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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Simplice Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroun); Nicholas Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | In the light of challenges to sustainable development in the post-2015 development agenda, this study assesses how increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions affect inclusive human development in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The following findings are established from Fixed Effects and Tobit regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively positive and negative from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a Kuznets shaped curve because of consistent decreasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are consistently positive. The following findings are apparent from Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regressions. First, unconditional effects and conditional impacts are respectively negative and positive from CO2 emissions per capita, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. This implies a U-shaped curve because of consistent increasing returns. Second, the corresponding net effects are overwhelmingly negative. Based on the robust findings and choice of best estimator, the net effect of increasing CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is negative. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Sustainable development |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:18/017&r=env |
| By: | Guilló, María Dolores (University of Alicante, D. Quantitative Methods and Economic Theory); Magalhaes, Manuela (University of Alicante, D. Quantitative Methods and Economic Theory) |
| Abstract: | The aim is to advance in the analytical framework of green growth and to shed light on the concept of long run sustainability. We extend the Green Solow model by including a land-capital input and land degradation as a by-product of economic activity. In this framework, the effectiveness of technological progress in abatement depends on the degree of environmental stress, measured as the excess of output growth over land-capital growth. We build land-capital data at the country level using the Enhanced Vegetation Index and calibrate the model for the USA economy. In addition, we estimate the growth equation of per capita CO2 emissions over the period 2000-2011. We find convergence at the global level, statistical significance of the environmental stress parameter and a negative effect of land-capital investment on the growth rate of emissions, implying that in the long run the positive environmental effect is stronger than the production effect. |
| Keywords: | Green-Solow; Enhanced Vegetation Index; convergence; CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | O10 O13 O40 O44 P16 |
| Date: | 2018–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:qmetal:2018_002&r=env |
| By: | J. Lankoski (OECD); H. Lehtonen; M. Ollikainen (University of Helsinki); S. Myyrä |
| Abstract: | This paper develops theoretical and quantitative analysis to identify the potential synergies and trade-offs inherent in various policy instruments that address agricultural productivity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and water quality objectives. The theoretical model used describes crop production choices made by farmers given different sets of government policies and whereby crop yields can be impacted by climate change. Quantitative results on the basis of Finnish data show that decoupled area payment appears to provide more trade-offs than other policy instruments as it increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nutrient runoff, and decrease total factor productivity and social welfare relative to a situation with no policy. Nitrogen fertiliser tax, a soil GHG emission tax, and a subsidy for green set-aside perform well with respect to all other objectives with the exception of adaptation to climate change. These policy instruments significantly reduce GHG emissions and nutrient runoff, and thus their social welfare performance is high. |
| Keywords: | adaptation, crop insurance, decoupled payment, emission tax, fertilizer tax, mitigation, nutrient runoff, Risk |
| JEL: | Q18 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:111-en&r=env |
| By: | Sunde, Tafirenyika |
| Abstract: | The study investigated the dynamic relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, and energy consumption for the period 1991:q1-2016:q4 in Namibia. The study applied the ARDL and Granger causality analysis to investigate the long run and causal relationships among these variables, respectively. The study confirmed a long run relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, and energy consumption. The results showed that the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is found in both long and short runs in Namibia and that all the variables Granger cause each other. These results imply that economic growth can be a remedy for environmental degradation which means that the exploitation of natural resources to realize economic growth can be accepted until the turning point of the EKC curve is reached. The study recommends that actions to slow down the release of CO2 emissions and the raising of awareness about environmental concerns should wait until the economy reaches high-income levels. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve; CO2 emissions; economic growth; energy consumption; ARDL-ECM; Granger causality; Namibia. |
