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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | van Kooten, G. Cornelis |
| Abstract: | In this study, the price of carbon offset credits is used for incentivizing a reduction in the release of CO2 emissions and an increase in sequestration of CO2 through forestry activities. A forest management model representative of the southern interior of British Columbia is described. The objective is to maximize net discounted returns to commercial timber operations plus the benefits of managing carbon fluxes. The model tracks carbon in living trees, organic matter, and post-harvest carbon pools. The decision about which forestry activities generate carbon offset credits and how many is essentially a political and not a scientific one. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae17:257809&r=env |
| By: | Grethe, H.; Siddig, K.; Stepanyan, D.; Zhu, T.; Wiebelt, M. |
| Abstract: | Several environmental changes have encountered the Sudan in the past; several are ongoing and others are projected to happen in the future. The Sudan has witnessed increases in temperature, various floods, rainfall variability and concurrent droughts (USAID, 2016). This study do not only look at the economywide impacts of climate change, but also consults national policy plans, strategies and various other environmental assessments to propose possible interventions. We feed the climate forcing as well as water demand and macro-socioeconomic trends into a modelling suite that includes models for global hydrology, river basin management, water stress and a DSSAT1 all connected to IMPACT2 model. The outcomes are annual crop yield (ton/hectare) and global food prices under various climate change scenarios until 2050. The distributional effects of such changes are assessed using a single country dynamic CGE3 model for the Sudan. Additionally, we introduce yield variability into the CGE model based on stochastic projections of crop yield until 2050. Results reveal that while the projected mean climate changes bring some good news for the Sudan, extreme negative variability cost the Sudan accumulatively (2018-2050) US$ 109.8 billion in total absorption and US$ 105.1 billion in GDP relative to no climate change scenario. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275903&r=env |
| By: | Hongliang Zhang; Jianhong E. Mu; Bruce A. McCarl |
| Abstract: | Currently fossil-fuel-based energy accounts for 82% of global energy use and is the source of two-thirds of anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions (GHG). Such emissions are a primary climate change driver ultimately altering temperature and in turn influences energy use. This paper presents a global analysis of the link between energy use and temperature, along with the contributing factors of income, urbanization and population. We use an econometric model to estimate this link based on a panel dataset arising from 147 countries during 1990-2014. We find that energy use per capita has a nonlinear, convex relationship with temperature - the use initially high at low temperatures, then declining to an inflection point, and subsequently rising at high temperatures. The temperature effects on energy use per capita are not globally uniform with differences across rich and poor countries. In particular, rich countries show a larger energy use response at high temperatures than poor countries do. Projections under unmitigated climate change indicate an increase in the global, annual total energy use of 41% by 2100, relative to a baseline of no climate change. The projected increases in global total energy use are substantially larger than prior estimates from studies focused on residential energy use and may further motivate aggressive GHG mitigation and climate change adaptation. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Energy Use |
| JEL: | Q4 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:18-08&r=env |
| By: | van Kooten, G. Cornelis |
| Abstract: | In this study, the price of carbon offset credits is used for incentivizing a reduction in the release of CO2 emissions and an increase in sequestration of CO2 through forestry activities. A forest management model representative of the southern interior of British Columbia is described. The objective is to maximize net discounted returns to commercial timber operations plus the benefits of managing carbon fluxes. The model tracks carbon in living trees, organic matter, and post-harvest carbon pools. The decision about which forestry activities generate carbon offset credits and how many is essentially a political and not a scientific one. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–08–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae17:261275&r=env |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice; Odhiambo, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | In the light of challenges to sustainable development in the post-2015 development agenda, this study assesses how increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions affect inclusive human development in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The following findings are established from Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively positive and negative from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a Kuznets shaped curve because of consistent decreasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are consistently positive. The following findings are apparent from Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively negative and positive from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a U-shaped curve because of consistent increasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are overwhelmingly negative. Based on the robust findings and choice of best estimator, the net effect of increasing CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is negative. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Sustainable development; Inclusiveness; Environmental policy; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:88527&r=env |
| By: | Katharina Lehmann-Uschner; Kati Krähnert |
| Abstract: | With the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events due to climate change, assessing the potential long-term effects of these events for affected households is critically important. This study analyzes to what extent a one-off extreme weather event can have persistent effects on household-level asset growth. Our focus is on the effect of a once-in-50-year winter disaster on post-shock livestock accumulation among pastoralists in Mongolia. Building on a unique household panel dataset with three waves that we link to secondary climate and livestock census data, we investigate post-shock livestock dynamics 2-5 years after the disaster occurred. Using a Hausman-Taylor estimator, we show that the extreme event has a significant, negative, economically large, and persistent effect on households' asset growth rates. When analyzing potential underlying mechanisms, we find that households seek to mitigate the shock effect by reducing their livestock offtake to preserve their asset level. This effort is counteracted by a large, negative, and persistent shock effect on livestock fertility. In addition, the intensity of the extreme weather event is a strong predictor for abandoning the herding economy, which leads to lower overall welfare. Taken together, our findings suggest that most households are unable to fully offset the effects of the extreme weather event through their own herd management behavior. Findings are robust to using various measures of shock intensity derived from different data sources. |
| Keywords: | Assets, extreme weather events, growth rates, post-shock recovery, Mongolia |
| JEL: | O12 O13 Q5 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1759&r=env |
| By: | Martin L. Weitzman; Bjart Holtsmark (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Linkage of cap-and-trade systems is typically advocated by economists on a general analogy with the beneficial linking of free-trade areas and on the specific grounds that linkage will ensure cost effectiveness among the linked jurisdictions. An appropriate and widely accepted specification for the damages of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within a relatively short (say 5-10 year) period is that marginal damages for each jurisdiction are constant (although they can differ among jurisdictions). With this defensible assumption, the analysis is significantly clarified and yields simple closedform expressions for all CO2 permit prices. Some implications for linked and unlinked voluntary CO2 cap-and-trade systems are derived and discussed. |
| Keywords: | linkage; cap and trade; pollution; climate change |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:883&r=env |
| By: | McCarthy, Sinéad N.; O’Rourke, Daniel; Kearney, John; McCarthy, Mary; Henchion, Maeve; Hyland, J. J. |
