|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2018‒07‒30
thirty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Demary, Markus; Neligan, Adriana |
| Abstract: | The European Union is currently making significant strides to lead on green finance and align its financial system with its climate, sustainability and clean energy ambitions. The Paris Climate Agreement, the G20 Green Finance Study Group and the G19 Hamburg Climate and Energy Action Plan have provided ongoing momentum for policy moves towards a green financial system. Including financial markets into a climate strategy is a logical step forward, because public funds are insufficient to finance the needed investments in green technology and because the financial sector shows interest in financing green technology. Given the long-term nature of green investments and the financial market's short-termism, the establishment of a liquid market for green bonds is the market solution to this maturity mismatch. However, for such a market to thrive, investors need a definition of green technology as well as a definition of what a green bond is. In addition to that, green disclosure rules are needed, so that investors can easily access information on how the proceedings of green bonds are invested. The EU's main efforts in establishing a market for green bonds are the legislation of a common taxonomy for green bonds and the stimulation of the demand for green bonds by a green supporting factor in bank capital regulation. While we agree that a common taxonomy will help investors to screen green projects, we are very sceptical about the green supporting factor, which causes lower equity capital requirements for green investments. We see the risk that this may give rise to an undercapitalisation of banks with respect to the default risks of green projects and an overinvestment of banks into these projects. Since the green bond market is a political project, there is the danger of privileging green bonds in financial regulation for achieving political goals. The emergence of a green bond bubble and the bursting of that bubble would be harmful to the financial sector and it would hinder reaching the climate goals, since investors will abstain from investments in which they have lost money before. We derive the risk of political interventions to stimulate the demand for green bonds from our estimates, which indicate that annual green bond emissions have to grow by the factor 45 in order to finance the potentially needed overall annual investments of up to USD 7 trillion making a higher indebtedness or significant portfolio shifts necessary. Looking only at incremental investments needs to reach the climate goal green bond issuance would also have to increase up to the factor 4.5 and to reach the Sustainable Development goals by the factor 15. Instead of pushing for a fast growth of the green bond market, the EU should strive for its organic growth. Therefore, it should rely on market intelligence, i.e. the market participant's risk assessments for the green projects' default risks together with the market participants evalua-tion of the greenness of green investment projects. To this end, the proposed harmonisation of the taxonomy within the EU is a necessary step, because different national taxonomies would hinder the emergence of cross-border markets for green bonds. The EU cared about the con-sistency of the green bond proposal with other regulations for financial institutions, but it would be necessary to guarantee consistency also in the future. Otherwise, unintended side effects could distort the investment decisions of financial companies. |
| JEL: | E22 G11 G12 O16 Q01 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:282018&r=env |
| By: | Asongu, Simplice A; Odhiambo, Nicholas M. |
| Abstract: | In the light of challenges to sustainable development in the post-2015 development agenda, this study assesses how increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions affect inclusive human development in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The following findings are established from Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively positive and negative from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a Kuznets shaped curve because of consistent decreasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are consistently positive. The following findings are apparent from Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively negative and positive from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a U-shaped curve because of consistent increasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are overwhelmingly negative. Based on the robust findings and choice of best estimator, the net effect of increasing CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is negative. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Sustainable development; Inclusiveness; Environmental policy; Africa |
| Date: | 2018–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:23840&r=env |
| By: | Craig E. Landry; J. Scott Shonkwiler; John C. Whitehead |
