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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | de Rigo, Daniele; Caudullo, Giovanni; San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús; Barredo, José I. |
| Abstract: | In Europe, forests play a strategic multifunctional role, serving economic, social and environmental purposes. However, forests are among the most complex systems and their interaction with the ongoing climate change – and the multifaceted chain of potential cascading consequences for European biodiversity, environment, society and economy – is not yet well understood. The JRC PESETA project series proposes a consistent multi-sectoral assessment of the impacts of climate change in Europe. Within the PESETA II project, a robust methodology is introduced for modelling the habitat suitability of forest tree species (2071-2100 time horizon). Abies alba (the silver fir) is selected as a case study: a main European tree species often distributed in bioclimatically complex areas, spanning over various forest types and with multiple populations adapted to different conditions. The modular modelling architecture is based on relative distance similarity (RDS) estimates which link field observations with bioclimatic patterns, projecting their change under climate scenarios into the expected potential change of suitable habitat for tree species. Robust management of uncertainty is also examined. Both technical and interpretation core aspects are presented in an integrated overview. The semantics of the array of quantities under focus and the uneven sources of uncertainty at the continental scale are discussed (following the semantic array programming paradigm), with an effort to offer some minimal guidance on terminology, meaning and methodological limitations not only of the proposed approach, but also of the broad available literature – whose heterogeneity and partial ambiguity might potentially reverberate at the science-policy interface. ► How to cite: ◄ de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J, Barredo, J.I., 2017. Robust modelling of the impacts of climate change on the habitat suitability of forest tree species. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. 58 pp. ISBN:978-92-79-66704-6 , https://doi.org/10.2760/296501 |
| Keywords: | Abies alba; array of factors; artificial neural networks; bioclimatic predictors; climate change; climate change impacts and adaptation assessment; change factor; data-transformation modelling; data uncertainty; diversity; environmental modelling; Europe; extrapolation uncertainty; forest resources; free scientific software; free software; fuzzy; GDAL; genetic diversity; geospatial; Geospatial Semantic Array Programming; GNU bash; GNU/Linux; GNU Octave; habitat suitability; integrated modelling; integration techniques; Mastrave modelling library; Maximum Habitat Suitability; modelling uncertainty; multiplicity; PESETA series; Python; regional climate models; Relative Distance Similarity; robust modelling; Semantic Array Programming; semantic constraints; semantics; spatial disaggregation; SRES-A1b; tree species habitat suitability; |
| JEL: | C02 C31 C45 C6 Q2 Q23 Q5 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78623&r=env |
| By: | Adam Daigneault (Landcare Research); Suzie Greenhalgh (Landcare Research); Suzi Kerr (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | The National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (NPS-FM) establishes the need to set and manage water resources within limits. This report is the first national assessment of the indirect impacts of the NPS-FM on New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). The water quality improvement aspect of New Zealand’s freshwater reforms are expected to drive significant changes in land and water management across the country. Emissions benefits through the freshwater reforms could potentially result in significant savings for New Zealand by starting the transition to low emissions in the agricultural sector and helping to achieve New Zealand’s overall climate goals. For farmers, changes in land use and management to meet water quality targets will reduce their potential future exposure to needs to reduce GHG emissions. GHG emissions reductions are a combination of reduced emissions through changes in management and de-stocking and increased carbon sequestration associated with planting riparian buffers or afforesting part of the farm. Key results are that without land use change, agricultural GHGs (primarily methane and nitrous oxide) could be reduced by 2.4% or 0.82 million metric tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent per annum (MtCO2e/yr) along with an additional 0.11 MtCO2e of forest carbon sequestration as a result of planting riparian buffers and pole planting for erosion control (for a net reduction of 0.92 MtCO2e/yr or 13%). If afforestation is perceived to be a feasible freshwater mitigation option, up to 800 000 ha of additional trees could be planted, thereby increasing carbon sequestration by 5.4 MtCO2-e/yr. In this case gross (net) GHGs could be reduced by 2.9 (8.2) MtCO2e/yr, primarily through reduction in stock numbers and increases in forest carbon sequestration. This option could reduce net emissions by nearly 80%. The majority of the emissions impact occurs in the sheep and beef sector, with a gross (net) reduction of 0.61 (0.72) MtCO2e/yr. Nitrogen targets most strongly drive on-farm GHG reductions for all the modelled scenarios that limit mitigation to on-farm changes. This is primarily because actions to mitigate N are most closely related to practices that can also mitigate GHGs (e.g. stock management). |
