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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Osorio, Sebastian; Pietzcker, Robert Carl; Pahle, Michael; Edenhofer, Ottmar |
| Abstract: | Germany has an ambitious climate target for 2030 that cannot be achieved without reducing the high share of coal in power generation. In the face of this, the country has set up a commission to phase out coal. A UK-style carbon price floor is one of the options being considered. Yet implementing such a policy comes with important risks related to the following two aspects: (1) the price level necessary to reduce emissions to reach the 2030 climate target; and (2) the waterbed effect that arises from such a policy under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) cap. In this paper, we quantify these risks using the numerical electricity market model LIMES-EU, and consider their implications as well as different options for dealing with them. Our results show that under baseline assumptions a carbon price floor of around 33 €/tCO2 would be sufficient to reach the 2030 target. Under unfavourable conditions, an appropriate price floor may be nearly twice as high (57 €/tCO2). The waterbed effect and related risks for the EU ETS could be reduced substantially in the mid-term (2030) through the recently introduced cancellation of allowances through the Market Stability Reserve (MSR), or through a larger coalition of countries. Germany could even fully alleviate the waterbed effect by cancelling 1.1 GtCO2 of certificates. In the long-term (until 2050), emission reductions leading up to 2030 would be almost completely (91%) offset at the EU level. Accordingly, it is essential that the national price initiates a policy sequence that leads to the EU level. |
| Keywords: | EU ETS,carbon price floor,carbon price,coal phase-out,interaction,waterbed effect |
| JEL: | L94 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:190771&r=all |
| By: | Buchholz, Matthias; Peth, Denise; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Pesticides are one of the most important inputs in modern agriculture. However, intensive use of pesticides is also related to adverse effects on the environment and human health. While implementation of pesticide taxes with the intent to reduce pesticide applications has been widely discussed, green nudges are considered as innovative policy tools to foster environmental friendly behaviour. To date, little is known about the effects of these policy tools at the farm level. With this in mind, we use a business management game to investigate how a pesticide tax and a green nudge affect crop, tillage and pesticide decisions for a "virtual" farm. Results from a sample of German agricultural students reveal that both policies are able to reduce the amount of pesticides applied. However, implementation of the pesticide tax also involves a substantial profit loss. Unlike in the green nudge treatment, participants under pesticide tax adjust their cropping and tillage strategies which could involve unintended ecological effects. |
| Keywords: | pesticide policies,pesticide tax,green nudge,policy impact analysis,business management game |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:daredp:1813&r=all |
| By: | Gavard, Claire; Voigt, Sebastian; Genty, Aurélien |
| Abstract: | While emissions trading schemes are developed by nations to mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions, behavioural studies have shown that the political and public acceptability of these market-based instruments depends on the way the associated revenues are used. One option the general public approves of is to use them to support renewable energy. If this consists in reducing a pre-existing electricity levy that heterogeneously applies to the various sectors of the economy, the reduction of this distortionary tax thanks to the carbon revenues results in general equilibrium effects that may have unequal sectoral impacts. This is what we examine in the case of the European Union. With a modelling approach including a detailed disaggregation of European sectors, we find that using auction revenues from the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) to support electricity generation from renewable sources results in a 2% rise in electricity demand in the whole economy due to the reduced electricity levy that electricity consumers have to pay to support renewable energy. This results in a 1.8% ETS carbon price increase. The carbon constraint for the non-ETS sectors is 5.9% looser as a consequence of the larger electricity use by these sectors. While the energy intensive sectors generally benefit from electricity levy exemptions, we observe that, due to the energy and ETS price increase, the combination of these exemptions and of the use of carbon auction revenues to support renewable energy makes the ETS sectors worse off than if carbon revenues are transferred to households. In aggregate, the recycling option analysed here results in a GDP gain due to its impacts on the non-ETS sectors, the reduction of the electricity levy and associated distortionary effects. |
| Keywords: | carbon auctions,renewable energy support,electricity levy,emissions trading scheme,revenues recycling |
| JEL: | C68 E62 H21 H23 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:18058&r=all |
| By: | Christopher Costello (Bren School of Environmental Science and Management - University of California [Santa Barbara]); Bruno Nkuiya (University of Alberta); Nicolas Quérou (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | How will countries harvesting mobile natural resources react to the possibility of regime shift? We address the non-cooperative exploitation of a migratory renewable resource in the presence of possible regime shift that affects its movement. Motivated by the anticipated effects of climate change, we model a regime shift that will alter the spatial movement patterns of the resource at some point in the future. We develop a stochastic spatial bioeconomic model to address the effects of this class of regime shift on non-cooperative harvest decisions made by decentralized owners such as countries exploiting a migratory fish or other natural resource stock. We find that the threat of a future shift modies the standard golden rule and may induce more aggressive harvest everywhere, irrespective of whether the owner will be advantaged or disadvantaged by the shift. We also identify conditions under which the threat of regime shift induces owners to reduce harvest rates in advance of the shift. Our analysis suggests that different property rights structures (single ownership vs common property) or heterogeneous growth can give rise to previously unexplored incentives and can even reverse conventional wisdom about how countries will react to the prospect of future environmental change |
| Keywords: | property rights,renewable resources,spatial management,Regime shift,property rights JEL Classification Codes: C73,H23,H73,Q22 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01952491&r=all |