| Abstract: | Revealed and stated preference survey data from North Carolina households are utilized to estimate a joint structural microeconometric model of recreation demand and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for coastal erosion management among beach visitors and non-visitors. We test for and reject weak complementarity, implying existence of non-use values associated with management of North Carolina’s coastal resources. We find stronger preferences for shoreline retreat (median WTP = $22.20 per household, per year) as a management strategy relative to beach nourishment (WTP = $7.45) and substantially weaker preferences for shoreline armoring (WTP = $0.09). Shoreline retreat exhibits much larger estimates of non-use values, whereas non-use values for shoreline armoring are negative. Minimizing negative environmental impacts of erosion management increases WTP over 200%. Our data permit estimates of marginal value of incremental beach width accruing to beach users and non-users (which ranges from $0.23 and $0.47 per meter). Key Words: recreation; demand; beach; erosion; management; economic; value |
| JEL: | D78 H43 Q24 Q26 Q51 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:18-09&r=env |
| By: | de Haas, Ralph (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research); Popov, A. |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of financial market development on industrial pollution in a large panel of countries and industries over the period 1974-2013. We find a strong positive impact of credit markets, but a strong negative impact of stock markets, on aggregate CO2 emissions per capita. Industry-level analysis shows that stock market development (but not credit market development) is associated with cleaner production processes in technologically "dirty" industries. These industries also produce more green patents as stock markets develop. Moreover, our results suggest that stock markets (credit markets) reallocate investment towards more (less) carbon-efficient sectors. Together, these findings indicate that the evolution of a country's financial structure helps explain the non-linear relationship between economic development and environmental quality documented in the literature. |
| Keywords: | financial development; industrial pollution; innovation; reallocation |
| JEL: | G10 O4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:a0a4fb82-734a-442a-9ea1-a270843d4cd2&r=env |
| By: | Palmer, Charles; Taschini, Luca; Laing, Timothy |
| Abstract: | Acre State in Brazil is at the forefront of efforts to institutionalize jurisdictional-scale policies that aim to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). Given limited REDD+ funds and uncertain returns from alternative land uses, this paper estimates the minimum incentive payment Acre’s government would have to pay forest landowners in each of its 22 municipalities to ensure forest conservation. Despite lower profits but with lower conversion costs and more stable returns over time relative to corn and coffee production, cattle pasture generates the highest returns in 19 municipalities. Municipalities are ranked according to their relative policy costs, a ranking which is compared to the distribution of forest carbon stocks across Acre. Finally, the relative cost per tonne of carbon is derived, which enables the identification of a group of 13 municipalities with the greatest potential for ‘carbon bang’ for a given ‘buck’. |
| Keywords: | Acre; cost-effectiveness; forest conservation; option value; payments for environmental services; reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+); uncertainty |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2017–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:81915&r=env |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Balsalobre, Daniel; Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of biomass energy consumption on CO2 emissions and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in G-7 countries. We also incorporate capitalization, financial development and globalization measures (economic, social and political) as additional determinants of CO2 emissions. This study covers the period of 1980-2014. We apply the generalized moments method (GMM) for empirical analysis. The empirical results reveal that biomass energy consumption contributes to CO2 emissions. The EKC hypothesis is valid in G-7 countries. Capitalization is inversely linked with CO2 emissions. Financial development deteriorates environmental quality. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness improve environmental quality. Globalization increases CO2 emissions. Institutional quality improves environmental quality through effective economic and environmental policies. Urbanization impedes environmental quality. These results provide new insights for policy makers in designing comprehensive environmental policy by considering biomass energy as an economic tool for sustainable economic development and to improve environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | Biomass Energy, EKC, G-7 countries, GMM |
| JEL: | A10 |
| Date: | 2018–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:87456&r=env |
| By: | Matteo Coronese; Francesco Lamperti; Francesca Chiaromonte; Andrea Roventini |
