|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2017‒10‒08
thirty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Helene Naegele; Aleksandar Zaklan |
| Abstract: | Carbon leakage is an issue of major interest in both academic and policy debates about the effectiveness of unilateral climate policy addressing global externalities. The debate is particularly salient in Europe, where the EU Emissions TradingSystem (EU ETS) covers emissions of many traded sectors. In a first step, we review how carbon leakage and the pollution haven effect are defined and identified in the literature. In a second step, we evaluate whether the emission cost introduced by the EU ETS has caused carbon leakage in European manufacturing. We compute trade flows in embodied carbon and value, using GTAP trade and input-output data and administrative data from the EU ETS. We evaluate theeffect of four measures of environmental stringency on both net trade flows and bilateral trade flows. We do not find evidence that the EU ETS has caused carbon leakage. |
| Keywords: | Carbon leakage, pollution haven, EU ETS, cap-and-trade, CO2 emissions, policy evaluation |
| JEL: | F18 Q58 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1689&r=env |
| By: | Eka Siskawati (Economic and Business Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65142, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Eko Ganis Sukoharsono Author-2-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Rosidi Author-3-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Abdul Ghofar Author-4-Workplace-Name: Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – The purpose of this study is to provide the argument that carbon disclosure must not only provide economic but also non-economic information. The more comprehensive disclosure of carbon emission is expected to change the behavior of industries in realizing a more environmentally friendly production process. Methodology/Technique – Data were collected through interviews and observation of documentations from three parties the BOWL company, the Ministry of Forest and Environment and the Ministry of Industry. Findings – Results show that the rating program of the industry’s performance in environmental management (PROPER) from the government’s perspective is an instrument which can encourage and establish the industry’s compliance and awareness of environmental management regulations. Novelty – This paper also focused on analysing how the government applies regulation approaches in changing the industry’s paradigm to undertake ethical businesses." |
| Keywords: | "Greenhouse Gases Emissions, Carbon Emissions Disclosure, Environmental Accountability, Non-Economic Information, Environmental Impact Assessment." |
| JEL: | D82 M14 |
| Date: | 2016–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr115&r=env |
| By: | Simplice Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroun); Sara Le Roux (Oxford, UK); Nicholas Biekpe (Cape Town, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines how information and communication technology (ICT) complements carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to influence inclusive human development in forty-four Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2000-2012. ICT is measured with internet penetration and mobile phone penetration. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments. The findings broadly show that ICT can be employed to dampen the potentially negative effect of environmental pollution on human development. We establish that: (i) ICT complements CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption to increase inclusive development; (ii) ICT interacts with CO2 intensity to negatively affect inclusive human development and (iii) the net effect on inclusive human development is positive from the complementarity between mobile phones and CO2 emissions per capita. Conversely, we also establish evidence of net negative effects. Fortunately, the corresponding ICT thresholds at which these net negative effects can be completely dampened are within policy range, notably: 50 (per 100 people) mobile phone penetration for CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption and CO2 intensity. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; ICT; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:17/038&r=env |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | The issue of assessment of diverse aspects of sustainability of agricultural farms is among the most topical in the last decades. In Bulgaria there are no comprehensive studies on environmental sustainability of farms in general or different types. This article applies a holistic framework for assessing environmental sustainability of Bulgarian farms. Initially the multiprinciple, multictiteria and mulriindicator framework for assessing environmental sustainability of farm in the country is outlined. After that a level of environmental sustainability of Bulgarian farms is evaluated in general and of farms different juridical type, size, production specialization, and ecological and administrative location. Sustainability assessment is based on a first large-scale survey on environmental aspects of sustainability of agricultural farms in the country carried out in 2016. Third, relations between environmental and socio-economic and integral sustainability of Bulgarian farms are specified. Finally, factors for improving environmental and overall sustainability of agricultural farms in the country are identified. Our study has found out that environmental sustainability of Bulgarian farms is at a good level. Nevertheless due to an inferior level of governance and economic sustainability the integral sustainability of Bulgarian farms is lower and the improvement of the latter two is critical for maintaining overall sustainability of Bulgarian farms at current stage of development. |