| By: | Geoffrey Barrows (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, X - École polytechnique); Hélène Ollivier (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | With asymmetric climate policies, regulation in one country can be undercut by missions growth in another. Previous research finds evidence that regulation erodes the competitiveness of domestic firms and leads to higher imports, but increased imports need not imply increased emissions if domestic sales are jointly determined with export sales or if emission intensity of manufacturing adjusts endogenously to foreign demand. In this paper, we estimate for the first time how production and emissions of manufacturing firms in one country respond to foreign demand shocks in trading partner markets. Using a panel of large Indian manufacturers and an instrumental variable strategy, we find that foreign demand growth leads to higher exports, domestic sales, production, and CO2 emissions, and slightly lower emission intensity. The results imply that a representative exporter facing the average observed foreign demand growth over the period 1995-2011 would have increased CO2 emissions by 1.39% annually as a result of foreign demand growth, which translates into 6.69% total increase in CO2 emissions from Indian manufacturing over the period. Breaking down emission intensity reduction into component channels, we find some evidence of product-mix effects, but fail to reject the null of no change in technology. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that environmental regulation that doubles energy prices world-wide (except in India) would only increase CO2 emissions from India by 1.5%. Thus, while leakage fears are legitimate, the magnitude appears fairly small in the context of India. |
| Keywords: | leakage,trade and environment,product mix,technological change |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-01945848&r=all |
| By: | Nepal, Rabindra (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); al Irsyad, M. Indra (University of Queensland, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences); Nepal, Sanjay Kumar (University of Waterloo, Department of Geography and Environmental Management (Environment) School of Earth and Environmental Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable tourism management policies should aim at maximising economic benefits from tourist arrivals while minimizing associated adverse impacts on the environment. This study assesses the short-run and long-run relationships between tourist arrivals, per capita economic output, emissions, energy consumption and capital formation, citing Nepal as a specific case study. We developed four hypotheses and tested them using time-series econometrics based on the autoregressive distributed lag model and Granger causality tests. The results provide strong evidence of an economy driven tourism sector where expansion in economic output leads to expansion in tourist arrivals. More tourist arrivals, in turn, generate positive impacts on gross capital formation. Energy consumption negatively affects tourist arrivals, calling for increased attention towards improving energy efficiency and energy diversity. We conclude that national policies to increase tourist arrivals should be integrated with national energy and environmental policies in order to facilitate the transition towards a sustainable tourism sector. |
| Keywords: | sustainable tourism; autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL); Granger causality; energy consumption; climate change |
| JEL: | C32 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tas:wpaper:28894&r=all |
| By: | Claudio Morana (Università di Milano Bicocca and CeRP-Collegio Carlo Alberto); Giacomo Sbrana (NEOMA Business School) |
| Abstract: | Concurrent with the rapid development of the market for catastrophe (cat) bonds, a steady decline in their risk premia has been observed. Whether the latter trend is consistent with the evolution of natural disasters risk is an open question. Indeed, a large share of outstanding risk capital in the cat bonds market appears to be exposed to some climate change-related risk as, for instance, hurricane risk, which global warming is expected to enhance. This paper addresses the above issue by assessing the global warming evidence, its implications for the natural environment and the drivers of cat bonds risk premia. We find that radiative forcing, i.e. the net insolation absorbed by the Earth, drives the warming trend in temperature anomalies and the trend evolution of natural phenomena, such as ENSO and Atlantic hurricanes, enhancing their disruptive effects. Hence, in the light of the ongoing contributions of human activity to radiative forcing, i.e., greenhouse gases emissions, natural disasters risk appears to be on a raising trend. Yet, the latter does not appear to have been accurately priced in the cat bonds market so far. In fact, while we find that the falling trend in cat bonds multiples is accounted by the expansionary monetary stance pursued by the Fed, we do also find evidence of significant undervaluation of natural disasters risk. |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crp:wpaper:175&r=all |
| By: | Hannesson, Rögnvaldur (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Production of a renewable substitute to fossil fuels is modeled as causing the cost of this backstop technology to fall over time in proportion to the scale of the substitute production and how long it has been in use. The unit cost of resource extraction is assumed to rise as the stock is depleted, so learning by doing will increase the reserves permanently left in the ground. The green paradox can nevertheless be present, in the sense that the resource extraction path can initially lie above what it would be in the absence of a parallel production of renewable energy. In a monopolistic market, the resource monopolist’s optimal price path is two-phased, even with inelastic demand. In the limit-pricing phase, the price is falling, due to the progressive learning by doing effect, and the extraction path is rising. |
| Keywords: | Green Paradox; carbon dioxide emission; fossil fuels |
| JEL: | Q00 Q31 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2018_017&r=all |
| By: | Francesco Vona (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques); Giovanni Marin (University of Urbino); Davide Consoli (Institute of Innovation and Knowledge Management) |
| Abstract: | Addressing grand environmental challenges (e.g. climate change) entails adapting the skill base and, thus, the composition of the workforce. Recent interventions both in the form of environmental regulation or of subsidies – i.e. the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 and its green component which accounts approximately for 15% of the overall fiscal stimulus – revived the debate on whether environmental policies create or destroy employment. However, existing empirical evidence on green employment is limited in terms of timespan and scope due to data constraints. In a recent study (Vona et al., 2018), we tackle this gap by elaborating a novel approach to measure green employment in US local labour markets. Using the task approach to approximate the time a worker spends in green activities (Acemoglu and Autor, 2011), allows us to provide a nuanced picture of how green employment has evolved in the turbulent period between 2006 and 2014 as well as a suggestive estimation of the effect of “becoming greener” for local labour markets. [First paragraph] |
| Keywords: | Green activities; Green employment; Us labor market |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2pg08rkh9c8ridrhppjibvb5&r=all |
| By: | Rokpelnis, Karlis; Ho, Peter; Cheng, Gong; Zhao, Heng |