| Abstract: | Literature on climate change and extreme events has found conflicting and often weak results on the evolution of economic damages related to natural disasters, although climate change is likely to bring about an increase in their magnitude (Van Aalst, 2006; IPCC, 2007, 2012). These studies usually focus on trend detection, typically employing mean regression techniques on yearly summed data. Using EM-DAT data, we enrich the analysis of natural disastersù risk by characterizing the behavior of the entire distribution of economic (and human) losses, especially high quantiles. We also envisage a novel normalization procedure to control for exposure (e.g. number and value of assets at risk, inflation), so to ensure spatial and temporal comparability of hazards. Employing moments and quantiles analysis and non-parametric kernel density estimations, we find a rightward shift and a progressive right-tail fattening process of the global distribution of economic damages both on yearly and decade aggregated data. Moreover, a battery of quantile regressions provide evidence supporting a substantial increase in the upper quantiles of the economic damage distribution (upper quantiles of human losses tend to decrease globally over time, mostly due to adaptation to storms and floods, but with a worrying polarization between rich and poor countries). Such estimates might be even conservative, given the nature of biases possibly affecting the dataset. Our results shows that mean regressions underestimate systematically the real contribution of the right tail of the damage distribution in shaping the trend itself. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters; quantile regression; economic damages; climate change |
| Date: | 2018–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2018/22&r=env |
| By: | Sarah Dobson; Jennifer Winter (University of Calgary); Brendan Boyd |
| Abstract: | In this paper we provide a comparison of the coverage of Canadian carbon pricing systems. We define coverage as the proportion and types of emissions priced under the various systems, by emissions source. We compare provincially announced pricing systems to the federal benchmark (the minimum coverage provinces must meet) and the federal backstop, the pricing system that will be imposed on provinces with insufficient coverage or who opt to not develop their own policies. For those provinces that have not yet introduced a carbon price we look only at coverage under the federal benchmark and the federal backstop. We find the majority of provincial pricing systems meet or exceed the federal benchmark. Our results also point to the importance of additional complementary policies to address significant sources of unpriced emissions, primarily in agriculture and fugitive sources. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clg:wpaper:2018-07&r=env |
| By: | Maxime Raynaud (EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF); Dominique Osso (EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF); Frédéric Marteau (EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF); Stanislas Nösperger (EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF) |
| Abstract: | The recent European energy proposals for the revision of the Energy Efficiency and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directives emphasize the importance of driving investments into the renovation of building stocks and stimulating retrofitting demand. Moreover, the ambitious targets on Green House Gas' abatement and energy consumption reduction require refurbishments to a high level of performance. This high level of performance subsequently represents high cost for households. Thus, with the necessity to lead to ambitious renovations, the question about the cost-effectiveness of the relevant level of performance has to be tackled. Unfortunately, the absence of reliable data often makes it difficult to answer this key question. In this paper, we rely on two different regional energy efficiency programmes providing incentives for performing refurbishment with a great importance dedicated to thermal insulation and air tightness. Covering a sample of around 50 households per programme, data on energy consumption and the characteristics of individual dwellings were collected as well as on refurbishment costs. Comparisons between the two programmes and within each programme provide information on the economic relevance of ambitious targets (in terms of energy and carbon). Both programmes pursue similar objectives but the cost associated were different. The first programme presents an average retrofit cost of 290 €/m² compared to an average cost of 415 €/m² for the second one, but both programmes present a large margin of uncertainty. On average the energy savings were 63 kWh/m² (final energy) for the less costly programme compared to 88 kWh/m² for the second programme. Concerning the non-energy impacts, the households express satisfaction about comfort increase and green value of their refurbished real estate property. The findings underline the crucial importance of both financial incentives and extra benefits such as asset value to enhance the accessibility of deep retrofit potential. |