| JEL: | Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2018–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:86507&r=env |
| By: | Orsatti, Gianluca; Perruchas, François; Consoli, Davide; Quatraro, Francesco (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | The present paper investigates whether and through which channels green public procurement (GPP) stimulates local environmental innovation capacity. To this end, we use detailed data sources on green patents and procurement expenditure at the level of US Commuting Zones for the period 2000-2011. We also check for the moderating effects of local labor market composition in the relation between green public procurement and green innovation capacity. Lastly, we exploit the richness of patent information to test for differential effects of green public procurement on different classes of green technologies. The main finding is that GPP is an important driver in explaining the growth of local green-tech stock. The positive effect of GPP is mainly driven by expenditures for procured green services and is magnified by the local presence of high shares of abstract- intensive occupations. When separately considering diverse kinds of green technologies, we do find evidence of a more pronounced effect of GPP on the growth of local knowledge stocks of mitigation technologies. |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:labeco:201803&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Maurice Frère; Guy Vandille; Sébastien Wolff |
| Abstract: | The database PEACH2AIR links emissions of greenhouse and acidifying gases, of gases contributing to tropospheric ozone formation and particulate matter to consumer expenditures in Belgium in 2014. It relies on standardized air pollution data (including air emissions accounts), input-output tables and the Household Budget Survey. Analyses for 2014 show that energy products as well as food and non-alcoholic beverages are the most air polluting expenditure categories. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, Household consumption, Environmental economic accounts |
| JEL: | C67 C81 D12 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpb:wpaper:1803&r=env |
| By: | Matthieu BOUSSICHAS (Ferdi); Vincent NOSSEK (Ferdi) |
| Abstract: | The adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has, amongst other things, raised the issue of how the activities implemented to help achieve these goals will be financed. The sheer scale of the funding required is quite breathtaking: the United Nations (UN) has indicated that several thousand billion dollars (USD) will be needed on a yearly basis to achieve the SDGs (UNCTAD, 2014). Given that Official Development Assistance (ODA) falls far short of meeting these requirements, the core issue is identifying how to channel the major resources available worldwide into financing these goals. As implementing mechanisms that are able to effectively channel the available resources into sustainable development requires innovation, the term “innovative financing” is used when referring to specific mechanisms designed to promote the common good, whilst drawing on private actors and market instruments.This working document aims to take stock of the main innovative financing for development mechanisms based on a brief review of the literature and the debates at the workshop arranged by FERDI, the Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, IDDRI) and the French Ministry of European and Foreign Affairs on 20 March 2018. |
| Keywords: | Agenda 2030, financements innovants |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4341&r=env |
| By: | Gregor Semieniuk (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London, UK) |
| Abstract: | An influential theoretical hypothesis holds that if aggregate productivity growth accelerates, then so does the decline in energy intensity. Whether faster growth is greener in this sense is crucial for modeling future growth and climate change mitigation, but empirical evidence is lacking. This paper characterizes the global, long-run historical relationship between changes in energy intensity and labor productivity growth rates. Basing estimates on an unbalanced panel of 180 countries for the period 1950-2014 and the world as a whole, it captures a significantly larger historical window than previous studies. The paper finds a stylized fact whereby the rate at which energy intensity changes is constant or even increases as labor productivity accelerates. Faster growth is not greener. This provides important new information for calibrating integrated assessment models, many of which make a green growth assumption in near term projections. |
| Keywords: | energy intensity, labor productivity, decoupling, green growth, stylized fact |
| JEL: | O44 O47 Q43 E17 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:soa:wpaper:208&r=env |