| Abstract: | Commodification of Traditional Knowledge (TK) has been posited as a possible, although contested, alternative for the conservation of indigenous resources. Here we examine the case of the Chinese Naxi minority, with particular reference to the practice of sacred “Dongba” papermaking. The commodification of TK is a complex process with many pitfalls and trade-offs between the environment, economy, and social empowerment. In the process of commodification, consumers have arisen as an important force in environmental politics. To date, little is known about the way domestic tourists, the main consumer base of indigenous products, perceive Dongba paper. In this context, we examined their knowledge of Naxi culture, their willingness to pay for sustainably produced paper, and their perceptions of the product’s authenticity. This socio-economic study is based on a survey (n = 415) in rural Southwest China. We found a significant potential to market Dongba paper as a sustainable indigenous product. Although knowledge about Naxi culture was circumscribed (3% could identify the plant used for papermaking), the majority of respondents (55%) was willing to pay for TK protection. Respondents also preferred third-party labelling. We posit that TK products could be seen as credence goods, necessitating certification to ensure product authenticity and establish consumer trust. Markedly, the survey also found that attitudes as to who should provide third-party assurance are contradictory. The Chinese government was preferred as the strongest assurance of genuineness, but paradoxically, commanded the least trust in its ability to manage and fund the conservation of TK. |
| Keywords: | indigenous knowledge; forest products; China; Naxi minority; native and aboriginal peoples; certification; commodification; ethnic tourism |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2018–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:91498&r=all |
| By: | Halkos, George; Zisiadou, Argyro |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the paper is to present the occurrence and fatalities of the technological and complex environmental hazards and draw an initial picture of concentration if there is any. For that reason, aggregate regional tables are used as well as map visualizations created in R- studio. As it is shown, there appears to be a space concentration on the natural environmental hazards that need to be deeply examined with the use of advanced econometric techniques. |
| Keywords: | Risk; technological - environmental hazards; disaster; economic damage |
| JEL: | C6 C63 D62 H12 I31 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90503&r=all |
| By: | Sushama Murty (Jawaharlal Nehru University); R. Robert Russell (University of California, Riverside) |
| Abstract: | This draft chapter, prepared for inclusion in the (prospective) Handbook of Production Economics, Vol. 1 (Theory), edited by Subash Ray, Robert Chambers, and Subal Kumbhakar, analyses recent developments in the modeling of pollution-generating technologies. We first lay out the inadequacies of the traditional, single-equation representations of models of such technologies prominently associated with the classic 1975 (and 1988) book by William J. Baumol and Wallace E.Oates on The Theory of Environmental Policy. In particular, these models lack the “degrees of freedom” needed to capture the complex array of trade-offs that are integral to the production of unintended as well as intended outputs using emission-generating inputs. We reprise the insight, articulated in the classic 1965 book by Ragner Frisch on the Theory of Production, that the representation of specific technologies may require the use of multiple functional restrictions. The relevance of this insight for modeling pollution-generating technologies was first highlighted in 1972 and 1998 papers by Finn Førsund. We show that the use of a particular set of functional restrictions, a phenomenon referred to as by-production in our 2012 paper with Steven Levkoff, facilitates the modeling of pollution-generating technologies. In particular, a by-production technology is obtained as the intersection of an intended-output sub-technology and an unintendedoutput sub-technology. We illustrate these principles by sketching a model of coal-fired electrical-power generation and demonstrate the use of the model for the measurement of both output-based and graph-based technical efficiency.Length:58 pages |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:citdwp:17-06&r=all |
| By: | Carl Gaigné (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Lota-D Tamini (CREATE - CREATE) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we theoretically and empirically study the impact of environmental taxation on trade in environmental goods (EGs). Using a trade model in which the demand for and supply of EGs are endogenous, we show that the relationship between environmental taxation and demand for EGs follows a bell-shaped curve. Above a cutoff tax rate, a higher pollution tax rate can reduce the bilateral trade of EGs because there are too many low-productivity suppliers of EGs. Our empirical results confirm our main findings using data regarding the EU-27 countries. We also theoretically and empirically show that environmental taxation has a monotonically positive impact on the extensive margin of trade. Furthermore, we show that if countries apply an environmental tax rate equals to the "optimal" tax rate, 4.03% (e.g., the tax rate maximizing international trade of EGs), then trade in EGs would experience an increase of 22 percentage points. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, nous étudions théoriquement et empiriquement l'impact de la taxation environnementale sur le commerce international des biens environnementaux (EG). A partir d'un modèle d'économie internationale dans lequel la demande et l'offre d'EG sont endogènes, nous montrons que la relation entre la fiscalité environnementale et la demande d'EG suit une courbe en forme de cloche. Au-dessus d'un seuil de taux d'imposition, un accroissement de la fiscalité environnementale peut réduire les importations d'EG, en raison de l'entrée de nouveaux fournisseurs d'EG à faible productivité favorisant l'accroissement des prix. Nos résultats empiriques confirment nos principales conclusions en utilisant des données des pays de l'UE-27. Nous montrons également théoriquement et empiriquement que la fiscalité environnementale a un impact positif sur le nombre de pays en mesure d'exporter des biens EG. En outre, nous montrons que si les pays appliquaient une taxe environnementale égale à la taxe "optimale", à savoir 4, 03% (par exemple, le taux qui maximisent le commerce international des biens EG), le commerce des biens EG augmenterait de 22 points de pourcentage. |
| Keywords: | technologie propre,taxation environnementale,international trade,environmental good,environmental taxation,bien environnemental,commerce international |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01941269&r=all |
| By: | Camille Dezécache (ECOFOG - Ecologie des forêts de Guyane - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - UG - Université de Guyane - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Bruno Hérault (CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INP-HB - Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny de Yamoussoukro) |
| Abstract: | Background: REDD+ is being questioned by the particular status of High Forest/Low Deforestation countries. Indeed, the formulation of reference levels is made difficult by the confrontation of low historical deforestation records with the forest transition theory on the one hand. On the other hand, those countries might formulate incred‑ibly high deforestation scenarios to ensure large payments even in case of inaction. Results: Using a wide range of scenarios within the Guiana Shield, from methods involving basic assumptions made from past deforestation, to explicit modelling of deforestation using relevant socio‑economic variables at the regional scale, we show that the most common methodologies predict huge increases in deforestation, unlikely to happen given the existing socio‑economic situation. More importantly, it is unlikely that funds provided under most of these scenarios could compensate for the total cost of avoided deforestation in the region, including social and economic costs. Conclusion: This study suggests that a useful and efficient international mechanism should really focus on removing the underlying political and socio‑economic forces of deforestation rather than on hypothetical result‑based pay‑ments estimated from very questionable reference levels. |
