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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | D'Orazio, Paola; Popoyan, Lilit |
| Abstract: | While there is a growing debate among researchers and practitioners on the possible role of central banks and financial regulators in supporting a smooth transition to a low-carbon economy, the information on which macroprudential instruments could be used for reaching the "green structural change" is still quite limited. Moreover, the achievement of climate goals is still affected by the so-called "green finance gap". The paper addresses these issues by proposing a critical review of existing and novel prudential approaches to incentivizing the decarbonization of banks' balance sheets and align finance with sustainable growth and development objectives. The analysis carried out in the paper allows understanding under which conditions macroprudential policy could tackle climate change and promote green lending, while containing climate-related financial risks. |
| Keywords: | climate change,climate finance gap,banking regulation,macroprudential policy,central banking,climate-finance risk |
| JEL: | E50 E52 G28 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:778&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | In the light of challenges to sustainable development in the post-2015 development agenda, this study assesses how increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions affect inclusive human development in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The following findings are established from Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively positive and negative from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a Kuznets shaped curve because of consistent decreasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are consistently positive. The following findings are apparent from Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively negative and positive from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a U-shaped curve because of consistent increasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are overwhelmingly negative. Based on the robust findings and choice of best estimator, the net effect of increasing CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is negative. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Sustainable development; Inclusiveness |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afe:wpaper:18/015&r=env |
| By: | Rolando Ríos-Aguilar (Faculty of Fiscal and Finance Administration. Autonoumus University of Coahuila.) |
| Abstract: | The global climate change (IPCC, 2014) causes unexpected and severe hydrometeorological phenomena, among which are the so-called "waterspouts." These phenomena, because of the rarity of their appearance, strongly impact urban infrastructure which, as is the case of the metropolitan region under study, (located in a semi-desert climatic zone, and therefore lacking in storm drainage) is not prepared for the adequate management of the water flow generated by the extraordinary hydrometeorological phenomenon. The aforementioned causes the vulnerability of the population to house floods, flooding of vehicular traffic routes, automobile accidents, the appearance of disease-transmitting vector pests, and, in general, the disruption of community life over several weeks. Despite sharing resources, productive and academic activities and being a region with its own social identity, until now, this metropolitan area has lacked a common policy on the environment and adaptation to climate change.Taking into account the above, a field investigation was carried out under the contingent valuation method (Cummings, Brookshire and Shultze 1986, Mitchell and Carson, 1989, Riera, 1994) in order to get closer to knowing the willingness to pay a "green tax". "(Riera, 1994, OECD, 2011, ECLAC, 2015) aimed at remedying the impact of the waterspouts and establishing the adequate infrastructure to adapt effectively to climate change.The research consisted of conducting a survey among the population of the metropolitan area where 400 economically active people were asked, their willingness to pay, as well as the amount that would be willing to cover.The results showed that 42% of the surveyed population, regardless of their personal income, level of education or area of the city in which they live, would be willing to pay to remedy the damage caused by extreme hydrometeorological events. This percentage is considered relevant as a basis for the design and execution of a public policy aimed at adapting to climate change in a context of scarcity of resources for municipal public finances and as a principle for the development of metropolitan policies that design and execute, joint and articulated way, policies and measures of adaptation to the impacts of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Contingent valuation, climate change, vulnerability, comarca lagunera. |
| JEL: | Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6709322&r=env |
| By: | Fujii, Hidemichi; Managi, Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | Sustainable green technology is an important contributor to creating a sustainable society by simultaneously promoting environmental conservation and economic development. This study examines the determinants of sustainable green technology invention in China, with a focus on the differences in green technology development priorities in each five-year plan period. This study uses patent publication data in a patent decomposition analysis framework. We find that sustainable green patent publications increased due to efficiency improvements, the prioritization of sustainable green patents, an increased R&D expenditure share and economic growth, especially during periods of gradual economic development in China. Additionally, we find that the relative priority of R&D shifted from renewable energy technology to pollution abatement and other sustainable green technology in the 12th five-year plan. The different R&D priority trends for sustainable green technologies among the five-year plans can be used to formulate effective policies that promote sustainable green technology invention. |
| Keywords: | sustainable green technology; patent data; decomposition analysis; China; priority change |
| JEL: | O32 O44 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90251&r=env |
| By: | Sigit PERDANA (Business School, The University of Western Australia); Rod TYERS (Business School, The University of Western Australia and Research School of Economics, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA), Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Global agreement to reduce carbon emissions has been weakened by slowing growth and burden sharing conflicts. This paper examines strategic interaction amongst regions by simplifying the policy choice to that between carbon taxation and free riding. Benefits from climate change mitigation are constructed via a meta-analysis of existing studies that link carbon concentration with average surface temperature and measures of economic welfare. Implementation costs are then derived by modeling national and global economic performance. Multiplayer, normal form games with payoffs derived by netting costs from shared benefits are then constructed, revealing that the US economy is a net gainer in net present value terms from unilateral implementation. The comparative net benefits to Europe and China are negative but small, making their choice sensitive to the discount rate. The dominant strategy for all other countries is to free ride. Taking the three large economies as a group, there are net gains from implementing carbon taxes, which would be bolstered by universal adoption. Yet compensatory side payments that would induce universal adoption are still not affordable. Moreover, the net gains to all regions do not begin to appear for at least two decades, rendering commitment to abatement politically difficult. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon taxation, global dynamic general equilibrium analysis |
| JEL: | F47 Q34 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:17-09&r=env |
| By: | Deepakshi Chaudhary (University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University) |
| Abstract: | Worldwide consumer?s consumption patterns are one of the prime cause of environmental deterioration. It is a threat to social and economic stability and sustainable human existence. As the environment continues to worsen, it has become a crucial concern across the globe for environmentalists, organizations, governments and people in general to encourage and adopt green behavior. Much has been done in this direction starting from national level policies to organizations making green products. Eco-conscious business leaves no stone unturned in providing eco-information to the prospective customers through ad-campaigns, usage of various eco-labels. Yet literature suggests that it seems to hardly affect consumer?s purchase decision. Eco-information is considered to be a definite concern but purchase is guided by personal interest. This situation is a call for now applying behavior modification techniques to pull customer towards purchase of environment friendly products. This study is an attempt to understand how reinforcement schedules can be used by marketers to modify consumer behavior towards green products. The study aims at using empirical methodology in identifying pull factors to motivate green behavior through reinforcement schedules. |
| Keywords: | Green Behavior, Behavior Modification, Reinforcement Schedules in Marketing |
| JEL: | M00 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7010052&r=env |
| By: | Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano; Searle, Stephanie |
| Abstract: | The United States (US) Renewable Fuel Standard and California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard support the use of soy biodiesel and renewable diesel in the transport fuel supply for climate mitigation. However, linkages between the markets for soy oil and palm oil, which is associated with very high land use change emissions, could negatively affect the climate performance of soy-based biofuels. This study estimates the own and cross-price elasticities for the supply of soy and palm oils in the US using country-level data from 1992 to 2016 under rational expectations, through a seemingly unrelated regressions system of equations. We find a positive cross-price elasticity of palm oil import with respect to soy oil price and a positive reaction of supply of soy oil to increase in prices of palm oil. These results suggest that US biofuel policies may underestimate substitution between soy and palm oils and thus overestimate the climate benefits from soy-based biofuel. |
| Keywords: | Biofuel; Price elasticity; Oils market; SURE |
| JEL: | O13 P28 Q21 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90248&r=env |
| By: | Wang, Y.; Huang, J. |
| Abstract: | Although the importance of forests in climate change mitigation has been widely recognized, there has been a lack of empirical research regarding the role of forests in agricultural adaptation to climate change. This paper uses a careful designed household survey in South China that considers an exogenous shock of drought, to determine whether the presence of natural and planted forests near rice-producing villages can reduce the adverse effects of drought on rice yield. After controlling for local climate and water infrastructure, we find robust evidence that natural forests and not planted forests have significant positive effects on rice yield, due to their influence on the availability of water for irrigation. Although drought hinders farmers access to irrigation, which negatively affects rice yield, forests near villages provide protection for rice against drought. These findings support the adoption of forest ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) to cope with climate change and enhance food security. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276959&r=env |