| Date: | 2018–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01826170&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | La CEPAL ha colaborado en la iniciativa La economía del cambio climático en Centroamérica (ECC CA) desde 2008 con el propósito de estimar y evidenciar los impactos de la variabilidad y del cambio climático, y propiciar la discusión sobre políticas públicas en sectores clave. Esta publicación es un resumen de los análisis de impactos potenciales del cambio climático y de las discusiones sobre opciones de políticas públicas en Guatemala generadas en el marco de la iniciativa ECC CA. Se incluyen los modelos y escenarios de crecimiento económico y poblacional, cambio de uso de tierra y consumo de energía según la información histórica disponible. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS DEMOGRAFICOS, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, ENERGIA HIDROELECTRICA, AGRICULTURA, SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA, ECOSISTEMAS, SALUD, LUCHA CONTRA LAS ENFERMEDADES, GAS DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, INDICADORES ECONOMICOS, INDICADORES AMBIENTALES, CLIMATE CHANGE, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, POPULATION ASPECTS, WATER RESOURCES, HYDROELECTRIC POWER, AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY, ECOSYSTEMS, HEALTH, DISEASE CONTROL, GREENHOUSE GASES, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS |
| Date: | 2018–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:43725&r=env |
| By: | Cremades, R.; Surminski, Swenja; Máñez Costa, M.; Hudson, P.; Shrivastava, P.; Gascoigne, J. |
| Abstract: | Assessing the dynamics of resilience could help insurers and governments reduce the costs of climate-risk insurance schemes and secure future insurability in the face of an increase in extreme hydro-meteorological events related to climate change. |
| JEL: | G32 |
| Date: | 2018–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:86505&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Ferri (LUMSA University); Roshan Borsato (LUMSA University) |
| Abstract: | Climate change exacerbates desertification forcing millions of rural people to urbanize, especially in developing countries. Our quantitative analysis across African countries highlights migrants’ two typical sequential moves: i) people escape from villages to cities; ii) through cities’ enabling settings, some of them emigrate to developed countries. We find that: i) previous lower fresh water availability – our climate-related proxy – and drops in GDP’s agricultural share in Sub-Sahara seem to boost subsequent urbanization: ii) previously heightened urbanization subsequently inflates emigration rates. Thus, policies to combat land impoverishment/desertification would help both the environment and easing the stress that migration casts on societies’ balance. |
| Keywords: | Desertification, Climate change, Urbanization, International migration. |
| JEL: | F22 O15 O18 O55 Q54 R14 R23 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsa:wpaper:wpc29&r=env |
| By: | Miguel A. Meléndez-Jiménez (Department of Economics, University of Málaga); Arnold Polanski (School of Economics, University of East Anglia) |
| Abstract: | We apply a network approach to analyze individual and aggregate consumption that generates predominately local pollution (e.g., noise, water and air quality, waste disposal sites). This allows us to relate the individual pollution levels to network centralities and to design policy measures aimed at reducing the aggregate contamination. We then apply our theoretical framework to analyze the European data on fossil fuel energy consumption and discuss possible transfer schemes that, according to our model, would result in lower aggregate levels of pollution in the EU. |
| Keywords: | local pollution, negative externalities, networks |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mal:wpaper:2018-6&r=env |
| By: | Renner, Michael. |
| Abstract: | Substantial employment can be generated in expanded treatment plants and systems, through reuse of wastewater treated to ‘fit-for-purpose’ levels, and in a range of water-dependent sectors, especially agriculture. In principle, input-output analysis and social accounting matrices allow a comprehensive mapping of employment impacts. The Sustainable Development Goal to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (SDG 6) offers a strategic opportunity for substantially improving the management of wastewater, for reviewing national policy frameworks, and for increasing investments. They also offer opportunities to advance several targets included in the Goal to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all (SDG 8). This paper also discusses wastewater reuse opportunities in the industrial sector and in agriculture, as well as the capture of by-products from wastewater. Wastewater can be recycled within a given industrial plant, or the wastewater of one enterprise can be reused as a resource by adjacent facilities. Such practices avoid expenses for water, energy, and discharge fees, offering a competitive advantage and thus shoring up existing jobs. |
| Keywords: | water treatment, employment creation, waste recycling, productivity |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:994951292002676&r=env |
| By: | Potashnikov, Vladimir (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)) |
| Abstract: | Models of a representative energy system (RES) that describe in detail the energy system of a country or region at the level of production, transformation, distribution and consumption technologies for various types of energy are widely used for long-term supply and demand forecasts and emission reduction scenarios. The paper presents scenarios for reducing CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels. |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:061828&r=env |