| Keywords: | Baseline,Reference level,Spatial modelling,REDD+,Guiana Shield,HFLD countries,Deforestation |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01952492&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Le Coent (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Raphaële Preget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the role played by social norms in farmers' decisions to enroll into an agri-environmental scheme (AES). First, it develops a simple theoretical model highlighting the interplay of descriptive and injunctive norms in farmers' utility functions. Second, an empirical valuation of the effect of social norms is provided based on the results of a stated preference survey conducted with 98 wine-growers in the South of France. Proxies are proposed to capture and measure the weight of social norms in farmers' decision to sign an agri-environmental contract. Our empirical results indicate that the injunctive norm seems to play a stronger role than the descriptive norm. |
| Keywords: | agri-environmental contracts,behaviour,social norms |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01936004&r=all |
| By: | Kim, Dokyung; Kim, Seongcheol |
| Abstract: | This study focused on the environmental sustainability of the mobile communications industry (MCI). Environmental sustainability in MCI can affect not only corporates in the sector but also other industries by providing solutions to cope with environmental issues. Despite the significance of environmental sustainability in MCI, there has been lack of attention from prior researchers. This study investigated the environmental issues in MCI within the integrated and holistic approach to corporate sustainable management (CSM). In addition, the environmental management (EM) of mobile network operators (MNOs) was analyzed into the framework of the institutional theory. To investigate the environmental management (EM) of mobile network operators (MNOs), we carried out a case study on three Korean mobile communications companies (SK Telecom, KT, and LG Uplus). The result of this study showed that, in terms of environmental issues, economic and environmental issues were mostly found in the MCI, and the mobile communications firms have actively coped with the issues. The MNOs' EM was relatively active, and it was confirmed that regulatory, mimetic and normative mechanisms were working simultaneously. The results of this study would provide some meaningful implications for practitioners as well as policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Corporate sustainable management,Environmental sustainability,Environmental management,Environmental issues,Institutional theory,Mobile communications industry,Mobile network operators |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb18:190410&r=all |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet; Folmer, Henk |
| Abstract: | We have two objectives in this special issue. First, we bring together in one place, original research that sheds light on the ways in which the notion of “space” affects the conceptualization of natural resource and environmental problems. Second, given this conceptualization, we show how rigorous modeling of natural resource and environmental problems that explicitly accounts for space overcomes some of the shortcomings of non-spatial analysis. Following this introductory paper, there are six additional papers in this issue. Each of these papers discusses a particular research question at the interface of what we call “space and the environment.” |
| Keywords: | Biased and Inconsistent Estimators, Environment, Modeling, Natural Resources, Space, Welfare |
| JEL: | Q50 R11 |
| Date: | 2018–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90526&r=all |
| By: | Hannesson, Rögnvaldur (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The relationship between CO2 intensity and GDP per capita is studied. Most rich countries show falling CO2 intensity over time and a negative correlation with GDP per capita. Many poor and medium rich countries show the opposite, a positive time trend and a positive correlation with GDP per capita. For the majority of countries with a negative correlation between CO2 intensity and GDP per capita a non-linear function fits the data better than a linear one, implying that CO2 intensity falls at a diminishing rate as countries get richer. Hence, economic growth will not by itself go very far in reconciling economic growth and reductions in CO2 emissions. There are indications that poor and medium rich countries experience a boost in CO2 intensity as they embark on industrialization. This will also make it harder to reconcile economic growth and cuts in CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | Carbon dioxide; economic growth; CO2 intensity |
| JEL: | O44 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2018_016&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Clootens (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - Ecole Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LEO - Laboratoire d'économie d'Orleans - UO - Université d'Orléans - Université de Tours - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Djamel Kirat (LEO - Laboratoire d'économie d'Orleans - UO - Université d'Orléans - Université de Tours - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the behavior of cross-country growth rates with respect to resource abundance and dependence. We reject the linear model that is commonly-used in growth regressions in favor of a multiple-regime alternative. Using a formal sample-splitting method, we find that countries exhibit different behaviors with respect to natural resources depending on their initial level of development. In high-income countries, natural resources play only a minor role in explaining the differences in national growth rates. On the contrary, in low-income countries abundance seems to be a blessing but dependence restricts growth. |
| Keywords: | non-renewable resources,growth,resource curse,threshold regressions |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01944214&r=all |
| By: | Timothy N. Cason; Frans P. de Vries |
| Abstract: | This study employs a laboratory experiment to assess the performance of tradable permit markets on dynamic efficiency arising from cost-reducing investment. The permit allocation rule is the main treatment variable, with permits being fully auctioned or grandfathered. The experimental results show significant investment under both allocation rules in the presence of ex ante uncertainty over the actual investment outcome. However, auctioning permits generally provides stronger incentives to invest in R&D, leading to greater dynamic efficiency compared to grandfathering. |
| Keywords: | Pollution permits; Allowance auction; Grandfathering; Investment incentives; Stochastic R&D; Laboratory experiments |
