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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Engström, Emma (Folksam Research); Algers, Staffan (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)); Beser Hugosson, Muriel (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)) |
| Abstract: | Dedicated to show climate leadership, Sweden has committed to cut 70% of greenhouse gas emissions in the domestic transport sector by 2030 as compared to levels in 2010 (except flights). The aim of this study was to quantify car type choice among private buyers and individuals with cars provided as a fringe benefit, and to investigate the impacts of retrospective policy scenarios using Sweden as a case study. Models were developed using revealed preferences data relating to car attributes and buyer socioeconomics. The company car type choice model reflected both company policy restrictions and employee preferences. The results indicated that range and safety were crucial factors for the widespread introduction of electric cars and plug-in hybrids. Company car owners were more inclined to choose cars with climate friendly fuels than private buyers. Average CO2 emissions per car were however similar in the two groups, which might relate to a stronger preference for heavier and larger cars among company car holders, in combination with the weights-based ‘Clean car’ definition in Sweden. A ‘Clean car’ restriction was company policy for 7.5% of employees, among whom the share of diesel cars was 88%. Policy scenario modeling results further indicated that the impact of recent climate and transport policies has been small: the most notable effect was a policy of reduced fringe benefits taxation on alternative fuels, worth up to €1,100 annually, which resulted in 0.7 % lower average CO2/km per car. For private buyers, a ‘Super Clean Car’ premium, worth ca € 2,000 – € 4,000, had a 0.4 % effect on the average emissions per car, according to models. This effect was twice as high as that for a five year tax-exemption for ‘Clean cars’, worth ca €200 annually for private buyers. Apparently, in order to substantially change the fleet of new cars in Sweden there is a need for tougher transport policies related to climate change mitigation. |
| Keywords: | Public transport; bus; demand model; fares; frequencies; supply; optimization; urban; welfare |
| JEL: | R41 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2018–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2018_009&r=env |
| By: | Boucekkine, R.; Fabbri, G.; Federico, S.; Gozzi, F. |
| Abstract: | We solve a linear-quadratic model of a spatio-temporal economy using a polluting one-input technology. Space is continuous and heterogenous: locations di er in productivity, nature self-cleaning technology and environmental awareness. The unique link between locations is transboundary pollution which is modelled as a PDE di usion equation. The spatio-temporal functional is quadratic in local consumption and linear in pollution. Using a dynamic programming method adapted to our in nite dimensional setting, we solve the associated optimal pollution. We show that optimal emissions will decrease at given location if and only if local productivity is larger than a threshold which depends both on the local pollution absorption capacity and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we numerically explore the relationship between the spatial optimal distributions of production and (asymptotic) pollution in order to uncover possible (geographic) Environmental Kuznets Curve cases. |
| Keywords: | GROWTH;GEOGRAPHY;TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION;INFINITE DIMENSIONAL OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEMS |
| JEL: | Q53 R10 Q52 C61 C68 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2018-10&r=env |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, EHESS, Centrale Marseille, AMSE; Iméra; and Institut Universitaire de France); Giorgio Fabbri (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble INP, GAEL); Salvatore Federico (Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Economia Politica e Statistica); Fausto Gozzi (Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, LUISS Guido Carli) |
| Abstract: | We solve a linear-quadratic model of a spatio-temporal economy using a polluting one-input technology. Space is continuous and heterogenous: locations differ in productivity, nature self-cleaning capacity and environmental awareness. The unique link between locations is transboundary pollution which is modelled as a PDE diffusion equation. The spatio-temporal functional is quadratic in local consumption and linear in pollution. Using a dynamic programming method adapted to our infinite dimensional setting, we solve the associated optimal control problem in closed-form and identify the asymptotic (optimal) spatial distribution of pollution. We show that optimal emissions will decrease at given location if and only if local productivity is larger than a threshold which depends both on the local pollution absorption capacity and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we numerically explore the relationship between the spatial optimal distributions of production and (asymptotic) pollution in order to uncover possible (geographic) Environmental Kuznets Curve cases. |