| By: | Makena Coffman (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaii at Manoa; UHERO); Scott Allen (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaii at Manoa); Sherilyn Wee (UHERO) |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to reduce local air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions, assuming they are predominantly powered with renewable energy. Upon their reintroduction to the mass vehicle market in 2010, President Obama set a goal of having a million on the road in the U.S. by 2015. Similarly, in Hawaii, the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative target was to have 10,000 EVs on the road by 2015 and 40,000 by 2020. Despite policy support, actual rates of EV adoption have fallen substantially short of stated goals. By the end of 2017, there were about 770,00 EVs within the U.S., with 6,700 of these in Hawaii. This study uses data on EV registrations by zipcode in Hawaii to analyze a variety of demographic and transportation factors that might affect EV adoption. We find that, after controlling for population and gasoline prices, higher income zipcodes are associated with higher levels of EV adoption – where an increase of $10,000 in median income is associated with an additional 6 EVs within the 2010-2016 study time period (where the average zipcode in our sample had 68 EVs in 2016). When educational attainment is measured, we find that a 1% increase in the number of people with at least a bachelor’s degree increases zipcode EV adoption by about 76. We find some evidence that gender can matter, similar to other studies that find that men are more likely to adopt EVs. The effect of age seems to be more robust, where we find that for every 1-year increase from the average zipcode’s median age, there are 1 to 2 more EVs. Most notably, we find that commute time affects EV adoption in Hawaii – which is somewhat surprising given the relatively limited travel distances of an island geography. We find that a 1% increase in the prevalence of commute times greater than forty-five minutes within a zipcode, likely meaning they are farther from the central business district, is associated with 37 fewer EVs relative to those with a commute time under forty-five minutes. This finding holds even when looking at the island of Oahu alone, which has the majority of the state’s population as well as the majority of EVs. The island is about forty-four miles long, far less distance than the range offered by most EVs. This suggests that there may be strong risk-aversion associated with EV range anxiety as well as prompts further study of the effect of trip-chaining on EV purchase decisions. |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2018-3&r=env |
| By: | Khaled Alsaifi (Newcastle University Business School,) |
| Abstract: | The environmental impact of economic activity has raised the profile of corporate carbon performance (CP) to a high level in recent times. This study examines the impact of the variation in CP on financial performance (FP). Using UK data comprising FTSE 350 firms from the period of 2007 to 2015. We also document a significant negative relationship between environmental regulations and FP. Our overall findings are consistent with the resource based view (RBV) of the firm and support the voluntary disclosure strategy by showing that firms with greater intangible resources are generating reputational assets through their enhanced carbon disclosures which in turn leads to a competitive advantage which converts into improved FP as evidenced in the present study. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Disclosure Project; Carbon performance; Resource-based view; Climate Change Score; Financial performance |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7508868&r=env |
| By: | Kris Bachus (HIVA, KU Leuven); Emilie Bécault (GGS, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | There is currently no agreed comprehensive methodology on how to track and report on public climate finance. As a result, national actors need to agree on their own methodologies. In this working paper, we report on the result of the support the researchers offered to the Belgian actors that are (or could be) active in the provision of public climate finance to developing countries. In a second part of the working paper, the results are described of the process of supporting one Belgian actor, Credendo, on a more in-depth level. Recommendations are made for future reporting processes, both for Credendo and for the whole of the Belgian stakeholders active in this field. |
| Keywords: | Public climate finance, private climate finance, Credendo, Rio markers, tracking climate finance, developing countries, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F35 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:befdwp:0118&r=env |
| By: | Lööf, Hans (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology); Andreas, Andreas (Jönköping International Business School (JIBS) & Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies (CESIS)); Wulandari, Febi (Jönköping International Business School (JIBS)) |