| JEL: | C91 D80 O31 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pur:prukra:1313&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Querou (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | We consider a setting where agents are subject to two types of collective action problems, any group user's individual extraction inducing an externality on others in the same group (intra-group problem), while aggregate extraction in one group induces an externality on each agent in other groups (intergroup problem). One illustrative example of such a setting corresponds to a case where a common-pool resource is jointly extracted in local areas, which are managed by separate groups of individuals extracting the resource in their respective location. The interplay between both types of externality is shown to affect the results obtained in classical models of common-pool resources. We show how the fundamentals affect the individual strategies and welfare compared to the benchmark commons problems. Finally, different initiatives (local cooperation, inter-area agreements) are analyzed to assess whether they may alleviate the problems, and to understand the conditions under which they do so. |
| Keywords: | externalities,common-pool resource,collective action |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01936007&r=all |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice A; Odhiambo, Nicholas M |
| Abstract: | This study examines if enhancing ICT reduces inequality in 48 countries in Africa for the period2004-2014. Three inequality indictors are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson indexand Palma ratio. The adopted ICT indicators include: mobile phone penetration, internetpenetration and fixed broadband subscriptions. The empirical evidence is based on theGeneralised Method of Moments. Enhancing internet penetration and fixed broadbandsubscriptions have a net effect on reducing the Gini coefficient and the Atkinson index, whereasincreasing mobile phone penetration and internet penetration reduces the Palma ratio. Policyimplications are discussed in the light of challenges to Sustainable Development Goals. |
| Keywords: | ICT; Inclusive development; Africa; Sustainable development |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:25167&r=all |
| By: | Kumar Sunil; Garg, Amit; Tripathi, Girish Chandra |
| Abstract: | Local air pollution is a major concern in almost all Indian cities. High vehicular tailpipe emission is one of the primary reasons behind it. Fast adoption of electric vehicles may provide relief for air quality in these rapidly urbanizing Indian cities. The adoption rate of electric vehicles, however, depends on many factors, Total cost of Ownership (TCO) of vehicles, charging infrastructure, and range dilemma being the most prominent. This paper analyzes one of these factors and calculates the TCOs of existing IC engine public buses and compare it with the same capacity electric buses. The study also calculates co-benefits of electric bus separately to analyze the impact of diesel buses on society and environment and compares this with those of Electric buses. A Sensitivity analysis for TCO is performed to identify the factors which have the highest impact on the TCO of an electric bus. Scenario analysis is also done to verify our assumptions in various scenarios. The result of the study shows that TCO of an electric bus is lesser than a comparable diesel bus in present Indian scenario for the city of Navi Mumbai but at the same time, sensitivity analysis shows that it is mainly due to the various incentives offered by Central and State governments. Sensitivity analysis also identifies the most influential input variables for the TCO of an electric bus as Initial Bus Price, Government Incentive and Electricity Cost. Scenario analysis results show that if we remove Government incentives on the initial cost of the vehicle, the picture reverses. |
| Date: | 2018–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14597&r=all |
| By: | Ilaria Brunetti (CMAP - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mabel Tidball (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Denis Couvet (MNHN - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. In this work we model the interdependent relationship between biodiversity and agriculture on a farmed land, supposing that, while agriculture has a negative impact on biodiversity, the latter can increase agricultural production. Farmers act as myopic agents, who maximize their instantaneous profit without considering the negative effects of their practice on the evolution of biodiversity. We find that a tax on inputs can have a positive effect on yield since it can be considered as a social signal helping farmers to avoid myopic behavior in regards to the positive effect of biodiversity on yield. We also prove that, by increasing biodiversity productivity the level of biodiversity at equilibrium decreases, since when biodiversity is more productive farmers can maintain lower biodiversity to get the same yield. |
| Keywords: | cleansing dictator game licensing moral in(consistency taking game. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01936005&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Farolfi (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CEMAGREF - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier); Dimitri Dubois (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sylvie Morardet (Unité de recherche Irrigation - CEMAGREF); Imen Nouichi (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - CIHEAM - Centre International des Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Serge Marlet (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CEMAGREF - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Irrigation water is a crucial resource for economic and social development in Tunisia. In a context of decentralization and State devolution, the local associations for agricultural development or 'Groupements de Développement Agricole (GDA)' manage today a large share of irrigation water in the country. However, these institutions are experiencing a lack of acknowledgment by water users, resulting in a low willingness to pay (WTP) for water. In this article we study to what extent information provided to users on the functioning of the system (« institutional » information) and/or on the decisions taken by other users (« social » information) can affect their WTP. Our analysis is twofold. A field survey first revealed the farmers' demand for better information provision. A laboratory experiment allowed then to isolate the impact of the two types of information on subjects' decisions through a game with similar properties to those observed in the field. Data collected in the lab confirm the existence of a causality relation between information provided to users and their WTP for a common resource such as irrigation water. |
| Abstract: | L'eau d'irrigation est une ressource cruciale pour le développement économique et social en Tunisie. Dans un contexte de décentralisation et de dévolution du rôle de l'Etat, une part importante de la gestion de cette eau d'irrigation a été confiée aux Groupements de Développement Agricole (GDA). Ces groupements souffrent cependant d'un manque de reconnaissance de la part des usagers, qui se manifeste essentiellement par un faible consentement de leur part à payer les redevances. Dans cet article nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure l'information fournie aux usagers sur le fonctionnement du système (information « institutionnelle ») et/ou sur les décisions prises par les autres usagers (information « sociale ») peut impacter leur consentement à payer. Notre analyse s'est faite en deux temps. Nous avons commencé par une enquête sur le terrain, laquelle révèle effectivement une demande des irrigants en matière de diffusion d'informations. Nous avons ensuite élaboré une expérience permettant d'isoler l'impact de différents types d'information sur les décisions prises par les individus dans le cadre d'un jeu qui a des propriétés proches de la situation de terrain. Les données collectées en laboratoire confirment l'existence d'une relation de causalité entre l'information fournie aux usagers et leur consentement à payer pour une ressource commune comme l'eau d'irrigation. |
