|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Ivlevs, Artjoms (University of the West of England, Bristol) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of the 2008–09 global economic crisis on people's pro-environmental behaviour and willingness to pay for climate change mitigation. We hypothesise that the crisis has affected pro-environmental behaviours through tightening of budget constraints and relaxation of time constraints. Using data from a large representative survey (Life in Transition II), conducted in 35 European and Central Asian countries in 2010, we find that people adversely affected by the crisis are more likely to act in an environmentally-friendly way, but less likely to be willing to pay for climate change mitigation. Our findings confirm the importance of time and budget constraints for undertaking pro-environmental action, and highlight a potentially positive role of adverse, external welfare shocks in shaping pro-environmental behaviour. |
| Keywords: | willingness to pay for climate change mitigation, pro-environmental behaviour, adverse welfare shocks, global economic crisis, transition economies |
| JEL: | G01 P28 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11133&r=env |
| By: | Caroline Hambye; Bart Hertveldt; Bernhard Klaus Michel |
| Abstract: | The traditional attribution of responsibility for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to producing countries may be distorted by international trade flows as importing emission-intensive commodities contributes to reducing a country's production-based emissions. This has motivated the calculation of carbon footprints that measure the amount of domestic and foreign GHG emissions (directly and indirectly) embodied in commodities intended for final consumption by a country's residents. In thisworking paper, we present carbon footprint estimations for Belgium based on global multi-regional input-output (MRIO) tables that have been made consistent with detailed Belgian national accounts. According to our calculations, Belgium's carbon footprint is substantially higher than its productionbased emissions, which means that Belgium is a net importer of GHG emissions. Moreover, our results show that consistency with detailed national accounts does matter for MRIO-based carbon footprint calculations, in particular for a small open economy like Belgium. |
| Keywords: | Carbon footprint, Consumption-based Emission Accounting, Global Multi-Regional Input- Output Tables |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 F18 C67 |
| Date: | 2017–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpb:wpaper:1710&r=env |
| By: | Hélène Benveniste (IPSL - Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNES - Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris); Olivier Boucher (LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Polytechnique - X - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Hervé Le Treut (UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6); Patrick Criqui (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), submitted by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) before and after the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21), summarize domestic objectives for greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reductions for the 2025-2030 time horizon. In the absence, for now, of detailed guidelines for NDCs format, ancillary data are needed to interpret some NDCs and project GHG emissions in 2030. Here, we provide an analysis of uncertainty sources and their impacts on 2030 global GHG emissions based on the sole and full achievement of the NDCs. We estimate that NDCs project into 56.8 to 66.5 Gt CO2eq yr-1 emissions in 2030 (90% confidence interval), which is higher than previous estimates, and with a larger uncertainty range. Despite these uncertainties, NDCs robustly shift GHG emissions towards emerging and developing countries and reduce international inequalities in per capita GHG emissions. Finally, we stress that current NDCs imply larger emissions reduction rates after 2030 than during the 2010-2030 period if long-term temperature goals are to be fulfilled. Our results highlight four requirements for the forthcoming "climate regime": a clearer framework regarding future NDCs' design, an increasing participation of emerging and developing countries in the global mitigation effort, an ambitious update mechanism in order to avoid hardly feasible decarbonization rates after 2030 and an anticipation of steep decreases in global emissions after 2030. |
| Date: | 2017–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01662799&r=env |
| By: | Batten, Sandra (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | Climatic factors can directly affect economic outcomes such as output, investment and productivity, and understanding the economic consequences of climate change is becoming a necessity not just for climate economists but also for a wider range of economic professionals involved in modelling and forecasting macroeconomic variables. The focus of this review is on the key theoretical and empirical modelling issues in the analysis of the macroeconomic risks deriving from climate change. The paper develops the taxonomy introduced by a number of previous Bank of England studies, which distinguish between physical and transition risks of climate change. The paper then identifies the different channels through which these risks are transmitted to the macro-economy, either through (unpredictable) economic shocks or through predictable, longer-term impacts. The different approaches to modelling these macroeconomic effects are then discussed and assessed in light of the increasing need to routinely monitor and quantify the impact of emerging climate change risks on the economy. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; global warming; natural disasters; macroeconomic models |