| Keywords: | growth, geography, transboundary pollution, infinite dimensional optimal control problems |
| JEL: | C61 C69 O44 R11 |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:1813&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Coisnon; Damien Rousselie`re; Samira Rousselie`re |
| Abstract: | The identification of individual and institutional drivers regarding ecological transition of individual behaviors has been widely studied in the literature. However, few studies report the specific case of private gardening practices, even though it is particularly relevant when discussing lifestyle habits and ecological transition, due to the wide range of positive and negative environmental externalities private gardens may generate. Using a European database (Eurobarometer 83.4), we estimate individual and institutional drivers of sustainable gardening practices. Our econometric approach takes the specificities of our data into account, by using a two-step approach combining a generalized Heckman model and a meta-regression, and allows us to highlight the importance of the accessibility to biodiversity-related information in the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviors. Differentiated trends between European countries are tested using indicators on economic development, social capital and environmental performances. In conclusion, we provide some recommendations in terms of public policies. |
| Keywords: | Eurobarometer, generalized Heckman model, private gardens, meta-regression, sustainable practices |
| JEL: | C3 Q57 Z |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:201802&r=env |
| By: | Ivan Haščič (OECD); Alexander Mackie (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Changes in the biophysical characteristics of natural habitats – that can be measured with data on land cover – are the best proxy to monitor pressures on ecosystems and biodiversity. This paper presents a suite of indicators that track land cover change over time in a globally consistent manner. The indicators, including an OECD Green Growth headline indicator, represent the Organisation's most recent effort to monitor pressures on ecosystems and biodiversity, using state-of-the-art data and techniques. Results are presented for OECD and G20 countries over 1992-2015 using global multi-period datasets. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, Earth observation, ecosystems, habitat loss, land cover, remote sensing, satellite data |
| JEL: | Q2 Q24 Q28 Q57 Q58 R11 R14 R52 |
| Date: | 2018–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/04-en&r=env |
| By: | de Greiff, Kathrin; Delis, Manthos; Ongena, Steven |
| Abstract: | Does neglecting the possibility that fossil fuel reserves become "stranded" result in a "carbon bubble", i.e., an overvaluation of fossil fuel firms? To address this question, we study whether banks price the climate policy risk. We hand collect global data on corporate fossil fuel reserves, match it with syndicated loans, and subsequently compare the loan rate charged to fossil fuel firms - along their climate policy exposure - to non-fossil fuel firms. We find that before 2015 banks did not price climate policy risk. After 2015, however, the risk is priced, especially for firms holding more fossil fuel reserves. We also provide some evidence that "green banks" charge marginally higher loan rates to fossil fuel firms. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy; Climate policy risk; Loan pricing; Loan maturity; Carbon bubble; Fossil fuel firms; Stranded assets |
| JEL: | G2 Q3 Q50 |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:12928&r=env |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (The New School, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Climate justice accounts for the most challenging global governance goal. In the current post- COP21 Paris agreement climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, the financialization of the ambitious goals has leveraged into a blatant demand. In the weighting of the burden of global warming, the benefits of a warming earth have been neglected since recently. Following the introduction of the gains from climate change, this article proposes a model to distribute the benefits of a warming earth in a fair way based on which countries are losing and which countries are winning from a warming earth until 2100. A macroeconomic cost-benefit analysis thereby aids to find the optimum solution on how to distribute climate change benefits and burden within society. When unidimensionally focusing on estimated GDP growth given a warmer temperature, over all calculated models assuming linear, prospect or hyperbolic gains and losses, the world will be gaining more than losing from a warming earth until 2100. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Climate Change Bonds, Climate Change Gains, Climate Change Losses, Climate Justice, Europe, Macroeconomic Modelling, TaxBonds-Transfer Strategy, Taxation, United States, World |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:tpaper:018&r=env |
| By: | Reza Javidi Sabbaghian (Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar) |