| Keywords: | environmental sustainability, assessment, factors, agricultural farms, Bulgaria |
| JEL: | Q0 Q01 Q1 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q16 Q18 Q5 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:81658&r=env |
| By: | Raluca-Ioana Iorgulescu (Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy); Carmen Beatrice Păuna (Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy); Marioara Iordan (Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy); Tiberiu Diaconescu (Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy); Gabriela Bilevski (Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy); Thomas Brekke (University College of Southeast Norway, Norway); Ole Henrik Gusland (University College of Southeast Norway, Norway); Lasse Berntzen (University College of Southeast Norway, Norway) |
| Abstract: | Addressing climate change through the reduction of fossil resources dependency requires the transition from fossil-based industrial production to a bio-based (green) industrial structure. The development of bio-based industry clusters might be part of the solution. This paper introduces the ‘bioeconomy’ concept and the Triple Helix model that are useful when examining the development of green industries clusters in the emerging digital era; the Smart City model might promote new ways to create profitable and sustainable businesses. Examples of good practices and clusters for green industries from Norway are provided and some success stories including Romanian firms are presented. |
| Keywords: | green industry, bioeconomy, bio-based industry cluster, triple helix model, smart cities, Romania |
| JEL: | L86 Q55 Q57 |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rjr:wpiecf:170701&r=env |
| By: | Niu, Honglei; Lekse, William |
| Abstract: | Historically, global urbanization has been an essential ingredient for national economic growth and beneficial social transformation. However, with the global urban population currently generating two-thirds of all carbon emissions, global policymakers are urging mayors and regional leaders to make difficult decisions to reduce the negative impacts of urbanization on the environment. The authors begin their examination of the implications of local and regional factors by applying the Dynamic Spatial Durbin Panel Model to empirically examine aspects of developing low-carbon strategies for the rapidly expanding size and number of the world's urban areas. Their results indicate that the contribution of urbanization to carbon emissions can be positively affected when regional policy makers collaborate to focus on spillover effects to simultaneously manage the scope, diversity, and complexity of economic and environmental issues from the perspective of creating a balance between rapid urbanization and relevant regional factors. Regional leaders can make a difference by creating both short-term goals and long-term strategies for maintaining low-carbon urbanization, nurturing regional coordination, monitoring and managing eco-friendly regional spillover effects, supporting low-carbon technology innovations, and maintaining optimal city size. |
| Keywords: | carbon emission effect,urbanization,local and regional focus,STIRPAT,dynamic spatial Durbin error model,panel data |
| JEL: | Q51 R11 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201762&r=env |
| By: | Simplice Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroun); Sara Le Roux (Oxford, UK); Nicholas Biekpe (Cape Town, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines how increasing ICT penetration in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can contribute towards environmental sustainability by decreasing CO2 emissions. The empirical evidence is based the Generalised Method of Moments and forty-four countries for the period 2000-2012. ICT is measured with internet penetration and mobile phone penetration while CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption are used as proxies for environmental degradation. The following findings are established: First, from the non-interactive regressions, ICT (i.e. mobile phones and the internet) does not significantly affect CO2 emissions. Second, with interactive regressions, increasing ICT has a positive net effect on CO2 emissions per capita while increasing mobile phone penetration alone has a net negative effect on CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption. Policy thresholds at which ICT can change the net effects from positive to negative are computed and discussed. These policy thresholds are the minimum levels of ICT required, for the effect of ICT on CO2 emissions to be negative. Other practical implications for policy and theory are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; ICT; economic development; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:17/039&r=env |
| By: | Growitsch, Christian; Paulus, Simon; Wetzel, Heike |
| Abstract: | In this article, we analyze the relative CO2 emission performance across 48 states in the U.S. using a two-stage empirical approach. In the first stage, we identify the states that followed best practice by applying benchmarking techniques. In the second stage, we regress our CO2 emission performance indicators on the state-specific national gas prices, the states’ CO2 regulatory policies and a number of other state-specific factors in order to identify the main drivers of the developments. |
| JEL: | C61 D24 L94 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc17:168284&r=env |