| By: | Imelda (Department of Economics, University of Hawai‘i at MÄ noa); Matthias Fripp (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawai‘i at MÄ noa); Michael J. Roberts (Department of Economics & Sea Grant, University of Hawai‘i at MÄ noa) |
| Abstract: | On a levelized-cost basis, solar and wind power generation are now competitive with fossil fuels. But supply of these renewable resources is variable and intermittent, unlike traditional power plants. As a result, the cost of using flat retail pricing instead of dynamic, marginal-cost pricing—long advocated by economists—will grow. We evaluate the potential gains from dynamic pricing in high-renewable systems using a novel model of power supply and demand in Hawai’i. The model breaks new ground in integrating investment in generation and storage capacity with chronological operation of the system, including an account of reserves, a demand system with different interhour elasticities for different uses, and substitution between power and other goods and services. The model is open source and fully adaptable to other settings. Consistent with earlier studies, we find that dynamic pricing provides little social benefit in fossil-fuel- dominated power systems, only 2.6 to 4.6 percent of baseline annual expenditure. But dynamic pricing leads to a much greater social benefit of 8.5 to 23.4 percent in a 100 percent renewable power system with otherwise similar assumptions. High renewable systems, including 100 percent renewable, are remarkably affordable. The welfare maximizing (unconstrained) generation portfolio under the utility’s projected 2045 technology and pessimistic interhour demand flexibility uses 79 percent renewable energy, without even accounting for pollution externalities. If overall demand for electricity is more elastic than our baseline (0.1), renewable energy is even cheaper and variable pricing can improve welfare by as much as 47 percent of baseline expenditure. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, variable pricing, storage, demand response, optimization |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hai:wpaper:201803&r=env |
| By: | Audrey Berry (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | For households, taxing carbon raises the cost of the energy they use to heat their home and to travel. This paper studies the distributional impacts of the recently introduced French carbon tax and the design of compensation measures. Using a microsimulation model built on a representative sample of the French population from 2012, I simulate for each household the taxes levied on its consumption of energy for housing and transport. Without recycling, the carbon tax is regressive and increases fuel poverty. However, I show how compensation measures can offset these impacts. A flat cash transfer offsets tax regressivity by redistributing |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax,Distributional impacts,Fuel poverty,Revenue recycling,Microsimulation |
| Date: | 2018–01–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01691088&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Marin (Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', SEEDS - Sustainability Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies (Università degli Studi di Ferrara)); Marianna Marino (ICN Business School, BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Claudia Pellegrin (EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | The European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has introduced a price for carbon, thus generating an additional cost for companies that are regulated by the scheme. The objective of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the effect of the EU ETS on firm-level economic performance. There is a growing body of empirical literature that investigates the effects of the EU ETS on firm economic performance, with mixed results. Differently from the previous literature, we test the effect of the EU ETS on a larger set of indicators of economic performance: employment, average wages, turnover, value added, markup, investment, labour productivity, total factor productivity and ROI. Our results, based on a large panel of European firms, provide a broad picture of the economic impact of the EU ETS in its first and second phases of implementation. Contrarily to the expectations, the EU ETS did not affect economic performance negatively. Results suggest that firms have reacted to the EU ETS by passing-through costs to their customers on the one hand and improving labour productivity on the other hand. |
| Keywords: | European Emission Trading Scheme, economic performance |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01768870&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Survivre au froid en hiver et au chaud en été sont des besoins humains essentiels, tout comme manger cuit dans un air intérieur libre de fumée. L'objectif de développement durable « Accès à une énergie propre et abordable pour tous » reconnaît ainsi un droit à l'énergie comme une juste exigence universelle. Mais le garantir au quotidien pour sept milliards de contemporains soulève des questions pratiques : Les pays en développement ont ils le droit d'utiliser les énergies fossiles comme l'ont fait les pays riches ? Comment définir et repérer les ménages en situation de précarité énergétique, et comment les aider ? Ce texte propose quelques réponses concrètes, qui s'appuient sur le cas d'un pays riche la France, et d'un pays à revenu intermédiaire le Vietnam. |