| Keywords: | information,irrigation,Tunisie,économie expérimentale,eau |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01952779&r=all |
| By: | Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada and Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus); Mikhail Miklyaev (JDINT’L Executive Programs Department of Economics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and Senior Associate/ Economist Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Brian Matanhire (Financial Analyst / Economist Cambridge Resource International Inc.); Gift Khozapi (Senior Analyst Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | The primary objective of this project is to enhance a sustainable reduction of rural poverty, and to improve the food security, nutrition, and hygiene of households on irrigation schemes and dry land sites. Trainings were provided for farmers to increase agricultural productivity to increase the volume of marketed surplus of cash and food crops, and improve the nutrition and hygiene of beneficiary households. The project concentrated on maize, groundnuts, green mealies, and tomatoes value chains. The CBA of these four crops cover two high- value crops of green mealies and tomatoes; and two staple food crops of maize and groundnuts. The project targeted doubling crops yields of horticultural produce. |
| Keywords: | CBA, Zimbabwe, value chain (CV), economic net present value (ENPV) |
| JEL: | D61 E2 Q13 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:406&r=all |
| By: | Roux-Rosier Anahid (IRPhiL - Institut de recherches philosophiques de Lyon - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III); Ricardo Azambuja (MC - Management et Comportement - Grenoble École de Management (GEM)); Gazi Islam (MC - Management et Comportement - Grenoble École de Management (GEM), IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc) |
| Abstract: | The current paper uses the concept of imaginaries to understand how permaculture provides alternative ways of organizing in response to the Anthropocene. We argue that imaginaries provide ways of organizing that combine ideas and concrete practices, imagining organizational alternatives by enacting new forms of collective practice. Permaculture movements, because of their combination of local, situated design practices and underlying social and political philosophies, provide an interesting case of imaginaries that make it possible to reimagine the relations between humans, non-human species and the natural environment. We identify and describe three imaginaries found in permaculture movements, conceiving of permaculture respectively as a technical design practice, a holistic life philosophy, and an intersectional social movement. These imaginaries open up possibilities for political and social alternatives to industrially organized agriculture, but are also at risk of various forms of ideological co-optation based on their underlying social premises. We discuss our perspective in terms of developing the concept of imaginaries in relation to organizational scholarship, particularly in contexts where fundamental relations between humans and the natural environment must be reimagined, as in the case of environmentalist organizing in response to the Anthropocene. |
| Keywords: | Anthropocene,Permaculture,Imaginaries,Social Imaginaries,Organizing,Collective,Environmental Imaginaries |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:halshs-01958956&r=all |
| By: | Zafar, Muhammad Wasif; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Hou, Fujun; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | This study disaggregates energy, i.e. non-renewable and renewable energy consumption, and investigates its effect on economic growth. The time period of 1990-2015 is used to examine Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries. This paper determines the cross-sectional dependence and employs a second-generation panel unit root test for precise estimation. The Pedroni and Westerlund cointegration tests are used to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables and confirm the presence of cointegration in the long run. The FMOLS and DOLS approaches are applied to investigate long-term output elasticities between the variables. The results show the stimulating role of energy (renewable and nonrenewable) consumption in economic growth. Research and development expenditures and trade openness have a positive effect on economic growth. Moreover, the time series individual country analysis also confirms that renewable energy has a positive impact on economic growth. The Granger causality analysis reveals the unidirectional causal relationship running from renewable energy consumption to economic growth and economic growth to non-renewable energy. This empirical evidence suggests that countries should increase investment in renewable energy sectors and plan for development in renewable energy for sustainable energy growth. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy, Nonrenewable Energy, Economic Growth, Trade, FMOLS, APEC |
| JEL: | A1 |
| Date: | 2018–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90611&r=all |
| By: | Mubashir Qasim (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | Recent advances in natural language processing and semantic analysis methods are enabling scholars to analyse text extensively. These techniques have not only minimized the margins of error arising from missing data from a traditionally conducted discourse analysis but also permitted reproducibility of research results. In this paper, we use several text analysis methods to analyse the evolution of the terms ‘sustainability’ and ‘wellbeing’ (SaW) from parliamentary debates (Hansard), New Zealand Official Yearbooks (NZOYBs) and ministerial documents over 125 years. The term ‘welfare’ has existed in the NZOYBs and Hansard text since the start of our analysis (1893), with a steadily increasing trend until the mid-1980s. The term ‘wellbeing’ gained momentum in mid-1930s and has been linked strongly with ‘sustainability’ in the following decades. Our analysis re-emphasizes the importance of the Brundtland Report (‘Our Common Future’) which acted as a catalyst to the sustainable movement in late 1980s. ‘Sustainability’ and ‘wellbeing’ then began to appear in conjunction. Our analysis includes the finding that SaW differ significantly when political parties are considered. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development; wellbeing; text analysis; resilience; parliamentary debates; Hansard |
| JEL: | C80 I31 N00 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:19/01&r=all |
| By: | Montt, Guillermo.; Luu, Trang. |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of conservation agriculture on labour input requirements as it is implemented in five Sub-Saharan African countries. |
| Keywords: | 1, 2, 3 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995008793302676&r=all |
| By: | Mehmet Balcilar (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University); Berkan Tokar (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University); Godwin Olasehinde-Williams (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University) |
