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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Elettra Agliardi (University of Bologna); Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | We solve a problem of optimal scheduling of GHG emissions for a climate change policy that is consistent with the COP21 targets and has to be monitored at a fixed time horizon. Our model is dynamic and stochastic where production, and therefore well-being, increase in carbon emissions, but, at the same time, anthropogenic cumulative emissions determine a super-linear impact on the observed stochastic damage. We compare the optimal unconstrained path of emissions and the constrained path of emissions and evaluate when the carbon budget is exhausted. A sensitivity analysis is also developed to examine the effects of resilience, impact of emissions on damage and uncertainty. Our results have direct implications in terms of policy and show that uncertainty and the way we introduce it in the model are likely to influence the efficacy of the climate change policies for the foreseeable future |
| Date: | 2018–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1808&r=env |
| By: | Daron Acemoglu; Will Rafey |
| Abstract: | We show that, in a model without commitment to future policies, geoengineering breakthroughs can have adverse environmental and welfare effects because they change the (equilibrium) carbon taxes. In our model, energy producers emit carbon, which creates a negative environmental externality, and may decide to switch to cleaner technology. A benevolent social planner sets carbon taxes without commitment. Higher future carbon taxes both reduce emissions given technology and encourage energy producers to switch to cleaner technology. Geoengineering advances, which reduce the negative environmental effects of the existing stock of carbon, decrease future carbon taxes and thus discourage private investments in conventional clean technology. We characterize the conditions under which these advances diminish - rather than improve - environmental quality and welfare. |
| JEL: | C65 O30 O31 O33 Q01 Q4 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24411&r=env |
| By: | Kwakwa, Paul Adjei; Alhassan, Hamdiyah; Adu, George |
| Abstract: | Even though many studies have attempted to understand the drivers of carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption to help tackle environmental issues, not much has been done to estimate the effect of natural resources extraction on these two variables. This study analyzes the long run environmental effect of natural resources extraction in Ghana under the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model for the period of 1971-2013. Estimation results indicate that income, urbanization, and extraction of natural resources contribute to Ghana’s environmental problems of rising carbon emission and energy consumption. However, international trade is found to reduce carbon emission. The implications from the results are discussed and the paper recommends among other things the need to strictly enforce laws regulating extractive activities in the country to ensure safe environment; and also to raise tariff and non-tariff barriers on products that do not promote friendly environment and vice versa. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emission; energy consumption; Ghana; STIRPAT model; mining; natural resources |
| JEL: | O2 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2018–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85401&r=env |
| By: | Cécile Hérivaux (BRGM, Univ Montpellier); Hélène Rey-Valette (LAMETA, Univ Montpellier); Bénédicte Rulleau (IRSTEA Bordeaux); Anne-Laurence Agenais (BRGM, Univ Montpellier); Marianne Grisel (ARTELIA Water & Environment - Artelia Eau & Environnement [Lyon]); Laure Kuhfuss (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Laure Maton (BRGM, Univ Montpellier); Charlotte Vinchon (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)) |
| Abstract: | 12 This article proposes an innovative approach to assess the benefits of adapting to sea level rise (SLR) in a coastal 13 area on a regional scale. The valuation framework integrates coastal ecosystem services, together with urban and 14 agricultural assets. We simulate the impacts of a progressive 1 m rise in sea level in the 21 st century and an extreme 15 flooding event in 2100 for four contrasted adaptation scenarios (Denial, " Laissez-faire " , Protection and Retreat). 16 The assessment involves coupling the results of hazard-modelling approaches with different economic valuation 17 methods, including direct damage functions and methods used in environmental economics. The framework is 18 applied to the French Mediterranean sandy coastline. SLR will result in major land-use changes at the 2100 time 19 horizon: relocation or densification of urban areas, loss of agricultural land, increase in lagoon areas and 20 modification of wetlands (losses, migration or extension of ecosystems). Total benefits of public adaptation options 21 planned in advance could reach €31.2 billion for the period 2010-2100, i.e. €69,000 per inhabitant (in the study 22 area) in 2010 or €135 million/km of coastline. Our results highlight the importance of (i) raising awareness to 23 ensure that public services and coastal managers can anticipate the consequences of SLR and (ii) incorporating 24 coastal ecosystems into the assessment of the adaptation options. Our findings could provide a basis for 25 participatory foresight approaches to build coastline adaptation pathways. 26 27 |
| Keywords: | sea level rise,ecosystem services,adaptation options,climate change,economic valuation |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01737141&r=env |
| By: | Gail Cohen; João Tovar Jalles; Prakash Loungani; Ricardo Marto |
| Abstract: | For the world's 20 largest emitters, we use a simple trend/cycle decomposition to provide evidence of decoupling between greenhouse gas emissions and output in richer nations, particularly in European countries, but not yet in emerging markets. If consumption-based emissions—measures that account for countries' net emissions embodied in cross-border trade—are used, the evidence for decoupling in the richer economies gets weaker. Countries with underlying policy frameworks more supportive of renewable energy and climate change mitigation efforts tend to show greater decoupling between trend emissions and trend GDP, and for both production- and consumption-based emissions. The relationship between trend emissions and trend GDP has also become much weaker in the last two decades than in preceding decades. |
| Date: | 2018–03–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:18/56&r=env |