| Abstract: | Introduction : Food consumption accounts for 20-30% of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. Certain foods have higher emissions than others and are often the target of policy makers to reduce greenhouse gasses associated with food consumption. However, food policy should aim to address both climatic and health imbalances concurrently and hence have more significant impact. Targeting excessive food consumption as a mitigation strategy for greenhouse gas emissions may also have a concurrent impact on the global obesity epidemic Objective: To evaluate the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) associated with the excessive food and energy intake in Irish adults. Methods: A secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the National Adult Food & Nutrition Survey, 2011, was conducted. The demographic characteristics, food consumption patterns and diet-associated GHGEs were compared across categories of increasing levels of relative energy intake. One-way ANOVA (p<0.05) was used to determine the level of significance across quintiles of relative energy intake. Results: Different dietary patterns were evident between the categories of varying relative energy intake. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.736; p< 0.001) was evident between dietary GHGE and the EI relative to one’s requirements. In Irish diets, animal products contributed to a large proportion of total dietary GHGE but accounted for much less of overall EI. Plant-based foods were the lowest contributors to total GHGE. When constructing strategies to mitigate dietary carbon emissions, it is important to carefully consider all aspects of sustainability. The exclusion of certain food groups from the average diet may provoke health, economical and/or cultural repercussions. An adherence to the Irish dietary guidelines, including a decrease of EI, can viably attenuate dietary environmental impact Conclusions: The results offer further evidence to support the hypothesis that excessive energy consumption and the overconsumption of certain food types are detrimental to overall diet-associated carbon emissions levels, and that adhering to the current Irish dietary guidelines can potentially lower dietary related GHGE. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa166:276208&r=env |
| By: | Eva Lyubich; Joseph S. Shapiro; Reed Walker |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first estimates of within-industry heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector. We measure energy and CO2 productivity as output per dollar energy input or per ton CO2 emitted. Three findings emerge. First, within narrowly defined industries, heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity across plants is enormous. Second, heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity exceeds heterogeneity in most other productivity measures, like labor or total factor productivity. Third, heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity has important implications for environmental policies targeting industries rather than plants, including technology standards and carbon border adjustments. |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:18-03r&r=env |
| By: | Wollni, M.; Lanza, G.; Ibanez, M. |
| Abstract: | In this study, we explore the effects of payments for environmental services on land use decisions among farmers living in Jambi province in Indonesia. Using a framed field experiment we compare land use decisions in a baseline with no payment with two alternative payments for environmental services (PES): an individual incentive scheme, where each participant receives a flat rate payment for each experimental land unit conserved, and a collective incentive scheme that offers individual payments only if an aggregate pre-determined conservation threshold is passed by the group. We find that individual and collective PES are equally effective on the average to increase environmentally friendly behavior associated with the cultivation of rubber agroforestry. Yet we find that whereas individual incentives work equally well for small and large farmers, collective incentives only work for large farmers. In addition, collective incentives generate an increase in conservation even at low payment levels whereas individual incentives only work when payments are high. Participants with a larger social network cultivating oil palm invest a lower share of their endowment in conservation. These findings highlight how land heterogeneity and social capital influence the success of a PES scheme. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275968&r=env |
| By: | Dogbe, Wisdom; Gil, Jose Maria |
| Abstract: | Spain is likely to miss it Kyoto target in 2020 if it does not shift emphasis from labor taxes towards environmental taxes. Compared to supply-side measures, demand-side measures have proven to be more efficient in reducing GHG emissions. We assess demand-side Pigovian/CO2-eq tax on food CO2-eq reduction, welfare and diet quality in Spain based on different social costs and discount rates. Elasticities for simulations are calculated from a complete EASI demand system. Results show CO2-eq reduction are proportional to taxes. Though, taxes affect diet quality positively, it lowers household welfare indicating a trade-off between emissions goals and household´s welfare. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–08–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae17:261416&r=env |
| By: | Nazareth, M.; Cunha, D.; Gurgel, A. |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is highly dependent on environment conditions, mainly temperature, precipitation and soil quality, thus it becomes the most vulnerable economic sector to the new climate conditions projected for the next decades. Therefore, knowing these impacts and the consequences for the rest of the economy is essential to map the effects and to elaborate, if necessary, mitigating environmental and economic policies. However, studies focusing on Brazil based on more regionalized data but linked to the rest of the world using dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are still very incipient. So this is precisely the gap that this article intends to fill, offering a modest contribution to the debate. Then, the objective of this paper is to determine the economic impact of the estimated changes in average agricultural productivity for the coming decades using a dynamic CGE model, the PAEGDyn linked to GTAP. Basically, the results found confirm trends in other works: the tropical regions in the world will be the most affected by the probable increase in the planet temperature, decreases in agricultural productivity and, thus, a reduction in economic performance. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275876&r=env |
| By: | Toshihiro Okubo (Faculty of Economics, Keio University); Rikard Forslid (Department of Economics, Stockholm University); Karen Helene Ulltveit-Moe (Department of Economics , University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a detailed mechanism for why exporting rms may have a lower emission intensity when emissions are subject to an environmental tax. This mechanism of our model is supported by Swedish rm-level data. Our mechanism runs through rms' endogenous investments in abatement. Firms' abatement investments depend on their production volumes, since a larger scale allows them to spread the xed costs of abatement investment across more units. Production volumes increase in rm productivity and, as a consequence, rms' emission intensity is negatively related to rm productivity. Exporting also leads to higher production volumes and thereby to a lower emission intensity. Thus, trade has an eect on emissions independently of rm productivity. Trade therefore leads to higher but cleaner production. The overall eect of trade on emissions is neutral in our model. Trade liberalization does not aect aggregate emissions in our benchmark case of symmetric countries. |
| Keywords: | Firm heterogeneity, emissions, international trade, abatement cost |
| JEL: | F12 F14 F18 Q56 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2018-013&r=env |
| By: | Rick van der Ploeg; Armon Rezai |
| Abstract: | A simple integrated assessment framework that gives rules for the optimal carbon price, transition to the carbon-free era and stranded carbon assets is presented, which highlights the ethical, economic, geophysical and political drivers of optimal climate policy. For the ethics we discuss the role of intergenerational inequality aversion and the discount rate, where we show the importance of lower discount rates for appraisal of longer run benefit and of policy makers using lower discount rates than private agents. The economics depends on the costs and rates of technical progress in production of fossil fuel, its substitute renewable energies and sequestration. The geophysics depends on the permanent and transient components of atmospheric carbon and the relatively fast temperature response, and we allow for positive feedbacks. The politics stems from international free-rider problems in absence of a global climate deal. We show how results change if different assumptions are made about each of the drivers of climate policy. Our main objective is to offer an easy back-on-the-envelope analysis, which can be used for teaching and communication with policy makers. |