| Keywords: | Water quality, climate change, agriculture, emissions, New Zealand |
| JEL: | Q15 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:17_10&r=env |
| By: | Le, Thai-Ha; Chang, Youngho; Park, Donghyun |
| Abstract: | The authors examine the role of governance and vulnerability to climate change in green growth using a global panel dataset. They find that governance has a positive effect on environmental performance and vulnerability to climate change has a negative effect. Promoting good governance and reducing climate change vulnerability can thus contribute to a cleaner environment. They find qualitatively similar results for the sub-sample of high-income countries, but governance has an insignificant effect for the sub-samples of upper-middle-income, and lower-middle-and-low-income countries. High-income countries have strong environmental policies to protect the environment whereas other countries need to strengthen their relatively weak environmental policies. This suggests a need for substantial economic, technological and financial support from the international community for strengthening the environmental institutional capacity of developing countries. |
| Keywords: | governance,vulnerability to climate change,air quality,PM2.5,green growth |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201716&r=env |
| By: | Sergio L. Franklin, Jr.; Robert S. Pindyck |
| Abstract: | Recent work has suggested that tropical forest and savanna represent alternative stable states, which are subject to drastic switches at tipping points, in response to changes in rainfall patterns and other drivers. Deforestation cost studies have ignored the likelihood and possible economic impact of a forest-savanna critical transition, therefore underestimating the true social cost of deforestation. We explore the implications of a forest-savanna critical transition and propose an alternative framework for calculating the economic value of a standing tropical forest. Our framework is based on an average incremental cost method, as opposed to currently used marginal cost methods, for the design of optimal land-use policy or payments for ecosystem services. We apply this framework to the calculation of the social cost of deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. |
| JEL: | C6 Q5 Q57 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23272&r=env |
| By: | Zhi-Fu Mi; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology); Bing Wang; Jing Meng; Zhu Liu; Yuli Shan; Jingru Liu; Dabo Guan |
| Abstract: | China is the largest emitter of carbon emissions in the world. In this paper, we present an Integrated Model of Economy and Climate (IMEC), an optimization model based on the input-output model. The model is designed to assess the tradeoff between emission deceleration and economic growth. Given that China's projected average growth rate will exceed 5% over the next two decades, we find that China may reach its peak CO2 emissions levels by 2026. According to this scenario, China's carbon emissions will peak at 11.20 Gt in 2026 and will then decline to 10.84 Gt in 2030. Accordingly, approximately 22 Gt of CO2 will be removed from 2015 to 2035 relative to the scenario wherein China¡¯s CO2 emissions peak in 2030. While this earlier peaking of carbon emissions will result in a decline in China's GDP, several sectors, such as Machinery and Education, will benefit. In order to reach peak CO2 emissions by 2026, China needs to reduce its annual GDP growth rate to less than 4.5% by 2030 and decrease energy and carbon intensity levels by 43% and 45%, respectively, from 2015 to 2030. |
| Keywords: | carbon emissions; peak; input-output; optimization model; integrated assessment model; China |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2017–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:103&r=env |
| By: | Michael Keane (Oxford University and UNSW Australia Business School); Timothy Neal (University of New South Wales) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of climate change on the productivity of crop production using U.S. county-level yield and weather data between 1950 and 2015. It finds that the pooled estimators used in previous studies underestimate the sensitivity of crops to high temperatures by ignoring slope heterogeneity, and underestimate the damage of future climate change on yield. Furthermore, explicitly modelling this heterogeneity provides a natural approach to measuring the degree of adaptation to climate change in the data. It concludes with evidence that further adaptation may mitigate up to half of the substantial losses to crop productivity forecast by 2050 |
| Date: | 2017–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nuf:econwp:1703&r=env |