| By: | Eva Lyubich (UC Berkeley); Joseph S. Shapiro (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); Reed Walker (University of California, Berkeley, IZA, & NBER) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first estimates of within-industry heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector. We measure energy and CO2 productivity as output per dollar energy input or per ton CO2 emitted. Three findings emerge. First, within narrowly de ned industries, heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity across plants is enormous. Second, heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity exceeds heterogeneity in most other productivity measures, like labor or total factor productivity. Third, heterogeneity in energy and CO2 productivity has important implications for environmental policies targeting industries rather than plants, including technology standards and carbon border adjustments. |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2117&r=env |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | The surface albedo feedback, along with heat and moisture transport from the Equator to the Poles, is associated with polar amplification which is a well-established scientific fact. The present paper extends Brock and Xepapadeas (2017a) to a non-cooperative framework with polar amplification, where regions decide emissions by maximizing own welfare. This can be regarded as a case of regional non-cooperation regarding climate change.Open loop and feedback solutions are derived and compared, in terms of temperature paths and welfare, with the cooperative solution. Carbon taxes which could bridge the gap between cooperative and non-cooperative emissions path are also derived. Finally, the framework is extended to a Ramsey set-up in which it is shown how the regional climate model can be coupled with standard optimal growth models. Numerical simulations confirm the theoretical results and provide insights about the size and the direction of deviations between the cooperative and the non-cooperative solutions. |
| Keywords: | Arctic amplification, Spatial heat and moisture transport, Optimal policy, Emission taxes, Open loop, Feedback Nash Equilibrium |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1805&r=env |
| By: | Kaori Tembata (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University); Kenji Takeuchi (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the effects of climate-related disasters on international trade in Southeast Asia. We use monthly trade data to examine the relationship between disaster shocks and exports. The empirical analysis shows that natural disasters have a significant negative effect on exports. The estimation results suggest that flooding causes immediate export losses of USD 305–557 million. In addition, we find that the effect persists in the post-disaster period, with floods causing annual export losses of USD 2.54 billion in total. We further investigate the impact of disasters by product group and show that disasters are negatively associated with the exports of agricultural and manufacturing products. The findings suggest that extreme weather events have severe repercussions on Southeast Asia, where exports play an important role in economic development. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Exports; Extreme weather; Flood; Natural disaster; Southeast Asia; Storm |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koe:wpaper:1817&r=env |
| By: | Leal, Mariel; Garcia, Arturo; Lee, Sang-Ho |
| Abstract: | This study considers a Cournot duopoly model with a consumer-friendly firm and analyzes the interplay between the strategic choice of abatement technology and the timing of government’s commitment to the environmental policy. We show that the optimal emission tax under committed policy regime is always higher than that under non-committed one, but both taxes can be higher than marginal environmental damage when the consumer-friendliness is high enough. We also show that the non-committed policy will induce not only more outputs and higher profits but also more abatement and less emissions when the consumer-friendliness is high and the efficiency of abatement technology is not so high. Thus, the emergence of a consumer-friendly firm might yield better outcomes to both welfare and environmental quality without the commitment to the environmental policy. |
| Keywords: | abatement technology; commitment; consumer-friendly firm; environmental policy; emission tax |
| JEL: | L13 L31 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85393&r=env |
| By: | Acel Jardón (Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam); Onno Kuik (Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam); Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex; Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam; CESifo, Munich) |
| Abstract: | We examine the causal effects of the energy subsidy programme PetroCaribe in the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental. We use the synthetic control method to construct a counterfactual and compare it to the outcomes of the beneficiary countries and thus estimate the magnitude and direction of the PetroCaribe effect. PetroCaribe had a positive effect on economic growth in most of the beneficiary countries without a deterioration of their environmental quality. However, this economic boost was not followed by an improvement in social development. |
| Keywords: | energy subsidy; synthetic control method; sustainable development |
| JEL: | Q43 Q48 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0918&r=env |
| By: | Reyer Gerlagh; Roweno J.R.K. Wan |
| Abstract: | We develop a 2-period emission trading model for a stock pollutant with demand shocks resolving over time. We find precise conditions for efficiency of a stabilization mechanism where cumulative available permits decrease with excess supply in early periods. Our model describes the stabilization rule, and identifies optimal parameters. The market stability mechanism substantially increases welfare, increases the domain of parameter values where (Stabilized) Banking outperforms Prices, and reduces price volatility. Our findings are important for emission trading schemes worldwide, such as California's Global Warming Solutions Act Scoping Plan, the U.S. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, EU-ETS, and China's National ETS, the world’s largest carbon market. |
| Keywords: | prices, quantities, emission trading, regulatory instruments, pollution, climate change |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_6950&r=env |
| By: | Molina, Oswaldo; Saldarriaga, Victor |