| By: | Karoline S. Rogge (SPRU – Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Karlsruhe, Germany); Joachim Schleich (Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Karlsruhe, Germany; Grenoble Ecole de Management, Grenoble, France; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA) |
| Abstract: | Policy mixes may play a crucial role in redirecting and accelerating innovation towards low-carbon solutions, thus addressing a key societal challenge. Towards this end, the characteristics of such policy mixes have been argued to be of great relevance, yet with little empirical evidence backing up such claims. In this paper we explore this link between policy mix characteristics and low-carbon innovation, using the research case of the transition of the German electricity system towards renewable energy. Our empirical insights are based on an innovation survey among German manufacturers of renewable power generation technologies which builds on the Community Innovation Survey, but which we adjusted to better capture companies’ perceptions of the policy mix. Employing a bivariate Tobit model we find that companies’ perceptions regarding the consistency and credibility of the policy mix are positively associated with the level of their innovation expenditures for renewable energies, and this positive link intensifies when considering the mutual interdependence of these policy mix characteristics. In contrast, we find no support for such a direct link for the comprehensiveness of the instrument mix or the coherence of policy processes. These findings suggests that future research on low-carbon and eco-innovation more broadly should pay greater attention to the characteristics of policy mixes, rather than focusing on policy instruments only. It also implies a need to rethink the consideration of policy in innovation surveys to enable better informed policy advice regarding the greening of innovation. |
| Keywords: | policy mix, credibility, consistency, coherence, comprehensiveness, ecoinnovation, renewable energy, sustainability transition, decarbonization |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2017-19&r=env |
| By: | Taupo, Tauisi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the financing of disaster risk management. Future climate and disaster risks are predicted to impose increasing financial pressure on the governments of low-lying atoll nations. The aftermath of a disaster, such as a cyclone, requires financial means for quick response and recovery. We quantify the appropriate levels of financial support for expected disasters in Tuvalu and Kiribati by building on the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI) calculated likely costs for disasters. To these, we add estimates of the potential effects of distant cyclones, droughts, sea level rise, and climate change, as they are predicted to affect low-lying atoll islands. This paper focuses on the potential contribution of the sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) of Tuvalu and Kiribati in reducing reliance on foreign aid for ex-post disaster risk management. We forecast the future size of SWFs using Monte Carlo simulations and an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model. We examine the long-term sustainability of SWFs, and the feasibility of extending their mandate for disaster recovery. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign wealth fund, Disasters, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Disaster fund, Sustainability, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vuw:vuwecf:6633&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | La presente compilación de artículos —preparados por sus autores con motivo de la convocatoria al Premio Dr. Fernando Cuevas 2010— ha sido realizada por la Unidad de Energía y Recursos Naturales (UERN) de la Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México. Con motivo de dicha ocasión fueron invitados profesionales del sector energético de América Latina y el Caribe a presentar trabajos sobre el tema «Energía, cambio climático y desarrollo sostenible: los desafíos para América Latina». |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECURSOS NATURALES, COMBUSTIBLES, ENERGIA DE LA BIOMASA, RENDIMIENTO ENERGETICO, TRANSPORTE, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, ASPECTOS JURIDICOS, GOBIERNO LOCAL, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, POLITICA ENERGETICA, ESTADISTICAS DE ENERGIA, ESTADISTICAS AMBIENTALES, ENERGY RESOURCES, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, FUELS, BIOMASS ENERGY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, TRANSPORT, ELECTRIC POWER, LEGAL ASPECTS, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY STATISTICS, ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:42140&r=env |
| By: | Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada |
| Abstract: | This paper uses international migration data and climate variables in a multi-country setting to investigate the extent to which international migration can be explained by changes in the local climate and whether this relationship varies between groups of countries. Moreover, the primary focus is to further investigate the differential effect found by Cattaneo and Peri (2016) for countries with different income levels using a high-frequency dataset. The idea being that country grouping is considered to be data driven, instead of exogenously decided. The estimation technique used to endogenously group the countries of origin is based on the group-mean fixedeffects (GFE) estimator proposed by Bonhomme and Manresa (2015), which allows us to group the origin countries according to the data generation process. The main results indicate that an increasing average local temperature is associated with an increase in that country's emigration rate, on average, but the effect differs between groups. The results are driven by a group of countries mainly located in Sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia; however, no statistically significant association is found between the average amount of local precipitation and that country's rate of emigration. |