| JEL: | E10 H23 Q51 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:0706&r=env |
| By: | Núñez-Rocha, Thaís; Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first to estimate the effect of two international agreements (Rotterdam Convention, RC, and the Stockholm Convention, SC) in reducing trade in hazardous substances. We estimate the effects of ratification of these agreements on imports of the affected products putting emphasis in the flows from developed countries (OECD) to developing countries (non-OECD) to capture pollution deviation. We use product level data to identify the goods subject to the conventions and the identification strategy relies on the use of difference-in-difference techniques in a panel data framework. We find that when the exporter ratifies the RC and the flow is from OECD to non-OECD countries, a significant reduction of imports in hazardous chemicals is observed after ratification. The magnitude of the effect is a cumulative decrease in imports of about 7 percent. In the case of the SC, the results show significant reductions in trade shipments from OECD to non-OECD countries in persistent organic pollutants for non-OECD importers that have ratified the convention. We observe a reduction of around 16 percent, more than double the effect found for the RC, which was expected due to the different obligations imposed by the respective conventions. |
| Keywords: | hazardous chemicals,persistent organic pollutants,environmental agreements,international trade,gravity model |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F18 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:333&r=env |
| By: | Gaël Giraud (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AFD - Agence française de développement, Chaire Energie & Prospérité - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - Ecole Polytechnique - X - ENS Paris - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - Institut Louis Bachelier); Hadrien Lantremange (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Chaire Energie & Prospérité - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - Ecole Polytechnique - X - ENS Paris - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - Institut Louis Bachelier); Emeric Nicolas (Chaire Energie & Prospérité - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - Ecole Polytechnique - X - ENS Paris - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - Institut Louis Bachelier); Olivier Rech (Chaire Energie & Prospérité - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - Ecole Polytechnique - X - ENS Paris - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - Institut Louis Bachelier) |
| Abstract: | How could the burden of GHG emission reduction be shared among countries? We address this arguably basic question by purely statistical methods that do not rely on any normative judgment about the criteria according to which it should be answered. The sum of current Nationally Determined Contributions to reducing GHG emissions would result in an average temperature rise in 2100 of the order of 3°C to 3.2°C. Implementing policies that enable to achieve the objective of a worldwide average temperature rise below 2°C obviously requires setting a more consistent and efficient set of national emissions targets. While a scientific consensus has been reached about the global carbon budget that we are acing, given the 2°C target of the Paris Agreement, no such consensus prevails on how this budget is to be divided among countries. This paper proposes a Climate Liabilities Assessment Integrated Methodology (CLAIM) which enables to determine national GHG budgets compliant with any average temperature target and time horizon. Our methodology does neither resort to any scenario nor any simulation-based model. Rather, it computes the allocation of 2°C-compatible national carbon budgets which has a priori the highest probability of emerging from the international discussion, whatever being the criteria on which the latter might be based. As such it provides a framework ensuring the highest probability of reaching a consensus. In particular, it avoids the pitfall of arbitrarily assigning weights according, say, to “capacity” or “responsibility” criteria, and simultaneously unifies the different methodologies that have been proposed in the literature aiming at setting national GHG budgets. Sensitivity tests confirm the robustness of our methodology. |
| Keywords: | climate change,global warming,GHG emissions,distribution of GHG emissions,emissions gap,2°C scenario,carbon budget,Intended nationally determined contribution |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-01673358&r=env |
| By: | Monica Novackova (Department of Economics, University of Sussex); Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex; Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam; CESifo, Munich) |