| Abstract: | A growing body of evidence suggests that changes in global temperature may have drastic and long-lasting impacts on human health. Even more, these consequences may vary widely across different geographic areas. We explore the regional differences in the effects of exposure to high temperature variability – an important consequence of climate change – on a particularly vulnerable demographic group: infants. We use the case of Peru, a large and geographically diverse developing country, as a setting to showcase the potential scale of these differences. We bring together monthly, high resolution data on air temperatures with measures of physical health for children born between 1985 and 2000. We find that exposure to temperatures above the historical local mean during pregnancy negatively affects health at birth. Even more salient, the negative effects persist over time, impairing the physical growth of children. We then combine our results with forecasted temperatures to construct a regional index for child vulnerability to future temperature variability. This indicator shows that country-level measures of the potential impact of climate change may hide important heterogeneities across geography. In fact, we predict that while most regions will face a reduction of up to 0.1 standard deviations in our aggregate measure of child health by 2030, this impact could be up to three times as large in the most affected areas. Our methodology can be easily replicated in other countries to identify the most vulnerable populations. This information could improve the geographical allocation of resources and contribute to the design of more effective strategies aimed at preventing or mitigating the consequences of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Temperature Variability, Vulnerability, Child Development, Health |
| JEL: | I10 I15 J13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85073&r=env |
| By: | Karine Constant; Marion Davin |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider the unequal distribution of climate change damages in the world and we examine how the underlying costs can spread from a vulnerable to a non-vulnerable country through international trade. To focus on such indirect effects, we treat this topic in a North-South trade overlapping generations model in which the South is vulnerable to the damages entailed by global pollution while the North is not. We show that the impact of climate change in the South can be a source of welfare loss for northern consumers, in both the short and the long run. In the long run, an increase in the South’s vulnerability can reduce the welfare in the North economy even in the case in which it improves its terms of trade. In the short run, the South’s vulnerability can also represent a source of intergenerational inequity in the North. Therefore, we emphasize the strong economic incentives for non-vulnerable - and a fortiori less-vulnerable - economies to reduce the climate change damages on - more - vulnerable countries. |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lam:wpceem:18-05&r=env |
| By: | Babalwa Mapapu (Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University); Andrew Phiri (Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University) |
| Abstract: | Of recent carbon emissions have become an increasing concern for economies worldwide. In this study we investigate the relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth for the South African economy, one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide worldwide. We employ the quantile regression methodology which is applied to annual data covering a period of 1970 to 2014. Our empirical results indicate that very low levels of carbon emissions are most beneficial towards economic growth. Our results thus encourage policymakers to continue to embark on energy efficiency programmes which specifically target lower levels of carbon pollution. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emissions, Economic growth, Environmental Kuznets curve, South Africa, Quantile regressions. |
| JEL: | C13 C32 C51 Q43 Q53 |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mnd:wpaper:1713&r=env |
| By: | Damert, Matthias; Rudolph, Frederic |
| Abstract: | In this policy paper we discuss policy instruments which can help to decarbonise passenger cars in the European Union. We elaborate to what extent these policy instruments are effective, technology-neutral, predictable, cost-effective and enforceable. Based on these criteria, we develop recommendations for the European Union and its Member States on (1) how to shape their policy frameworks in order to achieve existing climate change mitigation targets; (2) how to support car manufacturers in selling innovative and competitive products; and (3) how to encourage consumers in Europe to purchase appropriate vehicles. We conclude that favourable policy instruments are used, but there is a strong need for adjustment and further development. The effectiveness of the current EU emission standard should be further increased by turning away from granting "supercredits" and introducing a size-based (instead of weight-based) credit system. Moreover, its overall ambition is questionable and the existing compliance mechanisms should be sharpened. Fuel taxes are an effective means to push consumers to buy energy-efficient cars. However, a sharp increase may not have the desired effects. Instead, the Member States should harmonise their excise duties at the level of those Member States, which currently impose the highest taxes (Netherlands, Italy). This includes the abolition of any diesel tax bonus. An introduction and harmonisation of vehicle taxes (purchase and circulation) should be based on a vehicle's energy consumption. Additionally, reformation efforts should aim to change the taxation of company cars in a way that vehicle sizes are reduced over time. Ambitious Member States may also want to introduce a sales quota for electric vehicles. Sales quotas are a very cost-effective policy instrument provided that the mandated technology will achieve a certain market share. This may be assumed for battery-electric vehicles. Further supportive instruments that should be considered are eco-labelling, public procurement and purchase incentives. However, the latter instrument's effectiveness is debatable and its implementation should therefore not be a Member State's priority. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuppap:193&r=env |
| By: | Pflüger, Michael P. (University of Würzburg) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a micro-founded city systems model with an endogenous number of cities to explore whether local governments establish the optimal city size when production processes involve environmental pollution. Our analysis delivers two key insights. First, if an optimal scheme to regulate environmental pollution is implemented, cities chosen by local governments are never too large. They are too small if pollution is purely global, but at the optimal size, if pollution is purely local. Second, if no emission scheme is implemented or if emission policies are too lax, then cities steered by local governments, become too large, however. |
| Keywords: | city systems, environmental pollution, emission policies |
| JEL: | H73 R12 Q50 |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11354&r=env |
| By: | Ghidoni, Riccardo (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Calzolari, Giacomo; Casari, Marco |