| Date: | 2018–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01692449&r=env |
| By: | Stéphane Gauthier (PSE - Paris School of Economics, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne); Fanny Henriet (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | Pigovian tax,targeting principle,local externality,pollution,commodity taxes |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-01826330&r=env |
| By: | Charline Comparini (AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Marie Lesueur (AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Morgane Marchand (Pôle halieutique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST) |
| Abstract: | Méthodologie et axe de travail L'identification des consommateurs pour qui les questions environnementales sont importantes dans leur alimentation a été réalisée grâce aux études menées par AGROCAMPUS OUEST dans le cadre du projet Idealg. Ces travaux ont amené à se poser la question : « Les algues alimentaires pourraient-elles répondre aux attentes des consommateurs français en termes d'éthique ? ». Schéma synthétisant les méthodes utilisées Nous nous interrogeons sur les motivations qui poussent les Français à adopter ce mode de consommation alimentaire de plus en plus employé, ainsi que sur les caractéristiques des produits aux algues en termes d'éthique. Cependant, les Français ont très peu d'informations sur les algues alimentaires et leurs conditions de production. Ils connaissent peu voire pas leurs systèmes de production, leur origine, leur saisonna-lité et sont méfiants vis-à-vis de la qualité de l'eau dans laquelle les algues se sont développées. Les actions de communication sont rares pour éclairer les distributeurs comme les consommateurs lors de l'achat de produits alimentaires aux algues. Quelles actions sont alors envisageables pour communiquer sur l'aspect éthique des algues ? Contexte Aujourd'hui, l'environnement et le développement durable sont des sujets d'intérêt pour les Français. Ils peuvent avoir une incidence sur leurs comportements de consommation alimentaire. L'éthique appliquée aux biens de consommation agroalimentaires, caractérise les valeurs relatives aux impacts sociaux et envi-ronnementaux de la production. Une « consommation éthique »-également appelée « consommation responsable »-est une consommation de biens répondant aux critères pour un développement durable. Il y a une réelle émergence du phénomène de « consommation responsable ». Les Français recherchent de plus en plus des denrées alimentaires naturelles, bios et locales, accompagnées d'une bonne traçabilité. Les algues sont des produits de choix pour les consommateurs ayant ces attentes, puisqu'elles peuvent être produites et transformées en France, de façon écologique, durable et éthique. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01823949&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En el marco del proceso de alineación de la planificación nacional y la Agenda 2030, la Unidad de Desarrollo Social de la Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México ha propuesto una metodología que permite articular los contenidos de los instrumentos de planificación con los objetivos y metas de la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible. Dicha metodología permite identificar los vínculos entre las metas para, mediante un proceso de jerarquización, definir eslabones y nodos críticos que deriven en la implementación de acciones a favor del cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). La presente guía metodológica, ejemplificada con el estudio de caso de Guatemala, puede ser particularmente útil para que los países identifiquen las prioridades nacionales y vínculos entre metas pues permite obtener una visión práctica de los componentes de integralidad e intersectorialidad que la Agenda 2030 plantea. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DIRECTRICES, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, GUIDELINES, CASE STUDIES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:43709&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Ferri (LUMSA University); Habib Sedehi (LUMSA University) |
| Abstract: | The 2030 UN Agenda provides a list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Typically, SDGs are viewed as non-hierarchical, if not standalone, objectives. Our main aim is to try to represent the structure of multilayered relationships among the SDGs, where possible assigning influence links in order to configure a Systems Thinking view. We achieve that by sketching a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) which allows drawing the multiple linkages on qualitative grounds disregarding the individual SDGs measurement issues. To close the system and conform it to quantitative analysis, we propose adding three other goals and using Systems Dynamics (SD) modeling analysis. Our approach is twofold. First, it is entirely deductive based on our a priori. Secondly, however, we draw references to the relevant literature to provide support to our initial conjectures. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable, System Thinking, System Dynamics, Modelling, SDGs, 2030 UN Agenda |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsa:wpaper:wpc28&r=env |