| Abstract: | We explore an unprecedented dataset of almost 6000 observations to identify main predictors of climate knowledge, climate risk perception and willingness to pay for climate change mitigation. Among nearly 70 potential explanatory variables we detect the most important ones using multisplit lasso estimator. Importantly, we test significance of individuals' preferences about time, risk and equity. Our study is innovative as these behavioural characteristics were recorded by including experimental methods into a live sample survey. This unique way of data collection combines advantages of survey and experiments. The most important predictors of environmental attitudes are numeracy, cognitive ability, ideological world-view and inequity aversion. |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate knowledge; climate policy; lasso; risk perception; willingness to pay |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 D80 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0318&r=env |
| By: | Geoffrey J Bannister; Alex Mourmouras |
| Abstract: | We present estimates of welfare by country for 2007 and 2014 using the methodology of Jones and Klenow (2016) which incorporates consumption, leisure, mortality and inequality, and we extend the methodology to include environmental externalities. During the period of the global financial crisis welfare grew slightly more rapidly than income per capita, mainly due to improvements in life expectancy. This led to welfare convergence in most regions towards advanced country levels. Introducing environmental effects changes the welfare ranking for countries that rely heavily on natural resources, highlighting the importance of the natural resource base in welfare. This methodology could provide a theoretically consistent and tractable way of monitoring progress in several Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators. |
| Date: | 2017–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:17/271&r=env |
| By: | Adel Ben Youssef (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Sabri Boubaker (Champagne School of Management groupe ESC Troyes - Champagne School of Management groupe ESC Troyes); Anis Omri (FSEGN - Faculté des Sciences Economique et de gestion de Nabeul - Faculté des Sciences Economique et de gestion de Nabeul) |
| Abstract: | The relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainable development has received considerable attention from academics and policymakers, as society searches for solutions leading to sustainability. The role of innovation and institutional quality in reaching sustainability goals is one of the key areas tackled by the current sustainable development debate, particularly in developing countries. Using a modified environmental Kuznets curve model, this study attempts to better improve our understanding of the critical roles of innovation, institutional quality, and entrepreneurship in the structural change toward a sustainable future in Africa. The empirical results show that both formal and informal entrepreneurship are conducive to less environmental quality and sustainability in 17 African countries where the contribution of informal entrepreneurship is much higher compared to the formal one. However, the relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainable development becomes strongly positive when the levels of innovation and institutional quality are higher. This research makes a contribution to this important emerging research area in that it clarifies conditions through which countries and firms in Africa can move toward more sustainable products and services. Formalizing the informal sector can lead to the improvement of the environmental and economic performance. |
| Keywords: | Innovation,Institutions quality 2,Entrepreneurship,Sustainability |
| Date: | 2017–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01653946&r=env |
| By: | Shuai Chen; Paulina Oliva; Peng Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the effects of air pollution on migration in China using changes in the average strength of thermal inversions over five-year periods as a source of exogenous variation for medium-run air pollution levels. Our findings suggest that air pollution is responsible for large changes in inflows and outflows of migration in China. More specifically, we find that independent changes in air pollution of the magnitude that occurred in China in the course of our study (between 1996 and 2010) are capable of reducing floating migration inflows by 50 percent and of reducing population through net outmigration by 5 percent in a given county. We find that these inflows are primarily driven by well educated people at the beginning of their professional careers, leading to substantial changes in the sociodemographic composition of the population and labor force of Chinese counties. Our results are robust to different specifications, including simple counts of inversions as instruments, different weather controls, and different forms of error variance. |
| JEL: | O15 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24036&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hoang Anh Trinh Nguyen (CleanED - Clean Energy and Sustainable Development Lab - USTH - University of sciences and technologies of hanoi) |
