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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Joël Aubin (SAS - Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Myriam Callier (Station expérimentale de Palavas les Flots - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer); Hélène Rey-Valette (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Syndhia Mathe (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Aurélie Wilfart (SAS - Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Marc Legendre (CAVIAR - Caractérisation et valorisation de la diversité ichtyologique pour une aquaculture raisonnée); Jacques Slembrouck (CAVIAR - Caractérisation et valorisation de la diversité ichtyologique pour une aquaculture raisonnée); Domenico Caruso (CAVIAR - Caractérisation et valorisation de la diversité ichtyologique pour une aquaculture raisonnée); Eduardo Chia (Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Agro-alimentaire - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNEARC - Centre national d'études agronomiques des régions chaudes - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - IAMM - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Gérard Masson (LIEC - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean Paul Blancheton (IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer); Edi Ediwarman; Joni Haryadi; Tri Heru Prihadi (Dept Marine Affairs & Fisheries - Res Ctr Aquaculture); Jorge De Matos Casaca; Sergio T.J. Tamassia; Aurélien Tocqueville (ITAVI - Institut Technique de l'Aviculture et des Elevages de Petits Animaux); Pascal Fontaine (INRA, USC340 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | Ecological intensification is a new concept in agriculture that addresses the double challenge of maintaining a level of production sufficient to support needs of human populations and respecting the environment in order to conserve the natural world and human quality of life. This article adapts this concept to fish farming using agroecological principles and the ecosystem services framework. The method was developed from the study of published literature and applications at four study sites chosen for their differences in production intensity: polyculture ponds in France, integrated pig and pond polyculture in Brazil, the culture of striped catfish in Indonesia and a recirculating salmon aquaculture system in France. The study of stakeholders' perceptions of ecosystem services combined with environmental assessment through Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy accounting allowed development of an assessment tool that was used as a basis for co-building evolution scenarios. From this experience, ecological intensifica-tion of aquaculture was defined as the use of ecological processes and functions to increase productivity, strengthen ecosystem services and decrease disservices. It is based on aquaecosystem and biodiversity management and the use of local and traditional knowledge. Expected consequences for farming systems consist of greater autonomy, efficiency and better integration into their surrounding territories. Ecological intensification requires territorial governance and helps improve it from a sustainable development perspective. |
| Keywords: | system,agroecology,ecosystem services,life cycle assessment,perception,emergy accounting |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01795621&r=env |
| By: | Miguel RIVIERE; Sylvain CAURLA |
| Abstract: | This paper gives an overview of non-timber objective modelling in forest sector models (FSM) research through a systematic literature review followed by an in-depth narrative review. Originally conceived to perform projections of timber supply and wood products markets, FSM have been growingly used for forest and climate policy analysis. For this purpose, they have gradually integrated objectives other than timber production, such as habitat conservation, carbon sequestration and bioenergy production. We identify these non-timber objectives and elicit technical innovations that have enabled their integration into FSM. We also discuss their current limits and the new perspectives they bring for a better economic-environmental assessment of forest policies. Results show that the study of non-timber objectives is a growing topic in FSM research, with bioenergy production and climate change mitigation as the most commonly studied. However, there are discrepancies regarding the respective contributions of different families of models, and not all non-timber objectives have been integrated to the same degree. On the one hand, bioenergy production has been thoroughly integrated through marginal modifications of the market component of models. On the other hand, the modelling of carbon sequestration and habitat protection entails deeper changes, such as the addition of new resources to the models, an increase in the complexity of the objective function and associated constraints, or the use of tools and models outside the FSM. |
| Keywords: | forest sector model, forest, forestry, ecosystem services, non-timber, economic model. |
| JEL: | C61 L7 Q21 Q23 Q57 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2018-26&r=env |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Haouas, Ilham; SBIA, Rashid; Ozturk, Ilhan |