| Abstract: | Understanding how to sustain cooperation in the climate change global dilemma is crucial to mitigate its harmful consequences. Damages from climate change typically occur after long delays and can take the form of more frequent realizations of extreme and random events. These features generate a decoupling between emissions and their damages, which we study through a laboratory experiment. We find that some decision-makers respond to global emissions, as expected, while others respond to realized damages also when emissions are observable. On balance, the presence of delayed/stochastic consequences did not impair cooperation. However, we observed a worrisome increasing trend of emissions when damages hit with delay. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:9868b8c2-8848-48d9-9eb6-0e675f93dd38&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Le Coent; Raphaële Preget; Sophie Thoyer |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the role played by social norms in farmers’ decisions to enroll into an agri-environmental scheme (AES). First, it develops a simple theoretical model highlighting the interplay of descriptive and injunctive norms in farmers’ utility functions. Second, an empirical valuation of the effect of social norms is provided based on the results of a stated preference survey conducted with 98 wine-growers in the South of France. Proxies are proposed to capture and measure the weight of social norms in farmers’ decision to sign an agri-environmental contract. Our empirical results indicate that the injunctive norm seems to play a stronger role than the descriptive norm. |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lam:wpceem:18-02&r=env |
| By: | Yongyang Cai (The Ohio State University); William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas; Kenneth Judd (Hoover Institution) |
| Abstract: | We build a novel stochastic dynamic regional integrated assessment model (IAM) of the climate and economic system including a number of important climate science elements that are missing in most IAMs. These elements are spatial heat transport from the Equator to the Poles, sea level rise, permafrost thaw and tipping points. We study optimal policies under cooperation and various degrees of competition between regions. Our results suggest that when the elements of climate science which are accounted for in this paper are ignored, important policy variables such as the social cost of carbon and adaptation could be seriously biased. |
| Keywords: | Integrated Assessment Model, spatial heat transport, social cost of carbon, carbon taxes, adaptation, sea level rise, permafrost, stochastic tipping points, Epstein-Zin preferences |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 C61 C63 |
| Date: | 2018–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1806&r=env |
| By: | Chia-Lin Chang (National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan); Te-Ke Mai (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan); Michael McAleer (Asia University, Taiwan; Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the paper is to establish national carbon emissions prices for the People’s Republic of China, which is one of the world’s largest producers of carbon emissions. Several measures have been undertaken to address climate change in China, including the establishment of a carbon trading system. Since 2013, eight regional carbon emissions markets have been established, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hubei and Fujian. The Central Government announced a national carbon emissions market, with power generation as the first industry to be considered. However, as carbon emissions prices in the eight regional markets are very different, for a variety of administrative reasons, it is essential to create a procedure for establishing a national carbon emissions price. The regional markets are pioneers, and their experience will play important roles in establishing a national carbon emissions market, with national prices based on regional prices, turnovers and volumes. The paper considers two sources of regional data for China’s carbon allowances, which are based on primary and secondary data sources, and compares their relative strengths and weaknesses. The paper establishes national carbon emissions prices based on the primary and secondary regional prices, for the first time, and compares both national prices and regional prices against each other. The carbon emission prices in Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen and Tianjin are highly correlated with the national prices based on the primary and secondary sources. Establishing national carbon emissions prices should be very helpful for the national carbon emissions market that is under construction in China, as well as for other regions and countries worldwide. |
| Keywords: | Pricing Chinese carbon emissions; National pricing policy; Energy; Volatility; Energy finance; Provincial decisions |
| JEL: | C22 C58 G12 Q48 |
| Date: | 2018–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20180028&r=env |
| By: | Usenata, Nnyeneime |
| Abstract: | The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) conjecture seeks to establish an inverted U-shaped nexus between income per capita and environmental degradation. It posits that at early stages of economic growth and development, environmental degradation rises or increases at an increasing rate. Nonetheless, after some threshold of economic development, the co-movement tends to reverse at higher levels of economic progress. |
| Keywords: | pollution, economic growth, GDP per capita |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2018–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85024&r=env |
| By: | Foued Cheriet (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM - Centre International des Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2017–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01688751&r=env |
| By: | Jianfei Yang (Communication University of China); Jūratė Černevičiūtė (Vilnius Academy of Arts) |
| Abstract: | The cultural and creative industries link the traditional knowledge to the ultimate consumer in their capacity to serve both cultural and economic objectives. In this regard, the cultural and creative industries can be seen as consistent with the sustainable development paradigm. Cultural industries cluster is playing an increasingly important role in the development of Chinese cultural industries. This article looks at the Cluster Development Strategy of Chinese Cultural Industries and tries to draw a map of cultural industries clusters in Beijing according to the data gathered from 19 cultural industries clusters in Beijing. With the clusters as a case study, we argue that in the course of development clusters are weak in production research and innovation, combined effect and public service although there is much achievement .At last, the suggestions to promote the sustainable development of cultural industries clusters will be discussed. |