| Keywords: | simple rules, climate policy, ethics, economics, geophysics, politics, discounting with declining discount rates, positive feedback, free riding |
| JEL: | D81 H20 Q31 Q38 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7207&r=env |
| By: | Derya Keles; Philippe Delacote; Alexander Pfaff |
| Abstract: | Since the late 1970s protected areas have been one of the most widely used regulatory tools for the conservation of ecosystem services. In this paper, we assess the possible drivers to the choice of withdrawing protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Protected areas are subject to inefficiencies because of the existence of conflicts over land between conservation and development activities. Further additionality is an issue, as protected areas tend to be located in areas with low opportunity cost of conservation, where forests are not likely to be cleared. This issue is particularly important in the Brazilian Amazon where growing development must be combined with the need to avoid deforestation. We first present a simple model of degazettement choice which leads us to assess how the presence of two agencies having different development and conservation objectives can lead to implementing this decision. We suggest that the probability to decide the removal of protected areas is larger in places with low and high development pressures. Then, we investigate the empirical determinants of protected area withdrawal by taking advantages of the new PADDDtracker (Protected Area Downgradement, Degazettement and Downsizement) dataset (WWF, 2017b). We confirm that the likelihood of degazettement is strongly influenced by development pressures, through characteristics of the land that enable agricultural development, and by variables related to protected area quality of enforcement and management costs. As protected areas located in highest pressure areas are more likely to be additional, there is a risk that only the most effective protected areas may loose their protection. |
| Keywords: | Conservation policy, PADDD, Land-use change, Brazilian Amazon, Public policy. |
| JEL: | Q56 Q57 Q58 O13 O21 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2018-35&r=env |
| By: | Huang, Jiaoyuan; Shah, Farhed A. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258349&r=env |
| By: | Abay Mulatu Mulatu (Coventry University) |
| Abstract: | With the rising elimination of trade and investment barriers the world over there has been a growing interest in the question of the role of differential environmental regulations in the location decisions of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and trade flows. A dominant hypothesis addressing this question is the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) that purports that trade liberalization results in a relocation of dirty goods production to jurisdictions with lax environmental regulation. The PHH calls into question the efficacy of domestic environmental standards especially with respect to climate policy, because the location of emission of greenhouse gasses is irrelevant to the problem of climate change. More generally, the PHH is at the heart of the trade and environment debate. This paper examines whether UK?s outbound investment flows (FDI) is influenced by the host countries? environmental regulations. We employ a general empirical model of the determination of FDI flows that captures interactions between country and industry characteristics in determining industry location. We use data on UK based multinational activity in 64 countries and 23 industries over the period between 2002 and 2006. We find a statistically and economically significant effect of environmental policy on the pattern of UK outbound FDI ? a pollution haven effect. |
| Keywords: | pollution-haven, competitiveness, environmental-regulation, industry-location, FDI |
| JEL: | Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:6409161&r=env |
| By: | Yanni, Sandra; Rajsic, Predrag; Wagner-Riddle, Claudia; Weersink, Alfons |
| Abstract: | The greenhouse gas (GHG) sources and carbon (C) sinks of Ontario’s agricultural soils and the impacts of management practices and potential strategies to reduce emissions and increase sinks are not well-quantified. In addition, there is a need to determine the economics behind different practices to better inform future program design. The objective of this review was to provide a synthesis of the science on the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) at mitigating GHG emissions and increasing sinks from soils, landscapes, climates and production systems relevant to Ontario. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2018–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uguiwp:276270&r=env |
| By: | Nerhagen, Lena (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we discuss, based on research on the external cost of air pollution, if diesel as a fuel in the transport sector should be encouraged or discouraged in Swedish environmental policy. There are two main reasons for posing this question. The first is the international context where the use of diesel is generally considered to be a bad, due to its negative health effects. The second is the Swedish context with an ambitious vision for a fossil free vehicle fleet in 2030 where the use of diesel produced from forestry residues could be part of the solution. In recent years the use of diesel cars has been encouraged by various policy measures, for example a subsidy based on assessments of emissions for CO2 per kilometer. Is this a policy that should be continued or abandoned? In this paper we focus on the health impacts and our conclusion is that dieselization is more a blessing than a curse. The reason is that Sweden is a sparsely populated country and therefore the health costs of emissions from road transport are low by international standards. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy; fossil free vehicle fleet; fuel use; external health cost; impact pathway approach; cost-efficient emission reductions |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2018–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2018_013&r=env |
| By: | Tyner, W.; Zhao, X.; Taheripour, F. |
| Abstract: | In this study, we compare two of the most important models in the literature of estimating biofuels induced land use change (ILUC) emissions, GTAP-BIO and GLOBIOM. Since GTAP-BIO is publicly accessible while GLOBIOM currently is not, we use biofuel pathways from the results documented in the most recent GLOBIOM report and compare them using GTAP-BIO with the same specifications. Five EU biofuel pathways, including sugar beet ethanol, starchy crop ethanol, rapeseed oil biodiesel, soy oil biodiesel, and palm oil biodiesel, are tested. The results from GTAP-BIO show lower ILUC emissions for each of the five pathways. The gap in ILUC emission values between the two models is larger for vegetable oil biodiesel pathways than for sugar and starch ethanol pathways. Simulation results are compared to the extent GLOBIOM results were available in the documentation. The major drivers of differences in the two models are livestock rebound response, palm related issues (e.g., palm oil yield and peat oxidation factor), and foregone sequestration on abandoned land. The analysis shows that the strong livestock rebound effect, low palm oil yield, and high abandoned land foregone sequestration factor may lead to an overestimation of ILUC emissions in GLOBIOM. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275967&r=env |
| By: | Blare, T.; Useche, P. |
| Abstract: | Research has shown that men and women place different values on environmental services obtained and agricultural practices that contribute to the restoration and conservation of these services with several studies pointing out that women have a preference for agroforestry and other sustainable production methods. Our research used game theory to develop a model on household decision-making in order to examine how strengthening women’s voice in household production decisions would influence adoption of sustainable farming practices. We applied this model to the case of agroforestry cacao production in Ecuador, based on household surveys conducted with 300 families. Through a logit estimation, which included independent variables for female and male household head’s educational levels, wealth, access to welfare payments and each gender’s valuation of ecological services from cacao agroforests, we discovered that households were more likely to manage agroforestry parcels when women were wealthier, received welfare payments and were willing to pay more for ecological services. Interventions to strengthen women’s economic position by granting them equal property and inheritance rights may enhance women’s voice in production decisions, leading not only to more just decisions, as both men and women’s preferences are taken into account, but possibly more ecologically sound decisions. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275977&r=env |
| By: | Khan, M.A.; Tahir, A. |