| Abstract: | The financial development-environmental degradation nexus is revisited by incorporating economic growth, electricity consumption and economic globalization into the CO2 emissions function. The study period spans 1975QI-2014QIV in the United Arab Emirates. We have applied structural break and cointegration tests to examine unit root and cointegration between the variables. The Toda-Yamamoto causality test is employed to investigate the causal relationship between the variables, and the robustness of causality linkages is tested by applying the innovative accounting approach. Our empirical analysis shows cointegration between the series. Financial development increases CO2 emissions. Economic growth is positively linked with environmental degradation. Electricity consumption improves environmental quality. Economic globalization affects CO2 emissions negatively. The relationship between financial development and CO2 emissions is U-shaped and inverted N-shaped. Furthermore, financial development causes environmental degradation and environmental degradation causes financial development in the Granger sense. |
| Keywords: | Financial development, Environment, Growth, Electricity, Globalization |
| JEL: | A10 |
| Date: | 2018–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:87365&r=env |
| By: | Rupayan Pal (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research); A.M. Tanvir Hussain (University of FreiburgGrowth); Prasenjit Banerjee (University of Manchester) |
| Abstract: | In a theoretical model of an environmentally conscious ("green") monopolist, we show that increasing greenness does not always mean lower output and environmental damages. We assume that a green firm can internalize environmental externalities in its decision making process and/or invest in cleaner production technology and management practices. We also find that our results hold regardless of whether consumers value the firm's pro-environmental actions or not. |
| Keywords: | monopoly, environmental concern, green technology, internalizing externalities, environmental damage |
| JEL: | D42 Q50 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2018-011&r=env |
| By: | Sinha, Avik; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sengupta, Tuhin |
| Abstract: | Numerous studies on the causal relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have shown divergence in policy recommendations, which arises mainly due to the choice of methodology and the period of study. This inconclusiveness in policy prescriptions might turn out to be critical, when the renewable energy policies of the developing nations are considered. Our study analyses the causal relationship between economic growth, carbon emissions, fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption in Next 11 countries during the period of 1990-2016. Along with conducting parametric and non-parametric causality tests together, introducing the Geweke (1982) causality test in the literature of energy economics, we attempt to establish a wholesome aspect of policy design, by comparing and complementing results of different causality analysis, and how the causality directions should comply with the context setting. Our empirical evidence confirms that robust renewable energy policy can be designed by complementing the various causality test results, rather than focusing on one particular causality test. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy Policy; CO2 Emissions; Geweke Causality; Next 11 Countries |
| JEL: | B0 |
| Date: | 2018–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:87542&r=env |
| By: | David E. Allen (School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Australia, Department of Finance, Asia University, Taiwan, and School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia.); Michael McAleer (Department of Quantitative Finance National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan and Econometric Institute Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Quantitative Economics Complutense University of Madrid, Spain And Institute of Advanced Sciences Yokohama National University, Japan.); David McHardy Reid (Albers School of Business and Economics, Seattle University, Washington, USA.) |
| Abstract: | A set of 115 tweets on climate change by President Trump, from 2011 to 2015, are analysed by means of the data mining technique, sentiment analysis. The intention is to explore the contents and sentiments of the messages contained the degree to which they differ, and their implications about his understanding of climate change. The results suggest a predominantly negative emotion in relation to tweets on climate change, but they appear to lack a clear logical framework, and confuse short term variations in localised weather with long term global average climate change. |
| Keywords: | Sentiment Analysis; Polarity; Climate Change; Scientific Verification; Weather. |
| JEL: | A1 C44 C88 Z0 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:doicae:1817&r=env |