| Abstract: | Vietnam plans to develop dozens of new coal-fired power generation units over the next 20 years. If they are indeed build, in order to avoid a dangerous level of global warming, it may appear necessary to dispose of these plants' CO2 by burying it in deep underground geological formations instead of releasing it into the atmosphere, using carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. We show that CCS has a technical potential in Vietnam, according to the geology and the industrial geography. To discuss under which economics conditions this potential could actualize, we examine two scenarios for 2050. In the first scenario, CO2 is used in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) only. EOR technology makes CCS cheaper by injecting CO2 in partially depleted oil field, aiming to recover more oil. The second scenario considers CCS deployment in coal-based power plants, on top of using it for EOR. In both scenarios, a few gas-fired CCS power plants are build, reaching 1 GW in 2030, supported by Enhanced Oil Recovery and international carbon finance. The decision point where the two scenarios diverge is in 2030. A scenario to switch all currently existing or planned power plants to low-carbon by 2050 is to retrofit 3.2 GW of coal-fired capacity and install 1.2 GW of gas-fired capacity with CCS every year, starting in 2035 for 15 years. Capture readiness would lower the costs of using CCS in Vietnam, but is not mandatory today. |
| Keywords: | Vietnam,Scenario,Power generation,Carbon capture and storage,Capture ready |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01597515&r=env |
| By: | Steffen Meyer; Michaela Pagel |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that air quality has a significantly negative effect on the likelihood of individual investors to sit down, log in, and trade in their brokerage accounts controlling for investor-, weather-, traffic-, and market-specific factors. In perspective, a one standard deviation increase in fine particulate matter leads to the same reduction in the probability of logging in and trading as a one standard deviation increase in sunshine. We document this effect for low levels of pollution that are commonly found throughout the developed world. As individual investor trading can be a proxy for everyday cognitively-demanding tasks such as office work, our findings suggest that the negative effects of pollution on white-collar work productivity are much more severe than previously thought. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a negative impact of pollution on a measure of white-collar productivity at the individual level in a western country. |
| JEL: | D14 G11 J22 J24 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24048&r=env |
| By: | Kelsey Jack; Seema Jayachandran; Sarojini Rao |
| Abstract: | Water use and electricity use, which generate negative environmental externalities, are susceptible to a second externality problem: with household-level billing, each person enjoys private benefits of consumption but shares the cost with other household members. If individual usage is imperfectly observed (as is typical for water and electricity) and family members are imperfectly altruistic toward one another, households overconsume even from their own perspective. We develop this argument and test its prediction that intrahousehold free-riding dampens price sensitivity. We do so in the context of water use in urban Zambia by combining billing records, randomized price variation, and a lab-experimental measure of intrahousehold altruism. We find that more altruistic households are considerably more price sensitive than are less altruistic households. Our results imply that the socially optimal price needs to be set to correct both the environmental externality and also the intrahousehold externality. |
| JEL: | D10 H21 H23 O10 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24192&r=env |
| By: | C Lamine (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Gilles Maréchal (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); M Darolt (Instituto Agronômico do Parana) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, four French and Brazilian case studies of transitions paths towards a greening of farming and food systems are compared. The methodology is a transitions approach, both systemic and pragmatic. The main guideline follws the emergence and evolution over time of past and current initiatives emerging from the public and private sectors, as well as in the civil society. The roles of civil society and public authorities, quite different in Brazil and France as drivers towards transition, are discussed. The quality of the linkiages kept along time by local players is key to understand the sustainability of the transition process. |
| Keywords: | Brazil,Transition,Agri-food systems,France,Networks of actors |
| Date: | 2017–11–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01579748&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Piluso (CERTOP - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir - UT2 - Université Toulouse 2 - UPS - Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Edwin Le Héron (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | L'objet de cet article est d'analyser les effets conjoncturels d'une politique climatique de taxation des émissions polluantes ainsi que son impact sur l'efficacité des politiques de relance dans le cadre d'analyse d'une économie keynésienne. Les contributions empiriques et théoriques actuelles estiment qu'une taxation a le plus souvent un impact récessif. Par ailleurs, ces travaux montrent que l'efficacité des politiques publiques est entravée par l'exercice de la politique climatique et/ou l'existence d'une contrainte environnementale. Nous montrons ici à l'inverse que la politique climatique de taxation peut exercer, sous certaines conditions, un effet favorable sur la conjoncture et renforcer l'efficacité économique des politiques de relance budgétaire. |