| Keywords: | international migration,climate change,developing countries,GFE,group heterogeneity |
| JEL: | F22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:321&r=env |
| By: | Yushi Kunugi (School of Political Science and Economics, and Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management, Waseda University); Toshi H. Arimura (School of Political Science and Economics, and Research Institute for Environmental Economics and Management, Waseda University); Kazuyuki Iwata (Faculty of Economics, Matsuyama University); Eiji Komatsu (Laboratory for Ecological Reconstruction Science); Yoshie Hirayama (Laboratory for Ecological Reconstruction Science) |
| Abstract: | Concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) are high in the Tokyo metropolitan area, even though concentrations of PM10 have dropped dramatically since the implementation of the NOx-PM Act. Currently, monitored concentration levels continue to exceed the designated ambient air quality standard set by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment. To our knowledge, no study has investigated a cost-efficient strategy to reduce PM 2.5 concentration levels in the Tokyo metropolitan area. This is the first study to examine a proper control strategy for Japan by developing an integrated model that includes both aerosol and economic models. The simulation results show that prefectures in the Tokyo metropolitan area cannot achieve the standards by relying on their own efforts to reduce PM 2.5. That is, prefectural governments in Tokyo metropolitan areas need to cooperate with prefectures outside of the area to improve their PM 2.5 concentration levels. Thus, we simulated policies under the assumption that emissions from other sources are reduced to evels such that the PM 2.5 concentration declines by approximately 18 µg/m3. We first simulated an efficient policy, i.e., the implementation of a pollution tax. We found that the total abatement cost to meet the air quality standard using the cost-efficient strategy is approximately 142.7 billion yen. We also simulated a policy in which we emphasize the equality of burden, i.e., each prefecture’s government reduces emissions by the same proportion. In this scenario, the total cost of the strategy that maintains high equality among prefectures is approximately 416.3 billion yen. Thus, when authorities focus on other criteria such as equality, cost-efficiency deteriorates greatly. Therefore, to attain cleaner air, it is important that authorities make informed decisions when selecting a strategy. |
| Keywords: | Particulate matter 2.5, cost-efficiency, equality, control strategy, pollution tax |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:1709&r=env |
| By: | Ana de Jesus (CENSE - Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal); Sandro Mendonça (Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal; Research Unit on Complexity and Economics (UECE-ISEG), Lisboa, Portugal; Business, SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK) |
| Abstract: | Understanding which drivers and barriers exist in the development of a Circular Economy (CE) is a relevant and timely endeavour. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this debate by analysing evidence regarding the different factors helping and hampering the development of a CE. Specifically, this paper focuses on the eco-innovation (EI) pathway towards a CE, and tries to coordinate available but fragmented findings regarding how “transformative innovation” can foster this transition while removing obstacles to sustainability. Drawing upon a new corpus of both academic and non-academic literature, this work offers a framework for analysis, as well as an evidence-based survey of the challenges, for a green structural change of the economy. We argue that the combination of the innovation systems’ view with the more recent “transformation turn” in innovation studies may provide an appropriate perspective for understanding the transition to a CE. Ultimately, the paper aims to capitalise on these insights to contribute to the design of policy guidelines and organisational strategies. |
| Keywords: | circular economy; eco-innovation; barriers; drivers; survey |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2017-18&r=env |
| By: | Jana Kliestikova ("Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Slovak Republic" Author-2-Name: Margareta Nadanyiova Author-2-Workplace-Name: "Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Slovak Republic") |
| Abstract: | "Objective – This paper is focused on the topic of greenwashing and its impact on consumer confidence in specific conditions of Slovak republic. Nowadays, consumer confidence is mainly recognized as economic indicator measuring the interpretation of the current economic environment by consumers and their expectations for the future. In presented paper, we analyse greenwashing as a possible source of discontent. Greenwashing is a negative phenomenon of green marketing activities realised in the scope of corporate social responsibility. Methodology/Technique – First, green characteristics of Slovak consumers are analysed in context of Hofstede cultural dimensions of Slovak republic. Subsequently, there is evaluated realised questionnaire survey dedicated to the analysis of greenwashing impact on consumer confidence. Then, the relationship between greenwashing and consumer confidence in Slovak market, is detected. Findings – Results showed that attitude of authority has an impact on consumer confidence and the greenwashing has not got an impact on buying behavior of Slovak consumers. Novelty – It has a vital importance to analyze socio-cultural profile of the nation and in accordance with obtained results highlight the importance of environmental education of the society. " |