| By: | Karlo Hainsch; Thorsten Burandt; Claudia Kemfert; Konstantin Löffler; Pao-Yu Oei and Christian von Hirschhausen |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to showcase different decarbonization pathways for Germany and Europe with varying Carbon dioxide (CO2) constraints until 2050. The Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) framework, a linear mathematical optimization model, is used to compute low-carbon scenarios for Europe as a whole, as well as for 17 European countries or regions. The sectors power, low- and high-temperature heating, and passenger and freight transportation are included, with the model endogenously constructing capacities in each period. Emission constraints differ between different scenarios and are either optimized endogenously by the model, or distributed on a per-capita basis, GDP-dependent, or based on current emissions. The results show a rapid phase-in of renewable energies, if a carbon budget in line with established climate targets is chosen. In the 2° pathway, the power and low-temperature heat sectors are mostly decarbonized by 2035, with the other sectors following. Wind power is the most important energy source in Europe by 2050, followed by solar energy and hydro power. The heating sector is dominated by biogas and heat pumps, while electric vehicles emerge in the transportation sector in the later periods. Differences in renewable potentials lead to different developments in the regions, e.g., converting Germany from a net exporter of electricity into an importing country by 2050. In the 1.5° pathway, not all calculations are feasible, showcasing that especially countries like Poland or the Balkan region that heavily rely on fossil fuels will face difficulties transitioning away from their current generation capacities. It can, however, be shown that the achievement of the 2° target can be met with low additonal costs compared to the business as usual case, while reducing total emissions by more than 30%. |
| Keywords: | Decarbonization, energy system modeling, GENeSYS-MOD, renewables, energy policy, energy transition |
| JEL: | C61 Q4 L9 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1745&r=env |
| By: | Yujiao Xian; Ke Wang; Xunpeng Shi; Chi Zhang; Yi-Ming Wei; Zhimin Huang |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a scenario analysis to address whether the national and provincial CO2 emissions intensity reduction target during 2016-2020 would be achievable for China¡¯s power industry with the identification of change on carbon productivity. This productivity indicator is further decomposed to investigate contributions of different sources to productivity growth when there exists technological heterogeneity. Evaluation results show that even if all electricity-generating units in each region were able to adopt the best practice, the nationwide 18% intensity reduction target is not feasible through improving technical efficiency or upgrading technology on electricity generation and carbon abatement in a short or medium term. The existence of regional technological heterogeneity in power generation and associated CO2 emissions reduction processes implies the necessity of more differentiated regulations and policies for emission reduction across China¡¯s regions and inter-regional technology transfer. The emerging national emission trading scheme could easy some challenges in formulating emission policy for heterogeneous regions. |
| Keywords: | Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA); Endogenous directional distance function (DDF); Meta-technology frontier; Heterogeneity; Technological gap |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2018–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:117&r=env |
| By: | Rakesh Kumar Jain (Indian Railways & Department of Business Economics South Campus, University of Delhi); Surender Kumar (Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates production efficiency and shadow prices of CO2 emissions for thermal power plants in India. It employs a unique sample of 56 power plants for 2000-2013 acquired primarily by invoking the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. It estimates parametric quadratic directional output distance function using linear programming approach. We find that CO2 intensity of electricity generation could be reduced about 16 and 23 percent if the power plants were made to operate efficiently. The estimated average shadow prices of US$ 14.54 and 18.68 for a ton of CO2 emission, depending upon a plant’s strategies for enhancing electricity and reducing CO2 emissions, reflects that the prevailing Clean Energy Cess of US$ 6.15 a ton of coal or US$ 3.81 a ton of CO2 emissions is not enough to induce the required emission mitigation. Significant variation in the estimates of shadow prices calls for the application of economic instruments for cost effective reduction of the emissions. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, shadow price, directional distance function, thermal power plants, India |
| JEL: | D24 Q25 Q52 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cde:cdewps:287&r=env |
| By: | David A. Keiser (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD)) |
| Abstract: | Although the U.S. spends billions of dollars a year controlling water pollution, there is little empirical evidence of comparable benefits. This study argues that measurement error in pollution data causes benefits to be underestimated. Using upstream concentrations as instrumental variables for local concentrations, the study finds substantial benefits from reducing nutrient pollution. Instrumental variable estimates of the effects of phosphorus on recreational use are an order of magnitude larger than conventional estimates. The study uses a long-term pollution dataset from Iowa to show that this difference is consistent with estimates of measurement error in several U.S. water pollution datasets. |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:18-wp581&r=env |