| By: | Jung , Jione (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy); Kwon , Yul (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy); Moon , Jin-Young (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy); Lee , Juyoung (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy); Song , Jihei (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | Korean Abstract: 2020년 이후 전개될 새로운 기후변화 대응체제에 대한 합의가 2015년 말 파리 당사국총회(COP21)에서 도출될 예정이다. 교토의정서 이후 처음으로 법적 성격을 지닌 결과물이 채택된다는 점에서 파리 당사국총회는 기후변화에 관한 국제적 논의에서 매우 중요한 모멘텀으로 작용할 것이 분명하다. 신기후체제의 핵심은 모든 국가가 온실가스 감축 부담을 진다는 점이다. 주요 국가들은 신기후체제 하에서의 감축 목표를 담은 ‘각국이 정한 기여(INDC: intented nationally determined contribution)'를 발표하고 있다. 신기후체제가 성공적으로 안착하는 데 있어 기후재원은 가장 필수적인 요소로 인식된다. 이는 신기후체제 하에서는 선진국뿐만 아니라 개도국도 온실가스 감축에 참여하며, 개도국은 자신들의 실질적인 온실가스 감축을 위해서는 선진국의 지원이 전제되어야 한다고 강하게 주장하고 있기 때문이다. 국제사회는 2020년까지 연간 1,000억 달러 수준으로 기후재원을 확대 조성하기로 합의한 바 있으나, 목표 달성 전망은 불투명하다. 그동안 협약 부속서에서 개도국으로 분류되었던 우리나라는 과거와 다른 국면을 맞이하게 되었다. 온실가스 다배출국으로서 산업계의 부담을 고려하되 G20 위상에 부합하는 감축목표를 수립하고 이에 따른 감축 방식을 모색해야 하는 상황이다. 또한 OECD 개발원조위원회(DAC) 회원국으로서 개도국의 기후변화 대응을 지원해야 하며, GCF 유치국으로서 GCF의 발전을 도모하기 위한 중장기 전략을 수립해야 한다. 이 연구의 목적은 전 지구적 도전과제인 기후변화 문제 해결을 위한 중견국으로서 우리나라가 나아가야할 방향을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 우리나라의 온실가스 감축 및 기후재원 공여 수준을 도출하고 다른 국가와 비교분석을 시도하였다. 또한 협상쟁점과 연계하여 최근 주요 선진국의 개도국 지원전략의 특징과 결정요인을 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 기후변화 협상전략 수립시 우리나라의 대응논리로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. English Abstract: At the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP21), the Parties to the UN Framework for Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will reach an agreement on a new global climate regime. The agreement, which will come into effect in 2020, is the first agreement with a legally binding character since the Kyoto Protocol. For this reason, the Paris Conference will provide a momentum in the global climate change negotiations. The essence of the new climate regime is that all countries, developed and developing alike, are responsible for reducing greenhouse gas emission to mitigate climate change. As the first step, the Parties have submitted voluntary reduction targets to the UNFCCC, formally called as the "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)." Climate finance is deemed as the key for a successful launch of the new climate regime. As mentioned above, while participation from both developed and developing country Parties is absolutely essential, developing country Parties demand that developed country Parties provide substantial financial support for climate action as preconditions. In fact, the global community has agreed on mobilizing 100 billion dollars of climate finance by year 2020. However, meeting the goal seems obscure at the moment. Korea is now facing a new challenge: to minimize the reduction burden imposed on private sector, and to meet the global expectation as a member of the G20. Furthermore, Korea as a member of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) is expected to provide substantial support to developing countries for them to tackle climate change . Also, as the host country of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Secretariat, Korea shall seek mid- and long-term strategy that will contribute to the progress of the Fund. In this regard, this study seeks to provide policy direction for Korea in resolving global climate challenge, in consideration of our role as the bridge between the global South and North. The results of the study can be utilized in developing the logical framework in Korea's climate change negotiation strategy. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Greenhouse Gases; Environmental Policy |
| Date: | 2015–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2015_016&r=env |
| By: | Rösemann, Claus; Haenel, Hans-Dieter; Dämmgen, Ulrich; Freibauer, Annette; Döring, Ulrike; Wulf, Sebastian; Eurich-Menden, Brigitte; Döhler, Helmut; Schreiner, Carsten; Osterburg, Bernhard |
| Abstract: | The report at hand (including a comprehensive annex of data) serves as additional document to the National Inventory Report (NIR) on the German green house gas emissions and the Informative Inventory Report (IIR) on the German emissions of air pollutants (especially ammonia). The report documents the calculation methods used in the German agricultural inventory model GAS-EM as well as input data, emission results and uncertainties of the emission reporting submission 2017 for the years 1990 - 2015. In this context the sector Agriculture comprises the emissions from animal husbandry, the use of agricultural soils and anaerobic digestion of energy crops. As required by the guidelines, emissions from activities preceding agriculture, from the use of energy and from land use change are reported elsewhere in the national inventories. The calculation methods are based in principle on the international guidelines for emission reporting and have been continuingly improved during the past years by the Thünen Institute working group on agricultural emission inventories, partly in cooperation with KTBL. In particular, these improvements concern the calculation of energy requirements, feeding and the N balance of the most important animal categories. In addition, technical measures such as air scrubbing (mitigation of ammonia emissions) and digestion of animal manures (mitigation of emissions of methane and loughing gas) have been taken into account. For the calculation of emissions from anaerobic digestion of animal manures and energy crops (including spreading of the digestate), the aforementioned working group developed, in cooperation with KTBL, a national methodology. [...] |
| Keywords: | emission inventory,agriculture,animal husbandry,agricultural soils,anaerobic digestion,energy crops,renewable primary products,greenhouse gases,air pollutants,methane,loughing gas,ammonia,particulate matter,Emissionsinventar,Landwirtschaft,Tierhaltung,landwirtschaftliche Böden,anaerobe Vergärung,Energiepflanzen,nachwachsende Rohstoffe,Treibhausgase,Luftschadstoffe,Methan,Lachgas,Ammoniak,luftgetragene Partikel |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:46&r=env |