| Abstract: | Recently, inappropriate governance within the watersheds have caused to qualitative and quantitative degradation of water resources and unbalanced allocation of resources amongst the beneficiaries. Therefore, one of the most important challenges for stakeholders is the selection of final sustainable development criteria, which affects the planning and management for water supply scenarios and leads to effective watershed governance. Selection of final criteria depends on the stakeholders’ preferences and the decision-making risk attitudes. The risk attitudes related to the importance of viewpoints associated with stakeholders’ number within the watershed. This paper has developed a comprehensive approach based on the risk analysis to calculate the group weights and the group consensus measurements of criteria, which leads to selecting final decision-making criteria. Accordingly, in the first step, the initial criteria are determined by the group of DMs. In the second step, the group criteria weights have been calculated and in the third step, the group consensus measurements of criteria have been measured in several risk attitudes using the Hybrid Weighted Averaging (HWA) operator and the distance-based group consensus method. Finally, the most important criteria have been selected from the initial criteria based on the group consensus measurements, compared with an acceptable threshold level. This approach has been developed for the Kashafrud watershed, to select the final sustainable criteria in 2040. The results showed that the number of the final criteria depends on the risk attitudes of decision-making. Development of this method is recommended for watershed governance in the world. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Criteria, Effective Watershed Governance, Group Consensus, Risk Analysis, Hybrid Weighted Averaging Operator |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:fpaper:003&r=env |
| By: | Nano Barahona; Francisco Gallego; Juan-Pablo Montero |
| Abstract: | Local air pollution has led authorities in many cities around the world to impose limits on car use, increasingly by means of driving restrictions or license-plate bans. With some exceptions, these restrictions tend to be poorly designed creating incentives for drivers to buy additional, more polluting cars. We study vintage-specific restrictions that place heavy limits on older, polluting vehicles and none on newer, cleaner ones. A novel model of the car market and evidence from Santiago’s 1992 program, the earliest attempt to use vintage-specific restrictions, are used to show that these restrictions can be welfare enhancing by accelerating fleet turnover toward cleaner cars. These policies compare well to alternative instruments such as scrappage subsidies and pollution-based registration fees. |
| Keywords: | Driving restrictions, Local Pollution, Car Turnover |
| JEL: | R41 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000518:016259&r=env |
| By: | Jani Laine |
| Abstract: | Construction phase greenhouse gas emissions are most important emission sources of new buildings from the perspective of climate change targets. Energy efficiency improvements have highlighted the role of such emissions. Although living environment of detached houses have been criticized from the greenhouse gas perspectives, it is shown that this may not be justified. In addition, detached houses offer a great way for major reduction of construction phase emissions of buildings. In the study it is presented that through building material supply chain management of detached houses, it is possible to achieve the construction emission level of below 40%in relationship to average emission level of new buildings. |
| Keywords: | Construction phase; detached houses; greenhouse gasses; sustainable cities |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2017–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2017_98&r=env |
| By: | Tomas Balint (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Francesco Lamperti (Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris 1 (UP1)); Antoine Mandel (Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics); Mauro Napoletano (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques); Andrea Roventini (Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM)); Sandro Sapio (Universita degli studi di Napoli "Parthenope" [Napoli]) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the most daunting challenges human kind has ever faced. In the paper, we provide a survey of the micro and macro economics of climate change from a complexity science perspective and we discuss the challenges ahead for this line of research. We identify four areas of the literature where complex system models have already produced valuable insights: (i) coalition formation and climate negotiations, (ii) macroeconomic impacts of climate-related events, (iii) energy markets and (iv) diffusion of climatefriendly technologies. On each of these issues, accounting for heterogeneity, interactions and disequilibrium dynamics provides a complementary and novel perspective to the one of standard equilibrium models. Furthermore, it highlights the potential economic benefits of mitigation and adaptation policies and the risk of under-estimating systemic climate change-related risks. |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/1nlv566svi86iqtetenms15tc4&r=env |