| Abstract: | This study analyses the interconnectivity of growth, aid and institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study employs annual data on a panel of 39 countries for the period 1996-2017. The hypothesis that the growth impact of aid and institutions could be interactive was examined. The hypothesis was tested using panel data for official development assistance, aggregate and individual measures of institutional quality, and economic growth, while controlling for sub-regional differences in Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, Western Africa and Central Africa. The results indicate the following: Aid has a direct positive, and an indirect negative growth impact through its interaction with domestic institutions. The synergistic growth impact of aid and institutions is substitutive rather than complementary. The substitutive effect is most pronounced in Western Africa, followed by Eastern Africa, and then Southern Africa but lowest in Central Africa. Good quality institutions are positively correlated with growth, and the institutions that reduce rent-seeking and protect property rights are the types of institutions with the biggest growth effects. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic Growth, Official Development Assistance, Institutions, Sub-Saharan Africa, Panel GMM |
| JEL: | F35 F50 O43 O55 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emu:wpaper:15-43.pdf&r=all |
| By: | Martin Binder (Bard College Berlin); Ann-Kathrin Blankenberg; Heinz Welsch (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Tying in with a small number of studies on green norms, identity and subjective well-being, this paper studies the relationship between holding a green self-image and life satisfaction in the UK. Focusing on (sub-national) regions as the unit of reference, we investigate if and how the individual-level greenness-satisfaction relationship varies with measures of the prevalence and distribution (disparity) of greenness at the regional level, taking these measures as indicators of a green social norm. Two key findings emerge from our analysis. First, life satisfaction is negatively related to the regional-level mean (prevalence) and positively related to the regional-level diversity of greenness, while being unrelated to the degree of polarization of greenness. Taking the prevalence as a direct and diversity as an inverse measure of the validity of a greenness norm, these results are consistent with the idea that the norm is experienced (by greens) as a standard of reference in the process of green status competition or (by non-greens) as a source of social pressure. Second, the well-being benefits from holding a greener self-image are unrelated to the prevalence and diversity of greenness, but positively related to the polarization of greenness for those either very green or not green at all. This is consistent with the idea that green self-image yields well-being benefits through identity, that is, by identifying with the own group and differentiating oneself from other groups – a possibility that relies on sufficiently large differentiation/polarization of groups. We discuss differences between these results and previous findings based on measures of nation-wide prevalence and disparity of greenness. |
| Keywords: | subjective well-being, norms, green behavior, green self-image, fractionalization, polarization |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:417&r=all |
| By: | Zalizko, Vasyl; Talavyria, Mykola; Lymar, Valeriia; Baidala, Viktoriia |
| Abstract: | The paper is devoted to bioeconomic security on the European continent in the context of international innovation system creation. The aim of the paper is to study a new direction of bioeconomics - the formation of conditions for strengthening economic security the contextin to define the elements of national innovation system. We define the category "bioeconomic security" and main elements of the national innovation system: synergistic knowledge and innovation creating; shift to innovative advanced technologies; implementation of effective organizational and administrative solutions for creation of agro-biotechnology clusters; promotion of complex resource preservation and transition to renewable energy; implementation of large-scale research. To strengthen economic security of the European countries, it is necessary to organize a comprehensive monitoring of all necessary indicators (using the integrated index) and begin to form bioenergetic clusters. The calculated index bioeconomic security clearly shows that four different countries (Poland, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and the Netherlands) that have individual advantages will be able to create a positive synergetic effect if they join a single bioenergetic cluster. Thus, it can be argued that bioeconomic security on the European continent is possible only if all European innovation systems are integrated into one complex system, which will ensure a high probability of energy independence. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2018–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa167:281269&r=all |
| By: | Aurélien Saussay (CIRED & OFCE, Sciences Po, Paris); Misato Sato (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, LSE) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the role of energy prices in firms’ investment location decisions in the manufacturing sector. Building on the application of discrete choice theory to the firm location problem, we specify a conditional logit model linking bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI activity to relative energy prices. We then empirically test this link using a global dataset of M&A deals in the manufacturing sector covering 41 countries between 1995 and 2014, using econometric techniques adapted from the estimation of gravity models. The results suggest that upon deciding to invest, firms are attracted to regions that have lower energy prices. However, counterfactual simulations reveal that unilateral implementation of a $50/tCO2 carbon tax by various coalitions of countries is expected to have limited negative impact on the attractiveness of economies to foreign industrial investments. Hence, our results support the pollution haven effect, but find the magnitude is limited and could be addressed with targeted measures in the most energy intensive sectors. |
| Keywords: | FDI, Mergers and Acquisitions, energy prices, firm location, competitiveness impacts, carbon leakage |
| JEL: | F21 H23 Q52 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2018.21&r=all |
| By: | Imad Moosa (RMIT University) |
| Abstract: | A large number of studies on the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve for MENA countries, producing (as expected) a mixed bag of results. Several econometric issues are considered with reference to estimates of the EKC for Algeria, Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia. These issues include the order of the polynomial representing the EKC, the validity of the log-log specification, cointegration and spurious correlation, missing variables, and the sensitivity and fragility of the results. It is concluded that the most serious issue is the sensitivity of the results to model specification and other factors, which is not considered in the MENA studies of the EKC. |
| Date: | 2018–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1260&r=all |
| By: | Bergschmidt, Angela; Lindena, Tomke; Neuenfeldt, Sebastian; Tergast, Hauke |