| By: | Ajayi, V.; Reiner, D. |
| Abstract: | We investigate the direct role of technological innovation and other influencing factors on industry-level energy intensity based on a sample of 12 industries across 17 EU countries over 1995–2009. We develop an innovative industry-level patent dataset and find compelling evidence that patent stock negatively influences industrial energy intensity. Using a fixed effects estimator, we find a much stronger effect on energy-intensive industries with an estimated coefficient of -0.138 almost double that of less energy-intensive industries (estimated at -0.085). While our results show energy price remains the major determinant of energy intensity, the chemicals industry appears to be more susceptible to energy prices relative to other energy-intensive industries that are covered by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). Our study reveals that asymmetric response of energy intensity to energy prices in which price rises between 2004 and 2008 accounts for more change in efficiency than when prices fall. We also explore regional differences, notably that carbon tax policy in Northern European countries, which began in the early 1990s, is responsible for a significant fraction of the decline in energy intensity in Northern Europe. |
| Keywords: | Industrial energy intensity, innovation, energy price, carbon tax |
| JEL: | O13 C33 Q41 Q55 |
| Date: | 2018–06–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1835&r=env |
| By: | Katharina Erdmann; Aleksandar Zaklan |
| Abstract: | Linking cap-and-trade systems promises gains in cost effectiveness and signals a strong commitment to carbon policy. Linking is also seen as one possible way of converging from regional climate policy initiatives toward a global climate policy architecture. Two linked systems have been established recently, one in Europe and one in North America. However, linking also comes with challenges, such as increased exposure to shocks originating in other parts of the linked system and a greater need for policy coordination. We first consider the benefits and challenges of linking conceptually. We then present some of the main features of the European and North American linked systems and outline the process that led to their establishment. Finally, we consider preliminary evidence on the workings of each linked system. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwrup:123en&r=env |
| By: | Raza, Syed Ali; Shah, Nida |
| Abstract: | With the advent of globalization and industrialization, the life of human being has become luxurious, efficient and comfortable but at the same time, the economies are facing the challenge of environmental degradation. Environmental degradation has become the significant problem around the world and increasing day by day. Amongst many, the key reasons of this environmental degradation are the financial development and energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of financial development, economic growth and energy consumption on environmental degradation in Pakistan. We construct financial development index for Pakistan by applying principle component method on the major four proxies of financial development available in literature namely; domestic credit by banking sector, domestic credit to private sector, stock market capitalization, and liquid liabilities. The unit root test, co-integration test, and ordinary least square analyses have been applied on the historical data over the period of 1972-2014. The empirical evidence shows that all the variables have a significant positive effect on environmental degradation which means an increase in any variable will increase the environmental degradation. This study will be beneficial for the strategy makers and government of Pakistan in the formulation of eco-friendly strategies. |
| Keywords: | Financial Development, Economic Growth, Economic Consumption, CO2 Emission, Pakistan |
| JEL: | F18 O1 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:87095&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Hoai Son Nguyen (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Access to clean and affordable energy for all is the seventh sustainable development goal. This manuscript examines the state of access to electricity for all in Vietnam, based on national households' surveys conducted in the time period 2008-2014. We find that in Vietnam, the problem of providing access to clean energy for all is largely solved for now: the fraction of households without access to electricity is below two percent, the median level of electricity usage in 2014 was 100 kWh per month per household, the fraction of households declaring unsatisfied electricity needs is below three percent. We find that electricity is becoming a heavier burden in Vietnamese households' finances. In 2010, the electricity bill exceeded 6% of income for 2.4% of households, but in 2014 that number reached 5.5% of households. In practical terms, we discuss the challenge of a socially just increase of electricity tariff, necessary to finance a clean development of energy system. Our theoretical contribution to debates on energy poverty is to account for the human dimension by using a self-reported satisfaction indicator. Our study shows that subjective energy poverty indicators –designed from surveys asking people if they had enough electricity to meet their households needs– are as relevant as objective indicators –from engineering or economic data. While objectivity is laudable, development is not only about technology and money: measuring human satisfaction matters. |
