|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Randall Hanegraaf; Nicole Jonker; Steven Mandley; Jelle Miedema |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study quantifies the impact of the Dutch cash payment system on the environment and on climate change using a life cycle assessment (LCA). It examines both the impact of coins and of banknotes. In addition, it identifies areas within the cash payment system where the impact on the environment and on the climate can be reduced. Methods: The ReCiPe endpoint (H) impact method was used for this LCA. The cash payment system has been divided into five subsystems: the production of banknotes, the production of coins, the operation phase, the end of life of banknotes and the end of life of coins. Two functional units were used: 1) cumulative cash payments in the Netherlands in 2015 and 2) the average single cash payment in the Netherlands in 2015. Input data for all processes within each subsystem was collected through interviews and literature study. Ten key companies and authorities in the cash payment chain contributed data, i.e. the Dutch central bank, the Royal Dutch Mint, a commercial bank, a cash logistic service provider, two cash-in-transit companies, two printing works, an ATM manufacturer and a municipal waste incinerator. Results and discussion: The environmental impact of the Dutch cash payment system in 2015 was 2.35 MPt (expressed in eco points) and its global warming potential (GWP) was 17 million kg CO2 equivalents (CO2e). For an average single cash transaction the environmental impact was 637 µPt and the GWP was 4.6 g CO2e. The operation phase (e.g. energy use of ATMs, transport of banknotes and coins) (64%) and coin production phase (32%) had the largest impact on the environment, while the operation phase also had the largest impact on climate change (88%). Finally, scenario analysis shows that reductions of the environmental impact (51%) and the impact on climate change (55%) could be achieved by implementing a number of measures, namely: reducing the number of ATMs, stimulating the use of renewable energy in ATMs, introducing hybrid trucks for cash transport and matching coins with other countries in the euro area. Conclusions: This is the first study that investigates the environmental impact and GWP of the cash payment system in the Netherlands, by taking both the impact of banknotes and coins into account. The total environmental impact of cash payments in 2015 was 2.35 MPt and their GWP was 17 million kg CO2e. |
| Keywords: | Cash payment system; coins; banknotes; LCA; environmental impact; GWP |
| JEL: | E42 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:610&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Marc Montaud (CATT - Centre d'Analyse Théorique et de Traitement des données économiques - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); Nicolas Pecastaing (CATT - Centre d'Analyse Théorique et de Traitement des données économiques - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) |
| Abstract: | Since 2000, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol has included southern countries in the fight against climate change by encouraging northern countries to make environmentally friendly direct investments at the lowest cost in these developing nations. Even if CDM investments have enjoyed great success, the question of how host countries benefit from these investments seems insufficiently explored. Therefore, this article offers a quantitative assessment of the economic and environmental impacts of CDM investments for the specific case of Mexico. We use a computable general equilibrium model that features environmental topics, to simulate the demand and supply effects induced by these investments. Numerical simulations reveal the growth potential and important fund of development that represents the CDM for Mexico, though the environmental impact appears broadly mixed. |
| Keywords: | Clean Development Mechanism,Computable general equilibrium,Mexico |
| Date: | 2018–09–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01880342&r=env |
| By: | Marwa Lazreg (Université de Sousse, FSEG, CML); Ezzeddine Zouari |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a study of the relationship between sustainable development and foreign direct investment (FDI) from an empirical point of view in the case of the North African country during the period from 1985 to 2005. We used the FMOLS estimate and the causality test to examine this relationship. According to the results found, we confirmed the existence of a cointegration relationship between the different series studied in this paper. Indeed, the results of the null hypothesis test of no cointegration were rejected at the 5% threshold, which explains the presence of a cointegration relationship. The cointegration test can determine the use of a model error correction. Also, to test the effect of FDI on sustainable development in the countries of North Africa, we will make an estimate by FMOLS method. We found that the LIDE variable measuring foreign direct investment has a positive impact on sustainable development. Also, we notice that there is a bidirectional relationship between FDI and emissions CO2 Granger. That is to say, the IDE can cause Granger emissions of CO2 and CO2 emissions can cause Granger FDI. |