| Abstract: | Facing the challenge of climate change, innovations that imply environmental benefits create business opportunities for entrepreneurs. This paper analyzes innovation capabilities of startups in Cleantech and how the innovation outcomes of those startups develop over time. Based on the Mannheim Foundation Panel and applying propensity score matching, a cohort of 566 Cleantech startups is analyzed and compared with a control group of non-Cleantech startups. We find that startups in Cleantech have, on average, higher innovation capabilities compared with all startups. However, Cleantech startups are a heterogeneous group including ventures using common technology and those developing new technology. Our econometric evidence shows that, ceteris paribus, Cleantech startups are more likely to combine existing technology in a novel way. Finally, we find that Cleantech startups do, on average, develop more market novelties in later years compared to theirs peers. |
| Keywords: | Innovative startups; green innovations; Cleantech; capabilities; policies |
| JEL: | M13 O13 O25 O31 |
| Date: | 2018–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0467&r=env |
| By: | Langthaler, Margarita; Obrovsky, Michael |
| Abstract: | Das vorliegende Briefing Paper nimmt die Umsetzung der 2030-Agenda und der Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in und durch Österreich in den Blick. Im ersten Teil beschreibt es eingangs den internationalen Kontext der UN- und EU-Ebene und analysiert schließlich den "Mainstreaming-Ansatz" der österreichischen Regierung. Im zweiten Teil greift das Briefing Paper exemplarisch das SDG 4 und den Bildungssektor heraus. Es stellt zunächst die internationale Bildungsagenda kurz vor. In der Folge diskutiert es die Ansätze einer Bestandsaufnahme in Österreich, die Maßnahmen der Regierung sowie die österreichische Fachdiskussion zu Bildung, die sich derzeit im Bereich des Unterziels SDG 4.7 verdichtet. Das Paper geht anschließend auf die Entwicklungspolitik und -zusammenarbeit im Bildungssektor ein. In den Abschließenden Bemerkungen wird das Fazit gezogen, dass es in der österreichischen Umsetzung sowohl an politischem Willen als auch an einer umfassenden Strategie mangelt. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals - SDG,SDG 4,SDG-Umsetzung in Österreich,Bildung für Alle |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefseb:17&r=env |
| By: | Georgios Voucharas; Dimitrios Xefteris |
| Abstract: | Environmental deterioration is believed to affect women more than men. Thus, in the context of democratic decision-making, an increase in the political power of women should lead to better environmental outcomes. In this paper, we test this intuition by estimating how suffrage rights affected countries' emissions using data for the period 1850-2014. By employing a) a difference-in-difference empirical strategy a la Miller (2008) and b) a calibrated regression discontinuity design that focuses on the few years before and after the suffrage reform, we provide -for the first time- robust evidence suggesting that environmental outcomes strongly depend on the extent of women's political participation. |
| Keywords: | women's suffrage; emissions; voting rights; political economy; environmental outcomes. |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucy:cypeua:07-2018&r=env |
| By: | Michaël GOUJON (Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This short note recalls the debated conclusions of the literature on the impact of decolonization for small islands. It also presents an overview of compared performances of New-Caledonia in terms of human development and inequalities. It concludes with some thoughts on the vulnerability of New-Caledonia, in the face of climate change particularly. |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4302&r=env |
| By: | Jasmien De Winne; Gert Peersman |
| Abstract: | For a panel of 75 countries, we find that increases in global agricultural commodity prices that are caused by unfavorable harvest shocks in other regions of the world significantly curtail domestic economic activity. The effects are much larger than for average global agricultural price shifts. The impact is also considerably stronger in high-income countries, despite the lower shares of food in household expenditures these countries have compared to low-income countries. On the other hand, we find weaker effects in countries that are net exporters of agricultural products, have higher shares of agriculture in GDP or lower shares of non-agricultural trade in GDP; that is, characteristics that typically apply to low-income countries. When we control for these country characteristics, we find indeed that the effects on economic activity become smaller when income per capita is higher. Overall, our findings imply that the consequences of climate change on advanced economies are likely larger than previously thought. |
| Keywords: | agricultural commodity prices, economic activity, climate change |
| JEL: | E32 F44 O13 O44 Q11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7037&r=env |
| By: | Gary D. Libecap |