| By: | Benjamin Dachis (C.D. Howe Institute) |
| Abstract: | Ottawa should clear up confusion about its plans for clean fuel standards, according to a new report by the C.D. Howe Institute. In “Speed Bump Ahead: Ottawa Should Drive Slowly on Clean Fuel Standards” author Benjamin Dachis argues federal policymakers must examine the inherent limitations and potential economic costs of a clean fuel standard system. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Natural Resources; Business Subsidies and Preferences;Efficiency and Productivity;Environmental Policies and Norms;Oil and Gas;Regulatory Burden;Transportation |
| JEL: | Q4 Q42 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdh:ebrief:279&r=env |
| By: | Nyingtob Pema Norbu (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | While the international community has been largely successful in averting interstate conflicts since the end of the World War II and the Cold War, the rise in intrastate conflicts is disconcerting. Conflicts undermine human development, weaken social cohesion and institutional mechanisms, thereby impeding sustainable development. The Institute for Economics and Peace estimated that in 2016 the cost of violence containment for Afghanistan and Myanmar reached a staggering 52.1% and 8.4% of GDP, respectively.2 In terms of fatalities, around 167,000 people lost their lives to conflict in 2015. Conflicts "reflect not just a problem for development, but a failure of development".. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb78&r=env |
| By: | Rabah Amir; Isabelle Maret |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates various aspects of a monopolist’s pricing and environmental quality choice, as two simultaneous decisions and with each as a separate decision, the other variable being exogenously fixed. Green quality is modeled as in Spence (1975), and the present analysis builds on his pioneering work. We contrast the private and the first-best socially optimal solutions. While the latter follows the intuitive property of assigning a higher price to higher quality, the former solution does so under a natural condition of log-supermodular demand. This condition is studied in some detail, and related to properties of an underlying utilty function. We complete this characterization of optimal pricing by providing two different counter-intuitive examples where the two-dimensional interaction is such that the monopolist ends up charging a lower optimal price than the social planner, as well as producing a lower quality. Finally, we investigate respective sufficient conditions under which (i) the private and first-best solutions coincide, and (ii) the two-dimensional problem reduces to a one-dimensional problem where the firm picks a single quality-price ratio. |
| Keywords: | environmental quality, green goods, green awareness, multi-distortion monopoly pricing. |
| JEL: | Q50 L00 D60 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2018-31&r=env |
| By: | Eric Sabourin (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Jean-François Le Coq (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sandrine Fréguin-Gresh (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jacques Marzin (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Muriel Bonin (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Maria Mercedes Patrouilleau (INTA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria); Luis Vázquez (INISAV - Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal); Paulo Niederle (UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre]) |
| Abstract: | Latin American agroecology proposes a transformation of conventional agri-food systems. It is driven by social movements that have succeeded in forming coalitions that have promoted its integration into public policies. These policies involve a range of instruments that are often embedded in programmes that also support organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture. However, while these two types of agriculture propose more ecological practices, they do not question the basis of the conventional agri-food system. The implementation of instruments to support agroecology therefore depends on the power relations established within each country. This Perspective analyses these policies and their influence on the development of agroecology in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua. These policies remain fragile, while support for large-scale conventional agriculture is still predominant. Their challenge is therefore to convince more broadly farmers, consumers and policymakers about the importance of issues such as public health and food security. |