| Keywords: | foreign direct investment,sustainable development,CO2,Poverty, panel data |
| Date: | 2018–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01756732&r=env |
| By: | Frauke Urban, Giuseppina Siciliano, Linda Wallbott, Markus Lederer and Anh Dang Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth over the past few decades, as well as growing environmental pressures. The country is therefore pursuing strategies for green transformations, which are the processes of restructuring to bring economies and societies within the planetary boundaries. This article addresses the opportunities, barriers, and trade†offs for green transformations in Vietnam's energy sector and examines them from an energy justice perspective. The article draws on in†depths expert interviews with representatives from government agencies, private firms, academic institutions, and multilateral institutions in Vietnam. The article finds that Vietnam is undergoing efforts to move away from business as usual by promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency, as well as aligning energy and climate plans with national development priorities such as energy security and economic growth. Yet there is a need for more coordinated, integrated approaches and policies that span across the 3 areas that address green transformations in Vietnam: green growth, sustainable development, and climate change. Finally, although key actors seem to be aware and may be critical of major trade†offs such as land grabs for energy projects, the impacts on affected people need to be better understood and mitigated. |
| Keywords: | climate, energy justice, hydro, solar, wind |
| Date: | 2018–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201841&r=env |
| By: | Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio |
| Abstract: | Achieving a "sustainable food future" (the title of one of the three priorities identify by the government of Argentina for the 2018 G20 presidency) requires building food systems that, in line with the related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), support growth and employment, ensure social inclusiveness and equity, promote climate resilience and environmental sustainability, protect biodiversity, and generate healthy diets for all. Many policy, institutional, technological and investment innovations are needed to build such food systems. This paper focuses on the financing of the utilization of adequate technologies and innovations in agricultural production, including the ones related to soils, land, water, ecosystems, and, in general, those that have been called Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) or Climate-friendly Sustainable Agriculture (CFSA). It explores several options to mobilize financial resources to support investments in those technologies and sustainable food systems at the scale needed to have some meaningful global impact. In particular, it argues that the creation of a project preparation and financial structuring facility of appropriate scale would help leverage scarce public-sector funds to mobilize the much larger pool of private financial funds that may be interested in participating in these investments but now lack adequately structured projects and investment vehicles to do so. |
| Keywords: | international finance,foreign aid,financial institutions and services,national government expenditures,agriculture,food systems,Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) |
| JEL: | F3 F35 G2 H5 O13 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201873&r=env |
| By: | Yadira Mori-Clement (University of Graz, Austria); Stefan Nabernegg (University of Graz, Austria); Birgit Bednar-Friedl (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | Preferential trade agreements with climate-related provisions have been suggested as alternative to a New Market Mechanism due to its potential not only to achieve Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in emerging economies but also to lead to more ambitious targets in the first UNFCCC global stocktake in 2023. The objective of this research is therefore to analyze the effectiveness and quantify the economic impacts of such a trade agreement between Brazil and the European Union that aims to support renewable electricity generation. Using a multi-regional computable general equilibrium model, we find that the environmental effectiveness of a preferential trade agreement targeting renewable electricity generation strongly depends on its design. In particular, preferential trade agreements require additional elements to effectively contribute to mitigation as the sole removal of import tariffs on renewable energy technology is quite ineffective in scaling up the share of wind, solar, and biomass in Brazil. In contrast, a preferential trade agreement triggering FDI flows towards renewable electricity generation is effective in increasing the share of renewables in the generation mix and in reducing CO2 emissions, while positively affecting the Brazilian economic performance. Finally, we compare the two previous approaches to a domestic energy policy: a combination of higher fossil fuel taxes and subsidies to renewable electricity generation. We find that although this domestic energy policy is more effective in mitigation terms than the FDI policy, economic performance is negatively affected in several sectors. When such economic costs are socially not acceptable, as it is likely in many emerging economies, properly designed preferential trade agreements could therefore be a suitable instrument for supporting the achievement of NDCs, and potentially increase their stringency for the next stock taking period. |