| Abstract: | Climate Change is an ever growing issue with a great importance due to wide socio-economic effects. Agriculture is the most climate sensitive economic sector that is influenced both positively and negatively by climate change. A change in temperature or precipitation could cause a significant change in crops productivity and yields. Different crop/bio-physical experts have been making efforts to process the impact of climate on crop yields through different crop modellings using input from different global climate models. In this research, the output of the crop models is used as a shock in the global computable general equilibrium economic model to evaluate the economic effects of climate change. Pakistan has two crop seasons – Kharif and Rabi- therefore two major crops i.e. Wheat and Rice have been chosen for this analysis. A Baseline scenario, representing business as usual with no change in climate, has been created using projections for GDP, population, factor supplies, and required food production. A counterfactual experiment has done using the same GDP and population growth as in the baseline but with addition of crop yield shocks from bio-physical models. A comparison of these two experiments has shown the economic effects of climate change by 2035. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275969&r=env |
| By: | Wainger, L.; Ervin, D. |
| Abstract: | Citation : Wainger, L. and D. Ervin (editors). 2017. Synthesis Chapter - The Valuation of Ecosystem Services from Farms and Forests: Informing a systematic approach to quantifying benefits of conservation programs. The Council on Food, Agricultural and Resource Economics (C-FARE) Report No. 0114-301, Washington DC (March; available at http://www.cfare.org/publications/valuin g-ecosystem-services-from-farms-and-fore sts). |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2017–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfarer:260677&r=env |
| By: | Pena-Levano, Luis M.; Taheripour, Farzad; Tyner, Wallace E. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258196&r=env |
| By: | Tefera, T.; Kassie, M.; Midingoyi, S.; Muriithi, B. |
| Abstract: | In this article, we estimate the impacts of a bundle of integrated pest management (IPM) practices on mango yield, mango net income, human health and the environment, using recent household survey data of mango growers in Kenya. We employ multinomial endogenous switching treatment regression model with an ordered probit selection rule to establish counterfactual outcomes, while controlling for potential selection bias. The environmental and human health effects of chemical insecticide use are quantified by employing the environmental impact quotient method. The analysis reveals that, while IPM-adopting farmers have higher mango yields and mango net income, they also use lower quantities of insecticide and cause less damage to the environment and to human health. In addition, switching from one IPM to multiple IPM practices generates even higher economic, environmental and human health benefits. The findings also reveal that variables such as training on insect pest management, exposure to IPM as proxied by the number of adopters within a village, membership of rural institutions, and income share from mango crops positively and significantly influence the probability of a farmer using a bundle of IPM practices. These positive outcomes can be achieved through providing adequate technical support and extension services to farmers. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275946&r=env |
| By: | Miyamoto, Bruno C. B.; Gori-Maia, Alexandre; Ruiz Garcia, Junior |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258353&r=env |
| By: | Jena, P.R.; Kalli, R. |
| Abstract: | There is clear evidence of climate variability over a period of time in the developing countries and these countries are vulnerable to devastation caused by drought and floods. Analysis accompanied with robust results will create an opportunity to enhance the rural livelihoods that are prone to frequent climate shocks. We consider a southern state of India namely Karnataka, which belongs to a sub-tropical region facing a huge threat from climate change. In this article, we link agricultural production to climate variables to examine the impact of climatevariability on the crop yields. We follow a distinct approach using the nonlinear transformation of climatic variables to confirm climate damage on rice yields. The proposed econometric technique used in this paper is fixed effect panel regression model to identify the causal relationship between the yield and climate variables (rainfall and temperature). A panel of district wise cross section for a period of 1992-2013, with necessary inputs, is used in the model. The analysis in this paper is based on the smaller spatial scale (district wise) with updated climatic data emphasizing on Kharif season which helps to provide better insight on climate change effect and mitigation of climate-induced damages. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275970&r=env |
| By: | Alamgir, M.S.; Furuya, J.; Kobayashi, S.; Salam, M.A. |
| Abstract: | Widespread poverty is the most serious threat and social problem that Bangladesh faces. Regional vulnerability to climate change threatens to escalate the magnitude of this poverty. It is essential that projections of poverty be made while bearing in mind the effects of climate change. The current study uses analysis of variance, cluster analysis, and log-normal distribution to estimate the parameters of income variability that ascertain vulnerability levels and help us understand the poverty levels that climate change could potentially incur. The analytical results show that variances of rice income contribute to the agricultural income differences. Constant reduction of rice yield due to climate change in Bangladesh is not so severe problems for farmers. However, poverty rates in Mymensingh, Rajshahi, and Rangpur region would be affected by unexpected yield loss due to climate change. Therefore, research and development of adaptation measures to climate change for regions where farmers are largely dependent on agricultural income is important. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275920&r=env |
| By: | Gatti, N.; Baylis, K.; Crost, B. |
| Abstract: | Using detailed data on conflict-related incidents in Indonesia, we exploit seasonal variation in the relationship between rainfall and agricultural production to study the mechanism linking climate change and conflict. Furthermore, we ask whether irrigation and dam infrastructure help mitigate this link. We find that wet-season rainfall decreases production while rainfall during the dry season is beneficial for production. If agriculture is the mechanism through which climate change affects conflict, then we should expect the opposite effect on conflict, but with one-year lag. Our results show that, as expected, dry-season rainfall decreases conflict in Indonesia and in agricultural regions like Java, while wet-season rainfall increases conflict. In the latter, we find that irrigation increases conflict instead of reducing it. For Indonesia, irrigation reduces the effect of conflict during the dry season and amplifies it during the wet season. A plausible explanation is that the irrigation network is not well adapted to agriculture necessities which could generate civil unrest when a weather shock occurs. A policy that aim to reducing the impact of climate change on civil conflict should consider these drawbacks. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275936&r=env |
| By: | Houessionon, P. |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this paper is to estimate farmers’ preferences and their willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem services derived from four agricultural water management (AWM) and resource recovery and reuse (RRR) intervention options in Burkina Faso, using choice experiment (CE). These include; small water infrastructures, drip irrigation, organic matter recovery from waste, and treated wastewater. The design decisions relating to attribute selection, the level of attributes, alternatives and choice tasks were guided by literature, field visit, focus group discussions, experts input and an iterative process of STATA to generate an orthogonal main effects CE design. The data used was generated from a random sample of 300 farm households in the Dano and Ouagadougou municipalities in Burkina Faso. Results from conditional logit, latent class logit and mixt logit models show that farmers have positive and significant preferences for drip irrigation, treated waste water and organic matter. However, they are WTP on average, more for drip irrigation and organic matter for agricultural sustainability. In line with economic theory, the cost of an intervention reduces demand for a given intervention. These findings can provide policy makers with evidence for agricultural policy design to build farmers’ resilience in the Sahel. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275873&r=env |
| By: | Vlad-Andrei Porumb; Costin Ciora; Gunther Maier; Ion Anghel |