| Keywords: | Green Marketing; Greenwashing; Corporate Social Responsibility; Consumer Confidence. |
| JEL: | D11 E21 M31 |
| Date: | 2017–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr122&r=env |
| By: | Kenjiro Hirata; Shinsuke Ikeda; Masako Ikefuji; Myong-Il Kang; Katsunori Yamada |
| Abstract: | Designing efficient environmental policies requires knowledge about households' preference parameters for their intertemporal decisions. By conducting an original Internet-based survey using Japanese participants (n=2,906) and a follow-up survey (n=1,407), we examine how people evaluate pro-environmental policies depending on their individual attributes. The discount rates for environmental outcomes are estimated by using a discrete choice experiment. We show that participants' discount rates in environmental policy choices are on average negative and future-biased. Those who are more ambiguity-averse and patient for money concerns, and anticipate more rapid increases in future temperatures are more willing to incur present-day tax burdens to ensure future environmental improvements. These results are highly robust against alternative estimation models and stable when using the follow-up survey data obtained 21 months later. |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1012&r=env |
| By: | Evi Gravitiani (Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Seblas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Mugi Rahardjo Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Norma Sagita Pratiwi Author-3-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – Climate change has an impact on not only environmental problems, but also on socio-economic communities. Indonesia as an archipelago country has the second longest coastline after Canada. Indonesia has a high vulnerability to climate change, especially rising sea levels which can cause abrasion. Public awareness is needed to preserve the coastal area, to prevent potential disasters that may occur. Consequently, it is important to analyze the determinant factors of tourist’s willingness to pay (‘WTP’) for mitigation of abrasion and how much it would cost. This study also estimates how the relationship between a tourist’s WTP and abrasion on coasts in Yogyakarta. Methodology/Technique – A multiple linear regression method is used to estimate the determinant factors of a tourist’s WTP. The location of this study is on Kuwaru Beach and Pandansimo Beach in Bantul Regency, which have several indicators of the possibility of abrasions. Two hundred respondents were interviewed regarding the influence of socioeconomy and other factors to tourist’s WTP. Findings – That result is equivalent with the level of abrasion for each beach. Variables of education and income have significant effects on tourist’ WTP at Kuwaru Beach. While in Pandansimo Beach, age and education have significant effect on WTP. The average tourist’s WTP for mitigation in Kuwaru beach and Pandansimo beach at Yogyakarta are Rp 81,150.00 and Rp 62,250.00. Novelty – Mitigation on abrasion calls for community awareness amongst local citizens, tourists, and people who conduct business along the beach. For the two beaches studied, the variables used – sex ratio, age, education and income – have a significant effect on a tourists’ willingness to pay for abrasion mitigation." |
| Keywords: | Coastal Abrasion; Mitigation; Tourist; Willingness to Pay; Indonesia. |
| JEL: | Q25 R11 |
| Date: | 2017–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr468&r=env |
| By: | Tumirin (Muhammadiyah University of Gresik, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Iwan Triyuwono Author-2-Workplace-Name: University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Aji Dedi Mulawarman Author-3-Workplace-Name: University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Yeney Widya Prihatiningtias Author-4-Workplace-Name: University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – The objective of the study is to formulate a concept of transcendental and social accountability in the management of waqf assets as a trustworthiness from God (Triyuwono, 2004). The concept is expected to be an Islamic accountability which is religious and social in nature (Hameed, 2000) Methodology/Technique – The study uses tawhidic post-phenomenology, a modified post-phenomenology based on the basic tenet of Islam, as an instrument to analyze data. The method is actually the development and combination of philosophy of technology (Ihde, 1993) and Ibn Arabi’s philosophy of being (Dobie, 2007). Financial statements of waqf institutions, in this study, are regarded as a technology and additional are collected by interviewing four informants in the Regional Board of Muhammadiyah in Gresik. Findings – The study finds a da’i (preacher) metaphor as a form of accountability. This metaphor indicates that waqf assets functioned, firstly, as an instrument for doing Islamic missionary efforts with good practices (dakwah bi alhikmah) such as helping orphans, the poor and the needy, and overcoming natural disaster; secondly, as a spot for Islamic missionary efforts with good advices (dakwah bi al-mau’ihatul hasanah) for patients, employees, and people at large; and thirdly as an instrument for taking care of environmental health. Novelty – The study suggests transcendental and social accountability in the management of waqf assets as a trustworthiness from God." |