| Keywords: | cultural system reform,cultural clusters,cultural and creative industries,sustainable development |
| Date: | 2017–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01705746&r=env |
| By: | Anastasios Xepapadeas; Athanasios Yannacopoulos |
| Abstract: | In view of the ambiguities and the deep uncertainty associated with climate change, we study the features of climate change policies that account for spatially structured ambiguity. Ambiguity related to the evolution of the damages from climate change is introduced into a coupled economy-climate model with explicit spatial structure due to heat transport across the globe. We seek to answer questions about how spatial robust regulation regarding climate policies can be formulated; what the potential links of this regulation to the weak and strong version of the precautionary principle (PP) are; and how insights about whether it is costly to follow a PP can be obtained. We also study the emergence of hot spots, which are locations where local deep uncertainty may cause robust regulation to break down for the whole spatial domain. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, ambiguity, robust control, spatial regulation |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 D81 C61 |
| Date: | 2018–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1807&r=env |
| By: | Violaine Tarizzo; Eric Tromeur; Olivier Thébaud; Richard Little; Sarah Jennings; Luc Doyen |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of risk aversion on the sustainable management of multispecies fisheries with technical interactions. We consider a bio-economic dynamic model of multiple species harvested by a single fleet with uncertain costs of effort. We assume that the regulatory agency aims at reaching MMEY (Multispecies Maxi-mum Economic Yield) in an uncertain context by maximizing the expected utility of total profits, where utility is a quadratic function capturing risk aversion. We ana-lyze the impact of risk aversion on optimal fishing effort, profit, production, biodiver-sity and conservation. We show analytically that such a risk-averse MMEY promotes bio-economic sustainability as it mitigates the risk of biological and economic over-exploitation of the different species. Risk aversion also enhances biodiversity in the sense of evenness within the portfolio of the fishery. However, by reducing the effort, risk aversion lessens the expected profit and food production. Thus, a trade-off be-tween different bio-economic goals is exhibited through risk aversion. We illustrate the analytical findings with the case study of the Australian South East Fishery, where small risk aversion levels allow for high global bio-economic performances and balanced management objectives, therefore fostering sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Multispecies fishery, ecosystem-based fisheries management, maximum economic yield, uncertainty, risk aversion, overexploitation |
| JEL: | Q22 Q57 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:wpegrt:2018-07&r=env |
| By: | Mathilde Closset (Nations Unies); Sosso Feindouno (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Patrick Guillaumont (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Catherine Simonet (ODI - Overseas Development Institute - Overseas Development Institute) |
| Date: | 2017–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01719925&r=env |
| By: | Khobai, Hlalefang |
| Abstract: | This study serves to examine the effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in Indonesia. Quarterly time series data was used for the period 1990 – 2014. Applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, the study established that there is a long run relationship between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, capital and employment. It is established that renewable energy consumption has a significant positive effect on economic growth both in the long run and short run. The findings from the vector error correction model (VECM) technique suggest that there is a long run causality flowing from renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, capital and employment to economic growth. The findings of this study suggest that the government, energy policy makers and associated bodies should act together to improve on the renewable energy infrastructure and lower carbon growth in Indonesia |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy consumption, Economic growth, Co-integration, Causality, Indonesia |
| JEL: | C32 D04 Q01 Q42 Q47 |
| Date: | 2018–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85081&r=env |
| By: | Hlalefang Khobai (Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University); Pierre Le Roux (Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in South Africa. It incorporates carbon dioxide emissions, capital formation and trade openness as additional variables to form a multivariate framework. Quarterly data is used for the period 1990 – 2014 and is tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Dickey Fuller Generalised Least Squares (DF-GLS) and Phillips and Perron (PP) unit root tests. The study employs the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the long run relationship among the variables. Lastly, the study determines the direction of causality between the variables using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results validated an existence of a long run relationship between the variables. Moreover, a unidirectional causality flowing from renewable energy consumption to economic growth was established in the long run. The short run results suggested a unidirectional causality flowing from economic growth to renewable energy consumption. The findings of the study suggest that an appropriate and effective public policy is required in the long run, while considering sustainable economic growth and development. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy consumption, Economic growth, Causality, South Africa. |
| JEL: | C22 C23 Q43 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mnd:wpaper:1708&r=env |