| Keywords: | Electricity,Vietnam,Sustainable Development Goals,Indicators |
| Date: | 2018–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01692453&r=env |
| By: | Julien Xavier Daubanes |
| Abstract: | This paper examines an industry whose economic activity uses a natural capital on which its profit also relies. When such a productive natural capital has a limited capacity to recover from its exploitation, a free market tends to over-exploit it, calling for public intervention. The analysis is relevant, among other examples, to the case of nature- based tourism. I study the sustainable management of a productive natural capital: the conditions under which its exploitation generates maximum long-run social benefits; the various ways in which a regulator can implement such an exploitation; the rent that it generates for the industry; the effect of social discounting and operators’ short-termism, etc. Particular attention is given to situations in which the regulator gives more importance to the industry than it does to consumers, as when consumers are foreigners or when the industry generates needed tax revenues. In those contexts, I find that the industry should make more efforts of conservation, rather than less. |
| Keywords: | Nature-based tourism, Optimal regulation, Optimum taxation, Over-exploitation, Pro-industry regulation, Public revenue needs, Renewable natural resources |
| JEL: | H5 L1 Q2 |
| Date: | 2018–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1490-en&r=env |
| By: | Hiam Serhan (AgroParisTech); Gwenola Yannou-Le Bris (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec) |
| Abstract: | Innovation, sustainability, sustainability innovations are the challenges that today's businesses are facing. While many scholarly researches have produced a great deal of useful knowledge about various forms of sustainability and innovation and their integration in business models, there has been no attention given to the process through which a business activity model evolves from a quality management system to a sustainability business model. In this paper, through a case study, we address this gap in research by focusing on the evolution of management practices related to the dynamics of new knowledge introduced by management innovations, i.e. the implementation of management tools, ideas, processes and practices in organizations, intended to alter the way in which the managerial work is performed and to further organizational goals. Building on Engeström theoretical model of activity system and expansive learning, we show how a French wine Château has learned to improve its capabilities to reinvent its business model through the implementation of ISO standards and created sustainability values to its products, services and customers. Our results show how sustainable development is achieved through the implementation of eco-design and eco-innovation practices. They also show that sustainability in business models and practices is a dynamic and expansive learning mechanism. It is leveraged by management tools and management philosophy that help organizations exploiting their good practices, and exploring and seizing in their environment and among their key partners, the opportunities that can reconfigure the value of their products and services. |
| Keywords: | Business model, Eco-conception, Eco-innovation, Management,innovation, Sustainability, Value creation,Track: Governance,Word count: 9612 words,2 |
| Date: | 2018–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01813504&r=env |
| By: | Colmer, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | Temperature-driven reductions in the demand for agricultural labor are associated with increases in the share of workers engaged in manufacturing, suggesting that the ability of non-agricultural sectors to absorb workers may play a key role in attenuating the economic consequences of weather-driven changes in agricultural productivity. Exploiting firm-level variation in the propensity to absorb these workers, I find that this reallocation is associated with relative expansions in manufacturing activity in exible labor market environments. Counter-factual estimates suggest that in the absence of labor reallocation the aggregate consequences of temperature increases would be up to 40% higher. |
| Keywords: | labor reallocation; agricultural productivity; labor regulation; industrial production |
| JEL: | J62 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:88695&r=env |