| Keywords: | Preferential Trade Agreements with climate-related provisions; environmental goods; renewable energy; FDI; emerging economies; Brazil; European Union |
| JEL: | Q27 Q28 Q42 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2018-19&r=env |
| By: | Lanfranchi, Gabriel; Herrero, Ana Carolina; Palenzuela, Salvador Rueda; Camilloni, Inés; Bauer, Steffen |
| Abstract: | This policy brief argues in favor of a new urban model that harnesses the power that cities have to curb global warming. Such a model tackles fundamental management challenges in the energy, building and transport sectors to promote the growth of diverse and compact cities. Such a model is essential for meeting complex challenges in cities, such as promoting a cohesive social life and a competitive economic base while simultaneously preserving agricultural and natural systems crucial to soil, energy, and material resources. With most of the population living in urban areas, the G20 should recognize the key role that cities play in addressing global challenges such as climate change. Improved measures taken by cities should be an indispensable solution. The G20 Development Working Group, Climate Sustainability Working Group, and Energy Transitions Working Group should incorporate an urban approach to discussions related to climate change. |
| Keywords: | urbanization,climate action,new urban agenda,NDCs,SDGs |
| JEL: | O18 O19 O2 O44 Q01 Q50 Q51 Q54 Q56 Q58 R00 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201870&r=env |
| By: | Pullabhotla, Hemant K. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Household and Labor Economics, Environmental and Nonmarket Valuation |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274247&r=env |
| By: | Yiridomoh, Gordon Yenglier; Owusu, Victor; Appiah, Divine Odame; Bonye, Samuel Ziem |
| Abstract: | Climate variability (CCV) presents an additional challenge to the agricultural sector and society’s livelihood due its persistent low rainfall and high temperatures. Particularly to face the brunt of climate variability are women smallholder farmers who depend on agricultural production and have limited natural resources to enable them respond to the changing climate. The aim of the study was to investigate smallholder women farmers’ off-farm adaptation strategies to climate variability in the Wa West district in the Upper West region. The study adopted a case study designed method with a population of 187 smallholder farmers. Purposive and multi-stage probability sampling were used to select the communities and women respondents for the study. Questionnaires and interviews were used and data collected was analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).The results of the study indicated that, smallholder women farmers have adopted mixed off-farm adaptation strategies to climate variability. The study recommends a comprehensive and an integrated adaptation program for the agricultural sector with special focus on smallholder women farmers to include education and training of women on diseases and pest control and prevention, access to credit and value chain development for agro-processing business, and access to climate variability information. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2018–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ghaaae:277796&r=env |
| By: | Hend Ghazzai (UR MASE - Modélisation et Analyse Statistique et Economique - ESSAIT - Ecole Supérieure de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information - Université de Carthage); R Lahmandi-Ayed |
| Abstract: | We study in this paper the effect of the type of information provided by an ecolabel. For this purpose, in the framework of a model of vertical differentiation, we compare the effects of a partial information label (Type I) and a complete information label (Type III) on firms' profits, industry profit, consumers' surplus, environmental damage and social welfare. A partial information label indicates that the environmental quality of a good exceeds some given threshold. The authority issuing a partial information label chooses its labeling criteria while maximizing the social welfare. A complete information label indicates the exact environmental quality chosen by firms. We prove that while a partial information label always improves the social welfare and deteriorates the green firm profit compared to a complete information label, the preferences of the brown firm, the industry, the consumers and the impact on the environment depend on the marginal cost of quality and on the environmental sensitivity to quality. |