| By: | Clément Bonnet; Samuel Carcanague; Emmanuel Hache; Gondia Sokhna Seck; Marine Simoën |
| Abstract: | Intellectual property is a central issue in the climate negotiations. On the one hand, it shapes and encourages innovation in low-carbon technologies. On the other hand, it reduces access to these technologies by giving patent holders market power. We analyze the interactions between climate negotiations and the acquisition of patents on renewable energy technologies. First, we recall the geopolitical nature of intellectual property and explain how it is modified by the particularities of low-carbon innovation. The second part of this article is devoted to an inventory of the production of inventions in renewable energy technologies (RETs). In particular, we focus on the relative technological advantages of countries and the value of patented inventions. Major changes are observed in the geographical distribution of low-carbon innovation during the 2000s and they foreshadow a reorganization of the geopolitical balances of innovation in renewable energies. |
| Keywords: | Patent data, energy transition, renewable energy technology, innovation, international relations |
| JEL: | Q42 Q55 O31 O38 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2018-45&r=env |
| By: | Fernández-Amador, Octavio; Francois, Joseph; Oberdabernig, Doris; Tomberger, Patrick |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impacts of economic growth on methane emissions per capita at the sectoral level for the period 1997-2014. We cover three stages of the supply chain, distinguishing between emissions embodied in production, final-production, and consumption. We investigate the effects of economic growth on two components of methane emissions per capita, namely methane emissions per value added and value added per capita. We uncover substantial heterogeneity across sectors. Economic growth led to expansions of economic activity in all sectors, but reduced the methane intensity of sectoral value added. In sectors that experienced pronounced reductions in methane intensity, economic growth did not strongly affect emissions per capita. However, in the absence of methane-intensity gains, economic growth raised emission per capita substantially. |
| Date: | 2018–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1193&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Jacinta C. Nwachukwu (Preston, United Kingdom); Chris Pyke (Preston, UK) |
| Abstract: | This study examines how information and communication technology (ICT) could be employed to dampen the potentially damaging effects of environmental degradation in order to promote inclusive human development in a panel of 44 Sub-Saharan African countries. ICT is captured with internet and mobile phone penetration rates whereas environmental degradation is measured in terms of CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 intensity. The empirical evidence is based on Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions using data from 2000-2012. In order to increase the policy relevance of this study, the dataset is decomposed into fundamental characteristics of inclusive development and environmental degradation based on income levels (Low income versus (vs.) Middle income); legal origins (English Common law vs. French Civil law); religious domination (Christianity vs. Islam); openness to sea (Landlocked vs. Coastal); resource-wealth (Oil-rich vs. Oil-poor) and political stability (Stable vs. Unstable). Baseline findings broadly show that improvement in both of measures of ICT would significantly diminish the possibly harmful effect of CO2 emissions on inclusive human development. When the analysis is extended with the abovementioned fundamental characteristics, we observe that the moderating influence of both our ICT variables on CO2 emissions is higher in the group of English Common law, Middle income and Oil-wealthy countries than in the French Civil law, Low income countries and Oil-poor countries respectively. Theoretical and practical policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; ICT; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afe:wpaper:18/031&r=env |
| By: | France Caillavet (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Adélaïde Fadhuile (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, UGA UFR FEG - Université Grenoble Alpes - Faculté d'Économie de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Veronique Nichèle (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | A carbon tax on food could contribute to emissions mitigation and act as a strong signal to economic actors. However, tax regressivity is a major disadvantage. This article addresses equity issues by several means. First, this article includes reallocation proposals in a revenue-neutral approach of several emission-based carbon taxation scenarios at the consumption level on food. Second, this article develops these proposals' distributional incidence, and it evaluates the role of carbon pricing in policy impacts. With a carbon-based approach, the differing emission potentials of food groups highlight the relevance of using proteins as a tax base to redirect animal to plant sources in the diet. Thus, a scenario taxing foods rich in animal proteins and subsidizing plant proteins ones is built. Scanner data on French households in 2010 are analyzed. Several GHG emissions indicators and related nutritional impacts, such as diet quality scores and the shift from animal to plant proteins, are evaluated. Using individual changes in food expenditure, distributional effects based on continuous distribution and inequality indexes are measured, allowing the discussion of the policy options of a targeted vs nontargeted tax and a revenue-neutral approach in the food sector. |
| Keywords: | carbon fiscal policy,revenue neutral,food consumption,regressivity,inequalities |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01919440&r=env |
| By: | Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Sanou, Awa; Tambo, Justice A. |
| Abstract: | Most climate change adaptation studies in agriculture focus on staple food crops. Few studies have examined livestock farmers in Africa and even fewer have considered small animals such as poultry. Heat stress associated with climate change is a challenge to poultry farmers due to its negative effect on chicken growth and productivity. As the poultry subsector across Africa expands to meet changing consumption patterns, understanding how farmers deal with the realities of poultry production due to climate change is critical. This study explores the level and determinants of the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among poultry farmers in Nigeria. A multivariate probit analysis reveals that poultry farmers practice climate change adaptation strategies with a clear heterogeneity of strategies at different production scales. Small farms tend to invest in traditional strategies such as the stocking of local breeds while medium and large farms adopt modern technologies such as air and water ventilation and the use of bulbs that emit less heat. Our study finds that farmers who have experienced heat related losses are more likely to adopt modern practices and more likely to adopt multiple adaptation strategies at a time. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffrp:279861&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Barmpoudaki, Kyriaki; Voulagkas, George; Tsilika, Kyriaki |
| Abstract: | The primary objective of this paper is the structural analysis of source-receptor air pollution problems in the EU region. Two views are provided for the analysis: an emission-driven view and a deposition-driven view. Different visual schemes are used to reproduce the global pollution network and identify the biggest sources and sinks of pollution. Visual modelling helps to understand the linkages and interconnections in the transboundary pollution network. Our interactive outputs give the options to zoom in to specific areas of the global source-receptor air pollution scheme and highlight the top emitters or receptors of pollution. Ranking of countries in decreasing order of pollution responsibility and/or vulnerability using graph metrics is a main result. Data sources are emissions-depositions (or source-receptor) tables of air pollutants, available online from the data repository of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe. In our computer-based visual analysis, we employ solely open software. |
| Keywords: | source-receptor air pollution; network analysis; heatmaps; free open-source software. |
| JEL: | C63 C88 Q50 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90267&r=env |
| By: | Alex Schmitt |
| Abstract: | At what rate should a government price carbon emissions? This paper analyzes optimal carbon pricing while taking into account interactions with the taxation of labor and capital income. In an otherwise standard climate-economy model, the policy maker has to resort to a distortionary tax on labor and capital income, and is unable to commit to future policies. I show that the optimal time-consistent carbon price is in general not at its Pigouvian level, that is, at the level of marginal damages induced by climate change. This is due to the presence of costs and benefits of emitting carbon that only materialize in the presence of income taxes. Quantitatively, I find that in a standard calibration of the model, this tax-interaction effect accounts for deviation of the optimal tax from the level of marginal climate damages in the ballpark of 10%, due to the second-best effects partially offsetting each other. Compared to a setting with lump-sum income taxes, I observe a smaller optimal carbon price without commitment, with the average differences over time amounting to 14%. |
| Keywords: | Climate-economy modeling, carbon tax, optimal income taxation |
| JEL: | E61 E62 H21 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_274&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | We provide policy-relevant critical masses beyond which, increasing CO2 emissions negatively affects inclusive human development. This study examines how increasing CO2 emissions affects inclusive human development in 44 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2000-2012. The empirical evidence is based on Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions. In order to increase the policy relevance of this study, the dataset is decomposed into fundamental characteristics of inclusive development and environmental degradation based on income levels (Low income versus (vs.) Middle income); legal origins (English Common law vs. French Civil law); religious domination (Christianity vs. Islam); openness to sea (Landlocked vs. Coastal); resource-wealth (Oil-rich vs. Oil-poor) and political stability (Stable vs. Unstable). All computed thresholds are within policy range. Hence, above these thresholds, CO2 emissions negatively affect inclusive human development. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afe:wpaper:18/020&r=env |