| By: | Paolo Avner (The World Bank - The World Bank - The World Bank); Shomik Raj Mehndiratta (The World Bank - The World Bank - The World Bank); Vincent Viguie (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Stéphane Hallegatte (The World Bank - The World Bank - The World Bank) |
| Date: | 2018–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01695083&r=env |
| By: | Dipak Dasgupta; Etienne Espagne (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Jean Charles Hourcade (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Irving Mintzer (JHU - Johns Hopkins University); Seyni Nafo; Baptiste Perrissin Fabert (CGDD - Commissariat Général au Développement Durable - Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement); Nick Robins; Alfredo Sirkis |
| Keywords: | Paris Agreement,COP 21,Climate finance |
| Date: | 2018–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01692879&r=env |
| By: | Chia-Lin Chang (Department of Applied Economics and Department of Finance National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.); Michael McAleer (Department of Quantitative Finance National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan and Econometric Institute Erasmus School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Quantitative Economics Complutense University of Madrid, Spain And Institute of Advanced Sciences Yokohama National University, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the paper is to (i) show that univariate GARCH is not a special case of multivariate GARCH, specifically the Full BEKK model, except under parametric restrictions on the off-diagonal elements of the random coefficient autoregressive coefficient matrix, that are not consistent with Full BEKK, and (ii) provide the regularity conditions that arise from the underlying random coefficient autoregressive process, for which the (quasi-) maximum likelihood estimates (QMLE) have valid asymptotic properties under the appropriate parametric restrictions. The paper provides a discussion of the stochastic processes that lead to the alternative specifications, regularity conditions, and asymptotic properties of the univariate and multivariate GARCH models. It is shown that the Full BEKK model, which in empirical practice is estimated almost exclusively compared with Diagonal BEKK (DBEKK), has no underlying stochastic process that leads to its specification, regularity conditions, or asymptotic properties, as compared with DBEKK. An empirical illustration shows the differences in the QMLE of the parameters of the conditional means and conditional variances for the univariate, DEBEKK and Full BEKK specifications. |
| Keywords: | Random coefficient stochastic process; Off-diagonal parametric restrictions; Diagonal BEKK; Full BEKK; Regularity conditions; Asymptotic properties; Conditional volatility; Univariate and multivariate models; Fossil fuels and carbon emissions. |
| JEL: | C22 C32 C52 C58 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:doicae:1808&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Consistently with the emphasis that the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has placed on equality since 2010, and in keeping with the purpose of leaving no one behind enshrined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, this document examines the mechanisms by which inequality erodes dynamic inefficacy in the Latin American and Caribbean economies. It analyses and measures the productivity and income effects of unequal access to health and education, as well as the consequences of inequality of opportunities arising from gender-, race- or ethnicity-based discrimination. It also examines how these inequalities play out at the level of territory, infrastructure and urban dynamics, where their costs not only weigh on productivity, but also worsen energy inefficiencies and environmental degradation, thereby compromising the development possibilities of present and future generations. Inequality imposes constraints on innovation and creativity that are all the heavier because they are embedded within the culture of agents, which creates a culture of privilege in which many public goods and rights are not universal, but denied to much of the population. This weakens trust in social interactions and in democratic institutions. Here, ECLAC proposes strategic guidelines for increasing the dynamic efficiency of the Latin American and Caribbean economies on the basis of equality. Capacity-building and the construction of welfare States are at the heart of a new development paradigm that puts the technological revolution at the service of low-carbon, technology-intensive growth. In this regard, and in view of the rapid transformations and mounting uncertainties in the global economy, the region urgently needs stronger public and private investment revolving around an environmental big push in order to diversify its production structure and even out its structural disparities. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, IGUALDAD, GLOBALIZACION, RELACIONES ECONOMICAS INTERNACIONALES, MULTILATERALISMO, EMPRESAS TRANSNACIONALES, INVERSIONES, EMPLEO, POLITICA FISCAL, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, POBREZA, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, MEDIO AMBIENTE, CIUDADES, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, CONDICIONES POLITICAS, GOBERNABILIDAD, DEMOCRACIA, MACROECONOMIA, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, ECONOMIA DEL BIENESTAR, POLITICA SOCIAL, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA ENERGETICA, INNOVACIONES, INDICADORES ECONOMICOS, INDICADORES SOCIALES, INDICADORES AMBIENTALES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, GLOBALIZATION, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS, MULTILATERALISM, TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS, INVESTMENTS, EMPLOYMENT, FISCAL POLICY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT, CITIES, CLIMATE CHANGE, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, POLITICAL CONDITIONS, GOVERNANCE, DEMOCRACY, MACROECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, WELFARE ECONOMICS, SOCIAL POLICY, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, ENERGY POLICY, INNOVATIONS, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, SOCIAL INDICATORS, ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS |
| Date: | 2018–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:43443&r=env |
| By: | Michailos, Stavros; Parker, David; Webb, Colin |
| Abstract: | Ethanol production from non-edible feedstock has received significant attention over the past two decades. The utilisation of agricultural residues within the biorefinery concept can positively contribute to the renewable production of fuels. To this end, this study proposes the utilisation of bagasse in a hybrid conversion route for ethanol production. The main steps of the process are the gasification of the raw material followed by syngas fermentation to ethanol. Aspen plus was utilised to rigorously design the biorefinery coupled with Matlab to perform process optimisation. Based on the simulations, ethanol can be produced at a rate of 283 L per dry tonne of bagasse, achieving energy efficiency of 43% and according to the environmental analysis, is associated with low CO2 emissions. The conduction of a typical discounted cash flow analysis resulted in a minimum ethanol selling price of 0.69 $ L−1. The study concludes with multiobjective optimisation setting as objective functions the conflictive concepts of total investment costs and exergy efficiency. The total cost rate of the system is minimised whereas the exergy efficiency is maximised by using a genetic algorithm. This way, various process configurations and trade-offs between the investigated criteria were analysed for the proposed biorefinery system. |
| Keywords: | Second generation ethanol · Syngas fermentation · Technoeconomic analysis · Sustainability analysis · Process simulation · Multiobjective optimisation |
| JEL: | Q1 Q16 |
| Date: | 2017–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:87640&r=env |
| By: | Michel Trommetter (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Comment évaluer le coût social du non-maintien dans un état satisfaisant de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes, notamment dans le contexte du changement climatique ? Comment concevoir les régulations et instruments pour l'éviter ? Cette note dresse un état des lieux sur ces deux questions. Elle met notamment l'accent sur le maintien des services d'auto-régulation, sans lesquels les écosystèmes risquent de ne pouvoir fournir les services que l'on en attend. Elle insiste aussi sur le besoin de cohérence des politiques publiques et de vision intégrée prenant pleinement en compte les comportements et le rôle des acteurs privés. |
| Keywords: | politique environnementale,changement climatique,biodiversité,ecosystème |
| Date: | 2018–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01802500&r=env |
| By: | Sudeshna Paul; Athula Naranpanawa; Jay Bandaralage; Tapan Sarker |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Crop productivity, Regional disparities, Computable General Equilibrium model, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 D58 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gri:epaper:economics:201803&r=env |
| By: | Yveline Lecler (IAO - Institut d'Asie Orientale - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Although Japan has abundant water resources, small and micro-scale hydropower which, according to surveys, potential is high, did not benefit much (compared to solar PV) from the Feed-in-Tariff scheme implemented in 2012 to more effectively support renewable energies. In a country whose energy self-sufficiency has always been low and is even lower since the Fukushima accident, it may seem somewhat surprising. Based on available surveys, literature on renewables, some interviews with smart communities' local authorities or researchers in Japan, this paper aims at discussing what the main issues relevant to explain this paradox are. It argues that reaching the government estimates towards 2050 will probably need more actions, incentives but more over a simplification of regulations, especially those on water management, which complexity is a major break to local promoters to engage in small and micro-scale hydropower projects, while local production/local consumption probably is one of the main issues for further development. |
| Keywords: | Japan,small and micro-scale hydropower,renewable energies,feed-in-tariff,water management and regulation |
| Date: | 2017–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01803429&r=env |