| Keywords: | Ecolabel,Complete Information,Partial Information,Environmental Quality,Ver-tical Differentiation JEL Classification L11,Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01877934&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report examines what would be needed to achieve zero CO2 emissions from international maritime transport by 2035. It assesses measures that can reduce shipping emissions effectively and describes possible decarbonisation pathways that use different combinations of these measures. In addition, it reviews under which conditions these measures could be implemented and presents concrete policy recommendations. |
| Date: | 2018–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:47-en&r=env |
| By: | Simone Tagliapietra |
| Abstract: | This paper was produced with the financial support of Compagnia di san Paolo and presented in the framework of the Policy responses for an EU-MENA shared future event, jointly organised with the OCPPC. The issue Energy is a fundamental component of the economic relationship between the European Union and southern Mediterranean countries, largely driven, so far, by Europe’s quest for oil and gas supplies. However, given the booming energy demand in southern Mediterranean countries and their great solar and wind potential, regional energy cooperation should also strongly focus on fostering large-scale deployment of renewable energy. This would allow southern Mediterranean countries to meet their increasing energy demand in a more sustainable way, and would also have positive economic and political benefits for Europe. Policy challenge Under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, southern Mediterranean countries adopted post-2020 plans to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and set targets for deployment of renewables. However, these commitments are largely conditional on international climate finance support being provided. Europe could scale-up its climate financing in the southern Mediterranean, but this should be linked to the implementation of certain energy reforms in those countries. Reforms should not be aimed at transposing in southern Mediterranean countries the EU framework and rules, but rather at removing the main barriers to the private sector’s engagement in those countries’ renewable energy sectors. This could be done by promoting pragmatic solutions to specific legal, regulatory and financial bottlenecks. Greater climate financing should be provided only when southern Mediterranean countries implement such solutions in practice. Helping southern Mediterranean countries meet their energy needs in a sustainable way would also benefit Europe by opening up new business opportunities for European energy companies, promoting the export of European renewable energy technologies, guaranteeing the stability of future gas exports from the region to Europe, promoting economic development in southern Mediterranean countries and delivering on those countries’ pledges under the Paris Agreement. |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polbrf:27839&r=env |
| By: | Nic Maclellan |
| Abstract: | Under the concept of the ‘Blue Pacific’, island nations are placing increased priority on the oceans, seeking to integrate policy on climate change, maritime security, fisheries and ocean biodiversity. This agenda however affects France, one of the remaining colonial powers in the Pacific, which controls a vast maritime domain in the region. The 2016 decision to incorporate the French dependencies New Caledonia and French Polynesia as full members of the Pacific Islands Forum raises a series of diplomatic challenges for Forum island countries. This article outlines France's interest in the Blue Pacific, in areas such as exclusive economic zones, security, research, climate and maritime boundaries. It then details problems facing Forum member countries arising from France's ongoing control of its three dependencies in the region, including uncertainty over legal standing in the Forum; the capacity to sign treaties; policy making on security in the Forum; policy issues on fisheries and climate in other member agencies of the Council of Regional Organisations of the Pacific; relations with other Forum dialogue partners; resource exploitation by the colonial power; and disputes over maritime boundaries. |
| Keywords: | France, New Caledonia, Pacific Islands Forum, blue economy, oceans |
| Date: | 2018–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201832&r=env |
| By: | Perry, Edward |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Food and Agricultural Policy Analysis, Resource and Environmental Policy Analysis |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274348&r=env |
| By: | Germán ROMERO; Andrés ALVAREZ-ESPINOSA; Santiago ARANGO-ARAMBURO; Juan Pablo VALLEJO; Leidy RIVEROS; Sioux MELO; Andrés PINCHAO; Carolina DIAZ; Silvia CALDERON |
| Abstract: | Este documento analiza la incidencia de la política climática internacional en la planeación y el desarrollo del sistema eléctrico de Colombia. Particularmente, estudia las implicaciones que tendría el cumplimiento de las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas (NDC) presentadas en el Acuerdo de Paris sobre el Sistema Interconectado Nacional. Para lograrlo, este documento se apoyó de las modelaciones realizadas por Arango-Aramburo, et al., (2018), quienes identificaron posibles trayectorias de adaptación del sector eléctrico colombiano, considerando que los escenarios de cambio climático podrían alterar los aportes hídricos a las centrales hidroeléctricas. Los resultados muestran que, ante el incumplimiento del Acuerdo de París, se produciría una disminución en la disponibilidad de generación hidroeléctrica que conduciría a la puesta en marcha de estrategias de adaptación del sistema eléctrico basadas en el uso de combustibles fósiles. En contraste, en el escenario que se implemente el Acuerdo, con su nivel actual de ambición, la disminución en la disponibilidad hídrica en el largo plazo sería menor, y las alternativas de adaptación se dirigirían a emplear energéticos convencionales –carbón, gas– con mecanismo de captura o a diversificar las fuentes de energía hacia las renovables, usando tecnologías como la solar y la eólica. |