| By: | Branco, D.; Feres, J. |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes whether rural households use labor allocation to mitigate the effect of drought shocks in the Northeaster Brazilian context. We first document that water scarcity leads to lower income derived from farm work as main, and higher income from secondary jobs. We then examine the extent to which extreme droughts affect time labor allocation. Our results indicate that an additional drought shock per year is associated with greater likelihood of have more than one job, lower share of farm activities in the total hours worked, and higher share of secondary job. The effects are higher for poorer municipalities. These findings are consistent with a mitigation response to reduced agricultural profitability due to water scarcity. Acknowledgement : This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada through Project entitled Using an Environmental Economics Perspective to Influence Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean - Latin American and Caribbean Environmental Economics Program (LACEEP). The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the IDRC or its Board of Governors. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277736&r=env |
| By: | Belyaeva, Maria |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Russian grain production, to determine country’s production potential and its possibility to remain one of the major grain producers on the world market. On the one hand we estimate the technical efficiency during the period of transition to the market economy. By applying a novel approach to the estimation of production efficiency on a regional level, we assess the grain production potential and determine factors that influence productivity beyond the control of the farmers. On the other hand we conduct a detailed analysis of the climate change impact on grain production. We base our study on panel fixed-effect regressions of grain yields on a set of crop specific weather indicators. Furthermore, we use climate change projections for the medium and long terms to estimate the effect of global warming on grain productivity in different regions of the country. Empirical results of the production efficiency model are based on a balanced panel of Russian regions which were involved in grain production during the period 1995-2011. We rely on a production function that accounts for the effect of labour, land, capital, and variable inputs. In addition, we construct specific variables to control for factors that remain outside of the farmers’ control, i.e. the level of human and infrastructure development and climate and soil conditions. In the climate change model we use yields of three the most popular grain types – winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley – on a regional level to determine their relation to indicators that account for climate conditions during the vegetation period, specific for each grain type. Specifically, we approximate the distribution of daily temperatures using a trigonometric sine curve to construct measures of growing and heat degree days. The data covers the period from 1955 to 2012. In order to estimate the effect of future climate change we rely on the latest available projections, provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2014) for the medium and long terms. The analysis of technical efficiency demonstrates that an average farm in a Russian region is functioning at its full production capacity, and further development and productivity increases depend on factors that are not directly related to technical aspects of production and that remain beyond the control of farmers, namely the level of human and institutional development, access to infrastructure and climate conditions. We indicate that further exploitation of natural production possibilities has a positive impact on the process of agricultural improvement. We then conduct an examination of the climate effect to analyse the historical dependence of grain production on temperatures and precipitation levels, and project this dependence to estimate the productivity of studied grain types in the medium and long terms, given four different greenhouse gas concentration pathways. We find that altering temperatures have an equivocal effect on agriculture. The most productive zones of the southern black soil belt is projected to face considerable declines in yields, due to insufficient precipitation levels and high probability of heat waves during the summer vegetation period. The northern part, on the contrary, can experience increases in productivity as a result of milder and drier winters and warmer springs. Obtained empirical results allowed us to determine that climate plays a major role in grain production in Russia. Although northern regions will experience considerable increases in yields in the medium and long terms, projected falls in productivities in the southern part of the country cannot be compensated by production increases in the North: insufficiently developed infrastructure, low productivity of soil and lack of investments to safely reintroduce the abandoned lands into the agricultural process prevent substantial agricultural growth. Accordingly, in order to maintain sufficient production levels more efforts should be concentrated on adaptation measures to breed more drought-resistant grain varieties and to adopt soil moisture accumulating and preserving technologies. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamost:280713&r=env |
| By: | Bichler, Shimshon; Nitzan, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | The LA Times called the bluff: William D. Nordhaus won the Nobel prize in economics for a climate model that minimized the cost of rising global temperatures and undermined the need for urgent action. Unfortunately, though, the article missed the nugget in the racket. |
| Keywords: | capitalization,climate change,discounting |
| JEL: | Q54 P48 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:184690&r=env |
| By: | Anicet Kabre |
| Abstract: | In this note, we introduce pollution and examine its effects in a finite bilateral oligopoly model where agents have asymmetric Cobb-Douglas preferences. We define two strategic equilibria: the Stackelberg-Cournot equilibrium with pollution (SCEP) and the Cournot equilibrium with pollution (CEP). While the supplied quantities of the polluting and the non-polluting good depend on the preferences of all economic agents in the case of symmetric preferences, we show that when preferences are asymmetric, i) at both equilibria, each polluter’s equilibrium supply depends only on the non-polluters’ preferences for the non-polluting good; ii) at the CEP and the SCEP, the elasticity of the polluters emissions is greater when nonpolluters preferences for the non-polluting good increase, compared to an increase in their own preferences for this good; iii) firm’s emissions’elasticity decreases with the market power if their marginal cost is lower than their competitor. |
| Keywords: | Bilateral oligopoly; Pollution; Cobb-Douglas preferences |
| JEL: | D43 D51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2018-48&r=env |
| By: | Mehmet Balcilar (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University); Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir (Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey); Huseyin Ozdemir (Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey); Muhammad Shahbaz (Montpelier Business School, Montpelier, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in the G-7 countries from a historical perspective. To this end, taking time varying interaction and business cycle into account, we use the historical decomposition method for the first time in the literature. Our results provide evidence that Canada, Italy, Japan and partly the United States need to sacrifice economic growth if they aim to reduce CO2 emissions by decreasing the fossil-based energy use. This situation is not valid since the early 1990s for France, throughout the analysis period for Germany and a few exceptions in all periods for the UK. Furthermore, empirical results provide evidence contrary to the EKC hypothesis for Canada, Germany, Japan, the UK and the US. We found BC-shaped and N-shaped curve for France and Italy, respectively. Although the EKC hypothesis is not valid for Germany and the UK, economic growth has no damaging effect on environmental quality. Also, this effect seems to be cyclical for the US. While the energy conservation theory is fully supported for Canada, it is strongly supported for France, Italy, Japan and the US with the exception of some periods. In addition to these findings, we find strong evidence to support the growth theory for all the G-7 countries. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Energy consumption; Economic growth; Historical Decomposition; G-7 Countries. |
| JEL: | C22 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emu:wpaper:15-41.pdf&r=env |
| By: | Attavanich, Witsanu |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in developing countries is the most sensitive economic sector when it comes to climate change. Thailand is one of the developing countries where agriculture plays a significant role and is likely vulnerable to the changing climate. Past studies investigated the impacts of climate change on Thailand’s agricultural sector, but they are fragmented, lack of synthetic results linking to national climate change policies. The objectives of this article are to review and synthesize recent studies investigating the climate change impacts on Thailand’s agricultural sector and update the current state of climate change policies in the sector. Several policies implications can be extracted from the study. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Thailand, Agriculture, Impact, Climate Change Policy, Literature Review, Economics, |
| JEL: | Q18 Q54 R14 |
| Date: | 2018–10–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90255&r=env |
| By: | Maxir, H.; Almeida, A.; Galvao, M.; Silveira, I.; Costa, R. |
| Abstract: | This study evaluated the impact of the Green-Blue Municipality Program on the number of hospitalizations regarding air quality and number of disease cases due to contact with or consumption of contaminated water in the S o Paulo State, Brazil from 2007 to 2015. For that purpose, the Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-Differences approach were the strategies used for identification. The main results showed no significant reduction in the cases of diseases related to polluted water and air quality in municipalities in the S o Paulo State. We find that environmental policy-makers at the state of S o Paulo need to improve the program focus, making the economic benefits clearer and, consequently, contributing positively to the environmental and public health policy management. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277245&r=env |
| By: | Olper, A.; Falco, C.; Galeotti, M. |
| Abstract: | Migration and climate change are two of the most important challenges the world currently faces. They are connected as climate change may stimulate migration. One of the sectors most strongly affected by climate change is agriculture, where most of the world s poor are employed. Climate change may affect agricultural productivity and hence migration because of its impact on average temperatures and rainfall and because it increases the frequency and intensity of weather shocks. This paper uses data from 1960 to 2010, for more than 150 countries, to analyse the relationship between weather variation, agricultural productivity and migration. Our main findings show that, in line with theoretical predictions, negative shocks to agricultural productivity caused by weather fluctuations significantly increase migration in middle and lower income countries but not in the poorest and in the rich countries. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277488&r=env |