| Abstract: | In this paper we draw on a proprietary database to analyze if the price premium of green certification in the EU depends on the location of buildings. Specifically, we focus on Finland, France and Germany, countries with extensive information regarding green buildings transactions during the 2010 to 2015 period. Considering the increasing demand for certification, we expect that sale prices for green buildings are higher relative to non-green buildings. We first assess if green certification is associated with a price premium in the analyzed countries. Second, we assess the effect that the location of green buildings has on the price premium. Our findings suggest that (i) buildings with green certification have a 19 percent higher price relative to non-certificated buildings and (ii) in cities of under 500 000 people, the price premium increases with the distance from the city center. Our results are robust to a series of robustness checks. We contribute to the rising literature on green buildings as the only study to assess the price impact of green certification in European countries. |
| Keywords: | EU; Green Buildings; Location; Price Premium |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2018–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2018_208&r=env |
| By: | Shepler, Ryan; Suter, Jordan F. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258219&r=env |
| By: | De Matos Carlos, S.; Antonio Da Cunha, D.; Viana Pires, M.; Rita Couto Santos, F. |
| Abstract: | Based on the background of the agriculture sector vulnerability to climate change in developing countries and it´s risks to Brazilian Northeast farmers, the paper put forward an understanding of the factors that guide individuals to adopt adaptive strategies to cope changing environments as a fundamental issue for the direction and effective formulation of well-targeted public policies. Mediation models were estimated considering two different scenarios: (i) adoption of adaptive practices by farmers based only on the impact of climate perception, mediated by knowledge/belief in the occurrence of climate change; (ii) the socioeconomic conditions of the farmers and their properties were additionally included. The main results demonstrated that the Rio das Contas basin farmers’ perceptions about the negative effects of climate change, despite being the main driver, will only affect adaptation behavior when the farmers have knowledge and believe in the occurrence of climate change. Socioeconomic conditions are overshadowed in predictive power of adaptation by knowledge/belief about climate change. This outcome may be directly related to the farmers’ cultural aspects, nevertheless, the importance of technical assistance or rural extension services should be also emphasized as an expressive part of farmers is no longer adapted due to lack of knowledge of suitable techniques. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275925&r=env |
| By: | Wening Sarwosri, Arieska; Wegmann, Johannes; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Deforestation is one of many factors that hinder smallholder farmers' participation in sustainable palm oil (SPO) certification. Thus, policies that enhance the appetite for rainforest preservation might be helpful to increase the participation rate in certification schemes. Our study aims to investigate ex-ante the effects of several promising policies on mitigating deforestation. To do so, we used an incentivized experiment which creates a conflict of short-term individual interests and long-term collective interests regarding deforestation. We examined the effects of three policies: price premiums, provision of environmental information, and contributor recognition. Our research took place in Jambi Province, Sumatra, and involved 636 smallholders. We found that price premiums and the provision of context-specific environmental information reduce rainforest transformation. However, there is an absence of significant effects for contributor recognition. Our results also can be used to estimate the participation of smallholders in more sustainable farming practices within the scheme of SPO certification. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation,Ex-ante policy evaluation,Framed field experiment,Palm oil certification,Social dilemma experiment |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:crc990:23&r=env |
| By: | Shaheen, Farhet; Shah, Farhed A. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258350&r=env |
| By: | Haile, B.; Azzarri, C.; Heady, D.; You, L. |
| Abstract: | Notwithstanding improvements over the last several decades, food and nutrition insecurity is still widespread and progresses made have been uneven. In Africa, the central and western parts scored the lowest and highest reduction in malnutrition, respectively. This regional heterogeneity is expected given the spatial variation in (inclusive) economic growth, agro-ecology, market access, the prevalence of diseases and infections, as well as institutional and policy environments (e.g., social protection systems) that affect the various dimensions of food and nutrition security. At the same time, climatic and weather changes are expected to worsen in the coming decades with potentially devastating effects in the region, given its heavily relies on rain-fed agriculture and the market and institutional failures that limit the set of coping and adaptation strategies. This study examines the linkages between climatic shocks and child undernutrition in the diverse farming systems of Africa. We examine effects of climatic changes not only through yields (agricultural mechanism) but also through vector-borne and gastrointestinal diseases (health mechanism). Preliminary results suggest significant heterogeneity in the incidence of child undernutrition and the effects of climatic shocks by agro-ecology and farming systems, meriting further investigation we are currently undertaking to disentangle the role of each mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275928&r=env |
| By: | Yi, Jing; Richardson, James W.; Bryant, Henry L.; Worqlul, Abeyou W. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258512&r=env |
| By: | Wang, Haoluan; Swallow, Brent M. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258537&r=env |
| By: | Tiboldo, Giulia; Boehm, Rebecca L.; Castellari, Elena; Shah, Farhed A. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258275&r=env |
| By: | Ion Anghel; Costin Ciora; Daniela Boca |
| Abstract: | The development of new office buildings with green certification created the premises for better understanding of the impact on employees' productivity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze through a questionnaire the productivity perception of employees that work in such buildings. Moreover, the results will be compared with a control group from non-green certified buildings. We are focusing understanding whether the lighting, office furniture, temperature or air quality, which are significant better in green certified buildings, have an effect on the productivity perception. |
| Keywords: | Green Buildings; Productivity; Sustainable Buildings |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2018–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2018_191&r=env |
| By: | Fan, Yubing; Massey, Raymond E.; Park, Seong C. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258561&r=env |
| By: | Obembe, Oladipo S. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258326&r=env |
| By: | Laborde Debucquet, David; Piñeiro, Valeria |
| Abstract: | Argentina's G20 presidency has emphasized the needs to improve soil management and increase agricultural productivity in a sustainable way to achieve an inclusive and resilient food future. While increases in agricultural productivity improve economic welfare and can help address food security problems by benefiting both consumers and producers simultaneously, it has to address the depletion of scarce natural resources. In the context of changing climate, achieving sustainable and resilient agricultural production is a major corner stone in both adaptation and mitigation strategies. The global community needs to have the proper tools to monitor sustainable agricultural productivity gains, identifying countries and sectors lagging behind, and committing R&D efforts accordingly to the challenges ahead. As such, it is suggested that 1) an international consortium should monitor Agricultural Total Factor Productivity to provide international comparisons and track performance over time; 2) the G20 should acknowledge and address the issue of sustainable productivity measurement, and; 3) support more in depth research on the relation between Agricultural TFP and Agricultural R&D. |
| Keywords: | agricultural productivity,total factor productivity,TFP measurement,agricultural R&D,sustainable TFP,technological change |
| JEL: | O13 O19 O33 Q16 Q18 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201864&r=env |
| By: | James Bushnell; Kevin Novan |