| By: | Bondy, Malvina (London School of Economics); Roth, Sefi (London School of Economics); Sager, Lutz (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Many empirical studies have examined various determinants of crime. However, the link between crime and air pollution has been surprisingly overlooked despite several potential pathways. In this paper, we study whether exposure to ambient air pollution affects crime by using daily administrative data for the years 2004-05 in London. For identification, we mainly rely on the panel structure of the data to estimate models with ward fixed effects. We complement our main analysis with an instrumental variable approach where we use wind direction as an exogenous shock to local air pollution concentrations. We find that elevated levels of air pollution have a positive and statistically significant impact on overall crime and that the effect is stronger for types of crime which tend to be less severe. We formally explore the underlying mechanism for our finding and conclude that the effect of air pollution on crime is likely mediated by higher discounting of future punishment. Importantly, we also find that these effects are present at levels which are well below current regulatory standards and that the effect of air pollution on crime appears to be unevenly distributed across the income distribution. Overall, our results suggest that reducing air pollution in urban areas may be a cost effective measure to reduce crime. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, crime, economic incentives |
| JEL: | H23 K42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11492&r=env |
| By: | Jussi Lankoski (OECD); Ada Ignaciuk (OECD); Franck Jésus (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This report develops quantitative and qualitative frameworks to test the possibility of systematically assessing a range of policies and their intended and unintended effects. The analysis spans the three policy objectives of enhanced productivity, climate change mitigation, and climate change adaptation. The preliminary findings and lessons learned are drawn from two applications of a qualitative framework (France and the Netherlands), where information was gathered through a wide-ranging questionnaire, and from two applications of a quantitative modelling framework which was tested using data from Finland and from selected sites in one region of the United States. |
| Keywords: | adaptation, agricultural policy, greenhouse gas emissions, mitigation, Productivity |
| JEL: | Q18 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:110-en&r=env |
| By: | Alice Issanchou; Karine Daniel; Pierre Dupraz; Carole Ropars-Collet |
| Abstract: | There is a growing public concern for soils and the maintenance or enhancement of soil quality. Actually, soil resource plays a central role in issues regarding food security and climate change mitigation. Through their practices, farmers impact the physical, biological and chemical quality of their soils. However, in a strained economic environment, farmers face a trade-off between short term objectives of production and profitability, and a long term objective of soil resource conservation. In this article, we investigate the conditions under which farmers have a private interest to preserve the quality of their soil. We also characterize the optimal management strategies of soil quality dynamics. We use a simplified theoretical soil quality investment model, where farmers maximise their revenues under a soil quality dynamics constraint. In our production function, soil quality and productive inputs are cooperating production factors. In addition, productive inputs have a detrimental impact on soil quality dynamics. It appears that in some cases, farmers have a private and financial interest in preserving the quality of their soil at a certain level, since it is an endogenous production factor cooperating with productive inputs. However, situations can occur wherein the cooperative production benefits of soil quality and productive inputs are smaller than the marginal deterioration of soil quality due to productive inputs. In this case, one cannot draw conclusions about the existence of an equilibrium. |
| Keywords: | optimal control, soil quality, endogenous production factor |
| JEL: | D90 Q10 Q24 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:201801&r=env |
| By: | Effrosyni Diamantousi (Department of Economics, Concordia University); Eftichios Sartzetakis (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia); Stefania Strantza (Department of Economics, Concordia University) |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the stability of self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) among heterogeneous countries, allowing for transfers. We employ a two-stage, non-cooperative model of coalition formation. In the ?first stage each country decides whether or not to join the agreement, while in the second stage countries choose their emissions simultaneously. Coalition members agree also to share the gains from cooperation in the fi?rst stage. We use quadratic benefi?t and environmental damage functions and assume two types of countries differing in their sensitivity to the global pollutant. In examining the impact of transfers on the coalition size, we apply the notion of Potential Internal Stability (PIS). Results show that transfers can increase cooperation among heterogeneous countries. However, the increase in the coalition size, relative to the case without transfers, comes only from countries belonging to the type with the lower environmental damages, which are drawn into the coalition by the transfers ordered. Furthermore, the level of cooperation increases with the degree of heterogeneity. However, the reduction in aggregate emissions achieved by the enlarged coalition is very small leading to dismal improvement in welfare, which con?firms the "paradox of cooperation". |