| By: | Ye, C.; Zhuo, N. |
| Abstract: | Air pollution is a very serious problem facing hznaghou of China. The local government in Hangzhou has implemented lottery system for license plate application, traffic ban in rush-hours and investment in subway system to decrease automobile exhaust. The main research objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies on the air pollution. The data analyzed in this paper include four pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2) daily concentration (unit: ?g/m ), which is provided by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Zhejiang province. We use both OLS regression and regression discontinuity analysis to check the effects of the three policies memtion above. From the regression results, we find that the "lottery license plate", "rush hour traffic quota" , and subway system expansion all policies improved air quality in Hangzhou. Acknowledgement : Chunhui Ye gratefully acknowledges China National Science Foundation (Project 71773113) as well as Zhejiang University for financial support. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277527&r=env |
| By: | Chen, Xi (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | Cognitive functioning is critical as in our daily life a host of real-world complex decisions in high-stakes markets have to be made. The decision-making process can be vulnerable to environmental stressors. Summarizing the growing economic and epidemiologic evidence linking air pollution, cognition performance and real-world decision making, we first illustrate key physiological and psychological pathways between air pollution and cognition. We then document the main patterns of air pollution affecting cognitive test performance by type of cognitive tests, gender, window of exposure, age profile, and educational attainment. We further extend to a review of real-world decision making that has been found to be affected by air pollution and the resulting cognitive impairments. Finally, rich implications on environmental health policies are drawn based on existing evaluations of social costs of air pollution. |
| Keywords: | decision making, air pollution, cognitive performance, intelligence |
| JEL: | I24 Q53 Q51 G11 J24 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11921&r=env |
| By: | Uchenna Efobi (Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria); Tanankem Belmondo (MINEPAT, Yaoundé, Cameroon); Emmanuel Orkoh (World Trade Organization, Geneva); Scholastica Ngozi Atata (Abeokuta, Nigeria); Opeyemi Akinyemi (Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria); Ibukun Beecroft (Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study provides a comprehensive assessment of firms’ operation and environmental protection polices in Nigeria and Ghana, where there has been a rising industrial growth amidst low regulatory and institutional frameworks. We analyze the extents to which firms’ adoption of environmental protection policies affect their performances. We use firm-level data of 842 firms (447 for Nigeria and 395 for Ghana) distributed across different regions of both countries for our descriptive and econometric estimations. We find, among other things, that firms’ adoption of internal policies on environmental protection is dismally low in both Nigeria (32 percent) and Ghana (17 percent), with policies focused on reducing solid (38 percent, Nigeria; and 35 percent, Ghana), gaseous (22 percent, Nigeria; and 44 percent, Ghana), and liquid (24 percent, Nigeria; and 14 percent, Ghana) pollution. Training appears to be an important intervention that can help improve firms’ adoption of such policies. We also found that firms’ adoption and implementation of environmental protection policies significantly improve their performance. |
| Keywords: | Environment; Green Industrialization; Performance; Pollution; Small Businesses; West Africa |
| JEL: | H32 L25 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afe:wpaper:18/042&r=env |
| By: | Caillavet, F.; Fadhuile, A.; Nichele, V. |
| Abstract: | Food consumption is a major driver of environmental impacts. This paper designs carbon taxation scenarios on food, including or not subsidies, and assess their distributional, environmental and nutritional effects. Food price elasticities are estimated from an EASI demand system, and distributional effects are estimated on continuous distribution, which enables us to compute an inequality index. Our results show that a tax policy may be effective in reducing emissions and that a revenue-neutral scenario including subsidies improves as well nutritional and equity aspects. However, to obtain a more important emissions mitigation (-15%), taxing all foods may be considered, with no adverse nutritional and equity effects. Acknowledgement : This work was supported by INRA DIDIT Metaprogramme, Ferrero Cie, and IDEX Grenoble University. None of these sources had any involvement in any stage of this research. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277102&r=env |
| By: | Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Sanou, Awa; Tambo, Justice A. |
| Abstract: | The poultry sub-sector in Nigeria is experiencing rapid growth and transformation. However, heat stress associated with climate change is a challenge to poultry farmers due to its negative effect on chicken growth and productivity Small poultry farmers tend to invest in traditional strategies such as stocking local breeds Medium and large poultry farmers adopt modern technologies such as air and water ventilation and bulbs that emit less heat Farmers who have experienced heat related losses are more likely to adopt modern practices (water ventilation, pay for litter spreading, buy medicines and vitamins or use energy efficient bulb) and more likely to adopt multiple adaptation strategies. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:279872&r=env |
| By: | Bindoumou, M. |
| Abstract: | Abstract This study aims at understanding and quantifying the link between climate and agriculture in Cameroon; and to analyze how expectations of farmers on climate change affect investment and production decisions. To achieve the first objective, the Ricardian model is estimated by the Ordinary Least Square method. The second objective is achieved by estimating a dynamic stochastic model by the nonlinear three-stage least square method. Regarding the marginal effect, we found that an increasing for 1mm of precipitations leads to an increasing for FCFA 3205 of farm income per hectare. While an increasing for 1 C of temperature leads to a decreasing for FCFA 3100.05 of farm income per hectare. As for the elasticity of farm incomes, the results suggest that an increasing of 1% in temperature leads to lower farm revenues by 41.43 % while an increasing of 1% in precipitation leads to higher farm revenues by 17.01 %. Finally, under climate change, farmers take about two and a half years to fully adjust the desired level of their crops, about 24 years for capital, one and half year for labour and about nine months for fertilizer to their optimal level. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277375&r=env |
| By: | Chen, X.; Ye, J. |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the existence and magnitude of air pollution spillovers in Chinese cities. Estimation of this spillover effect is complicated because neighboring cities share similar business/pollution cycles and changes in wind direction can be fairly frequent. To circumvent these empirical challenges, we exploit spatial and temporal variations in PM10 concentrations for 108 major cities in China s Eastern Monsoon Region during the East Asian winter and summer monsoon seasons. We find large pollution spillover effects: a city s average PM10 concentration increases by 0.09-0.21 units during the winter monsoon season and by 0.06-0.10 units during the summer monsoon season, if PM10 concentrations in cities upwind of this city increase by one unit. The percentage contributions of PM10 pollution from upwind cities to local PM10 levels vary by region and can be as large as 30%. These findings are comparable to the existing atmospheric evidence. Our findings suggest that pollution control policies must be coordinated between cities to abate urban air pollution. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277146&r=env |
| By: | Bertoni, D.; Curzi, D.; Iacus, S.; Olper, A. |
| Abstract: | This paper tests the effect of Agri-environmental measures (AEMs) payments in improving greener farming practices. AEMs are the main policy instrument of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to support environmentally friendly farming methods. We analyze the effect of AEMs considering their application in the Lombardy region (Northern Italy) during the 2007-2013 period. To properly account for unobserved heterogeneity and selection bias, we make use of a new matching method the Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) that has the key property, over other matching methods, to better reduce the imbalance in the covariates between the treated and the control units. Main results suggest that the compliance with AEMs provides additional effects in line with the program expectations. However, we also find significant windfall effects, which may potentially damp the cost-effectiveness of the program. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277381&r=env |
| By: | Steven E. Sexton; A. Justin Kirkpatrick; Robert Harris; Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | Federal and state policies in the U.S. subsidize electricity generation from 1.4 million rooftop solar arrays because of pollution avoidance benefits and grid congestion relief. Yet because these benefits vary across the U.S. according to solar irradiance, technologies of electricity generators, and grid characteristics, the value of these benefits, and, consequently, the optimal subsidy, are largely unknown. Policy, therefore, is unlikely to have induced efficient solar investments. This paper (1) provides the first systematic, theoretically consistent, and empirically valid estimates of pollution damages avoidable by solar capacity in each U.S. zip code, (2) relates these external benefits to subsidy levels in each U.S. state, and (3) estimates the share of these benefits that spillover to other states. It also measures the energy value of capacity across the U.S. and the value of transmission congestion relief in California. Environmental benefits are shown to vary considerably across the U.S., and to largely spillover to neighboring states. Subsidy levels are essentially uncorrelated with environmental benefits contributing to installed capacity that sacrifices approximately $1 billion per year in environmental benefits. Energy value is estimated to vary less than environmental benefits, while California rooftop solar is shown to generate no congestion relief. |
| JEL: | Q47 Q48 Q50 Q52 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25241&r=env |