| Keywords: | Cambio climático, Acuerdo de París, hidroeléctricas, energías renovables, TIAM-ECN, GCAM, Phoenix, MEG4C |
| JEL: | Q25 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000118:016835&r=env |
| By: | Eichner, Thomas; Kollenbach, Gilbert; Schopf, Mark |
| Abstract: | In a two-period model with two groups of countries that extract, trade and consume fossil fuel, a climate coalition fights against climate damage by purchasing or leasing deposits to prevent their extraction, and seeks to manipulate the fuel prices in its favor. The deposit-purchase policy is inefficient since it leaves the first-period climate damage externality non-internalized, which is in stark contrast to the efficiency of the deposit-purchase policy in static models. However, for a proper subset of economies the deposit-lease policy turns out to be efficient. It internalizes the climate damage externalities and makes strategic action in the fuel markets ineffective. Finally, we compare the deposit-lease policy and the deposit-purchase policy. If strategic action pays in the fuel markets and the coalition imports fuel, a transition from the deposit-purchase policy to the deposit-lease policy increases [decreases] total welfare if the climate damage is large [small]. |
| Keywords: | fossil fuel,deposit,deposit-lease policy,deposit-purchase policy,fuel cap |
| JEL: | F55 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc18:181597&r=env |
| By: | Carol Farbotko, Celia McMichael, Olivia Dun, Hedda Ransan-Cooper, Karen E. McNamara, and Fanny Thornton |
| Abstract: | Climate change is affecting Pacific life in significant and complex ways. Human mobility is shaped by climate change and is increasingly positioned by international agencies, policymakers, and governments as having an important role in both climate change adaptation and human development. We consider the potential for human mobility to promote adaptation and development among Pacific people in a changing climate. We argue that where Pacific people choose mobility, this should be supported and create opportunities that are responsive to the histories and existing patterns of mobility and place attachment among Pacific Islanders; commence from a position of climate and development justice; and advance human rights and socio†political equity. Transformative mobilities are where mobility, adaptation, and development intersect to achieve the best possible outcomes for cultural identity, human rights, adaptation, and human development goals across scales and in origin and destination sites. |
| Keywords: | climate change, displacement, migration, Pacific Islands, transformative mobilities |
| Date: | 2018–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201830&r=env |
| By: | G. Stefani; G.V. Lombardi; D. Romano; L. Cei |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2017–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iefi18:276933&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Michel Salles (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Virginie Maris, 2014 Nature à vendre-les limites des services écosystémiques, Éditions Quae, « Sciences en question », 96 p. Philosophe formée à l'Université de Montréal, Virginie Maris est chercheur CNRS dans une grande unité de recherche en écologie, le Centre d'écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive (CEFE), après un passage par le Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN). Ce parcours atypique convient sans doute bien à une jeune chercheuse à la pensée originale sur un sujet qui a pris une importance croissante, notamment dans les champs de l'agriculture et de l'environnement. Sa thèse qui a fourni la base de sa Philosophie de la biodiversité-Petite éthique pour une nature en péril, publiée en 2010 chez Buchet-Chastel, avait déjà argumenté l'idée que le rapport de nos sociétés avec une nature vivante et fonctionnelle est mal appréhendé par un cadre de pensée utilitariste qui ne verrait dans les écosystèmes que la source de services dont la gestion impliquerait la comparaison, la mesure, voire la marchandisation. Le petit ouvrage au titre provocateur qu'elle vient de publier aux Éditions Quae à la suite des conférences données dans le cadre des rencontres « Sciences en question », lui permet de revenir sur ces thèses à partir d'une analyse critique de la notion de « services écosystémiques ». L'ouvrage est dense, bien écrit et d'une lecture très agréable. Le texte principal commence par une mise en perspective historique de la question des valeurs de la nature ; il définit ensuite la notion de service écosystémique et la questionne ; il analyse ses rapports avec