| Abstract: | Policies supporting investment in renewable electricity have been a cornerstone of climate policy in many parts of the world. While previous empirical work explores the economic and environmental impacts of renewable production, the focus has exclusively been on the short-run impacts of expanding renewable supply. In this paper, we shed light on the longer run impacts of renewable expansions. Focusing on the California electricity market, we estimate how wholesale electricity prices have responded to a dramatic increase in utility-scale solar capacity. While a substantial decline in daily average prices can be attributed to the solar capacity expansion, this average price impact masks a substantial decrease in mid-day prices combined with an increase in shoulder hour prices. These results imply that short-term power markets are responding to the renewable expansion in a fashion that could sustain more flexible conventional generation, while seriously undermining the economic viability of traditional baseload generation technologies. |
| JEL: | L5 L94 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24980&r=env |
| By: | Osei, Edward; Jafri, Syed H. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258348&r=env |
| By: | Yang, Hongbo; Lupi, Frank; Zhang, Jindong; Liu, Jianguo |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258252&r=env |
| By: | Kang, Moon Jeong; Siry, Jacek; Colson, Gregory J.; Ferreira, Susana |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258475&r=env |
| By: | Helgeson, Casey (London School of Economics & Political Science (LSE)); Bradley, Richard (London School of Economics & Political Science (LSE) - Department of Philosophy); Hill, Brian (HEC Paris - Economics & Decision Sciences; CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) employ an evolving framework of calibrated language for assessing and communicating degrees of certainty in findings. A persistent challenge for this framework has been ambiguity in the relationship between multiple degree-of-certainty metrics. We aim to clarify the relationship between the likelihood and confidence metrics used in the Fifth Assessment Report (2013), with benefits for mathematical consistency among multiple findings and for usability in downstream modeling and decision analysis. We discuss how our proposal meshes with current and proposed practice in IPCC uncertainty assessment. |
| Keywords: | confidence; uncertainty reporting; climate change |
| JEL: | D81 |
| Date: | 2018–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:heccah:1298&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En 2015 se realizó una reunión de expertos sobre retos y oportunidades para la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en los países del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA) organizada conjuntamente por la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo Agropecuario Centroamericano (SE-CAC), la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), la Organización para la Alimentación y la Agricultura de Naciones Unidas (FAO) y el Programa Regional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional para Centroamérica (PRESANCA). Uno de sus objetivos fue identificar potenciales líneas de acción para fortalecer la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en esta región. Este grupo de expertos recomendó explicitar una línea de trabajo sobre Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional y cambio climático y dar continuidad a un espacio regional de trabajo sobre este reto. Con base en las recomendaciones de esta reunión y en el marco de su programa de trabajo, la SE-CAC y la CEPAL prepararon una propuesta de trabajo sobre la SAN y el cambio climático y que se expresa en el presente documento. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA, NUTRICION, EVALUACION, DIRECTRICES, POLITICA ALIMENTARIA, INVESTIGACION ALIMENTARIA, AGRICULTURA, CLIMATE CHANGE, FOOD SECURITY, NUTRITION, EVALUATION, GUIDELINES, FOOD POLICY, FOOD RESEARCH, AGRICULTURE |
| Date: | 2018–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:44056&r=env |
| By: | Nerhagen, Lena (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)); Forsstedt, Sara (The Swedish Transport Agency); Edvardsson, Karin (The Swedish Transport Agency) |
| Abstract: | To achieve effective regulation, the OECD and the European Commission recommend the use of regulatory impact assessment (RIA). The full RIA process has however not been implemented in Sweden. There is for example a lack of established practices at the national level for the analysis of risk in regulatory work. Instead, soft law in the form of management by objective systems is guiding transport and environmental policy. These systems were introduced in the end of the 1990s following the international discussion on the precautionary principle. According to findings in other countries, policy making based on the precautionary principle may result in unexpected and unwanted consequences and therefore, based on a literature review and an assessment of current practices in transport regulation in Sweden, we suggest the use of an initial screening of hazards in regulatory work. We also apply the proposed method to four transport related case studies to illustrate how an initial assessment can provide the basis for an informed discussion on what hazards to counteract with regulation and on what grounds. |
| Keywords: | precautionary principle; risk assessment; hazards; regulatory impact assessment |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2018–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2018_014&r=env |
| By: | MacLachlan, Matthew; Ramos, Sean; Hungerford, Ashley; Edwards, Seanicaa |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters can cause income losses for livestock producers by diminishing grazing capacity of land, driving disease, or directly causing livestock losses. Under the Agricultural Act of 2014, three disaster assistance programs for livestock administered by the Farm Service Agency became permanent, and their eligibility requirements were generally relaxed. These disaster programs include the Livestock Forage Disaster Program, the Livestock Indemnity Program, and the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program. Existing legislation—the Animal Health Protection Act—also authorized indemnity payment programs during the control of infectious disease outbreaks. This report examines how these programs work and which States and counties have farms that have received program payments. The report describes regional differences in payment delivery and shows how outlays vary greatly by year and program. Regional differences in production and natural disasters has led to differences in program payments across States and counties. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:276251&r=env |
| By: | Kuhmonen, Irene |
| Abstract: | This paper investigated farmers’ self-stated adoption motives and the perceived effectiveness of agri-environmental measures in Finland. The measures were classified into ten distinct categories according to their prescriptions. The adoption motives were related to contextual factors, production factors and perceived effectiveness of the measures, while effectiveness was further related to land use, input use and the final impacts. The results indicate that the adoption motivations and the perceived effectiveness of the measures are related to their prescriptions: measures targeting the same problem with different prescriptions fit the aims and farming strategies of different farmers. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–08–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae17:261108&r=env |
| By: | Horan, Richard D.; Castro, Miguel; Wolf, Christopher A. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258541&r=env |
| By: | Wang, Haigui; Zhuo, Ni; Ye, Chunhui |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258455&r=env |
| By: | Kelly C. Bishop; Jonathan D. Ketcham; Nicolai V. Kuminoff |
| Abstract: | We test whether long-term exposure to air pollution degrades human capital by causing dementia. We link fifteen years of Medicare records for 6.9 million adults age 65 and older to the EPA’s air quality monitoring network and track the evolution of individuals’ health, onset of dementia, financial decisions, and cumulative residential exposure to fine-particulate air pollution (PM2.5). Our instrumental variables framework capitalizes on quasi-random variation in pollution exposure due to the EPA’s 2005 designation of nonattainment counties for PM2.5. We find that a 1 microgram-per-cubic-meter increase in average decadal exposure (9.1% of the mean) increases the probability of receiving a dementia diagnosis by 1.3 percentage points (6.7% of the mean). This finding is consistent with hypotheses from the medical literature. We conclude that regulation of air pollution has greater benefits than previously known, in part because dementia impairs financial decision making. We estimate that the dementia-related benefits of the EPA’s county nonattainment designations exceeded $150 billion. We also find that the effect of PM2.5 on dementia persists below current regulatory thresholds. |
| JEL: | I18 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24970&r=env |
| By: | Dougherty, John; Flatnes, Jon Einar; Gallenstein, Richard; Miranda, Mario J.; Sam, Abdoul G. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258524&r=env |