| By: | Firat Emir (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University); Mehmet Balcilar (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University); Muhammad Shahbaz (Montpelier Business School, Montpelier, France) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the convergence properties of CO2 intensity in EU-28 countries, using panel data for the period 1990 to 2016. We use Phillips and Sul’s (2007) approach to test for CO2 intensity convergence and identify convergence clubs. In addition to the EU-28 members, we analyze the EU-15, and the new EU members (EU-new) that joined after 2004, as distinct groups for the periods 1990–2016, 1990–2004, and 2005–2016. Our results show no convergence to a single group among the EU countries during the full and two subsample periods. However, the convergence takes place within five to seven clubs for the EU-28 and within three to five clubs for the EU-15 and EU-new. There is no evidence of all members converging to a single club in either group or the three sub-periods examined. This study highlights the need for adopting new strategies considering club properties and for sustainable growth, which meets the EU-28 environmental regulation standards. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Intensity; Club Convergence; Convergence Test; European Union |
| JEL: | O13 O47 O5 Q52 C22 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emu:wpaper:15-38.pdf&r=env |
| By: | Gschwandtner, A. |
| Abstract: | Increased pollution leads to a constant decrease of drinking water quality worldwide. Due to safety concerns, unpleasant taste and odour only about 3% of the population in South Korea is drinking untreated tap water. The present study uses choice experiments and cost-benefit analysis to investigate the feasibility of installing advanced water treatments in Cheongju waterworks in South Korea. The waterworks is situated in the middle of the country and is providing more than half a million people with drinking water. The study shows that the lower bound of the median WTP for installing a new advanced water treatment system is about $ 2 US/month, which is similar to the average expenditures for bottled water per household in South Korea. Scenarios under which the instalment of the advanced water treatments is feasible are discussed together with environmental solutions in the long-run. Acknowledgement : The authors would like to thank Rob Fraser for setting the road map for this research. They would also like to thank Iain Fraser for his help with the design of the choice experiment and Korea-Water for sponsoring this project. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277418&r=env |
| By: | Jean Foyer (CREDA - CREDA - Centre de Recherche Et de Documentation sur les Amériques - UMR 7227 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurore Viard-Crétat (CAK-CRHST - Centre Alexandre Koyré - Centre de Recherche en Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Valérie Boisvert (Institut de géographie et durabilité - UNIL - Université de Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | Thispaperstarts from thepremise thatat theRio+20Summit,historyhas repeateditselfand that the same expectations raised by bioprospecting 20 years ago are now attached to the market-based instruments associated with conservation policies (Payments for environmental services, REDD mechanisms, biodiversity offsets,...). The promise that market mechanisms are best suited to reach biodiversity conservation goals has been renewed. Building on Polanyian definition of fictitious commodities and on the idea of the ‘economy of promises' (developed by P.B. Joly in relation to biotechnologies and nanotechnologies), we argue that beyond their ideological foundations, market mechanisms require complex institutional arrangements that are often irrelevant and ineffective in reaching theirenvironmental objectives.Thesevariousmarket-based ormarket-like arrangements rely onthereassertedpromiseofasynergybetweenmarketandconservationratherthanonactualmarket mechanisms. They are supposedly meant as conservation tools. However, they rather foster the developmentofamarketforconsultingandeconomicexpertiseinconservationissues,thegrowthand perpetuation of which depend on the renewal of this promise, in the form of changing institutional arrangementsandmechanisms. |
| Date: | 2018–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01910751&r=env |
| By: | Moehring, N.; Gaba, S.; Finger, R. |
| Abstract: | To reduce environmental and health risks caused by pesticide use, efficient and effective policies strongly demand a precise and meaningful quantification of these adverse effects. The indicators currently used in policy analysis are diverse and mainly focus on a purely quantitative dimension of used pesticides. Using a unique dataset on pesticide use of Swiss farmers, we demonstrate that the two most important quantitative indicators on average show a significant correlation with pesticide risks, but they have almost no explanatory power for applications with extreme risks for the environment and human health. Single applications and application regimes with extreme risks, have been shown to be central for potential environmental and human health impacts of pesticides. These findings render the use of common, quantitative indicators in-effective to reduce environmental and health risk - in the worst case leading to biased policy incentives and adverse outcomes of current pesticide policies. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277363&r=env |
| By: | Assogba, N.P.; Zhang, D. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we measure the degradation of the W Reserve in West Africa using the number of cases of illegal farming and illegal cattle grazing recorded and analyze the factors influencing such degradation using nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model. Our results indicate that the Reserve degradation was negatively correlated with the average income level, the number of financial institutions, and the distance while a positive correlation with the average farm areas in the villages. The institutional characteristics of the villages, namely the number of non-governmental organizations promoting nature preservation, and the existence of check points between the Reserve and the villages in its periphery were negatively correlated with its degradation. Keywords: W Reserve, West Africa, illegal farming, illegal cattle grazing Acknowledgement : We thank Auburn University for providing funding support. We are also grateful to the administrations of the W Reserve in Benin, Burkina-Faso, and Niger for the provision of some of the data used in the study as well as to the municipalities in the periphery of the Reserve. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277335&r=env |
| By: | Ather Maqsood Ahmed (School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology); Shahzad Alvi (School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology); Faisal Jamil (School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences and Technology) |
| Abstract: | It is evident that higher temperature causes discomfort, fatigue, and cognitive impairment in workers and it also a?ects machines? performance and thus potentially decrease labor and capital productivity. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of climate change on productivity at the macro level. Given the importance of total factor productivity for long-run economic growth, this study examines the impact of climate change on total factor productivity by using the panel data from 1990-2016 of developing countries. In doing so, at first, the present study calculates the total factor productivity by using the Cobb-Douglas production function. In the second step, the study estimates the impact of climate change on total factor productivity along with other covariates such as trade openness, education, and information and communications technology. To get the precise results, this study used panel data econometric techniques such as common, random and fixed effects. Among common, random and fixed effects models; the fixed effect model is chosen as a best candidate model through appropriate model selection criteria. The results indicate that growing temperature decreases the total factor productivity while education, trade openness and information and communications technology increase total factor productivity. This study suggests that there is a need to take adaptations to overcome the problem of climatic changes on total factor productivity in the short run along with mitigation to get the sustainable economic growth in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Economic growth; Total factor productivity; Cobb-Douglas production function; Mitigation; Fixed effects |
| JEL: | R11 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6709828&r=env |
| By: | Del Chiappa, Giacomo; Usai, Stefano; Cocco, Antonio; Atzeni, Marcello |
| Abstract: | This paper presents and discusses findings of research carried out on a sample of 141 tourism stakeholders with two tourism destinations located in Sardinia, Italy. Specifically, it investigates: (1) the priorities that respondents consider essential to attain sustainability and competitiveness for their business and the destination as a whole, (2) the main barriers to tourism sustainability and (3) their attitude towards climate change and its influence on tourism. Our contribution to the literature, along with managerial implications, is discussed and suggestions for future research are given. |
| Keywords: | Supply-side perspective; tourism sustainability; destination competitiveness; barriers, climate change |
| JEL: | L83 Q1 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90099&r=env |
| By: | Madalina Tocan (Ecological University of Bucharest) |
| Abstract: | Local authorities’ corruption, garbage companies’ violation of laws, the lack of a mandatory waste collection infrastructure and the disinterest of part of the population for environmental protection are the reasons for recycling only 3% of municipal waste in Romania. A report from the European Environment Agency shows that our country is a quaint for the recovery of waste. The first part of the paper tries to present the state of recycle in Romania and the reasons why Romania is in the last place in Europe to recycle. At the end of the paper, as conclusions, are presented some possible solutions for the Romanian recycling challenges. |
| Keywords: | waste, recycling, zero waste |
| JEL: | Q50 Q53 Q59 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eub:wpaper:2018-02&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development within the investigated context includes the ability of African countries to meet the present economic, social and environmental needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A challenging contemporary policy syndrome is the lack of funding for adequate capacities and structures essential for the realisation of the post-2015 development agenda. This introductory chapter provides highlights on all chapters covered by the book in the direction of addressing the underlying policy syndrome. |
| Keywords: | finance; sustainable development; Africa |
| JEL: | B20 F35 F50 O10 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afe:wpaper:18/018&r=env |
| By: | Edenhofer, Ottmar; Schmidt, Christoph M. |