| Keywords: | Enviromental Economics. |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2018_06&r=env |
| By: | Satoshi Honma; Yushi Yoshida (Faculty of Economics, Shiga University) |
| Abstract: | By implementing the world input-output tables for 40-countries by 35-industries to account for intermediate trade, we constructed the pollution terms of trade (PTT) on the basis of CO2 emissions between 1995 and 2009. We examine whether the PTTs have converged among the 40 countries in the past 15 years. The empirical evidence supports PTT convergence; PTT growth is negatively related to its initial level, and this empirical result is robust to various control variables. |
| Keywords: | World input-output table,International trade,Pollution haven hypothesis,Pollution terms of trade |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shg:dpapea:29&r=env |
| By: | Nathdanai Pratuangboriboon (Lampang Rajabhat University, Thailand) |
| Abstract: | World change influences the changes in the economy, society, environment, way of life, culture, and traditions into slavery of capitalism, materialism, and consumerisms including modern trends all have a great impact on the country’s development. This is why “Society has problems and the development is not sustainable†while Ban Thung Sri Community, Moo 3, Thung Sri Subdistrict, Rong Kwang district, Phrae province, Thailand has been accredited by various institutions in community management in a variety of dimensions until the community is successful. When the study was conducted, the Lesson learned of community management for environmental crisis solutions, which the community believes is a sustainable solution to the environmental crisis and driven by community strategies. This can be an example that other communities can apply concretely |
| Keywords: | Community Management, Collaboration, Environmental Crisis Solutions |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:tpaper:004&r=env |
| By: | Tuukka Mäkitie (Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, UiO.); Håkon E. Normann (Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, UiO.); Taran M. Thune (Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, UiO.); Jakoba Sraml Gonzalez (Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, UiO.) |
| Abstract: | Reorientation of fossil fuel industries towards renewable energies, and the role of market changes underlying such processes, have not featured strongly in the study of sustainable energy transitions. We contribute to this important policy issue with a case study of diversification of Norwegian oil and gas industry in offshore wind power. We study how the engagement in diversification has changed during 2007-2016, and whether these changes correspond with developments in the industry’s task and institutional environments. By using news, statistical and survey data, our study reveals that despite continuous growth in offshore wind market, the industry engaged more in offshore wind during two market downturn periods in the oil and gas market, and less during an oil and gas boom period. Our results therefore draw attention to the importance of market changes in reorientation of fossil fuel industries towards renewable energies. We conclude by discussing the role of market changes in influencing reorientations towards renewable energies, and implications of results for policies which seek to support sustainable energy transitions. |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20180524&r=env |
| By: | Ahlheim, Michael; Neidhardt, Jan; Siepmann, Ute; Yu, Xiaomin |
| Abstract: | Environmental valuation studies with tourists have been very popular already over a long period of time. Tourists are an important stakeholder group with respect to the decision if some environmental project in a tourist region should be realized or not. Typically such studies are organized as face-to-face surveys conducted in the respective vacation areas. Tourists are asked their willingness to pay (e.g. in terms of higher entrance fees for certain amenities on site or a mark-up on accommodation prices etc.) for the implementation of an environmental project or preservation measure in that area. Based on theoretical considerations we argue that in the special case of tourist surveys internet-based surveys are preferable to face-to-face surveys under validity aspects as well as under the aspect of the representativeness of the survey results. Based on an empirical valuation study we conducted in Southwest China we illustrate the practical problems arising in the context of internet surveys in developing or threshold countries. |
| Keywords: | environmental valuation,reforestation,Contingent Valuation Method,internet surveys,tourist preferences,China |
| JEL: | D6 H4 Q23 Q51 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hohdps:092018&r=env |
| By: | Paramita Sinha; Martha Caulkins; Maureen Cropper |
