboration de plans de lutte contre les obstacles à l’innovation comportementale individuelle. Nous recommandons d’exploiter les événements climatiques extrêmes à des fins d’information, ceux-ci ayant un très fort impact sur la volonté des individus de réagir face à ce changement ; ■ Troisièmement, la réduction de l’écart entre la perception des risques et les comportements vertueux doit se baser sur l’action individuelle, et donc sur la responsabilisation de tout-un-chacun. Toutefois, la responsabilisation individuelle doit être appuyée par des propositions concrètes sur les comportements vertueux à suivre dont la publicité doit être assurée par la puissance publique. |
| Keywords: | Changement climatique; Perception du changement climatique; Comportement; France |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/6jo51jgolr9j0r9k3aptgam5gg&r=all |
| By: | Anjara Lalaina Jocelyn Rakotoarisoa (Unives informatique) |
| Date: | 2018–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01957036&r=all |
| By: | Vellini, Nicolás Andrés; Rodríguez, Elsa Mirta M.; Lupín, Beatriz |
| Abstract: | Desde hace unos años, ha crecido la preocupación de los consumidores por seguir una dieta sana y equilibrada y adoptar hábitos saludables, exigiendo inocuidad y mayor transparencia en la cadena agroalimentaria. En tal sentido, los sellos son atributos extrínsecos que brindan señales a los consumidores, informándoles acerca de la calidad de los alimentos y de los controles a los que fueron sometidos. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar las percepciones de los consumidores de Mar del Plata con relación a un sello de calidad que diferencie a las verduras frescas producidas con bajo impacto ambiental. |
| Keywords: | Percepción del Consumidor; Alimentos Frescos; Hortalizas; Productos Agroquímicos; |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3024&r=all |
| By: | Véronique Thireau (CHROME - Détection, évaluation, gestion des risques CHROniques et éMErgents (CHROME) / Université de Nîmes - UNIMES - Université de Nîmes) |
| Date: | 2018–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01962274&r=all |
| By: | Briggethe Tatiana Castellanos Torres |
| Date: | 2018–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000139:017073&r=all |