| Abstract: | Das Ziel des Pariser Klimaabkommens, den globalen Temperaturanstieg auf deutlich unter 2°C zu begrenzen, erfordert eine emissionsneutrale Weltwirtschaft ab Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts. Ein sektorübergreifender und weltweiter CO2-Preis ist das kosteneffektivste Instrument, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Bisherige Bepreisungssysteme weisen jedoch ein zu niedriges Preisniveau auf und sind zudem nicht ausreichend international koordiniert. Deutschland sollte darauf dringen, dass im Europäischen Emissionshandel (EU ETS) ein Mindestpreis von 20 €/t CO2 ab 2020 eingeführt wird, der bis zum Jahr 2030 auf 35 €/t CO2 ansteigt. Sollte ein europaweiter Mindestpreis politisch nicht durchsetzbar sein, es aber eine große Koalition der Willigen unter den EU-Ländern geben, könnten flexible nationale CO2-Steuern die Differenz zwischen dem Preis am europäischen Zertifikatemarkt und dem unter den Willigen vereinbarten Mindestpreis ausgleichen. Zudem sollten in den nicht vom EU ETS erfassten Sektoren, insbesondere Verkehr und Wärme, die Energieabgaben so reformiert werden, dass sie sich ebenfalls am CO2-Gehalt orientieren. Diese Reform muss allerdings so ausgestaltet sein, etwa durch eine deutliche Reduzierung der Stromsteuer, dass sie nicht zulasten einkommensschwacher Haushalte geht. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwipos:72&r=env |
| By: | Silva, F.D.F.; Fulginiti, L.; Perrin, R. |
| Abstract: | In recent decades, the northern states of Brazil have experienced high rates of agricultural productivity change and also high rates of deforestation. In this article we examine the impact of the former on the latter. We pose the question whether technical change has been biased toward or against forest preservation decreasing or increasing the amount of agricultural commodities that must be given up to preserve a unit of forest. Here we estimate the rate and biases of technical change for municipalities in the arc of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon Forest, 2003 to 2015. We represent the production possibility frontier between agriculture and deforestation with a directional distance function with deforestation as an undesirable output. Our results differ by municipality, showing an average annual rate of technical change of 4.9%, and an average bias toward agricultural outputs relative to deforestation, thus reflecting increasing opportunity costs for marginal reductions in deforestation. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277167&r=env |
| By: | Vigani, M.; Berry, R. |
| Abstract: | Economic resilience is a concept used for farms facing shocks and their capacity to resist, adapt and achieve new equilibria enhancing their long term viability. Operationalizing the resilience concept is a difficult task due to its multidimensional and dynamic nature. Based on literature and risk management theory, this paper develops a composite index of economic resilience based on five dimensions, namely farm s vulnerability, intensification, biodiversity, diversification and performance. In a second step, the composite index is used to estimate the impact of climatic, environmental and telecommunications infrastructure factors on the economic resilience of farms in England and Wales, using multilevel models with mixed effects estimators. Results show that CAP subsidies, soil erosion and drought have a negative impact on the economic resilience of English and Welsh farms, but that a more diversified land use reduces farms vulnerability, by providing more opportunities for agricultural diversification. Finally, extensive telecommunications infrastructure has a particularly important role in the economic resilience of the pigs sector. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276979&r=env |
| By: | Desjeux, Y.; Latruffe, L.; Dakpo, K.H.; Hanitravelo, G. Justinia |
| Abstract: | With a sample of farms in the European Union (EU) and Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) data completed by additional data, we illustrate how the effect of farm subsidies on technical efficiency changes when environmental (good or bad) outputs are incorporated in the calculation of technical efficiency. Results indicate that the effect of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) operational subsidies on farm technical efficiency changes when environmental outputs (in this study: greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen balance and ecological focus areas) are taken into account in the efficiency calculation: some effects change significance, and more importantly, some effects change sign. Acknowledgement : Financial support from the FP7 EU project FLINT ( Farm level indicators for new topics in policy evaluation ; grant agreement no: 613800) is acknowledged. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277364&r=env |
| By: | Francesca Marchetta; David E. Sahn; Luca Tiberti |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of rainfall variability and cyclones on schooling and work among a cohort of teens and young adults in Madagascar. We estimate a bivariate probit model using a panel survey conducted in 2004 and 2011 in this poor island nation, which is frequently affected by extreme weather events. Our results show that negative rainfall deviations and cyclones reduce the probability of attending school and encourage young men and, to a greater extent, women to enter the work force, and they reduce their French and math test scores. Less wealthy households are most likely to experience this school- to-work transition in the face of rainfall shocks. The finding is consistent with poorer households having less savings and more limited access to credit and insurance, which reduces their ability to cope with rainfall shortages. We also find that there are both contemporaneous and lagged effects of the weather shocks, and that they are of a similar magnitude. Our findings are robust to the use of a linear probability model, as well as a wide range of definitions of rainfall variations. |
| Keywords: | climate shocks, employment, schooling, Africa |
| JEL: | Q54 J43 I25 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lvl:pmmacr:2018-08&r=env |
| By: | Rickels, Wilfried; Merk, Christine; Honneth, Johannes; Schwinger, Jörg; Quaas, Martin F.; Oschlies, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Eine rasche Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen ist essentiell wenn ambitionierter Klimaschutz erreicht werden soll. Bei der Abschätzung der dafür notwendigen Anstrengungen und der Bewertung des zukünftigen Beitrags von Technologien die es erlauben der Atmosphäre CO2 zu entziehen (negative Emissionstechnologien, NETs) gehen die Meinungen und Interpretationen über den aktuellen Sonderbericht des Weltklimarats stark auseinander. Interpretationen, die sich auf eher große verbleibende CO2-Budgets beziehen und damit gleichzeitig die Rolle von NETs für die Erreichung des Temperaturziels herunterspielen, führen nicht zu verantwortungsvollen oder realistischen Einschätzungen der zukünftigen (Forschungs-)Herausforderung: Wir müssen bereits jetzt die Grenzen und Auswirkungen der verschiedenen NETS und ihre Wechselwirkungen verstehen, wenn die international angestrebten Minderungspfade realistisch sein sollen. Eine frühzeitige Festlegung auf bestimmte NETs sollte vermieden werden. Sobald die sich als effizient erwiesenen Technologien ausgereift genug sind, sollte der Umfang ihres Einsatzes durch die Einbeziehung in CO2-Emissionshandelssysteme oder (freiwillige) CO2-Kompensationsmärkte bestimmt werden. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel,Pariser Klimavertrag,CO2-Budgets,Negative Emissionstechnologien,Technologieentwicklung |
| JEL: | O32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2116&r=env |
| By: | Grace Chang (Young Lives, University of Oxford); Marta Favara (Young Lives, University of Oxford); Rafael Novella (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | A large literature stemming from the Fetal Origins Hypothesis (Barker, 1990) discuss the importance on the in-utero period as critical in shaping a person?s future development. More recently, economists have further tested this theory by investigating how fetal experiences are related to a variety of future economic outcomes. This paper investigates the effect of in utero exposure to rainfall shocks in India on future accumulation of human capital. For this analysis, we match the Young Lives data, following a cohort of children born between the years 2000 and 2001 up to age 15, and climate data from the University of Delaware. We estimate the impact of in utero exposure to rainfall shocks on children?s cognitive (mathematics and vocabulary) and non-cognitive skills (core self-evaluation) at age 15 by using a community fixed effects model to control for any unobservable correlates of weather patterns and local levels of human capital formation. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of rainfall deviations that occur during the first, second and/or third trimesters of pregnancy. We argue that timing of the exposure to shocks might be important to cognitive and non-cognitive skills formation considering that the critical window for the fetus? brain development is between the 24th and 42nd week of gestation. Our results show significant and negative effects of exposure to anomalous rainfall deviations from the historical mean on children?s cognitive scores at age 15, particularly when affected by a negative one standard deviation shock. We also find a significant and negative impact on children?s core self-evaluation from a two standard deviation shock. The second trimester appears to be the critical window of exposure on cognitive outcomes, while the first trimester seems to be important to the non-cognitive outcome. Hence, our results point to the persistent effects of exposure to rainfall deviations during pregnancy on future human capital development. This highlights the need for policies to think more about individual life-course and intergenerational mobility, where focusing on mothers can help children?s development outcomes in the future. |
| Keywords: | human capital development, fetal origins hypothesis, non-cognitive skills, cognitive skills, climate |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6710063&r=env |
| By: | Ordonez, P.; Balis, K.; Ramirez, I. |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors that lead to the adoption of legal harvesting of the forest by the communities in the state of Michoac n in Mexico. We construct a theoretical model, where the adoption decision is based on the expected benefits and costs of adoption versus the net benefit of expanding the agricultural frontier or of not controlling access to the forest and allow for it to harvested illegally. Using a panel data set of 1785 communities from 1993 to 2013, we estimate a probit model, where we control for the unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity by using Mundlak s device. We find that the relative distribution of land use between forest and agriculture as well as the elevation and ruggedness of the terrain, have a significant effect, together with a positive effect of the price of pinewood. Furthermore, we find evidence of spatial spillovers for the adoption decision, as a community whose neighbors have previously adopted a forest management plan, is also more likely to adopt. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277351&r=env |
| By: | Raggi, M.; Zavalloni, M.; Viaggi, D. |