| Abstract: | Amenities that vary across cities are typically valued using either a hedonic model, in which amenities are capitalized into wages and housing prices, or a discrete model of household location choice. In this paper, we use the 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) to value climate amenities using both methods. We compare estimates of marginal willingness to pay (MWTP), first assuming homogeneous tastes for climate amenities and then allowing preferences for climate amenities to vary by location. We find that mean MWTP for warmer winters is about four times larger using the discrete choice approach than with the hedonic approach; mean MWTP for cooler summers is twice as large. The two approaches also differ in their estimates of taste sorting. The discrete choice model implies that households with the highest MWTP for warmer winters locate in cities with the mildest winters, while the hedonic model does not. Differences in estimates are due to three factors: (1) the discrete choice model incorporates the psychological costs of moving from one’s birthplace, which the hedonic models do not; (2) the discrete choice model allows for city-specific labor and housing markets, rather than assuming a national market; (3) the discrete choice model uses information on market shares (i.e., population) in estimating parameters, which the hedonic model does not. |
| Keywords: | amenity valuation, location choice, hedonic models, value of climate |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nev:wpaper:wp201804&r=env |
| By: | Alexis Laszczuk (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lionel Garreau (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Bernard De Montmorillon (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche explore le caractère émergent du développement d’un business model en adoptant une perspective sensemaking. Une majeure partie des approches du business model adopte une vision rationnelle, considérant de manière prépondérante les choix délibérés au détriment de phénomènes émergents. Par conséquent, nous interrogeons ici les mécanismes d’émergence intervenant dans le processus de développement du business model.À partir d’une étude de cas longitudinale, nous examinons le développement d’un business model sur une période de 22 mois. Nous identifions des mécanismes de sensemaking émergents et délibérés qui forment trois ‘patterns’. Ces derniers peuvent être ‘enactés’ par les acteurs pour le développement du business model et l’affinement des tactiques. |
| Keywords: | Business model,Sensemaking,Emergence |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01787276&r=env |
| By: | Ahmad JURATLI (Szent Istvan University - PhD School of Management and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | The importance of investment appears in the development and support of the country?s economy, where developing countries sought to attract investments, Which necessarily required a package of reforms, Which began with a set of laws that set the general investment policy in many developing countries, Which aimed at investment environment attractive to investment, But the conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa region did not help achieve the desired vision that was planned.This study aims to identify and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the investment climate, In addition to studying the legal and regulatory environment related to investment, and its role in supporting the investment climate in the reconstruction phase.The importance of this study emerged in the positive role which played by the investment process in economic development in general, and determines the elements of the investment environment from the legislative and administrative aspects, It is, therefore, necessary, Intensify efforts to develop the investment climate in the next stage of reconstruction.The problem of the study is reflected in the importance of developing investment laws, Because it is the most important factor in attracting investments, and because the effectiveness of investment promotion laws have a positive and direct impact in creating the investment environment.The study confirmed, after reviewing previous studies, the need to amend the current investment promotion laws in most developing countries, simplify and standardize investment laws, add organize this lows under one investment umbrella,The study also found the volume of investment in the reconstruction phase will depend on the development that can happen in the investment laws. |
| Keywords: | Legislative and Regulatory Framework, Investment Climate, Investment, and Investors, Middle East & North Africa Countries (MENA) -, Reconstruction Phase. |
| JEL: | A10 A11 A20 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7508699&r=env |
| By: | Maria-Simona NAROȘ (School of Advanced Studies of the Romanian Academy); Mihaela SIMIONESCU (Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Romanian Academy, Centre for Migration Studies in Prague Business School) |
| Abstract: | Considering the role of education in achieving an important objective of any national economy- the sustainable development- this paper brings as novelty a new concept on education- sustainable education model. In this context, the sustainable development is defined from the perspective of education contribution in improving the economic and social development. A particular attention is assigned to education for sustainable development and to the correlations between education and macroeconomic and social indicators (economic growth, productivity, income, trade, political system, demographic trend). |