| By: | Onil Banerjee; Martin Cicowiez; Renato Vargas; Mark Horridge |
| Abstract: | This paper develops and operationalizes the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modelling (IEEM) platform which integrates environmental data organized under the first international standard for environmental-economic accounting with a powerful economy-wide modelling approach. IEEM enables the ex-ante economic analysis of public policies and investment on the economy and the environment in a quantitative, comprehensive and consistent framework. IEEM elucidates the two-way interrelationships between the economy and environment, considering how economic activities depend on the environment as a source of inputs and as a sink for its outputs. In addition to standard economic impact indicators such as gross domestic product, income and employment, IEEM generates indicators that describe policy impacts on the use of environmental resources, wealth and environmental quality which together determine prospects for future economic growth and well-being. To illustrate the analytical capacity of IEEM, the model is calibrated with Guatemala's environmental-economic accounts and applied to analysis of its forest and fuelwood sector where negative health and environmental impacts arise from inefficient household fuelwood use. |
| Keywords: | ex-ante economic impact evaluation system of environmental-economic accounting computable general equilibrium model system of national accounting economic and environmental indicators wealth natural capital ecosystem services |
| JEL: | D58 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-273&r=env |
| By: | Jung , Jihyun (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy); Kim , Hongwon (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy); Lee , Seungeun Claire (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy); Choi , Jiwon (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | Korean Abstract: 급속한 경제성장과 공업화, 도시화 등으로 인하여 중국은 세계 1위의 대기오염물질 및 도시고형폐기물 배출국가가 되었으며, 수자원 부족과 수질오염이 심각한 상황이다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위하여 중국은 역대최강 수준으로 환경보호법을 개정하고 대기, 수질 등 환경분야별로 각종 오염규제 및 환경산업육성 정책을 강화하고 있다. 세계 주요국의 환경산업 발전경험과 비교해보면, 제13차 5개년 규획기간(2016~20년)에 1인당 GDP가 1만 달러를 넘어설 전망인 중국의 환경산업은 J커브의 폭발적인 성장기에 진입할 것으로 보인다. 한편 환경정책의 실질적인 추진주체인 지방정부는 양적 성장과 환경보호 사이의 전략적 지향점이 서로 다르고, 중국 각 지역의 환경 산업 및 시장의 발전수준 역시 상이하다. 이에 본 연구는 중국의 환경오염 실태 및 지역적 분포, 분야별 환경시장과 지역적 특성, 환경정책의 지역별 추진상황 및 특징, 중국의 환경프로젝트 추진방식과 주요 기업 등을 분석하여 우리 환경기업의 중국 지역별 환경시장 진출 확대방안 및 정부 차원의 협력 강화방안을 모색하였다. 제2장에서는 중국의 환경시장 현황을 대기, 수질, 폐기물별로 주요 오염원 및 오염 배출의 지역적 분포와 분야별 환경시장규모 등을 통해 파악하였다. 중국의 대기오염은 연료의 연소과정을 거치는 화력발전 및 제철, 화학 등 제조업에서 주로 발생하기 때문에 산둥, 네이멍구, 허베이, 산시(山西), 허난, 랴오닝 등 주요 석탄산지 혹은 중화학공업 중심지에서 주로 배출되고 있다. 오폐수 배출량은 경제 및 인구 규모가 큰 광둥, 장쑤, 산둥, 저장, 허난 등의 비중이 높았으나 수질오염원(질소, 수은, 납 등)은 지역별로 상이하였다. 중국 폐기물 배출량의 90% 이상을 차지하는 공업고형폐기물은 광물자원이 풍부하거나 공업밀집지역인 허베이, 산시, 랴오닝 등에서 주로 발생하고 있으나, 지역마다 폐기물의 재활용률, 재활용 이후 처리율, 매립률이 상이하였다. 폐기물 중 도시생활폐기물은 인구 및 경제규모가 큰 광둥, 장쑤, 저장, 산둥의 배출량이 압도적으로 많았다. 한편 오염 배출 규제기준 및 오염 처리비용 등이 상대적으로 높고 경제가 발전한 연해지역의 환경 산업 및 시장의 발전수준이 비교적 높았다. (후략) English Abstract: Due to its rapid economic growth, industrialization, and urbanization, China now ranks first in the world as the country that produces the most air pollutant and municipal solid waste. The country also faces serious water scarcity and water pollution problems. In order to solve such problems, China has strongly revised its Environmental Protection Law as well as strengthening pollution controls and industry promotion policy in various fields of environment including air, water, and waste sectors. Considering the development experience of the environmental industries of some of the major countries in the world, the environmental industry of China, a country whose GDP per capita is expected to exceed 10,000 USD during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016~2020) is estimated to enter the phase of explosive growth of a j-curve. On the other hand, the level of development in China's regional environmental industries and markets vary due to the fact that local governments, who are the main actors in promoting environmental policies, have different strategic orientations ranging from quantitative growth to environmental protection. This research analyzes the state of China's environmental pollution and its regional distribution, sectoral environmental markets and its regional characteristics, China's regional environmental policies according to sectors and China's environmental projects and major companies. Based on the analysis, this research sought to present Korean environmental companies' exports strategy to the regional environmental markets in China as well as measures to strengthen government co-operations. The primary findings of this study can be summarized as follows: In Chapter 2, we study China’s environmental market. It looks into the regional distribution of major pollutants and the pollution source, according to air, water and waste management; it also looks at the size of the environmental market and regional structure for each sector. For China, air pollution is mainly generated from thermal power, which creates energy by burning up fuels and manufacturing industry, including steel and chemistry. Because of this, regions that have the country's primary coal fields or heavy industrial centers, such as Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Liaoning, were found to have high levels of pollutant emissions. Wastewater emissions were high in regions with a large economy and population, such as Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Henan, but water pollution sources (e.g. lead, mercury, nitrogen, etc) differed according to regions. Industrial solid waste, which takes up more than 90% of China's waste emissions, are mainly produced in regions such as Hebei, Shanxi, and Liaoning, which have rich mineral resources or are manufacturing hubs. But the recycling rate of waste materials, processing ratio of recycling, and the reclamation rate differed by regions. Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong, which have large population and economic size, produced an overwhelmingly large amount of municipal household waste. During the 13th Five-Year Plan, investment size of environmental industries is expected to reach around 17 trillion yuan. In the sectors of air, water, and waste management, investment amounting to 1.8 trillion yuan, 4.6 trillion yuan, and 4.3 ~ 5.1 trillion yuan, respectively, is estimated to be allotted. Factors restricting the growth of environmental industries and markets include low level of emissions controls, low cost of pollution disposal, and lack of punitive measures. |
| Keywords: | Economic; Co-Operation |
| Date: | 2015–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieppa:2015_011&r=env |
| By: | Bidegain Ponte, Nicole |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals in light of the challenges and priorities for gender equality and women’s rights and autonomy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Examples are presented to illustrate the interconnections between the goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda and to underscore the importance of taking an integrated approach in order to ensure that progress on some Sustainable Development Goals is not achieved by means that could impede the attainment of goals and targets associated with gender equality and women’s rights. This paper concludes that the Regional Gender Agenda provides a roadmap for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Latin America and the Caribbean through the implementation of public policies that link up the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development and contribute to the eradication of gender inequalities and inequalities within and among countries |
| Keywords: | MUJERES, GENERO, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DERECHOS DE LA MUJER, ADELANTO DE LA MUJER, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, WOMEN, GENDER, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, WOMEN'S ADVANCEMENT, GENDER EQUALITY, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col040:41200&r=env |
| By: | Ke Wang; Linan Che; Chunbo Ma; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | As China becomes the world¡¯s largest energy consumer and CO2 emitter, there has been a rapidly emerging literature on estimating China's abatement cost for CO2 using a distance function approach. However, the existing studies have mostly focused on the cost estimates at macro levels (provinces or industries) with few examining firm-level abatement costs. No work has attempted to estimate the abatement cost of CO2 emissions in the iron and steel industry. Although some have argued that the directional distance function (DDF) is more appropriate in the presence of bad output under regulation, the choice of directions is largely arbitrary. This study provides the most up-to-date estimate of the shadow price of CO2 using a unique dataset of China's major iron and steel enterprises in 2014. The paper uses output quadratic DDF and investigates the impact of using different directional vectors representing different carbon mitigation strategies. The results show that the mean CO2 shadow price of China's iron and steel enterprises is very sensitive to the choice of direction vectors. The average shadow prices of CO2 are 407, 1226 and 6058 Yuan/tonne respectively for the three different direction vectors. We also find substantial heterogeneity in the shadow prices of CO2 emissions among China's major iron and steel enterprises. Larger, listed enterprises are found to be associated lower CO2 shadow prices than smaller, unlisted enterprises. |
| Keywords: | Directional distance function; Marginal abatement cost; Shadow price; Iron and steel; CO2 emissions; Heterogeneity |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2017–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:105&r=env |
| By: | Rob Dellink; Hyunjeong Hwang (OECD); Elisa Lanzi; Jean Chateau |
| Abstract: | This report provides an analysis of how climate change damages may affect international trade in the coming decades and how international trade can help limit the costs of climate change. It analyses the impacts of climate change on trade considering both direct effects on infrastructure and transport routes and the indirect economic impacts resulting from changes in endowments and production. A qualitative analysis with a literature review is used to present the direct effects of climate change. The indirect impacts of climate change damages on trade are analysed with the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model, a dynamic computable general equilibrium model with global coverage and sector-specific international trade flows. By building on the analysis in the OECD (2015) report "The Economic Consequences of Climate Change", the modelling analysis presents a plausible scenario of future socioeconomic developments and climate damages, to shed light on the mechanisms at work in explaining how climate change will affect trade. |