| Keywords: | Transcendental; Social; Accountability; Post-Phenomenology; Tawhid. |
| JEL: | A13 M14 M41 |
| Date: | 2017–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr122&r=env |
| By: | Astrid Rudyanto (Trisakti School of Management, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – This research analyzes the effect of state ownership, family ownership, and the effectiveness of the board’s moderating role on sustainability report quality of Indonesian companies. Methodology/Technique – Sustainability report quality is a factor analysis of percentage of disclosure quantity score with GRI G3 and G4 (content analysis), the natural logarithm of the number of pages, existence of opinion, and existence of an independent party assessment on GRI application check, independent party assessment. Board effectiveness is divided into three categories: independence, size, and competence. Findings – Using data of 123 companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2010 and 2014, it is found that state ownership, board effectiveness based on independence, and competence positively affect sustainability report quality while family ownership and board effectiveness based on size do not affect sustainability report quality. For board effectiveness moderating role, board effectiveness based on independence and size strengthen state ownership effect on sustainability report quality. Meanwhile, board effectiveness does not weaken family ownership effect on sustainability report quality. Novelty – This research contributes to literature regarding the relationship between corporate governance and sustainability report quality, particularly the effectiveness of a board’s moderating role to sustainability report quality, which is scarcely researched." |
| Keywords: | "Sustainability Report Quality; State Ownership; Family Ownership; Board Effectiveness; Corporate Governance; Stakeholder." |
| JEL: | G32 M41 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr129&r=env |
| By: | Cornelius Christian (Department of Economics, Brock University); Liam Elbourne (St. Francis Xavier University) |
| Abstract: | We find that lower rainfall in north-central Europe (Gaul/Germania) predicts more assassinations of Roman emperors from 27 BC to 476 AD. Due to agricultural pressures on Germanic tribes, low precipitation caused more barbarian raids. These raids, in turn, weakened the Empire’s overall political stability, and reduced the costs of assassinating an emperor. We buttress our empirical analysis with case study evidence. |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:brk:wpaper:1703&r=env |
| By: | Briglauer, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of a major European state aid programme for broadband deployment applied to rural areas in the German state of Bavaria in the years 2010 and 2011. We find that aided municipalities have—depending on quality— between 16.8 and 23.2 percentage points higher broadband coverage than non-aided municipalities. This increase in broadband coverage closes the digital divide but does not contribute to a further closing of the economic divide in the form of creating new jobs. |
| JEL: | D62 D73 G38 H23 J23 K23 L52 L96 L98 R23 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc17:168055&r=env |
| By: | Caterina Gennaioli; Gaia Narciso |
| Abstract: | Illegal disposal of toxic waste has become an issue of concern in both developing and developed countries. Recycling hazardous waste entails very high costs, which might give strong incentives to dispose toxic material in an illegal way. This paper adopts an innovative strategy to identify where toxic waste might have been illicitly dumped. The strategy relies on a crucial premise: road constructions provide an ideal setting in which the burial of hazardous waste may take place. Guided by the medical literature, we investigate the health outcomes of individuals living along recently constructed roads in Ethiopia. We construct a unique dataset, which includes the extensive Demographic and Health Survey, together with georeferenced data on roads, villages and economic development, covering a 10-year period. We find that an additional road within a 5 kilometres radius is associated with an increase in infant mortality by 3 percentage points. Moreover, we provide evidence that young children living near a recently built road show a lower level of haemoglobin and are more likely to suffer from severe anaemia. A series of robustness checks confirms the above findings and excludes other potential confounding factors. |
| Keywords: | Hazardous Waste, Health, Infant Mortality, Ethiopia |
| JEL: | I15 Q51 Q53 O10 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:82&r=env |
| By: | Nils May; Karsten Neuhoff |
| Abstract: | Power systems with increasing shares of wind and solar power generation have higher capital and lower operational costs than traditional technologies. This increases the importance of the cost of finance for total system cost. We quantify how renewable policy design can influence cost of finance by addressing regulatory risk and facilitating hedging. We use interview data on wind power financing costs from the EU and model how long-term contracts signed between project developers and energy suppliers impact financing costs in the context of green certificate schemes. Be- tween the policy regimes, the cost of renewable energy deployment differ by 30%. |
| Keywords: | Investments, long-term contracts, financing costs, liberalization of power markets, renewable energy policies |
| JEL: | Q42 Q55 O38 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1684&r=env |