| Keywords: | education, life-long education, sustainable development, economic development, sustainable education |
| JEL: | I21 I23 I25 |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rjr:wpconf:180501&r=env |
| By: | Eduardo A. Haddad; Fatima Ezzahra Mengoub, Vinicius A. Vale |
| Abstract: | This paper reports the results of an application using an interregional input-output matrix for Morocco together with regional information on water consumption by sectors. We develop a trade-based index that reveals the relative water use intensities associated with specific interregional and international trade flows. We estimate, for each flow associated with each origin-destination pair, measures of trade in value added and trade in water that are further used to calculate our index. We add to the existing literature on virtual water flows by encompassing the subnational perspective in the case study of a country that shows a “climate divide†: while a great part of the southern territory is located in the Sahara Desert, with serious water constraints, the northern part is relatively more privileged with access to this natural resource. Furthermore, we compare that Trade-Based Index of Water Intensity to similar metrics related to the use of other natural resources. |
| Keywords: | Water accounting; integrated ecologic-economic modelling; interregional input-output. |
| JEL: | Q25 Q56 C67 D57 R15 |
| Date: | 2018–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2018wpecon08&r=env |
| By: | Hlalefang Khobai (Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University) |
| Abstract: | Knowledge of the direction of causality between electricity generation from renewables and economic growth is essential if energy policies which will support economic growth of the country are to be devised. This study explores the causal relationship between electricity generated from the renewables and economic growth in South Africa using carbon dioxide emissions, employment and capital as the additional variables. The study uses the Johansen co-integration model to detect the long run relationship between the variables and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to determine the direction of causality. The findings from Johansen co-integration evidenced a long run relationship between electricity generated from renewables, economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, employment and capital. The VECM revealed unidirectional causality running from electricity generated from renewables to economic growth. The findings indicate that electricity generation from renewables enhance economic growth. Therefore, the government should make appropriate efforts to select energy policies that do not negatively affect economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Electricity generation, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth |
| JEL: | C32 D04 Q47 Q42 Q01 |
| Date: | 2018–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mnd:wpaper:1821&r=env |
| By: | Marsden, G.; Martin, A.; Zamora, B.; Exley, J.; Sussex, J.; Towse, A. |
| Abstract: | The Oxford Academic Health Science Network (Oxford AHSN) wishes to demonstrate the value of the various projects and programmes that the network has developed and implemented since it was established in 2013. In order to do this, OHE Consulting and RAND Europe conducted analyses of four case study projects - 1. Anxiety & Depression Clinical Network - A targeted 5% improvement in recovery rates 2. Maternity Clinical Network - Improving referral pathways for preterm babies 3. Energy project - Quantifying the value of energy savings and carbon reduction 4. Intermittent Pneumatic Compression - Increasing utilisation of IPCs in immobile stroke patients. The four case studies were chosen as examples of areas in which the Oxford AHSN has played a crucial role in improving patient care, and areas in which analysis of added value is feasible. The analyses were designed to assess the added value of the Oxford AHSN in relation to the case study projects, rather than to assess the 'cost-effectiveness' of the treatments being used. This report presents the methods and results of the four case studies. |
| JEL: | I1 |
| Date: | 2016–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ohe:conrep:001743&r=env |
| By: | Fong-Yao Chen; Jen-Hsu Liang; Yin-Yu Liang |
| Abstract: | Empirical researches have repeatedly proven the presence of premium in green buildings around the world; however, supply of such buildings in Taiwan was sparse even though the government promoted for more than a decade. This study aims to determine whether Taiwanese green building premium is developer-induced or market-driven. We collect green condominium building advertisement in New Taipei City to calculate advertisement greenness and compare with transaction data. The result shows that increase in development cost and market demand both have impact on price premium, but being green is not the main eye-catcher in advertisements. Advertisements for residential buildings focus mostly on green or not green but not how green. |