| Keywords: | CGE model, Trade and climate change, Trade and environment |
| JEL: | C68 F17 F18 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaaa:2017/1-en&r=env |
| By: | Timothy Laing |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of electoral cycles and the introduction of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) policy upon the holding of small-scale mining property rights in Guyana. Mining is both the major cause of deforestation and the main economic activity in the country. A simple model of the incentives to hold mining property rights is developed and tested using a unique data-set of small-scale mining property rights data. Econometric techniques are used to test the findings of the model, concluding that the number of mining rights issued fall after election years, with the number rescinded rising. The introduction of REDD+ in Guyana also seems to have increased the number of mining claims being relinquished, and reduce the number being issued. The findings highlight the importance of political economy events in the evolution of small-scale mining activity, and show some evidence that the introduction of a REDD+ framework in Guyana has impacted the main driver of deforestation, despite the absence of specific policy targeting the sector. |
| Keywords: | small-scale mining; REDD+; elections; property rights |
| JEL: | Q30 Q38 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:64186&r=env |
| By: | Jane Ellis; Sara Moarif |
| Abstract: | An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement. This paper explores the issue of transparency of climate finance information in the context of climate finance goals under the United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The transparency framework of the Paris Agreement covers only a subset of climate finance, i.e. finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries, climate finance provided and mobilised by “other” countries for developing countries, as well as climate finance received by developing countries. This paper focuses on data collection, reporting and review of these elements, and explores how the transparency of information on climate finance provided and mobilised could be improved from current arrangements in order to meet the aims set out in the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate finance, transparency, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 O44 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/3-en&r=env |
| By: | Gregory Briner; Sara Moarif |
| Abstract: | An enhanced transparency framework will be a central component of the post-2020 international climate policy regime under the Paris Agreement, underpinning the dynamic process of updating nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and providing input to the global stocktakes of progress towards the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. The enhanced transparency framework will apply to all Parties, with flexibility in light of capacities. This paper highlights lessons learned from the existing transparency framework for mitigation that can help inform the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines for the enhanced transparency framework under the Paris Agreement. It outlines how clearer and more detailed reporting guidelines could be developed for communication of the mitigation components of NDCs and reporting on progress in their implementation and achievement, based on NDC type. |
| Keywords: | climate change, mitigation, transparency, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/4-en&r=env |
| By: | Zhiyang Shen (IESEG School of Management (LEM 9221-CNRS)); Jean-Philippe Boussemart (University of Lille 3 and IESEG School of Management (LEM 9221-CNRS)); Hervé Leleu (CNRS-LEM 9221 and IESEG School of Management); Vivian Valdmanis (Western Michigan University and IÉSEG School of Management) |
| Abstract: | Gross domestic product (GDP) has come under criticism as the only objective countries’ should pursue for societal well-being. In this paper we apply an innovative Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach for including two other pillars including an environmental dimension, reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and a social dimension such as: increasing employment, and expanding healthcare and education expenditures. By linking together three DEA sub-technologies, we model a global technology which combines the objectives of the three pillars. Finally, by weighting each of them by different schemes, we demonstrate the practicality of our approach for policy tradeoffs governments can make among economic, environmental and social objectives. |
| Keywords: | Three Pillars, Economic Efficiency, Environmental Efficiency, Social Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, Multiple Frontiers |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:e201701&r=env |
| By: | Smith, Sarah C.; Ubilava, David |