| Keywords: | économie keynésienne. , Taxe carbone, politique de relance |
| Date: | 2017–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01454866&r=env |
| By: | Subhani Keerthiratne (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo); Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex; Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam; CESifo, Munich) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of natural disasters on the concentration of development aid, using country-level panel data. Employed disaster indices are purely based on physical intensities of disasters, thus overcome the common issue of endogeneity in natural disaster data. Countries receive more disaster-related foreign aid in the aftermath of natural catastrophes. Beyond that, natural disasters lead to a diversification of types of aid received and a diversification of the number of donors. This is true in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, and continues long after. Our findings are robust to additional controls, alternative estimators, measures and data. The literature on the fragmentation of aid shows that, typically, aid is less effective in promoting economic development when it comes from many sources and is spread over many programmes. The paper thus shows that, besides the negative effect on economic growth, natural disasters also have a negative impact on development aid. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters; foreign aid |
| JEL: | F35 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0218&r=env |
| By: | Poul Engberg-Pedersen; Rosie Zwart |
| Abstract: | Providers of development co-operation can benefit from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), targets and indicators for use in their results frameworks. The paper examines the SDG outcome and performance targets and indicators that fit with the goals of individual providers. It presents a menu of 60 SDG targets and indicators that can strengthen providers’ results frameworks, facilitate data collection and use, and offer improved platforms for dialogues on development co-operation results. The concept of “menu” recognises that individual providers and their partners prioritise different aspects of the 2030 Agenda. They can select and apply SDG targets and indicators to their existing results frameworks in accordance with their respective priorities. Results information is used for accountability and communication and hence tied to political goals for development co-operation. With clearer links to the SDGs, results information can also be used for strategic direction and learning by providers. |
| Keywords: | 2030 Agenda, Accountability, Development co-operation results, Results targets and indicators, Sustainable Development Goals |
| JEL: | F35 O19 O2 Q01 |
| Date: | 2018–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:9-en&r=env |
| By: | Akira Okada (Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | We present a non-cooperative sequential bargaining game for side payments contracting. Players voluntarily participate in negotiations. If any player does not participate, then renegotiation will take place in the next round, given an on-going contract. We show that if the stop- ping probability of negotiations is sufficiently small, then there exists an efficient Markov perfect equilibrium where all players immediately par- ticipate in negotiations and agree to the Nash bargaining solution. The efficiency result is strengthened by the asymptotically efficient one that in every Markov perfect equilibrium, all players participate in negotia- tions through a process of renegotiations in the long run with probability one. Finally, we illustrate international negotiations for climate change as an application of the result. |
| Keywords: | Coase theorem, contract, efficiency, externality, Nash bar- gaining solution, non-cooperative bargaining, side payments |
| JEL: | C71 C72 C78 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kyo:wpaper:983&r=env |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin; Ivanov, Bojidar; Toteva, Dessislava; Sokolova, Emilia |
| Abstract: | This paper applies interdisciplinary framework and assesses the level of agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria at regional, ecosystem, sectioal and farm levels. Factors for increasing agrarian sustainability are also identified, and directions for improving research, managerial and assessment practices suggested. |
| Keywords: | agrarian sustainability, assessment, regional, ecosystem, sectioal, farm levels,Bulgaria |
| JEL: | Q1 Q10 Q15 Q18 Q2 Q3 |
| Date: | 2018–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:83690&r=env |