| Abstract: | Reservoirs are increasingly deemed to be important given their potential control of water availability across seasons - from wet to dry seasons, especially given the concerns on the effect of climate change. In this paper, we focus on the collective action aspect of investing in irrigation reservoirs and on the potential scope for policy intervention. We formulate a model in which farmers pool resources to construct a collective reservoir. We conceptualized the reservoir as a blue club that increases the potential water availability in dry season, thus improving water safety for the whole society. We determine the societal potential inefficiency in club size and the potential policy measures to correct it, focusing on two different club access rules (open vs closed membership). Results show that linear subsidy are ineffective in case of closed membership, and minimum participation rules are required. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277484&r=env |
| By: | Sani Khalil Ibrahim (Bayero University Kano); Abdulazeez Umar Raji (Bayero University Kano) |
| Abstract: | Despite all the global stakeholders call for a paradigm shift from the traditional design and construction practices, green buildings awareness for greater client`s benefits realization is still lagging in the Nigerian construction industry. It is premise that, lack of adequate client awareness on the potential benefits realization and high costs associated with design and construction are seen to be key barriers in delivering green and sustainable buildings in the construction industry. Viewed from the concept of community of practice (CoP), it is the corporate social responsibility of the construction industry stakeholders to improve the current level of client`s awareness on green buildings and benefits realization. It is argued that a major set-back to green building programs adoption is the lack of public awareness. This paper seeks to assess the level of client`s awareness on green building designs and the potential long term benefits to be achieved by delivering green and sustainable buildings. The study adopts an inductive approach and qualitative method. The data for analysis was collated through interview with both informed and ill-informed in the Nigerian construction industry and analyzed using thematic analysis. In this paper, design and developing green buildings is seen to have a great potential to optimize client?s/owners benefits realization, through energy efficiency; organizational level of productivity and minimize building lifecycle operation costs in Nigerian commercial buildings. This can only be achieved if the client is well informed of the benefits to be realized in short term and in the long term |
| Keywords: | Client Awareness, Benefits Realization (BR), Green Buildings, Sustainability. |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6710286&r=env |
| By: | Sani Khalil Ibrahim (Department of Architecture, Bayero University Kano); Abdulazeez Umar Raji (Department of Estate Management, Bayero University, Kano. Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Despite all the global stakeholders call for a paradigm shift from the traditional design and construction practices, green buildings awareness for greater client`s benefits realization is still lagging in the Nigerian construction industry. It is premise that, lack of adequate client awareness on the potential benefits realization and high costs associated with design and construction are seen to be key barriers in delivering green and sustainable buildings in the construction industry. Viewed from the concept of community of practice (CoP), it is the corporate social responsibility of the construction industry stakeholders to improve the current level of client`s awareness on green buildings and benefits realization. It is argued that a major set-back to green building programs adoption is the lack of public awareness. This paper seeks to assess the level of client`s awareness on green building designs and the potential long term benefits to be achieved by delivering green and sustainable buildings. The study adopts an inductive approach and qualitative method. The data for analysis was collated through interview with both informed and ill-informed in the Nigerian construction industry and analyzed using thematic analysis. In this paper, design and developing green buildings is seen to have a great potential to optimize client?s/owners benefits realization, through energy efficiency; organizational level of productivity and minimize building lifecycle operation costs in Nigerian commercial buildings. This can only be achieved if the client is well informed of the benefits to be realized in short term and in the long term. |
| Keywords: | Client Awareness, Benefits Realization (BR), Green Buildings, Sustainability. |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6709830&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | A co-ordinated policy response is needed to ensure that new and existing infrastructure networks are resilient to climate change. This Policy Paper outlines a framework for achieving this based on the experiences in OECD and G20 countries. It shows how governments and businesses can collaborate to mobilise investment for climate-resilient infrastructure. |
| Date: | 2018–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:14-en&r=env |
| By: | Araya, G.B.; Holden, S.T. |
| Abstract: | Using panel data of three rounds collected from 12 districts in Tigray, this study assesses the impact of Ethiopia s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on the probability of adoption of modern fertilizer and intensity of its use by rural farm households. We employ the control function approach to identify the impact. Results show that membership in the PSNP has a positive impact on the probability of adopting modern fertilizer but not on the amount of fertilizer that farm households use. This result may indicate that the PSNP is contributing to investments by farmers which may lead to achieving food security and enhanced productivity of poor farm households. Acknowledgement : The authors are grateful to the Norwegian Project for Capacity Development in Higher Education and Research for Development (NORHED) for funding this work through the Climate Smart Natural Resource Management and Policy (CLISNARP) project. We are also thankful to Mesfin Tilahun for the useful comments we got from him on this work. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277051&r=env |
| By: | Alfonso Echazarra (OCDE) |
| Abstract: | Notre planète a connu bien des transformations (négatives) depuis plus de 10 ans, lorsque l’enquête PISA interrogeait les élèves sur l’environnement. Augmentation de la température mondiale, fonte des glaciers, récifs coralliens toujours plus menacés, hausse d’environ 3 centimètres du niveau de la mer, accumulation des déchets dans les océans, sans compter les catastrophes provoquées par l’homme, comme la marée noire suite à l’explosion de la plateforme Deepwater Horizon ou encore la catastrophe nucléaire de Fukushima : autant de périls qui mettent encore plus en danger la santé déjà fragile de notre planète.À travers des initiatives nationales et internationales, telles que la Conférence et l’Accord de Paris sur le climat – aussi connus sous le nom de COP21 –, les gouvernements s’efforcent de coordonner leurs efforts pour protéger l’environnement ; toutefois, tant que la société n’aura pas pleinement pris conscience des conséquences de l’inaction, le coût de l’action pourra encore sembler trop élevé. Les élèves sont-ils mieux informés au sujet des problèmes environnementaux ? Les jeunes de 15 ans sont-ils aujourd’hui plus optimistes quant à l’avenir de la planète ? Qui sont les élèves les plus sensibilisés aux problématiques environnementales ? |
| Date: | 2018–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:edudde:87-fr&r=env |
| By: | Kohler, A. |
| Abstract: | While loopholes are ubiquitous in many industrial sectors, estimating their economy effects is challenging. Using an example from the tobacco industry, this paper illustrates how loopholes are exploited, and quantifies their economic effects. After 2004, the EU effectively bans the production of cigarettes exceeding maximum yield limits of 10 mg tar, 1 mg nicotine, and 10 mg carbon monoxide, whereas Switzerland still allows the production of stronger cigarettes for the export market. I identify the effect of this loophole by carefully constructing various comparison groups, and quantify it by implementing a difference-in-difference estimator. I show that the loophole creates big rents in the form of additional foreign sales for Big Tobacco (i.e., the world's five biggest tobacco companies). In the decade from 2004 to 2014, Big Tobacco's foreign sales were between $1.5 billion and $2.5 billion higher than they would have been without the loophole. Acknowledgement : I thank Reto Foellmi, Stefan Legge, Anne Wunderlich and Josef Zweim ller for valuable comments. |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277162&r=env |
| By: | Garth Heutel |
| Abstract: | Allowing emissions permits to be banked and borrowed over time can yield efficiency gains. I develop a model to demonstrate that banking and borrowing can also be allowed for a price policy. I compare expected welfare between price and quantity policies, with and without banking, under several different scenarios regarding uncertainty. A bankable policy can provide an efficiency improvement by allowing for smoothing of costs, though it does not necessarily dominate a policy that does not allow banking. The ranking of prices vs. quantities and of bankability vs. non-bankability depends on both the slopes of marginal costs and benefits and on the specification of uncertainty. |
| JEL: | D62 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25235&r=env |
| By: | Li, Y.; Ruan, J.; Ye, C. |
| Abstract: | Market is the foundation of modern society. However, how did market evolve? Previous research has explored the impacts of spatial distance and transportation conditions on market integration. This paper argues that natural disasters also played a crucial role in the evolution of market integration in China, particularly in the grain market. When natural disasters occur, governments relief measures and merchants arbitrage activities will gradually promote interconnectivity among local grain markets. In this paper, China's major grain monthly price dataset from 1746-1795 and the Chinese historical disaster records dataset from 1696-1795 are used to analyze the impact of natural disasters on grain market integration. The empirical results show that natural disasters have a significantly positive effect on the integration of the grain market. The findings continue to hold after controlling the traffic conditions, grain varieties and lag effect. This study proposes a new perspective for understanding the evolution of the grain market. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277346&r=env |
| By: | François-Xavier De Vaujany (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Amélie Bohas (CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Jeremy Aroles (Alliance MBS - Alliance Manchester Business School - University of Manchester [Manchester]); Nicolas Aubouin; Héloïse Berkowitz (TSM - Toulouse School of Management Research - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - TSM - Toulouse School of Management - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole); Claudine Bonneau; Hélène Bussy-Socrate (WBS - Warwick Business School - University of Warwick [Coventry]); Sabine Carton (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Boukje Cnossen; Aurore Dandoy (Management & Organisation - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Julie Fabbri; Anna Glaser; Albane Grandazzi (Management & Organisation - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stefan Haefliger (Cass Business School - Cass Business School); Marie Hasbi (Université Paris 2 - Panthéon-Assas); Olivier Irrmann; Pierre Laniray (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Annie Pessalacqua; Viviane Sergi (UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal); David Vallat (Centre de Recherche Magellan - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Lyon); Laetitia Vitaud; Johanna Voll; Renée Zachariou |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01907637&r=env |