| By: | Raymond (R.H.J.M.) Gradus (School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands); Elbert (E.) Dijkgraaf (Erasmus) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes whether Dutch municipalities became greener between 1999 and 2014 by investigating whether they implement different unit-based pricing systems. Based on their incentive, systems are ranged from green ('weight' ) to less green ('volume' ), or not green ('flat rate' ). In one-third of the municipalities, shifts took place, with 83 percent becoming greener and 17 percent less green. Political fragmentation (measured in three ways) plays a key role in explaining these shifts. There is less evidence for political motivation. Particularly, Conservative Liberals are not in favor of unit-based pricing, whereas Social Liberals are in favor. In addition, municipalities in rural and shrinking areas are more in favor of unit-based pricing. |
| Keywords: | local government; unit-based waste pricing; greener; less green; ideological motivation |
| JEL: | D72 H76 H79 |
| Date: | 2017–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20170086&r=env |
| By: | Maria Bruna Zolin (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Matilde Cassin (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari); Ilda Mannino (Venice International University) |
| Abstract: | To control pests that may damage crops during production, storage or transportation, chemical pesticides are usually used. On the one hand, the use of pesticides can help to reduce yield losses caused by pests, pathogens, and weeds and thereby help feed the world’s population; on the other hand, such agricultural practices can profoundly affect limited natural resources. Starting from these premises, the main objective of this paper is to explore the relationship between food security and food safety, while pointing out the role played in this relationship by pesticides, focusing on the case studies of the EU and China. To this purpose, the paper outlines the international framework on pesticides and the legal framework in the EU and China, analyzes pesticide markets, and considers the concerns related to their use. The overview of the situation in the EU and China allows us to identify challenges and opportunities for future developments in terms of food security and safety and food trade relationships between Europe and China. Tension and mutual disputes have occurred in the past due to increasing risks for consumers and workers handling pesticides, food scandals and difficulties in the mutual recognition of food quality certification schemes, which call for sustainable production methods. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, Sustainability, Pesticides, Integrated Pest Management, Food security, Food safety, EU, China |
| JEL: | I18 N65 O13 O53 Q15 Q18 Q24 Q25 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2017:02&r=env |
| By: | Margareta Nadanyiova (Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Slovak Republic Author-2-Name: Jana Kliestikova Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Slovak Republic) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – Following paper deals with the essence of green marketing, green consumers and green strategies. It also defines greenwashing, different types of greenwashing, the seven sins of greenwashing, greenwashing index and negative impact of greenwashing. Based on this are outlined measures to protect against negative impact of greenwashing. Methodology/Technique – The study carried out with reviewing literature. Findings – The ways to avert the negative impacts of greenwashing includes: increasing awareness through media and education, elimination of greenwashing by companies, inclusion of greenwashing into the legislation, blacklisting of companies using greenwashing Novelty – The study suggests solutions for negative impacts of greenwashing." |
| Keywords: | Green Marketing; Greenwashing; Eco-friendly; Social Responsibility; Environment. |
| JEL: | D11 E21 M31 |
| Date: | 2017–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr128&r=env |
| By: | Singh, Pushpa; Shahi, Brajesh; Singh, K.M. |
| Abstract: | Food grains are the major agricultural commodity, produced on about 93 percent of cropped area, of which pulses share merely 7.06 per cent and the productivity of pulses ranges between 819 kg/ha in 2000-01 to 897 kg/ha in 2013-14. Bihar ranks 9th in terms of pulses production with a contribution of 0.52 million tons to the national pulse pool. Traditionally pulses have been considered important elements of cropping systems in the Bihar, but with the introduction of irrigation and high profitability of alternative sources of soil nutrients in the form of inorganic fertilizers in 1960s, pulses were replaced or relegated to marginal lands and were substituted by high- yielding varieties of rice and wheat. There has been an incessant decline in pulses area, production and productivity during last three and half decades accounting for about 437.24 thousand hectares, 428.93 thousand tons and 981 kg ha-1 respectively in 2014 - 15 against the corresponding figures of 717.2 thousand hectares, 620.7 thousand tons and 865 kg ha-1 in 2000-01 registering a compound annual decline of -2.5 percent in area and -0.41 percent in production but productivity increased by 2.15 percent per annum. Lentil is only crop which has performed well in Bihar whereas area and production of most of the major pulses have gone down. In Bihar 2.2 million ha rice fallow land is there which are most suitable for pulses cultivation where medium and long duration paddy is cultivated and after field vacating due to lack of irrigation facility and delay normally the field remains vacant. Pulse production is also adversely affected by a number of biotic and abiotic stresses which can be overcome by assembling the available components of integrated pest management like host plant resistance, cultural practices to disrupt the life cycles of pests, and need-based use of pesticides and to validate them in farmers' participatory on-farm trial and demonstration in farmers field, to deliver management components effectively to stabilize and increase the productivity of pulses. There is also need to strengthen extension efforts to disseminate available pulse technologies through on-farm demonstrations and farmers' participatory research. |