| By: | Rio Yonson; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | Using an economic model to assess welfare risk and resilience to disasters, this paper systematically tackles the questions: 1) How much asset and welfare risks does each region in the Philippines face from riverine flood disasters? 2) How resilient is each region to riverine flood disasters? and 3) What are the available interventions per region to strengthen resilience to riverine flood disasters and what will be their measured benefit? We study the 18 regions of the Philippines to demonstrate the channels through which macroeconomic asset and output losses from disasters translate to consumption and welfare losses at the microeconomic level. Apart from the prioritization of regions based on resilience and welfare risk, we identify a menu of policy options ranked according to their level of effectiveness in increasing resilience and reducing welfare risk from riverine floods. While there are similarities in the ranking of policies among regions with comparable levels of resilience and welfare risk, the ranking of priorities varies for different regions. This suggests that there are region-specific conditions and drivers that need to be integrated into policies and development processes so that these conditions are effectively addressed. Overall, the results indicate that reduction of adverse disaster impacts, including welfare losses, and reduction of poverty are generally complementary. |
| Keywords: | disasters, floods, risk, resilience, floods, Philippines |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_6953&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Kitsos, Christos |
| Abstract: | In this paper the appropriate background in Mathematics and Statistics is considered in developing methods to investigate Risk Analysis problems associated with Environmental Economics uncertainty. New senses of uncertainty are introduced and a number of sources of uncertainty are discussed and presented. The causes of uncertainty are recognized helping to understand how they affect the adopted policies and how important their management is in any decision-making process. We show Mathematical Models formulate the problem and Statistical models offer possible solutions, restricting the underlying uncertainty, given the model and the error assumptions are correct. As uncertainty is always present we suggest ways on how to handle it. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty; Environmental Economics; Mathematics; Statistics. |
| JEL: | C02 C60 Q00 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85280&r=env |
| By: | Jové Llopis, Elisenda,; Segarra Blasco, Agustí, 1958- |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effects of eco-strategies on firm performance in terms of sales growth in an extensive sample of 11,336 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) located in 28 European countries. Our empirical results suggest that not all eco-strategies are positively related to better performance, at least not in the short term. We find that European companies using renewable energies, recycling or designing products that are easier to maintain, repair or reuse perform better. Those that aim to reduce water or energy pollution, however, seem to show a negative correlation to firm growth. Our results, also, indicate that high investment in eco-strategies improves firm growth, particularly in new members that joined the EU from 2004 onwards. Finally, we observe a U-shaped relationship between eco-strategies and firm growth, which indicates that a greater breadth of eco-strategies is associated with better firm performance. However, few European SMEs are able to either invest heavily or undertake multiple eco-strategies, thus leaving room for policy interventions. Keywords: eco-strategy, firm growth, Europe, SMEs |
| Keywords: | Empreses petites i mitjanes -- Aspectes ambientals -- Unió Europea, Països de la, Planificació estratègica -- Aspectes ambientals, Empreses -- Creixement, 33 - Economia, 65 - Gestió i organització. Administració i direcció d'empreses. Publicitat. Relacions públiques. Mitjans de comunicació de masses, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urv:wpaper:2072/306976&r=env |
| By: | Anonymous |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ingacp:253270&r=env |
| By: | Leïla Elgaaied-Gambier (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - Université de Cergy Pontoise - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Elisa Monnot (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - Université de Cergy Pontoise - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fanny Reniou (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12) |
| Date: | 2018–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01630909&r=env |
| By: | Paul Adeoye Omosebi (Centre for Econometric and Allied Research, University of Ibadan. Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos.); Adetunji Philip Adewole (Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos.) |
| Abstract: | Big Data is a source of innovation that has captured the attention of citizens and decision makers in both the public and private sectors. Making use of the technology innovations in big data could contribute to economic growth and sustainable development and to capture the explosive growth of big data. For some time now, the world has stepped up in its focus on evidence based policy making and monitoring of development progress, hence the measurement and analysis of diverse sources of data, combined with advanced analytics, promise to create value for decision makers and society hence for economic growth and development. There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 169 SDG targets and 230 SDG indicators, The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets demonstrate the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda of countries to collect and maintain relevant standardized data such that it will support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries. This paper highlights the new technological innovations in big data and cloud computing which can lead to economic growth and sustainable development. Also, we present a comprehensive survey of the Big Data challenges, Big Data technology challenges, cloud computing and relevant technology landscape like Internet of Things (IoT) towards economic growth and technological innovation. |
| Keywords: | big data, cloud computing, technology innovation, sustainable development, internet of things |
| JEL: | M15 O32 O40 Q01 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cui:wpaper:0052&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Querou |
| Abstract: | We consider a setting where agents are subject to two types of collective action problems, any group user’s individual extraction inducing an externality on others in the same group (intra-group problem), while aggregate extraction in one group induces an externality on each agent in other groups (intergroup problem). One illustrative example of such a setting corresponds to a case where a common-pool resource is jointly extracted in local areas, which are managed by separate groups of individuals extracting the resource in their respective location. The interplay between both types of externality is shown to affect the results obtained in classical models of common-pool resources. We show how the fundamentals affect the individual strategies and welfare compared to the benchmark commons problems. Finally, different initiatives (local cooperation, inter-area agreements) are analyzed to assess whether they may alleviate the problems, and to understand the conditions under which they do so |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lam:wpceem:18-04&r=env |