la biodiversité ; puis examine les enjeux et les limites d'une quantification de la nature et de sa marchandisation, pour se conclure par un renversement de perspectives. Ce texte est précédé d'une présentation de l'auteur par Raphaël Larrère, directeur de la collection, et suivi d'une synthèse des discussions qui ont suivi les conférences. La qualité de la mise en perspective d'une question qui fait couler beaucoup d'encre, et dont la généralité se traduit trop souvent par un manque de rigueur, doit être soulignée. Virginie Maris dresse en quelques pages un tableau large et cohérent qui précise et situe un ensemble de questions qui sous-tendent des interrogations anciennes ravivées par le Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. On retrouve la nature harmonieuse chez Platon, la nature hostile après la Chute dans la pensée judéo-chrétienne qui fonderait notre volonté de domination, l'héritage moral de Darwin qui renoue la filiation des êtres vivants. Quelques paragraphes précisent les frontières entre sciences écologiques, écologie politique et éthique environnementale. On appréciera la définition claire et simple de la notion de valeur intrinsèque : « Attribuer une valeur morale à quelqu'un ou à quelque chose, c'est très exactement le reconnaître comme une fin en soi, indépendamment de l'utilité que nous pouvons en tirer. On parle alors de valeur intrinsèque ». Le texte aborde ensuite la discussion sur les limites de l'anthropocentrisme qui domine-383 |
| Date: | 2018–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01885060&r=env |
| By: | Makles, Anna; Schneider, Kerstin |
| Abstract: | Noise pollution is detrimental to health and to the cognitive development of children. This is not only true for extreme levels of noise in the neighborhood of an airport but also for traffic noise in urban areas. Using a census of preschool children, we show that children exposed to intensive traffic noise significantly fall behind in terms of school readiness. Being exposed to an additional 10 dB(A) counteracts the benefits to school readiness from about 3 months of kindergarten. We contribute to the literature and the policy debate on noise reduction by working with administrative data and focusing on everyday exposure to noise. The proposed method is easily applied to other regions. We assess the public costs of different abatement instruments and perform a cost-benefit analysis accordingly. It turns out that the commonly used abatement measures—e.g., quiet pavement or noise protection walls in densely populated areas of about 3,000 to 5,000 inhabitants per km2—are potentially cost efficient, even under a conservative assessment of the benefits. |
| Keywords: | Noise,child development,early education,abatement,abatement costs |
| JEL: | Q53 I18 H23 H54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc18:181545&r=env |
| By: | Ivan Faiella (Bank of Italy); Filippo Natoli (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between bank lending and catastrophe risk by analyzing the exposure of banks to Italian firms located in areas at risk of flooding. By matching a new map of flood risk areas with proprietary data on bank loans at municipal level we find that, on controlling for sectoral- and province-level fixed effects, lending to non-financial firms is negatively correlated with their flood risk exposure. A province-level analysis, which also allows us to control for bank- and firm-specific factors, confirms this finding when the borrowers are small and medium-sized enterprises. This investigation gives an initial insight into the relationship between the risk of natural catastrophes - exacerbated by climate change - and lending decisions. |
| Keywords: | catastrophe risk, climate change, rare disasters, bank lending, flooding, Italy |
| JEL: | G21 P48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_457_18&r=env |
| By: | Haqiqi, Iman |
| Keywords: | Resource and Environmental Policy Analysis, Natural Resource Economics, International Trade |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274417&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report reviews port-based incentive schemes to reduce shipping emissions, such as environmentally differentiated port fees. Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping currently represent around 2.6% of total global emissions, but this share could more than triple by 2050. Ports have a crucial role to play in facilitating the reduction of shipping emissions, alongside the ship operators themselves. Which incentives are currently used? What are their impacts? How could positive effects be increased? The report also explores lessons learned that could inform international negotiations on the reduction of shipping greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Date: | 2018–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:48-en&r=env |
| By: | Yvonne Feucht; Katrin Zander |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2017–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iefi18:276930&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Meongsu |
| Keywords: | Food and Agricultural Policy Analysis, Resource and Environmental Policy Analysis, Natural Resource Economics |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:273877&r=env |