| By: | Jiang, Linli; Zhang, Junbiao; Wang, Holly H. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Agribusiness, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258460&r=env |
| By: | Schwab, Benjamin; Butsic, Van A. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258486&r=env |
| By: | Riley, Dylan T.; Mieno, Taro; Schoengold, Karina |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258442&r=env |
| By: | Henderson, J. Vernon; Storeygard, Adam; Deichmann, Uwe |
| Abstract: | This paper documents strong but differentiated links between climate and urbanization in large panels of districts and cities in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has dried substantially in the past fifty years. The key dimension of heterogeneity is whether cities are likely to have manufacturing for export outside their regions, as opposed to being exclusively market towns providing local services to agricultural hinterlands. In regions where cities are likely to be manufacturing centers (25% of our sample), drier conditions increase urbanization and total urban incomes. There, urban migration provides an "escape" from negative agricultural moisture shocks. However, in the remaining market towns (75% of our sample), cities just service agriculture. Reduced farm incomes from negative shocks reduce demand for urban services and derived demand for urban labor. There, drying has little impact on urbanization or total urban incomes. Lack of structural transformation in Africa inhibits a better response to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Urbanization; Climate Change |
| JEL: | O10 O55 Q54 R12 |
| Date: | 2017–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:67654&r=env |
| By: | Parton, Lee |
| Keywords: | Public Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258552&r=env |
| By: | Shr, Yau-Huo; Ready, Richard C.; Orland, Brian; Echols, Stuart |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Public Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258397&r=env |
| By: | Bi, Xiang; Lee, Sangyoul |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:259703&r=env |
| By: | Khanal, Aditya R.; Mishra, Ashok K. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agricultural Finance, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258510&r=env |
| By: | Majewski, Edward; Malak-Rawlikowska, Agata |
| Abstract: | The dynamic nature of changes in the macroeconomic environment and various views of Member States on the future of the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union cause that its shape is usually a result of various forces and factors. They are both, exogenous, related to the situation on global markets, economic policy on a global scale and European Union, as well as endogenous, connected to the changes in the agricultural sector and its direct environment. The on going discussion revealed many controversies which will have an impact on the decisions shaping the CAP for the next budget perspective after 2020. The aim of this study is to critically review the evolution of agricultural policy and to identify possible scenarios for its changes in the new budgetary perspective after 2020. Before identifying possible scenarios of the future agricultural policy of the EU, the authors draw attention to some dilemmas such as: predicted increase in global demand for food, limiting production intensity in the EU, rationality of the level and allocation of support, problem of capitalization of subsidies in land prices, conflicting objectives of the CAP, diverse expectations of Member States, and consequences of Brexit for the CAP in the next budgetary perspective. Fundamental reforms of the CAP took place in the 1990s in response to international pressure and the results of GATT and later WTO negotiations. The current reform of the CAP must deal with other types of external forces, such as the crisis of the euro-zone, disintegration movements (Brexit) and integration in the euro-zone, the influx of emigrants, the threat of terrorism, as well as worsening effects of climate change. The authors, based on a literature review and their own reflections, present six possible scenarios for the development of the CAP after 2020. It is very likely that the shape of the future CAP will be the result of a political compromise between Member States, which may indicate that there will be no radical changes in the CAP in the next budgetary perspective. In the long run, agricultural policy will undergo further transformations, forced among others by the likely technological revolution facing the 21st century agriculture, demographic changes in the countryside, climate change or the need to support rural development, taking into account their diversity in the EU countries. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, International Development |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:276368&r=env |
| By: | Baffoe-Bonnie, Anthony; Kostandini, Gentian |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258230&r=env |
| By: | Li, Mengyao; Ferreira, Susana; Smith, Travis A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258489&r=env |
| By: | Atallah, Shadi S. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258540&r=env |
| By: | Maredia, Mywish K.; Shupp, Robert S.; Opoku, Edward; Mishili, Fulgence J.; Reyes, Byron A.; Kusolwa, Paul; Kusi, Francis |
| Abstract: | DRAFT version, do not cite. See FSID Working Paper at https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/2709 88. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258392&r=env |
| By: | Du, Xiaodong; Hennessy, David A.; Feng, Hongli |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258327&r=env |
| By: | Ray, Mukesh K.; Maredia, Mywish K.; Shupp, Robert S. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Risk and Uncertainty, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258255&r=env |
| By: | Le, Stephanie; Jeffrey, Scott R.; An, Henry |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258487&r=env |
| By: | Sampson, Gabriel; Perry, Edward; Hendricks, Nathan P. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258286&r=env |
| By: | Cook, Aaron M. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258413&r=env |
| By: | Boaitey, Albert; Goddard, Ellen |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258231&r=env |
| By: | Al Abri, Ibtisam H.; Grogan, Kelly A.; Daigneault, Adam |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Risk and Uncertainty, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258568&r=env |
| By: | Kwon, Jisoo; Kim, Hyeon-Woong; Yoo, Do-il |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Demand and Price Analysis, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258222&r=env |
| By: | Ifft, Jennifer; Jodlowski, Margaret |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2018–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:scc018:276148&r=env |
| By: | Stefania-Cristina Curea; Costin Ciora; Irina-Daniela Cismasu; Ion Anghel |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development represents an important goal for emerging economies. The main engine for this development is innovation, which is generated by human capital accumulation. The purpose of this paper is to explore how human capital is affecting real estate, both residential and office. Our hypothesis is that there are structural changes in how current real estate buildings are being developed in order to be correlated with current expectations and needs from the new generation of employees. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2018–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2018_283&r=env |
| By: | Tanner, S. |
| Abstract: | The frequency and severity of wildfires in the United States has increased dramatically over the past few decades, with both climatic conditions and development into wildland areas fueling this trend. We explore how high-intensity wildfires impact communities living in areas of significant wildland fire risk near national forests in Southern California. The study area contains several megacities that are directly adjacent to four of the most heavily trafficked national forests. Home prices in communities near the forests are valued for their scenery, abundant recreational opportunities, and respite from the cities. Directly after a wildfire, disamenities such as a less attractive view, loss of recreation sites, and increased perception of risk should be capitalized into home prices. We contribute to the literature on wildfire impacts by estimating the impact of a recent fire on property sales prices along two dimensions: properties close to the wildfire compared with properties farther away, and properties in designated areas of high fire risk. Our findings suggest significant heterogeneous impacts of wildfire depending on whether the property is located on highrisk land, as well as evidence that proximity to a national forest can alter the risk perceptions of potential home buyers. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275955&r=env |
| By: | Alvarado, E.; Ibanez, M.; Brummer, B. |