| By: | Ewa Zawojska (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Anna Bartczak (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | Incentivising respondents to truthfully reveal their preferences in stated preference surveys requires that they believe their survey responses can influence decisions related to the outcome in question (policy consequentiality) and that they will have to bear their share of coercive cost if the outcome is implemented (payment consequentiality). We investigate the effects of these two aspects of consequentiality on stated preferences in a field survey concerning renewable energy development in Poland. We find that beliefs in policy and payment consequentiality strengthen respondents’ interest in having the project implemented, but policy consequentiality decreases, while payment consequentiality increases their sensitivity to the project cost, thus increasing or decreasing their willingness to pay, respectively. We conclude that the two components of consequentiality should be addressed separately in stated preference studies. Additionally, we inquire the theoretically speculated links between respondents’ perceptions about policy and payment consequentiality and their risk attitudes, finding no significant relationship. |
| Keywords: | stated preferences, discrete choice experiment, policy consequentiality, payment consequentiality, risk attitudes, renewable energy |
| JEL: | Q51 Q48 D12 D81 H41 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2018-01&r=env |
| By: | Matthew E. Kahn; V. Kerry Smith |
| Abstract: | The United States Gulf Region features areas that face significant flood risk. Climate change may further elevate this risk. Home owners in such areas face potentially large asset losses and property maintenance costs. Anticipating these challenges, the Federal government has enacted a complex set of policies through its National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The NFIP offers reduced insurance rates for homes built before rate maps were drawn and grandfathers rates for homes when new maps increase their risk ratings. This paper asks if the goal of affordable NFIP insurance rates for the high risk Gulf Coast areas is warranted? We compare the income distribution of the set of people who live in the areas that face the highest risk of flooding relative to nearby areas. Our findings imply reduced rates for high risk areas cannot be justified based on the assumption that low income households live in these areas. |
| JEL: | D3 H23 Q5 |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24120&r=env |
| By: | An Truong (CleanED - Clean Energy and Sustainable Development Lab - USTH - University of sciences and technologies of hanoi) |
| Date: | 2017–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01638613&r=env |
| By: | Takeshi Kawakatsu; Soochoel Lee; Sven Rudolph |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kue:epaper:e-17-009&r=env |
| By: | Gabriel E. Lade; Ivan Rudik |
| Abstract: | Efficient pollution regulation equalizes marginal abatement costs across sources. Here we study a new flaring regulation in North Dakota's oil and gas industry and document its efficiency. Exploiting detailed well-level data, we find that the regulation reduced flaring 4 to 7 percentage points and accounts for up to half of the observed flaring reductions since 2015. We construct firm-level marginal flaring abatement cost curves and find that the observed flaring reductions could have been achieved at 20% lower cost by imposing a tax on flared gas equal to current public lands royalty rates instead of using firm-specific flaring requirements. |
| JEL: | L71 Q3 Q4 |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24139&r=env |
| By: | Jaimurzina, Azhar; Wilmsmeier, Gordon |
| Abstract: | En este contexto, el objetivo central del presente estudio es evaluar la experiencia con las políticas públicas a favor de la movilidad fluvial en los países de la región a fin de contribuir al proceso de fortalecimiento y mejora continua de los mismos. En América del Sur se dispone de una dotación de cursos navegables naturales extremadamente importante que no está siendo suficientemente aprovechada. En términos de volumen, la navegación fluvial representa el tercer modo de transporte de nuestras exportaciones e importaciones intrarregionales. Sin embargo, es el cuarto y lejos en términos de valor. Las mercancías que se mueven son relativamente voluminosas y de escaso valor. Si bien en los últimos años hubo un crecimiento interesante de la participación del transporte fluvial en el comercio internacional en términos de valor, en cantidad de toneladas métricas se ve una situación bastante más estable. El contexto actual del mundo cada vez más exigente en términos del desempeño logístico, la preocupación con el cambio climático y uso más sostenible de recursos naturales, así como los cambios tecnológicos (ingeniería de los barcos, motores eléctricos, sistemas de información fluvial etc.) hace de la movilidad fluvial una opción cada vez más atractiva aunque no exenta de sus propias limitaciones. |
| Keywords: | RIOS, TRANSPORTE POR VIAS DE NAVEGACION INTERIORES, POLITICA DE TRANSPORTE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, INVERSIONES, DIRECTRICES, ESTADISTICAS DEL TRANSPORTE, RIVERS, INLAND WATER TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT POLICY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INVESTMENTS, GUIDELINES, TRANSPORT STATISTICS |
| Date: | 2017–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col042:43135&r=env |
| By: | Pierre-Olivier Pineau; Simon Langlois-Bertrand |
| Date: | 2018–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2018rp-01&r=env |