| Abstract: | Douglass North asked why some societies historically and contemporarily have rising per-capita incomes and individual welfare, whereas others do not? He argued that successful economies had property rights that encouraged markets, trade, and investment in new production and organizational methods. In other economies, transaction costs, especially those due to the political process, blocked more efficient property rights. Property rights grant decision making over valuable resources and are the basis for investment, and market exchange. They mold the economy and the distribution of wealth and political power. Politicians and coalitions of privileged elites with stakes in the status quo join to preserve it. Inefficiencies create their own constituencies. There is no clear remedy for general citizens in North’s cases. Despite the power of North’s argument, transaction costs are not clear in aggregate studies of economies. They are more apparent in US common-pool resource problems with large, continuing losses in resource rents. This evidence runs counter to the facile arguments in the welfare and environmental economics literatures for addressing externalities that are reminiscent of the simplistic recommendations in the growth and economic history literatures that North challenged. If the observed costly political response to open access losses is characteristic of regulation in general, then welfare losses permeate developed economies as well and are more pervasive than the dramatic examples of development failure examined by North and others. Mitigation requires competitive interest groups that benefit from more secure property rights and greater resource rents to offset powerful elites that align with politicians and capture bureaucratic agencies to achieve particularistic benefits that undermine general welfare. |
| JEL: | K11 K32 N4 N42 N5 N52 Q15 Q2 Q22 Q25 Q28 Q32 Q38 |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24585&r=env |
| By: | Sunde, Tafirenyika |
| Abstract: | The study investigated the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in 10 SADC countries using the VAR model over the period 1971 to 2015. The variables used were first converted to growth rates before they were used in the model estimated. The results indicate unidirectional causality running from real economic growth to energy consumption in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mauritius, Namibia, bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Botswana and Mauritius and no causality in Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In countries where real economic growth Granger causes energy consumption the conservation hypothesis is confirmed. In countries where no causality was found the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed which implies that energy conservation will not lead to decreased economic growth and energy consumption will not be stimulated by economic growth. The feedback hypothesis confirmed in Botswana and Mauritius implies that an increase in the economic output will increase the level of energy consumption while an energy conservation policy will adversely affect economic output. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth; energy consumption; VAR model; Granger causality; SADC countries. |
| JEL: | Q43 |
| Date: | 2017–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:86505&r=env |
| By: | Kris Bachus (HIVA, KU Leuven); Emilie Bécault (GGS, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | There is currently no agreed comprehensive methodology on how to track and report on public climate finance. One of the difficulties – next to determining the climate relevance of projects funded– is the valuation of financial instruments other than grants (i.e. loans, guarantees, equity). For loans, the calculation of the grant equivalent of the financial flow is relatively straightforward, but for equity, it is unclear what the best way is to value the grant equivalent. Hence, the primary objective of this research paper is to provide an overview of the variety of methods that can be used to value the provision of public climate finance to developing countries through equity investments. In this endeavour, special attention will be paid to recent debates taking place in the context of the modernisation of the OECD DAC statistical system about how to better represent the donor effort involved in extending private sector instruments and especially equity investments. |
| Keywords: | Public climate finance, private climate finance, equity, OECD-DAC, nongrant instruments, public sector instruments, tracking climate finance, developing countries, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F35 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:befdwp:0117&r=env |
| By: | Alistair Hunt (University of Bath); Nick Dale (University of Bath) |
| Abstract: | This paper gives an overview of economic assessments of the benefits of the control of 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), an organic solvent, used in a number of sectors. Health risks associated with the manufacture of NMP include the risk of stillbirth and developmental retardation to pregnant workers, as well as a variety of chronic and acute effects, including respiratory effects. |