| Abstract: | The effects of climate change on agriculture have been widely studied. However, it is necessary to keep studying the responses that farmers could have to climate change. One of these responses is the adaptation. We have used anticipatory and reactive adaptation because we wanted to know if farmers prefer options to avoid or to face negative effects. The objective of this research was to understand how risk preferences along with social capital affect the decision to implement anticipatory or reactive adaptation options to climate change. This study took place in central Chile, data were collected through a field experiment from September to December 2016 with 163 vineyard farmers; we used the structural and midpoint methods to estimate the Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) parameters. Finally, we identify 5 anticipatory and 4 reactive adaptation options. The parameters indicate vineyard farmers are strongly risk averse and sensitive to losses, and their determinants are grape area, membership and subjective norms for risk aversion, and age, household size, and education for loss aversion. The main drivers for anticipatory adaptation are network, trust, time to market and area, and the main drivers for reactive adaptation are risk aversion, institutional trust, age and time to market. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275978&r=env |
| By: | Rijal, Binish; Khanna, Neha |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258493&r=env |
| By: | Jovanovic, Nina; Katare, Bhagyashree; Lim, Kar Ho |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258331&r=env |
| By: | Kovacs, Kent; Lee, Ji Yong; Nayga, Rodolfo M.; Henry, Christopher; Tsiboe, Francis; Krutz, Larry |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural Finance, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258518&r=env |
| By: | Brady, Michael P.; Chouinard, Hayley H.; Wandschneider, Philip R. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258548&r=env |
| By: | Klepacka, Anna M.; Meng, Ting; Winek, Magdalena; Stepien, Anna; Florkowski, Wojciech J. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258495&r=env |
| By: | Lindgren, Samuel (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)) |
| Abstract: | Credible estimates of the cost of traffic noise are crucial to the assessment of the merits of noise control policies. This study estimates the cost of aircraft noise by measuring its capitalization into housing prices following an unexpected renewal of the operating contract for a local airport. The results show that a one decibel increase in aircraft noise leads to a reduction in housing values of 0.3 percent, or $1,200, on average. The capitalization rate is larger the higher is the property’s value, size and standard which suggest that owners of these houses benefit relatively more from noise abatement measures. |
| Keywords: | noise pollution; value of environmental goods |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 R23 R31 R41 |
| Date: | 2018–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2018_015&r=env |
| By: | Wu, Feng; Qushim, Berdikul; Guan, Zhengfei |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258273&r=env |
| By: | Alain Coen; Aurelie Desfleurs |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the abnormal earnings announcement returns of «green» and «non-green» U.S. REITs from 2010 to 2017. We focus on the impact of financial analysts’ forecast accuracy, market-level uncertainty, REIT-level uncertainty and synchronicity. First, we document the coverage, the accuracy and the bias of financial analysts’ earnings forecasts (ffo) on «green» and «non-green» REITs. Our results report that the level of accuracy and the level of optimism are statistically different for these two categories. Second, we observe that abnormal stock returns, abnormal trading volume and abnormal volatility may be related to «greenness» and synchronicity. Our results shed a new light on the link between the concept of «greenness» and the level of information on stock markets. |
| Keywords: | Financial analysts forecasts; Portfolio greenness; REITs; Synchronicity; Uncertainty |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2018–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2018_272&r=env |
| By: | Brown, Jason P.; Wojan, Timothy R.; Lambert, Dayton M. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258354&r=env |
| By: | Horan, Richard D.; Reeling, Carson |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258542&r=env |
| By: | Kim, Man-Keun; Jakus, Paul M. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258437&r=env |
| By: | Yu, Ling; You, Wen; Hill, Jennie |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258499&r=env |
| By: | Iris Behr |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2017–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2017_edu_109&r=env |
| By: | Carpentier, Alain |
| Abstract: | Prospect Theory suggests that farmers’ attitudes toward pest risks depend on the situation they refer to when facing crop protection decisions. Farmers referring to the ‘protected crop’ situation may implement self-insurance pesticide treatments while farmers referring to the ‘unprotected crop’ situation are risk neutral toward pest risks. Importantly, farmers are more likely to refer to the ‘protected crop’ situation when pesticides are relatively inexpensive. This in turn leads to original results related to the regulation of agricultural pesticide uses. For instance, pesticide taxes would not only impact pesticide expected profitability but also farmers’ attitude toward pest risks. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–08–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae17:261265&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Chao; Sun, Yiduo; Hu, Ruifa; Huang, Xusheng |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Health Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258563&r=env |
| By: | Sun, Shanxia; Hertel, Thomas W.; Baldos, Uris Lantz C.; Liu, Jing |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258243&r=env |
| By: | Heidecke, Claudia (Ed.); Montgomery, Hayden (Ed.); Stalb, Hartmut (Ed.); Wollenberg, Lini (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | This Volume of Abstract includes all contributions for presentations and posters that were selected during a review process for the "International Conference on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Food Security". The conference took place from 10-13 September 2018 in Berlin, Germany. |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation,Agriculture,Volume of abstracts,Klimaschutz,Landwirtschaft,Tagungsband |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:103&r=env |
| By: | Yao, Becatien H.; Shanoyan, Aleksan; Peterson, Hikaru Hanawa |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Marketing, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258292&r=env |
| By: | Villoria, Nelson B.; Delgado, Michael |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258564&r=env |
| By: | Larry Karp (UC Berkeley); Hiroaki Sakamoto |
| Abstract: | We analyze a dynamic model of international agreements where countries cannot make long-term commitments and have no sanctions or rewards to induce participation. Countries can communicate with each other to build endogenous beliefs about the random consequences of (re)opening nego- tiation. Provided that countries are patient, many different agreements might emerge, including an effective agreement with many participants. Along the way, however, negotiation might yield a succession of short-lived agreements with a small number of participants. Beliefs are important, and negotiations matter. Our theoretical results are consistent with the existing empirical observations and they explain the `paradox of interna- tional agreements'. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed018:508&r=env |
| By: | Thiago Cavalcante Simonato (Cedeplar-UFMG); Edson Paulo Domingues (Cedeplar-UFMG); Aline Souza Magalhaes (Cedeplar-UFMG) |
| Abstract: | The large-scale economic damage and losses caused by disasters have attracted the attention of specialists who are studying ways of modeling that kind of impacts. In face of the deep losses and damages caused by the disaster in Mariana, on November 5th, 2015, this work aims to project the main regional economic impacts of the event. The main contribution is to provide methodology and results that will collaborate in the evaluation of the economic effects of the disaster. To do so, we have developed a dynamic model of Computable General Equilibrium, especially built for municipalities directly and indirectly affected by the disaster, in order to capture the regional economic impacts in the period from 2016 to 2020. The results indicate that, generally, the five-year post disaster were insufficient for the retake of production, family consumption, employment, investment and trade, even in the event of the resumption of the total Mariana production in 2018. In addition, the results suggest a great interdependence in the absorption of negative impacts by the regions along the Doce river |
| Keywords: | Mariana Disaster; General Computable Equilibrium; Economics of Disaster; Regional Economics. |
| JEL: | Q51 R13 C68 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td586&r=env |