| By: | Joel Ntsonde (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Aggeri (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Developing countries have to deal with increasing environmental issues which are related to their lightning urbanization, so they need to figure out how they can combine economic development and protection of the environment. In order to deal with such a challenge, socioeconomic actors develop innovative approaches of CSR that cannot be conceptualized with current theoretical models which mainly come from works related to northern countries. Thanks to a field research carried out on circular economy in Cameroon and a qualitative analysis, we propose an original theoretical model, more relevant for conceptualizing CSR in the context of an African emerging country |
| Abstract: | Confrontés à des problématiques environnementales croissantes liées à leur urbanisation fulgurante, les pays en voie de développement doivent trouver un moyen de conjuguer développement économique et protection de l'environnement. Ce défi considérable amène les acteurs socio-économiques à adopter des approches innovantes en termes de RSE qui ne peuvent pas se penser avec les cadres théoriques actuels, principalement issus de travaux relatifs aux contextes des pays du Nord. A partir d'une revue de littérature sur le concept de RSE et d'une enquête qualitative effectuée sur l'économie circulaire au Cameroun, nous proposons un modèle théorique plus pertinent pour penser la RSE dans le contexte d'un pays africain en voie de développement. |
| Keywords: | CSR,North-South relationships,Africa,Circular economy,Waste,RSE,relations Nord-Sud,Afrique,Economie circulaire,Déchets |
| Date: | 2017–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01620352&r=env |
| By: | Onour, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | To assess the size of gold smuggling in Sudan we estimated scale inefficiency of operating mines in the country using primary data survey covering about 18 artisanal mines in the country during the year 2016. The output variable represent gold production of each state and the inputs represent the water mills, and the number of mines (wells) in each state. The findings in the paper indicate about 34% of the artisanal gold production in the country is smuggled. The distribution of the gold smuggling among the states reveal that the states with bigger share of smuggling are those states with internal armed conflicts (South Kordofan and Darfour states) or states bordering loosely controlled borders (Northern and Red see states). This result coincides with our view that weakness in regulatory framework of natural resource management is a major driver of gold smuggling in the country. The regulatory restriction that only gold council members and jewelry traders locating in the capital city of the country are the sole buyers of gold from all miners in the country could be the main cause of smuggling. This requires lifting or easing the exclusive right given to the gold council members and a few jewelry traders in the capital city Khartoum the monopsony power of buying gold from all artisanal miners. Also required to adopt more stringent monitoring regulations on gold exports by jewelry traders. |
| Keywords: | Gold; smuggling; artisanal miners. |
| JEL: | Q3 Q34 |
| Date: | 2018–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:83921&r=env |
| By: | Bertrand Dumont (UMRH 1213 Herbivores - Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - VetAgro Sup); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Joel Aubin (SAS - Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Marc Benoit (UMRH 1213 Herbivores - Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - VetAgro Sup); Vincent Chatellier (LERECO CEDRAN - Laboratoire d'Études et de Recherches en Economie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Zohra Bouamra-Mechemache (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - Toulouse School of Economics); Luc Delaby (PEGASE - Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Claire Delfosse (UL2 - Université Lumière (Lyon 2)); Jean-Yves Dourmad (PEGASE - Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Michel Duru (UMR : AGroécologie, Innovations, TeRritoires - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse); Lise Frappier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Marine Friant-Perrot (Université de Nantes); Carl Gaigné (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Agnès Girard (LPGP - Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique - Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes); Jean-Luc Guichet (UPJV - Université de Picardie Jules Verne); Petr Havlik (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis); Nathalie Hostiou (METAFORT - Mutations des activités des espaces et des formes d'organisation dans les territoires ruraux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - VetAgro Sup - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Olivier Huguenin-Elie (Agroscope); Katja Klumpp (Unité de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Alexandra Langlais (IODE - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Servane Lavenant (EVA - Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UNICAEN - Université de Caen Basse Normandie); Sophie Le Perchec (DV/IST - Direction de la valorisation / Information Scientifique et Technique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Olivier Lepiller (CERTOP - UTM - Université Toulouse Le Mirail (Toulouse 2)); Bertrand Méda (SRA - Recherches Avicoles - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Julie Ryschawy (UMR : AGroécologie, Innovations, TeRritoires - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse); Rodolphe Sabatier (SADAPT - Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires - AgroParisTech - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Isabelle Veissier (UMRH 1213 Herbivores - Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - VetAgro Sup); Etienne Verrier (GABI - Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech, AgroParisTech); Dominique Vollet (METAFORT - Mutations des activités des espaces et des formes d'organisation dans les territoires ruraux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - VetAgro Sup - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Isabelle Savini (Collège de Direction - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Jonathan Hercule (PROSPECTIVE - Unité Prospective - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Catherine Donnars (PROSPECTIVE - Unité Prospective - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | À la demande des ministères en charge de l’Écologie et de l’Agriculture, et de l’Ademe, l’Inra a conduit une expertise scientifique collective sur les systèmes d’élevage européens et leurs produits. Leurs rôles, leurs impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux, ainsi que les services marchands ou non marchands qu’ils rendent à la société ont été analysés sur la base d’un important travail de synthèse bibliographique internationale. Les résultats, qui suggèrent aussi des leviers d’action pour les différents systèmes d’élevage, sont présentés et mis en débat lors d’un colloque le 30 novembre 2016 à Paris. |
| Keywords: | market,cultural inheritance,labour,nitrogen,phosphorus,élevage,évaluation de l'impact environnemental,système d'élevage,expertise collective,climat,europe,marché,droit de l'environnement,patrimoine culturel,patrimoine culinaire,travail,azote,gastronomie régionale,phosphore,service écosystémique |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01595470&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Gendron-Carrier; Marco Gonzalez-Navarro; Stefano Polloni; Matthew A. Turner |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between the opening of a city’s subway network and its air quality. We find that particulate concentrations drop by 4% in a 10km radius disk surrounding a city center following a subway system opening. The effect is larger near the city center and persists over the longest time horizon that we can measure with our data, about eight years. We estimate that a new subway system provides an external mortality benefit of about $594m per year. Although available subway capital cost estimates are crude, the estimated external mortality effects represent a significant fraction of construction costs. |
| JEL: | L91 R11 R14 R4 |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24183&r=env |
| By: | Bachmann, Rüdiger; Ehrlich, Gabriel; Ruzic, Dimitrije |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the 2015 Volkswagen emissions scandal as a natural experiment to provide causal evidence that group reputation externalities matter for firms. Our estimates show statistically and economically significant declines in the U.S. sales and stock returns of, as well as public sentiment towards, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Smart as a result of the Volkswagen scandal. In particular, the scandal reduced the sales of these non-Volkswagen German manufacturers by approximately 76,000 vehicles over the following year, leading to a loss of approximately $3.7 billion of revenue. Volkswagen's malfeasance materially harmed the group reputation of "German car engineering" in the United States. |
| Keywords: | automobiles; collective reputation; country reputation; Difference-in-Differences; event study; firm reputation; Google trends; Natural Experiment; reputation externalities; Twitter sentiment |
| JEL: | D12 D90 F23 L14 L62 |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:12504&r=env |
| By: | ELENA AYDOS; SVEN RUDOLPH |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kue:epaper:e-17-008&r=env |
| By: | Helen Micheaux (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Aggeri (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2017–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01622221&r=env |
| By: | Sarah Smith (Institute for Fiscal Studies and University of Bristol); Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Kimberley Scharf (Institute for Fiscal Studies and University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters, such as the 2004 East Asian Tsunami, attract a high level of donations. Previous literature has shown that the scale of the disaster is important in driving the aid response, but there are inconsistent findings on whether the number killed or the number affected matters more. In this paper we discuss a number of issues in linking measures of the scale of a disaster to the aid response, particularly taking account of outliers in both scale of disaster and aid. We show that a log-specification is preferred and that this specification can reconcile findings based on different datasets. Both the number killed and the number affected matter equally for whether aid is given; the number killed is more strongly related to the magnitude of the aid response. We also present new evidence confirming the importance of publicity for disasters, focusing on appeals. |
| Date: | 2017–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:17/19&r=env |