| Abstract: | The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather around the globe. Through weather, ENSO thus can influence multiple factors of economic growth. Developing countries can be particularly susceptible to this climate phenomenon, as they typically lie in regions most affected by ENSO, and also because their economies tend to be most vulnerable to weather anomalies. In this study, we investigate the effect of ENSO on economic growth in 75 developing countries using (unbalanced) panel of annual data spanning 1961–2015 period. We find asymmetries in the growth response to ENSO shocks. An El Niño event results in up to one percent annual growth reduction, on average. A La Niña event, however, does not result in a growth increase of similar magnitude. We also find evidence of heterogeneity of ENSO events across climatic zones as well as continents. The effect of ENSO events is considerably larger in the tropical zone (relative to the temperate zone), where both El Niño and La Niña events have a growth–reducing impact.On a regional level, the negative impact of an El Niño is particularly pronounced in Africa, while both El Niño and La Niña events have a growth–reducing impact in Asia-Pacific. Findings of this study have two important implications. From the modeling standpoint, we find that the growth impacts of ENSO are nonlinear, and they vary across regions and climatic zones. From the policy-making standpoint, our findings suggest opportunities for short-term adjustments to climate shock management and international aid programs, depending on the existing state and the intermediate-term patterns of the ENSO cycle. |
| Keywords: | Climate Shocks; Developing Countries; Economic Growth; El Niño Southern Oscillation; Nonlinear Effect |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:syd:wpaper:2017-11&r=env |
| By: | Pedro I. Hancevic; Hector M. Nunez; Juan Rosellón |
| Abstract: | Mexico plans to implement a national program to support the adoption of distributed photo-voltaic generation (DPVG) among qualified households. The main objectives of such a program would be to reduce the burden of the substantial federal energy subsidy and increase the share of renewable energy sources used to generate electricity. In this paper we assess the current conditions under which the Mexican residential electricity sector operates, and quantify the potential effects that the massive adoption of DPV systems would have on household expenditure and welfare, subsidy reduction, pollution and water resource usage. Based on the positive results in terms of both economic and environmental effects, our paper provides a significant support for further design and implementation of a DPVG program. |
| Keywords: | distributed solar photovoltaic generation, residential electricity consumption, energy subsidies, air pollution, water resource usage |
| JEL: | Q28 Q42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1663&r=env |
| By: | Rosellon, Maureen Ane D. |
| Abstract: | The Philippines enacted two legislations to promote renewable energy (RE) deployment (i.e., Renewable Energy Act of 2008 and the Biofuels Act of 2006) in recognition of the advantages of the use of RE as energy source. However, there remain issues and criticisms on the promotion of RE technologies and on the implementation of the RE laws. Both sides of the debate have their justifications for supporting or not supporting the use of RE resources and technologies. The implementation of the RE laws, rules, and regulations has also been receiving criticisms. For this paper, data and information on the areas of debate were collected and examined. Findings provide some reference for revisiting the RE laws and regulations to improve their implementation and produce better outcomes for stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, regulations, renewable energy, policy debate, Philippine Renewable Energy Act, Philippine Biofuels Act, energy source, laws |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2017-17&r=env |
| By: | Reo Shimamura (Office of Research Development and Sponsored Projects, Mita Campus, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows the introduction process and the historical development of the environmental tax in the Netherlands. Why was the environmental taxes introduced in the Netherlands? The environmental taxes have replaced environmental charges and developed. As the citizen's environmental awareness increased in the late 1980s, the introduction of environmental taxes had been boosted by political situation. The turning point was the election and the National Environmental Policy Plan in 1989. In addition, it was also an important point that the increase of environmental taxes was consistent with tax reform of the Lubbers administration and the Kok administration. |
| Keywords: | Netherlands, environmental tax, political process, polder model |
| JEL: | H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2017-011&r=env |
| By: | G. Cornelis van Kooten |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation and forestry; carbon offsets and taxes; carbon life-cycle analysis; biomass energy; wood products versus cement and steel; forest rotation age |
| JEL: | H23 Q23 Q42 Q54 G15 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rep:wpaper:2017-02&r=env |
| By: | Bartkowski, Bartosz |