| By: | Paul, Laura A. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, International Development, Food and Agricultural Policy Analysis |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274471&r=env |
| By: | Bothello , Joel (ESSEC Business School); Mehrpouya, Afshin (HEC Paris - Accounting and Management Control Department) |
| Abstract: | Recent contributions in the domains of governance and regulation elucidate the importance of rule-intermediation (RI), the role that organizations adopt to bridge actors playing regulatory or “rule-making” (RM) roles, and those adopting target or “rule-taking” (RT) roles. Intermediation not only enables diffusion and translation of regulatory norms, but also allows for the representation of different actors in policy-making arenas. While prior studies have explored the roles that such RIs adopt to facilitate their intermediation functions, we have yet to consider how field-level structuring processes influence (and are influenced by) the various and changing roles adopted by RIs. In this study, we focus on the mutually constitutive relations between field-level change processes and the evolving roles of RIs by studying the rise of ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives/Local Governments for Sustainability), an RI serving as a bridge for sustainable urban development policies between the United Nations and urban authorities. Using ICLEI as an illustrate case, we theorize four different processes of regulatory field consolidation and fragmentation including: problematization, role specialization, marketization and orchestrated decentralization. We discuss their implications for the RI roles in the field and further theorize the changing dynamics of trickle-up intermediation processes as an RI gains power and influence. |
| Keywords: | governance; intermediation; rule‐intermediary; sustainable development |
| JEL: | G34 |
| Date: | 2018–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:heccah:1304&r=env |
| By: | Aras KJ; Ole Jakob Sønstebø |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency in the residential housing market can play an important role in the reduction of global carbon emissions. Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) provide actors with information that can be used to make better-informed decisions and integrate energy efficiency into their decision making process. In addition, the information from EPCs should provide an incentive for actors in this market to invest in energy efficiency, as it can be assumed that improving the energy performance of a building may lead to higher transaction prices and rents on the market. This paper reports the first Norwegian evidence on the economic implication of EPCs on rental market prices. Applying the multilevel estimation approach to investigate the relation between energy labeling and rental prices in Norway for 860 000 observations, we find strong evidence of a positive price premium. Moreover, the premium is higher for bigger cities than in rural areas. |
| Keywords: | energy performance certificates; Environmental regulation; Housing rental prices; Information and decisions; Real Estate Economics |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2018–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2018_125&r=env |
| By: | Ann Florini and Markus Pauli |
| Abstract: | The advent of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals has refocused global attention on the roles of business and other nonstate actors in achieving global goals. Often, business involvement takes the form of collaborations with the more traditional actors—governments and non†governmental organizations. Although such partnerships for development have been seen before, the scale and expectations are new. This paper explores how and why these cross†sector collaborations are evolving, and what steps can or should be taken to ensure that partnerships create public and private value. The arguments are illustrated with reference to cases of market†driven partnerships for agriculture in Southeast Asia that are intended to engage marginalized smallholder farmers in global value chains in agriculture. The aims of these cross†sector collaborations coincide with several targets of the Sustainable Development Goals such as poverty alleviation, decreasing environmental impact, and achieving food security. This is a hard case for mechanisms intended to protect public interests, given that the target beneficiaries (low†income smallholder farmers and the environment) are unable to speak effectively for themselves. We find that structures and processes to align interests in ways that protect the public interest are both necessary and feasible, though not easy to achieve. |
| Keywords: | business, collaborative governance, cross-sector partnerships, Southeast Asia, Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2018–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201842&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Chatzopoulos; Ignacio Pèrez Domínguez; Matteo Zampieri; Andrea Toreti |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2017–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iefi18:276937&r=env |
| By: | Alex L. Marten; Richard Garbaccio |