| Keywords: | Advertisement; Green Building; Green premium; Sustainable property |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2017–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2017_51&r=env |
| By: | O'Sullivan, Meghan (Harvard University); Overland, Indra (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs); Sandalow, David (Columbia University) |
| Abstract: | For a century, the geopolitics of energy has been synonymous with the geopolitics of oil and gas. However, geopolitics and the global energy economy are both changing. The international order predominant since the end of World War II faces mounting challenges. At the same time, renewable energy is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, the geopolitics of renewable energy has received relatively little attention, especially when considering the far reaching consequences of a global shift to renewable energy. |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:harjfk:rwp17-027&r=env |
| By: | Matheus Bueno; Marica Valente |
| Abstract: | To internalize pollution externalities into household waste generation, Unit Pricing Systems (UPS) have been adopted worldwide. This paper evaluates the causal effects of a UPS on the disposal of municipal solid waste in Trento, Italy. To account for policy endogeneity due to unobservables, we employ the synthetic control method on a unique panel of monthly waste generation. Our results show that the policy was effective, with a significant decrease of the priced waste stream,unsorted waste, by 37.5%. This effect seems to be largely driven by behavioral changes towards waste avoidance (-8,6%) and a minor increase in recycling (+6,1%). |
| Keywords: | Waste generation, unit pricing, synthetic controls |
| JEL: | D01 C21 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1737&r=env |
| By: | Amanda Barroso Lima (IPC-IG); Beatriz Abreu dos Santos (IPC-IG); Isadora Cardoso Vasconcelos (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "En Brasil, los pequeños agricultores representan alrededor del 70 por ciento del mercado alimentario para algunos cultivos. La agricultura familiar puede contribuir a reducir los niveles de pobreza, así como a mejorar la seguridad alimentaria. Las mujeres son actores importantes en cuanto al desarrollo rural y agrícola, considerando que representan el 43 por ciento de la mano de obra total en las áreas rurales de los países en desarrollo (FAO 2015) y aproximadamente el 30 por ciento de la mano de obra rural en Brasil (IBGE 2006). Las mujeres dedican un promedio de 372 horas al año a la actividad rural, mientras que los hombres dedican un promedio anual de 368 horas (FAO 2015)". (...) |
| Keywords: | Principales, retos, perspectivas, mujeres, zonas rurales, Brasil, Agenda, 2030, Desarrollo, Sostenible |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opespa:319&r=env |
| By: | Lin, Yu-Hsuan |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of reciprocal altruistic attitudes on individual willingness to participate in a climate coalition with experimental evidences. The theoretical result suggested that the scope of the coalition’s formation could be enlarged by the participation of altruists. However, we found that a kind participant in the altruism test could behave unkindly to others in the public good game. Considering attitudes against reciprocal altruism, when participants thought they were being treated badly, they were more likely to join a coalition because of the threat of punishment. In contrast, when participants were noncritical to a coalition, such altruistic attitudes were insignificant to their decisions. This result implies that decisions in international conventions are not self-enforced. Overall, this study reveals that self-interest remains the key factor influencing individual participation in climate coalitions. Coalition formation can also be affected by reciprocal altruistic preferences. |
| Keywords: | social preference, experimental design, reciprocity, altruism, international environmental agreements |
| JEL: | C91 D64 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:86494&r=env |
| By: | Florence Benoît-Moreau (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Béatrice Parguel (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris-Dauphine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Renaud Lunardo (KEDGE Business School [Talence] - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche) |
| Keywords: | Consommation,Echange,Marketing,Business,Consommation collaborative |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01787244&r=env |
| By: | Ion Anghel; Costin Ciora |
| Abstract: | The knowledge economy created the demand for the new type of working space. The office buildings replaced the former factories and currently the number of green building have increased significantly. Many studies have pointed out the impact of green buildings on productivity, and this paper's main purpose is to integrate the growing body of literature. Moreover, the changing working methods like working from home will continue to have an effect on this sector. We discussed this in the paper together with perspectives on future working and office development. |
| Keywords: | Green Buildings; Investments; Performance; Productivity |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2017–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2017_115&r=env |