| By: | Inesa Pavlova (Riga Technical University); Maija Šenfelde (Riga Technical University) |
| Abstract: | Today, attention is paid to urban sustainable development and a resident as of a sustainable urban economic development in the core and foundation and most problem is the migration of them. It's important to remember that the city is the socioeconomic development and improvement of local promoter based resident. Given that both in Riga and in the whole country's population is shrinking, which is based on the migration problem. Riga is the largest and one of the economically richest municipalities and the capital of country in same time, it should serve as a model as a prop adjacent municipalities. It is important to remember and to follow Riga's sustainable development strategy according 2030 guidelines, which states that every neighborhood has equal opportunities to grow, develop and live, but is not currently being met. Given that the average active economically population is 62% of the employed population and 46% of the total population, which is critical in the city and surrounding sustainable development. Therefore, within the framework of the article it will be considered as a resident of the city affects urban sustainable economic development and will highlight the city of Riga overall economic performance and each residential area separately. The article is to determine what the impact of urban resident urban sustainable economic development is, and what the stumbling block of the population migration and low participation in urban development is, which is considered as one of the most important promoters of sustainability. |
| Keywords: | resident,Riga,urban environment,sustainable development,economic development |
| Date: | 2017–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01706875&r=env |
| By: | Emilia Simeonova; Janet Currie; Peter Nilsson; Reed Walker |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of implementing a congestion tax in central Stockholm on both ambient air pollution and the population health of local children. We demonstrate that the tax reduced ambient air pollution by 5 to 15 percent, and that this reduction in air pollution was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of acute asthma attacks among young children. The change in health was more gradual than the change in pollution suggesting that it may take time for the full health effects of changes in pollution to be felt. Given the sluggish adjustment of health to pollution changes, short-run estimates of the pollution reduction programs may understate the long-run health benefits. |
| JEL: | H23 I18 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24410&r=env |
| By: | Sallis, James F; Bull, Fiona; Burdett, Ricky; Frank, Lawrence D.; Griffiths, Peter; Giles-Corti, Billie; Stevenson, Mark |
| Abstract: | Land-use and transport policies contribute to worldwide epidemics of injuries and non-communicable diseases through traffic exposure, noise, air pollution, social isolation, low physical activity, and sedentary behaviours. Motorised transport is a major cause of the greenhouse gas emissions that are threatening human health. Urban and transport planning and urban design policies in many cities do not reflect the accumulating evidence that, if policies would take health effects into account, they could benefit a wide range of common health problems. Enhanced research translation to increase the influence of health research on urban and transport planning decisions could address many global health problems. This paper illustrates the potential for such change by presenting conceptual models and case studies of research translation applied to urban and transport planning and urban design. The primary recommendation of this paper is for cities to actively pursue compact and mixed-use urban designs that encourage a transport modal shift away from private motor vehicles towards walking, cycling, and public transport. This Series concludes by urging a systematic approach to city design to enhance health and sustainability through active transport and a move towards new urban mobility. Such an approach promises to be a powerful strategy for improvements in population health on a permanent basis. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 Q15 |
| Date: | 2016–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:68652&r=env |
| By: | Sosso Feindouno (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Michaël Goujon (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Olivier Santoni (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | Nous proposons un indicateur d'intensité de l'activité cyclonique calculé au niveau pays par année. Cet indicateur, simple, utilise des données historiques géolocalisées sur les cyclones, leur puissance, leur position, dont nous déduisons la part du territoire touchée, et leur durée. Cet indicateur est calculé (et est non-nul) pour 128 pays et territoires sur la période 1970-2014. Cet indicateur est utilisable pour comparer la vulnérabilité des pays à l'activité cyclonique, qui est une des conséquences importantes du changement climatique. |
| Date: | 2017–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01715220&r=env |
| By: | Williams, John C. (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco) |
| Abstract: | Presentation to the World Affairs Council of Sonoma, Santa Rosa, California, John C. Williams, President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, April 6, 2018. |
| Date: | 2018–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfsp:187&r=env |
| By: | Alessi, Monica; Núñez Ferrer,Jorge; Egenhofer, Christian |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the damage – and the potential for inflicting further damage – to investor confidence arising from legal uncertainties surrounding renewable energy support in some EU member states. A higher-than-expected expansion of the renewables sector, resulting in higher costs of the support, combined with the financial crisis, has driven some member states to radically curtail renewable energy support schemes. Loss-making investors unsuccessfully challenged these EU governments in national courts, arguing that their rights had been violated and denounced reforms that they considered to be retroactively punitive in nature. A number of EU-based international investors turned to international arbitration courts under the provisions of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), which protects cross-border investment in the energy sector. This move, however, has called into question the legal framework of the single market and EU state aid rules. A dispute on the jurisdiction of the ECT within the single market has ensued, which highlights a complex and unresolved situation. While the legal disputes accumulate, the concern is that investors may shy away from the EU as a result of the regulatory and legal uncertainties. The main aim of the paper is to provide some clarity for non-specialists on a complex situation, and to highlight the need to find workable solutions that de facto restore investor confidence. |