| Abstract: | SAGE is an applied general equilibrium model of the United States economy developed for the analysis of environmental regulations and policies. It is an intertemporal model with perfect foresight, resolved at the sub-national level. Each of the nine regions in the model, representing the nine census divisions,has five households based on income quintiles. A single government agent levies taxes on labor earnings, capital earnings, production, and consumption. As with many applied general equilibrium models used for the analysis of U.S. environmental and energy policies, the baseline is calibrated to the Energy Information Administration's Annual Energy Outlook. The model is solved as mixed complementarity problem (MCP) using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). |
| Keywords: | general equilibrium, social cost, modeling |
| JEL: | D61 Q52 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nev:wpaper:wp201805&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Yun (GRAPHIK - Graphs for Inferences on Knowledge - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CRISAM - Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique); Patrice Buche (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, GRAPHIK - Graphs for Inferences on Knowledge - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CRISAM - Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique); Pierre Bisquert (GRAPHIK - Graphs for Inferences on Knowledge - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CRISAM - Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Sandrine Costa (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM - Centre International des Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Madalina Croitoru (GRAPHIK - Graphs for Inferences on Knowledge - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CRISAM - Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique); Julien Cufi (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Valérie Guillard (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Alrick Oudot (UMR IATE - Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Rallou Thomopoulos (GRAPHIK - Graphs for Inferences on Knowledge - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CRISAM - Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique) |
| Abstract: | This data article contains data characterizing consumer perception and scientific arguments about food packaging functionalities for fresh strawberries. These data are associated with the article "Choice of environment-friendly food packagings through argumentation systems and preferences" (see Yun et al., 2018). These data are stored in a public repository structured by an ontology. These data could be retrieved through the @Web tool, user-friendly interface to capitalize and query data (Buche et al., 2013; Guillard et al., 2017). The @Web tool is accessible online at http://pfl.grignon.inra.fr/atWeb/. |
| Keywords: | Logic-based argumentation,Consumer perception,Decision support system,Preference management,Argumentation tool,Selection criterion,Strawberry,Food packaging,Emballage alimentaire,Critère de choix,Aide à la décision,Fraise |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01889268&r=env |
| By: | Xavier Pautrel (Granem - Groupe de Recherche ANgevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage) |
| Date: | 2018–09–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01879558&r=env |
| By: | Skidmore, Marin |
| Keywords: | Natural Resource Economics, Rural/Community Development, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274288&r=env |
| By: | Philipp Kaufmann; Gunther Maier |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between office buildings and their tenants. More specifically, we ask the question, whether the tenants of certified green office buildings differ in terms of credit-worthiness from the tenants of non-certified buildings. For the empirical analysis, we use data for Vienna, Austria. With this study, we want to relate two areas, which according to our knowledge are completely separated both in the theoretical discussion and in the current practice of the real estate and finance industry. This is quite surprising taking into account the central role of finance in real estate economics. Nevertheless, establishing a link between characteristics of buildings (certification as Green building) and of building tenants (credit rating) is potentially very important. Tenants with better credit ratings offer a lower risk of rent default and therefore higher property value when viewed from an income approach perspective. For the empirical analysis, we use data on buildings from public sources and ÖGNI (Austrian Green Building Council). Data on credit ratings come from Creditreform AG. |
| Keywords: | credit rating; Green Building; Valuation |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2018–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2018_144&r=env |
| By: | Njuguna, Evelyne Wairimu |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cmpart:276435&r=env |
| By: | Zhao, Xiaobing |
| Keywords: | Resource and Environmental Policy Analysis, Natural Resource Economics, Research Methods/Econometrics/Stats |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274435&r=env |
| By: | Workie, Lamesgin Tebeje |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cmpart:276459&r=env |