| Abstract: | La agroecología latinoamericana pretende transformar los sistemas agroalimentarios convencionales. Los movimientos sociales, que han logrado formar coaliciones para incidir en las políticas públicas, son quienes impulsan dicha agroecología. Los instrumentos de estas políticas varían y a menudo se aplican en programas que también apoyan la agricultura orgánica y la agricultura sostenible. Estos dos tipos de agricultura, aunque proponen prácticas más ecológicas, no cuestionan las bases del sistema agroalimentario convencional. La implementación de instrumentos agroecológicos depende, por la tanto, de las relaciones de poder establecidas en cada país. Este Perspective analiza estas políticas y su influencia en el desarrollo de la agroecología en ocho países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Nicaragua y El Salvador. Dichas políticas siguen siendo frágiles frente al apoyo masivo a la agricultura convencional. Por lo tanto, el desafío de estas políticas es convencer de manera más amplia a los agricultores, consumidores y responsables sobre los temas de salud pública y seguridad alimentaria. |
| Keywords: | organic agriculture, agroecology, food security, social movement, certification, public policy, pathway, sustainable agriculture, conventional agriculture, Brazil,Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Nicaragua, El Salvador, agroecología, agricultura orgánica, agricultura convencional, agricultura sostenible, política pública, crisis, certificación, seguridad alimentaria, movimiento social |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-01825722&r=env |
| By: | Amine Chbihi Moukit (Amine chbihi Moukit A-E) |
| Date: | 2018–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01826198&r=env |
| By: | Gaëlle Petit (GENIAL - Ingénierie Procédés Aliments - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM]); Gwenola Yannou-Le Bris (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec); Gilles Trystram (GENIAL - Ingénierie Procédés Aliments - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM]) |
| Date: | 2017–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01813471&r=env |
| By: | Eric Sabourin (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-François Le Coq (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sandrine Fréguin-Gresh (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jacques Marzin (ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Muriel Bonin (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Maria Mercedes Patrouilleau (INTA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria); Luis Vázquez (INISAV - Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal); Paulo Niederle (UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre]) |
| Abstract: | L'agroécologie latino-américaine propose de transformer les systèmes agroalimentaires conventionnels. Elle est portée par des mouvements sociaux qui ont su constituer des coalitions conduisant à sa prise en compte par les politiques publiques. Les instruments de ces politiques sont variés et s'insèrent souvent dans des programmes qui appuient également l'agriculture biologique et l'agriculture durable. Or ces deux types d'agriculture, tout en proposant des pratiques plus écologiques, ne remettent pas en cause les fondements du système agroalimentaire conventionnel. La mise en œuvre d'instruments en faveur de l'agroécologie dépend donc des rapports de force instaurés dans chaque pays. Ce Perspective analyse ces politiques et leur influence sur le développement de l'agroécologie dans huit pays : Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexique, Nicaragua, Salvador. Ces politiques restent fragiles face aux soutiens massifs à l'agriculture conventionnelle. Leur défi est donc de convaincre plus largement agriculteurs, consommateurs et décideurs autour des questions de santé publique et de sécurité alimentaire. |
| Keywords: | trajectoire, agriculture durable, politique publique, agriculture conventionnelle,Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexique, Nicaragua, Salvador, agroécologie, agriculture biologique, crise, certification, sécurité alimentaire, mouvement social |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-01825612&r=env |
| By: | Jules Selles (IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | Uncertainty is pervasive in fisheries management. Bioeconimists have undertaken long-standing effort to derive economically optimal management rules under uncertainty and provide explicitly optimal feedback solutions. Based on this body of work, we determine the importance of different kinds of uncertainty in the definition of harvest control rules. The performances of harvest policies which dictate how harvest is determined as a function of the state of the resource are sensitive to uncertainty. We discuss six sources of uncertainties and illustrate how these have affected the management process. We then describe how those classes of uncertainty affect optimal harvest control rules. We summarize the conclusions of economists based on structural assumptions affecting objective functions under different classes of uncertainties. We identify common classes of harvest control rules and the resulting precaution of the harvest strategy. Finally, we discuss the opportunities to develop fully adaptive management to decide upon structural assumptions through the extension of Markov decision process and feedback solutions to complex models. |
| Keywords: | Optimal resource 24 management,Fisheries management,Bioeconomic modeling,Uncertainty,Harvest policy,Harvest strategies,Control rules |
| Date: | 2018–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01824238&r=env |