| Keywords: | Energy Charter Treaty, ECT, retroactive changes, RES, renewables, renewable energy Directive, investors, single market, arbitration, state aids |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:13373&r=env |
| By: | Fabbri, G.; Faggian, S.; Freni, G. |
| Abstract: | We develop a spatial resource model in continuous time in which two agents strategically exploit a mobile resource in a two-location setup. In order to contrast the overexploitation of the resource (the tragedy of commons) that occurs when the player are free to choose where to fish/hunt/extract/harvest, the regulator can establish a series of spatially structured policies. We compare the three situations in which the regulator: (a) leaves the player free to choose where to harvest; (b) establishes a natural reserve where nobody is allowed to harvest; (c) assigns to each player a specific exclusive location to hunt. We show that when preference parameters dictate a low harvesting intensity, the policies cannot mitigate the overexploitation and in addition they worsen the utilities of the players. Conversely, in a context of harsher harvesting intensity, the intervention can help to safeguard the resource, preventing the extinction and also improving the welfare of both players. |
| Keywords: | SPATIAL HARVESTING PROBLEMS;MARKOV PERFECT EQUILIBRIUM;ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICIES;DIFFERENTIAL GAMES |
| JEL: | Q28 C72 Q23 C61 R12 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2018-04&r=env |
| By: | Anonymous |
| Keywords: | Water-food-energy nexus, Adaptation to climate change, South Asia, Policy coherence, Trade-offs, Synergies, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ingacp:253272&r=env |
| By: | Gissela Landa (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po); Paul Malliet (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po); Aurélien Saussay (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po); Frédéric Reynès (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po, TNO - The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) |
| Abstract: | Pour une large part, la macroéconomie environnementale se développe à l'écart des débats théoriques qui agitent les autres champs d'étude de la macroéconomie appliquée. En témoigne la faible représentation des questions environnementales dans les revues d'économie généralistes ou dans les manuels de macroéconomie avancée. Si l'environnement n'est jusqu'ici pas considéré comme un thème à même de faire progresser la connaissance en macroéconomie, il est depuis les années 1990 au moins un sujet important d'application des modèles macroéconomiques. En particulier, ces derniers sont utilisés pour analyser et quantifier les effets économiques de la transition vers un système de production et de consommation soutenable. Nous proposons d'apporter un éclairage sur l'état de l'art en macroéconomie environnementale appliquée. Plus particulièrement, nous nous attacherons à identifier les spécificités de cette thématique de recherche, qui expliquent les choix théoriques et empiriques qui y sont pratiqués. |
| Keywords: | Macroéconomie environnementale,Modélisation macroéconomique,IAM,CGE |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01701364&r=env |
| By: | Koster, Mieneke (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Vos, Bart (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Schroeder, Roger (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Abstract: | Although research in the area of sustainable supply management (SSM) has evolved over the past few decades, knowledge about the processes of emergence and innovation of SSM practices within organizations is surprisingly limited. These innovation processes are, however, important because of the considerable impact they may have on resulting sustainable practices and because of SSM's complex societal and intra-firm challenges. In a process study on management innovation, the sequences of SSM innovation processes in two exemplar case companies are studied to address: ‘What are the sequences through which SSM emerges within exemplar organizations?’, and ‘In what way do management innovation processes influence resulting SSM practices?’. We build on literature regarding firstly management innovation and secondly communities and internal networks of practice. An SSM innovation model and propositions are developed, proposing how the process of management innovation affects SSM practices and firm performance in a broader perspective. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:f62cc559-4219-4b1e-82e2-5065a281d727&r=env |
| By: | Khobai, Hlalefang |
| Abstract: | The study purposes to investigate the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey using annual data covering the period 1990–2014. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied and the findings suggest existence of a long run relationship among the variables. The ARDL long run estimation results discovered that renewable energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The results from the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) reveals that there is a unidirectional causality flowing from economic growth to renewable energy consumption without feedback. This findings bring a fresh perspective for policy makers for long run and sustainable economic development in Turkey. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy consumption, Economic growth, Causality, Turkey |
| JEL: | C32 D04 Q01 Q42 Q47 |
| Date: | 2018–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85082&r=env |
| By: | Hlalefang Khobai (Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University) |
| Abstract: | This paper applied the ARDL bounds test approach and the VECM test technique to examine the long run relationship and direction of causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Argentina. Quarterly time series data was employed in this study covering a period between 1990 and 2014. Trade openness, capital and employment were included in the study to form a multivariate framework. The results established that there is a long run relationship between the variables. The VECM test technique confirmed a unidirectional causality flowing from economic growth to renewable energy consumption. This implies that energy conservation policies may not harm the economic growth. The study, therefore, suggest that an appropriate and effective energy policy should be implemented in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy consumption, Economic growth, Causality, Argentina. |
| JEL: | D04 Q47 Q42 Q01 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mnd:wpaper:1805&r=env |