| Abstract: | Die Anbindehaltung von Rindern wird von der Gesellschaft kritisch gesehen und stellt gemäß dem Stand der wissenschaftlichen Beurteilung kein tiergerechtes Haltungsverfahren dar. Als besonders problematisch gilt die ganzjährige Anbindehaltung, bei der die Tiere das gesamte Jahr über im Anbindestand stehen und keinen Zugang zur Weide oder einem Auslauf haben. Das Thünen-Institut für Betriebswirtschaft wurde vom BMEL beauftragt, die Folgen eines Verbots der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung von Milchkühen (bei gesetzter 10-jähriger Übergangsfrist) abzuschätzen. Aufgrund des Strukturwandels würde sich die Zahl der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltungen von den für das Jahr 2010 ermittelten Werten (31.500 Betriebe, 650.000 Kühe) bis zum Jahr 2027 auf 13.500 Betriebe mit rund 270.000 Milchkühen reduzieren. Diese Betriebe wären von einem Verbot betroffen. In der Struktur sind sie vergleichsweise klein, auf die Milchviehhaltung spezialisiert und verfügen oftmals über andere Einkommen neben der Landwirtschaft. Besonders hohe Anteile ganzjähriger Anbindehaltungen sind in Bayern und Baden-Württemberg zu finden. Betriebe mit ganzjähriger Anbindehaltung haben verschiedene Möglichkeiten, ihr Haltungsverfahren tiergerechter zu gestalten: Angebot von Weidegang, Bau eines Laufhofes, Umbau des Anbindestalls zum Laufstall und Neubau eines Laufstalls. Die Umsetzbarkeit dieser Maßnahmen hängt in einem hohen Maße von den standortspezifischen Bedingungen und betrieblichen Bedin-gungen ab. Dementsprechend variieren die Kosten je Kuhplatz für diese Maßnahmen. Bei einer Berechnung der Kostenänderungen in Cent/kg Milch wurden Kostenerhöhungen eines Ausstiegs aus der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung von 0,26 bis 13,42 ct/kg Milch für die betroffenen Betriebe ermittelt. Bei einem durchschnittlichen Auszahlungspreis der Molkereien von 27,2 ct/kg Milch im Jahr 2016 und 36,6 ct/kg im Jahr 2017 kann ein Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung für die betroffenen Betriebe somit erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Rentabilität haben. Um die negativen Auswirkungen eines Verbots der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Betriebe zu reduzieren, können verschiedene Fördermaßnahmen eingesetzt werden. Insbesondere das Agrarinvestitionsförderungsprogramm (AFP), tierbezogene Weideprämien sowie Beratungsmaßnahmen kommen hierfür in Frage. Die öffentlichen Mittel für eine flankierende Förderung innerhalb des Übergangszeitraums von 10 Jahren wurden auf insgesamt 222 bzw. 287 Mio. Euro geschätzt Diese Ausgaben ließen sich grundsätzlich mit den im Rahmen der zweiten Säule der EU-Agrarpolitik zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel finanzieren. Es ist zu erwarten, dass ein Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung auch mit einer flankierenden Förderung zu einer Beschleunigung des Strukturwandels führt. Ein sozialverträgliches Verbot der ganzjährigen Anbindehaltung setzt voraus, dass eine ausreichende Übergangszeit zur Anpassung der Betriebe gewährt wird, das Verbot mit attraktiven Fördermaßnahmen flankiert wird und ggf. Härtefallregeln für auslaufende Betriebe angewendet werden. |
| Keywords: | ganzjährige Anbindehaltung,Milchkühe,rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen,Tierwohl,einzelbetriebliche Kosten,Fördermaßnahmen,permanent tethering,dairy cows,legal framework conditions,animal welfare,onfarm costs,support measures |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:111&r=all |
| By: | Judith Rumin (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Joana Martins (CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto); Jose Cruz (CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto); Vitor Vasconcelos (CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto); Claudio Fuentes Grünewald (Swansea University); Kevin J. Flynn (Swansea University); Alejandra Sabin (UDC - University of A Coruña); Maria Paredes (UDC - University of A Coruña); Enma Conde (GLECEX); Jose Vilarino (GLECEX); Martina Ferreira (ANFACO-CECOPESCA); Federica Farabegoli (ANFACO-CECOPESCA); Paula Fajardo (ANFACO-CECOPESCA); Maria-José Chapela (ANFACO-CECOPESCA); Laurent Picot (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Although microalgae comprise an estimated number of 30,000 to 1,000,000 species, few are grown commercially. This natural resource offers great industrial potential, exploiting its chemical composition or biotechnological potential through growth manipulations. At the same time, this complexity can overwhelm enterprises entering this sector due to the great number of variables affecting economic and environmental viability. The strategic objective of the INTERREG Atlantic Area EnhanceMicroalgae project EAPA_338/2016 (2017-2020) is to create a network of European scientific and industrial partners to stimulate innovation and competitiveness of the European Atlantic Area in high technology sectors related to microalgae (in particular pharma, food and nutraceuticals). The work program includes an in-depth review of the existing Atlantic Area microalgae sector (strengths and weaknesses, level of expertise, industrial development opportunities, regulatory and legal frameworks), innovative research activities and innovation transfer from laboratories/ research platforms to the industrial sector to promote the emergence of new products, services and processes. The EnhanceMicroalgae consortium offers a wide range of skills and interests, with strong track records for research, production and exploitation of microalgae throughout the Atlantic Area. |
| Keywords: | SMEs,INTERREG,Innovation transfer,Phytoplankton,Microalgae,Transnational cooperation,Biotechnology,Market,High-added value industrial opportunities,Innovation and competitiveness |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01956157&r=all |
| By: | Gazi Islam (MC - Management et Comportement - Grenoble École de Management (GEM), IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc) |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:halshs-01959115&r=all |
| By: | Lakner, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt drei Ziele: 1.) Die Darstellung der Umsetzung der ökologischen Vorrangfläche 2015, 2.) die Beschreibung der möglichen Ökosystemleistungen der ÖVF, und 3.) die Einordnung der Ökosystemleistungen als privates oder öffentliches Gut. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:daredp:1810&r=all |
| By: | Camille LAVILLE (Ferdi) |
| Abstract: | Prévenir les conflits internes nécessite une meilleure compréhension de la manière dont ils se forment et se propagent dans le temps et l’espace. Par rapport aux autres sciences sociales, l’économie n’a que très récemment investi ce champ d’étude. Comme pour rattraper son retard, nous assistons depuis une vingtaine d’années à une effervescence de la recherche économétrique sur le sujet. Quelles conclusions tirer de ces travaux ? Ce document définit le périmètre d’analyse de ce champ d’étude en insistant sur trois mécanismes profonds à l’origine des comportements de prédation : les capacités de l’Etat, la valeur du gain issu de la capture de l’Etat et le coût d’opportunité d’entrer dans un groupe armé auquel les individus font face (i.e. l’arbitrage entre des activités de production ou de prédation). Il dresse également un bilan des contraintes et avancées récentes dans l’analyse causale des conflits internes. Il montre que l’amélioration des méthodes d’inférence causale, des outils économétriques et des méthodes de collecte de données dessine des perspectives de recherche prometteuses sur des sujets tels que le rôle de la cohésion sociale et les conséquences du changement climatique sur le risque de conflit. |
| Keywords: | Conflits internes, opportunité, cohésion sociale, ressources naturelles, capacité de l’état, pauvreté, climat |
| JEL: | D74 D72 H12 H56 Q34 Z13 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4651&r=all |