| Keywords: | Pulses production, Abiotic constraints, Biotic constraints, Bihar |
| JEL: | Q01 Q11 Q16 Q18 |
| Date: | 2017–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:81590&r=env |
| By: | Barkó, Tamás (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research); Cremers, M.; Renneboog, Luc (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | We study investor activism promoting environmental, social and governance (ESG) improvements using a proprietary dataset covering 660 companies globally over 2005-2014. Targets have a higher market share, analyst coverage, stock returns, and liquidity. The engagements lead to significant ESG rating adjustments. Activism is more likely to succeed for companies with a good ex ante ESG track record, and with lower ownership concentration and growth. Successful engagements positively affect sales growth, without changing profitability. Targets outperform matched firms by 2.7% over 6 months postengagement, while the (ex ante) lowest ESG quartile earns an extra 7.5% over 1 year. |
| Keywords: | investor activisim; Corporate social responsibility; socially responsible investing; environmental; social and governance (ESG) |
| JEL: | G15 G23 G32 G34 G39 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:bb1f0349-1f6f-49a4-9d62-1c5a1240a1a8&r=env |
| By: | Suryanto (The Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia. Author-2-Name: Sutrisno Author-2-Workplace-Name: The Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia. Author-3-Name: Evi Gravitiani Author-3-Workplace-Name: The Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia. Author-4-Name: Fitri Susilowati Author-4-Workplace-Name: The Faculty of Economics, Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – The focus of this research is the analysis of vulnerability and factors that influence willingness to pay (WTP) to cope with flood. Other result of this research is economic valuation of flood impact on paddy field in particular. Methodology/Technique – This research used the descriptive and quantitative method. Its data were collected through direct interviews with 380 respondents. Its samples were scattered in 11 sub-districts and 94 villages. The representatives of each village were 4 respondents, by adding two respondents from Wedi Sub-district and 2 respondents from Cawas Sub-district. Proportional sampling technique was employed to determine the research samples with criteria: very close ( 100 m) from the river. Its data were analyzed by using contingent valuation methods (CVM). Findings – The results of the research are as follows. Many activities have been implemented to mitigate flood in Klaten Regency, but many problems have been encountered due to the limitations of Government Budget (APBD). The variables of income of family/household, water level, distance, and loss have a significant effect on the WTP. In majority, the respondents (72.27%) have the WTP for flood mitigation activities with the average WTP of 15,391 IDR. Novelty – Economic valuation of flood mitigation programs and activities is required as to further enhance the role of the community, taking into account factors affecting the WTP. The local government should take advantage of the public's WTP to support flood mitigation activities among neighbourhood, village, sub-district and regency." |
| Keywords: | Vulnerability; Flood Mitigation; Contingent Valuation; Willingness to Pay (WTP). |
| JEL: | D12 H84 |
| Date: | 2017–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber135&r=env |
| By: | Tjokorda Gde Raka Sukawati (Faculty of Economy and Business, Udayana University, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – This research aimed to dig into local wisdom, values that grew and thrived amongst Balinese as well as its application in the tourism sector, particularly tourism marketing. The area scope of this research was Ubud and its surrounding area. Methodology/Technique – This research used ethnographic studies to describe and interpret the culture, social group or system. Even though the cultural meaning was very extensive, the ethnographic studies only focused on the patterns of activity, language, beliefs, rituals, and ways of life (Sukmadinata, 2006). Findings – The results showed that the values of society local wisdom had always accompanied the development of the Ubud area since the inception of civilization to become an international tourist area. These local wisdom values were the competitiveness excellence factors that were unique and difficult to imitate. As the result of the consistent application of local wisdom values, the tourism sector in Ubud could be sustained until today. Theoretically, this research had been able to uncover that the modern marketing concepts had existed on the values and practices of local wisdom implementation. Novelty – The model of developing competitiveness by implementing local culture became the further development of model stated by Barney and Clarke (2007) and Vorhies et al. (2009)." |
| Keywords: | Local Wisdom Values, Competitiveness, Sustainable, Ethnography, Ubud, Bali. |
| JEL: | L21 M14 M31 |
| Date: | 2017–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr154&r=env |