| Keywords: | 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), Cost-benefit analysis, environmental health valuation, non-market valuation, regulatory impact assessment |
| JEL: | Q51 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:131-en&r=env |
| By: | Ramiro López; Juan Mauricio Ramírez; Fernando Rojas; Carlos Salazar; Alfredo Bateman |
| Abstract: | Con el avance de los procesos de descentralización en América Latina, los gobiernos municipales han recibido mayor autonomía política, administrativa y fiscal para la toma de decisiones de política pública y desarrollo local. La configuración de economías de aglomeración profundiza las interdependencias entre municipios, ya que las dinámicas socioeconómicas y ambientales sobre el territorio trascienden límites político-administrativos y las acciones de un gobierno local producen efectos sobre los municipios vecinos. Estas interdependencias producen externalidades tanto positivas como negativas que cuando no son internalizadas generan necesariamente niveles subóptimos en la provisión de bienes y servicios públicos. La cuantificación de las interdependencias que se producen entre municipios de regiones metropolitanas es determinante para formular políticas que maximicen las oportunidades que aquellas ofrecen o mitiguen las consecuencias negativas, y también es un invaluable aporte para el diseño de arreglos institucionales que gestionen dichas interrelaciones. La metodología propuesta, aplicada a la región de la Sabana de Bogotá (Colombia), dota de un instrumento para la planificación regional y la implementación de intervenciones mancomunadas de carácter estratégico que trasciendan los límites de los municipios, no solo con un enfoque sectorial integral con visión de mediano y largo plazo, sino también como un ejercicio que necesariamente considera las interacciones relevantes entre municipios. |
| Keywords: | Áreas Metropolitanas, Bienes y Servicios Económicos, Ciudades Sostenibles, Desarrollo Urbano, Movilidad, Servicios Ecosistémicos, Servicios Públicos, Colombia. |
| JEL: | H40 R28 R50 |
| Date: | 2018–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000516:016329&r=env |
| By: | Kate Ambler (IPC-IG); Alan de Brauw (IPC-IG); Susan Godlonton (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Si une intervention de développement efficace se reconnaît notamment à la réussite de sa mise en oeuvre dans différents contextes, on constate pourtant que la transposition des programmes est souvent négligée. Dans un projet récent, l'Institut international de recherche sur les politiques alimentaires (International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI) a procédé à l'adaptation de Fomento (une intervention agricole brésilienne réputée) pour procéder à sa mise en oeuvre et à son évaluation dans deux pays africains : le Sénégal et le Malawi. Les rigoureuses évaluations d'impact accompagnant les versions africaines de l'intervention Fomento permettront d'en consigner les impacts et de démontrer ainsi l'efficacité de programmes de ce type dans différents contextes économiques et sociaux". (...) |
| Keywords: | Adapter, Fomento, pays, Afrique, sub-saharienne |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opfran:325&r=env |
| By: | Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Talvez por cautela em um país continental de patrimônio ambiental como o Brasil, harmonizar contas nacionais e de mudança do clima não é algo imediatamente viável. Mas uma recente lei federal programática (Lei nº 13.493/2017) prescreveu uma responsabilidade do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) divulgar, se possível anualmente, o Produto Interno Verde (PIV), para informar qual o patrimônio ecológico nacional". (...) |
| Keywords: | Iniciativas, contabilidade, ambiental, brasileiras |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:373&r=env |
| By: | Durst, Michael C. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:13802&r=env |
| By: | Dukpa Kim; Tatsushi Oka; Francisco Estrada; Pierre Perron |
| Abstract: | What transpires from recent research is that temperatures and radiative forcing seem to be characterized by a linear trend with two changes in the rate of growth. The first occurs in the early 60s and indicates a very large increase in the rate of growth of both temperature and radiative forcing series. This was termed as the "onset of sustained global warming". The second is related to the more recent so-called hiatus period, which suggests that temperatures and total radiative forcing have increased less rapidly since the mid-90s compared to the larger rate of increase from 1960 to 1990. There are two issues that remain unresolved. The first is whether the breaks in the slope of the trend functions of temperatures and radiative forcing are common. This is important because common breaks coupled with the basic science of climate change would strongly suggest a causal effect from anthropogenic factors to temperatures. The second issue relates to establishing formally via a proper testing procedure that takes into account the noise in the series, whether there was indeed a `hiatus period' for temperatures since the mid 90s. This is important because such a test would counter the widely held view that the hiatus is the product of natural internal variability. Our paper provides tests related to both issues. The results show that the breaks in temperatures and radiative forcing are common and that the hiatus is characterized by a significant decrease in their rate of growth. The statistical results are of independent interest and applicable more generally. |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1805.09937&r=env |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Katarzyna Zagórska (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Nick Hanley (University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine) |