| By: | Moustapha Pemy |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the problem of optimally extracting nonrenewable natural resources. Taking into account the fact that the market values of the main natural resources i.e. oil, natural gas, copper,..., etc, fluctuate randomly following global and seasonal macroeconomic parameters, the prices of natural resources are modeled using Markov switching L\'evy processes. We formulate this optimal extraction problem as an infinite-time horizon optimal control problem. We derive closed-form solutions for the value function as well as the optimal extraction policy. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these results. |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1806.06105&r=env |
| By: | Thorsten Burandt; Konstantin Löffler; Karlo Hainsch |
| Abstract: | This Data Documentation presents the second version of the Global Energy System Model (GENeSYSMOD), an open-source energy system modeling framework. The model endogenously determines costoptimal investment paths into conventional and renewable energy generation, different storage technologies, and some infrastructure investments in five-year steps until 2050. GENeSYS-MOD hereby focuses on the coupling of the three traditionally segregated sectors electricity, heat, and transportation - including all three sectors and their interconnections in the model. By allowing for different emission targets (such as emission budgets, yearly emission targets, or emission reduction goals), possible cost-minimizing pathways towards a largely (or even fully) decarbonized energy system can be analyzed. The second version of the model features more time slices, a more detailed representation of power trade and its infrastructure, performance improvements, and a fully revised technology data set. Additionally, to model improvements and changes, a high-quality data set for the European region to use with GENeSYS-MOD v2.0 is provided and described. An application of the European version of GENeSYS-MOD v2.0 can be found as an accompanying DIW Discussion Paper No. 1745 (Hainsch et al. 2018). |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwddc:dd94&r=env |
| By: | Edouard Civel; Nathaly Cruz-Garcia |
| Abstract: | Labels are increasingly popular among policy-makers, companies and NGOs to improve consumers awareness, especially about environmental footprints. Yet, the efficiency of these informational tools is mostly looked as their ability to shift behaviors, whereas their first goal is to enable people to discriminate labelled goods. This paper studies how the complex information displayed by houses' Energy Performance Certificates is processed by real economic agents. Through a randomized framed field experiment on 3,000 French subjects, we test the impact of these labels on people's perception of a home energy performance. Results evidence that 24% of subjects did not take heed of the energy label. Unexpectedly, we find out that gender is the most differentiating characteristic in this changing sensitivity to energy performance certificates. We interpret this effect by the Selectivity Hypothesis: energy labels design engages more male subjects.Among sensitive subjects, energy labels' efficiency to transmit information is mixed, as our results indicate a Bayesian reading of houses energy labels. Subjects identify separately each label's grades, and their perception is not systematically biased by individual characteristics, but idiosyncratic features blur their judgment. Moreover, this perception exhibits strong asymmetries. While worsening grades induce decreasing judgments, upgrading label's class do not strongly enhance people's evaluation of energy quality: on the contrary, top level quality label seems to undergo skepticism and intensifies idiosyncratic noise. |
| Keywords: | Information treatment ; Experimental economics ; Cognitive psychology ; Green Value ; Energy efficiency. |
| JEL: | D03 D12 D83 L15 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2018-35&r=env |
| By: | Karsten Neuhoff; Nils May; Jörn C. Richstein |
| Abstract: | Cost of renewable energies have dropped, approaching wholesale power price levels. As a result, the role of renewable energy policy design is shifting – from covering incremental costs towards facilitating risk-hedging. An analytical model of the financing structure of renewable investment projects is developed to assess this effect und used to compare different policy design choices: contracts for differences, sliding premia, fixed premia and a setting without dedicated remuneration mechanism. The expected benefit for electricity consumers from reduced risk and financing costs is approximated at the example of a 2030 scenario for Germany. Policies like sliding premia, previously evaluated as providing low-risk investment environments, provide for less risks hedging, when technology costs approach wholesale power prices. Contracts for differences provide in all scenarios the most effective hedge for investors against power prices uncertainty, enabling low-cost financing and reducing costs for consumers, while also hedging electricity consumers against high power prices. |
| Keywords: | Investments under uncertainty, financing costs, renewable energy policy, contracts for difference |
| JEL: | Q42 Q55 O38 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1746&r=env |