| By: | Kettlewell, Nathan; Rijsdijk, Fruhling (King's College London); Sumathipala, Athula (Keele University); Tymula, Agnieszka (University of Sydney); Zavos, Helena (King's College London); Glozier, Nicholas (University of Sydney) |
| Abstract: | We estimate whether risk preferences are affected by traumatic events by using a unique survey of Sri Lankan twins which contains information on individual's exposure to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, participation as a combatant in the civil war, validated measures of mental health and risk preferences, and a rich set of control variables. Our estimation strategy utilises variation in experiences within twin pairs and allows us to explore whether preference changes are driven by wealth shocks and/or changes in mental health. We find that both events lead to less risk aversion, a result that is not driven by mental health or wealth changes. |
| Keywords: | risk preferences, natural disaster, civil war, twin study |
| JEL: | D74 D81 D91 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11901&r=env |
| By: | Emmanuel Hache (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Angélique Palle (IRSEM - Institut de recherche stratégique de l'Ecole militaire - Ecole militaire, PRODIG - Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique - Sorbonne Université - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article studies the integration of variable renewable energy sources (RES) into power networks. The main goal is to confront the contents and trends of scientific literature with the eyes and projects of researchers on future topics and issues to be solved, especially in terms of the modeling of electrical systems. The analysis relies on a bibliometric study of the Scopus database on the topic and on an online survey sent to the corresponding authors of the identified papers. The paper analyzes the dynamics of publication, clusters of collaboration, and main topics studied. It then identifies potential research leads, among which unresolved challenges regarding technical aspects, markets and financing issues, and social aspects. The disparity of models and results is still a necessary evil as research is not mature enough to integrate in one model all the very complex parameters of VRE integration into power systems. There is a lack of recurrence, though, such as the impact of emergent technologies or the development of substitute low carbon-emitting technology (other than solar and wind), need to be addressed. The paper also advocates the need for a systemic vision, for both research and policymakers that goes beyond the sole power system. |
| Keywords: | Variable renewable energy,bibliometric analysis,scenario,survey,power network |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01929420&r=env |
| By: | Estelle Cantillon; Aurelie Cecile Dominique Slechten |
| Abstract: | A key policy argument in favor of emissions markets (relative to command-and-control types of regulation) is their ability to aggregate dispersed information and generate price signals to guide firms' trading and abatement decisions. We investigate this argument in a multi-period model where firms receive noisy private signals about their current period emissions and privately observe their previous period emissions before this information is made public to the rest of the market. Firms respond to information by trading and abating emissions. We show that there exists a rational expectations equilibrium that fully aggregates firms' private information, justifying the policy argument in favor of emissions markets, in the absence of other frictions. We also derive predictions about how prices should be reacting to new private or public information and show that the possibility of abatement dampens the impact of shocks on prices. Finally, we show that the information aggregation result breaks down if firms' abatement costs are also private information. |
| Keywords: | emissions trading, Information aggregation, efficient market hypothesis, price formation |
| JEL: | G14 D83 D84 D85 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:251505309&r=env |
| By: | Bilgili, Faik; Mugaloglu, Erhan; Koçak, Emrah |
| Abstract: | This paper observes the possible co-movements of oil price and CO2 emissions in China by following wavelet coherence and wavelet partial coherence analyses to be able to depict short-run and long-run co-movements at both low and high frequencies. To this end, this research might provide the current literature with the output of potential short run and long run, structural, changes in CO2 emissions upon a shock (a change) in oil prices in China together with the control variables of World oil prices, fossil energy consumption, and renewables consumption, and, urban population in China. Therefore, this research aims at determining wavelet coherencies between the variables and phase differences to exhibit the leading variable in potential co-movements. By following the time domain and frequency domain analyses of this research, one may claim that the oil prices in China has considerable negative impact on CO2 emissions at high frequencies for the periods 1960-2014 and 1971-2014 in China. Besides, one may underline as well other important output of the research exploring that the urban population and CO2 emissions have positive associations, move together for the period 1960-2014 in China. Eventually, this paper might suggest that authorities follow demand side management policies considering energy demand behavior at both shorter cycles and longer cycles to diminish the CO2 emissions in China. |
| Keywords: | Wavelet coherence, wavelet partial coherence, oil price, CO2 emissions, urbanization, China |
| JEL: | C1 C32 C49 C61 C63 E32 E37 I0 J11 J18 Q2 Q21 Q31 Q32 Q40 Q52 Q53 Q56 Q57 R0 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90170&r=env |
| By: | Aubert, M.; Enjolras, G. |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to examine how crop insurance influences pesticide use, the two decisions being strategic for risk management at the farm scale. Using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), we consider French farms which cultivate field crops and wine-growing, the two main sectors that participate the most to crop insurance and that use intensively pesticides. The paper implements propensity score matching, difference-in-differences models and a combination of these two methods in order to compare populations of insured and non-insured farmers. The analysis is performed between 2008 and 2012 given a strategic change in the crop insurance system in 2010 that strongly incites farmers to purchase crop insurance with private companies. At the same time, pesticide use was progressively discouraged through public policies. Estimations show that while pesticide use decreases for all crops, the purchase of crop insurance policies softens this reduction for field crops and fasten it for wine-growing. These results emphasize a possible substitutability between crop insurance and pesticides as risk management tools. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277242&r=env |
| By: | Shaibu, Ufedo M.; Ademola, Oluwatoyin M. |
| Abstract: | HIGHLIGHTS • Most agricultural data is collected annually in the USA • Data collection processes are funded by both the Federal and State governments. • Agricultural data is collected at individual farm level from different counties or Local Government Areas (LGAs) within a State. These are further aggregated at the LGA, State and national levels to produce data for the LGA, State and the Country, respectively. • Use of ICT devices and software for agricultural data collection. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2018–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:279870&r=env |
| By: | Sadovska, V. |
| Abstract: | The sustainable value framework (Hart and Milstein, 2003) allows conducting a diagnostics of a firm regarding its strategies for the creation of sustainable business value. We have applied this instrument to the field of agricultural business. The analysis of literature made it possible to identify activities that source value creation for agricultural enterprises. The activities were grouped into six topics, namely collaboration, diversification, product identity, distribution channels, knowledge and innovations, changes in production. Applying the sustainable value framework to locate these six topics allowed drawing the conclusions that agricultural enterprises are successful in pursuing business strategies in near-term perspective in both internal and external dimensions, while long-term oriented strategies such as innovativeness, knowledge acquisition and collaborations with external stakeholders are out of the radar of agricultural enterprises. These conclusions lead to the need to explore what agricultural enterprises require in order to create sustainable value in all segments of the framework. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276984&r=env |
| By: | Hélène Tordjman (Centre d'Economie de l'Université de Paris Nord (CEPN)) |
| Abstract: | Cela fait longtemps que la nature est entrée dans le processus capitaliste dans ses dimensions matérielles, terre, ressources agricoles et minières, sous la forme de biens tangibles donc. Depuis quelques décennies, un phénomène nouveau apparaît. Des dimensions de la nature sont requalifiées en information, en services et en actifs financiers pour pouvoir à leur tour faire l’objet d’échanges marchands. Autrement dit une nouvelle classe de marchandises fictives apparaît (Karl Polanyi (1944)). Plutôt que de les nommer « immatérielles », je préfère parler de dématérialisation, car il s’agit d’un processus institutionnel, juridique et politique construit et voulu, et non d’une immanence. Analysant le cas des services écosystémiques, cet article propose une catégorisation permettant de comprendre comment l’institution marchande remodèle ainsi de grands pans de la nature, en trois grands moments. Le premier est celui de la qualification de la marchandise, qui vise à en définir les contours précis, la doter d’une mesure et de droits de propriété. Le deuxième processus est celui de l’évaluation, où l’objet considéré acquiert une valeur monétaire de référence. On parle quelquefois de monétisation. Le troisième et dernier moment de la création d’une marchandise fictive est celui de la valorisation. Il s’agit de dispositifs contractuels et/ou marchands qui transforment les valeurs en prix. Ce n’est qu’à cette ultime étape que de la valeur est effectivement créée, c’est-à-dire du capital. Malgré le caractère apparemment immatériel de ces nouvelles marchandises, les conséquences de leur création sur la nature et les relations que nous entretenons avec elle sont tout à fait matérielles. |
| Keywords: | Environnement et écologie ; approches institutionnalistes ; droits de propriété ; services écosystémiques |
| JEL: | B52 K11 P14 Q50 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upn:wpaper:2018-12&r=env |