| Abstract: | Previous research on pro-environment behaviours demonstrated an effect of communicating social norms to subjects. In this paper, we extend this work by isolating the effects of information about (i) the absolute level (strength) of the norm (ii) its geographic proximity (iii) whether the norm is stated in relative terms. We also show how previous pro-environmental behaviours interact with social norm information. The context is a stated preference choice experiment on recycling behaviours by households in Poland. The main finding to emerge is that social norm effects on preferences seem to be very context-dependent; there is no evidence of generalizable effects which would be useful to policy designers. |
| Keywords: | recycling, social norms, stated preferences, choice modelling |
| JEL: | D04 D91 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2018-13&r=env |
| By: | Harshani Dharmadasa (IPC-IG); Ian Orton (IPC-IG); Lauren Whitehead (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Com a recente adoção dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas (ODS), a eliminação da extrema pobreza representa um desafio significativo para governos em todo mundo. Para garantir o direito à proteção social para pessoas em situação de extrema pobreza e, simultaneamente, alcançar o ODS 1, será necessário elevá-las para além da linha internacional de extrema pobreza, de US$1,90/dia. É de suma importância implementar intervenções holísticas, complementares e bem estudadas para apoiar a realização de iniciativas de proteção social mínimas, além de outros direitos humanos. Defendemos que a abordagem da "Graduação" ? que pretende equipar os mais pobres com as ferramentas, meios de subsistência e autoconfiança necessários para escapar da extrema pobreza ? é um exemplo desse tipo de intervenção". (...) |
| Keywords: | Popularização, Graduação, base, proteção social |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:324&r=env |
| By: | Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Gustavo Luedemann inaugurou o painel contando um fato passado, em que um colega do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) salientou a incompatibilidade entre as contas feitas pelo Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Comunicações (MCTIC) e aquelas do IBGE. Claro, o dado produzido pelo MCTIC é de acordo com as orientações do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima (IPCC), para questões climáticas ? enquanto os dados do IBGE são produzidos em bases estatísticas. A regulação do Produto Interno Verde (PIV) foi apontada como uma facilitadora para encontrar que caminho tornará as informações compatíveis". (...) |
| Keywords: | Desafios, contas, ambientais, caminho a seguir |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:376&r=env |
| By: | Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Como relatórios de emissões atmosféricas podem ser transformados em contas de emissões atmosféricas? Maria Lidén asseverou que é possível fazer essa transformação. Melhorias foram alcançadas pela Statistics Sweden em sucessivos inventários de emissões do ar. Cada nova conta econômica nacional é melhor que a anterior. Não há necessidade de serviços adicionais para contabilizar emissões. A única necessidade é transformar o dado". (...) |
| Keywords: | Relacionando, inventários, nacionais, emissões, contabilidade, econômica |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:374&r=env |
| By: | Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Notáveis nas matérias de contabilidade e questões climáticas estão elaborando um projeto de dois anos, com o objetivo de estudar tabelas de compatibilidade entre contas nacionais e emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). O que pode ser feito, em termos práticos, para definir as contas de emissões de GEE brasileiras? A informação produzida para os inventários é apresentada, em geral, de forma muito agregada. Quando o Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) elabora o inventário de emissões de gases do efeito estufa, ele segue as orientações do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima (IPCC). Para o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), efetuar contas climáticas assumindo o inventário como fonte de informação implica ajustar os dados do inventário para um formato aceitável que seja compatível com as contas nacionais". (...) |
| Keywords: | Projeto, contas nacionais, contas, emissões |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:377&r=env |