| Abstract: | Existence value has been argued to be a significant part of the total economic value of some ecosystems. However, its compatibility with the welfare economic foundations of economic valuation is very limited - it is difficult to logically conceive of changes in existence. Moreover, when applied to biodiversity, the concept of existence value gives rise to an instance of a more fundamental problem of economic valuation, termed here the utilitarian dilemma: it can be argued conceptually that biodiversity cannot have existence value; yet the results of empirical studies suggest that people in stated preference studies can be expected to assign existence value to it. The utilitarian dilemma arises as the analysing economist must deal somehow with 'erroneous' preferences. There seems to be no simple solution to the dilemma, but deliberative monetary valuation has the potential to alleviate it. |
| Keywords: | axiology,biodiversity,economic valuation,existence value,utilitarianism |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:22017&r=env |
| By: | Ratti, Mattia Luigi (CERE and the Department of Forest Economics, SLU) |
| Abstract: | In the last decades, we have observed a dramatic increase in the number of reported natural disasters and of their widespread human, economic, and environmental losses. This paper presents an overview of the current status of economic research on natural disasters. Firstly, it discusses key issues related to disaster definition, available datasets, and cost assessment. Then, it presents the main methodological approaches for estimating impacts and effects of natural disasters on the economy. Finally, it proposes a number of possible future research directions. |
| Keywords: | definitions; data bias; true cost assessment; theoretical empirical; simulation models |
| JEL: | A12 C80 E10 O10 O40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2017_003&r=env |
| By: | Gregory Briner; Sara Moarif |
| Abstract: | Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, agreed at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, calls for the adoption of an enhanced transparency framework for both mitigation action and support. This note presents a possible structure for the modalities, procedures and guidelines for the mitigation-related aspects of the enhanced transparency framework. The scope of the note includes reporting, technical expert review and multilateral consideration of progress, taking into account lessons learned from experience with reporting, review and other relevant processes under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. The note aims to serve as a helpful reference for UNFCCC transparency negotiators, by flagging issues that will need to be addressed when Parties develop modalities, procedures and guidelines in this area, and by providing links to existing provisions or guidance for each topic. |
| Keywords: | climate change, mitigation, transparency, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2016/5-en&r=env |
| By: | Xiao-Chen Yuan; Xun Sun; Upmanu Lall; Zhi-Fu Mi; Jun He; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | China has a large economic and demographic exposure to extreme events that is increasing rapidly due to its fast development, and climate change may further aggravate the situation. This paper investigates China's socioeconomic risk from extreme events under climate change over the next few decades with a focus on sub-national heterogeneity. The empirical relationships between socioeconomic damages and their determinants are identified using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, and are used to estimate future damages as well as associated uncertainty bounds given specified climate and development scenarios. Considering projected changes in exposure we find that the southwest and central regions and Hainan Island of China are likely to have a larger percentage of population at risk, while most of the southwest and central regions could generally have higher economic losses. Finally, the analysis suggests that increasing income can significantly decrease the number of people affected by extremes. |
| Keywords: | socioeconomic risk; hierarchical Bayesian; natural disasters; climate change |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2017–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:107&r=env |
| By: | Hao Yu; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology); Bao-Jun Tang; Zhifu Mi; Su-Yan Pan |
| Abstract: | Based on databases of Science Citation Index Expanded (1981-present) and Social Sciences Citation Index (2002-present), this paper applies the bibliometric method to analyze the scientific publications of low-carbon energy technology investment. By characterizing the basic information of the publications, we found: the historical development process is clearly divided into two stages; the field of low-carbon energy technology investment has entered a stage of rapid development; the strength of developed countries is far greater than that of developing countries; the comprehensive strength of the United States ranks the first in the field, followed by UK and Denmark and only China and Turkey are developing countries among the top 15 countries; the auctorial collaboration degree in this field shows a clear upward trend, but institutional and national collaboration degrees are steady and relatively low. In addition, distributions of geography, journals and subjects, productive authors and institutions, frequently cited articles, etc. are obtained: articles in this area are mainly distributed in the USA, several countries in Europe and China; the most productive journal, author and institution are Energy Policy, Lund H from Denmark and National Technical University of Athens in Greece; Energy Fuel is the most popular subject among all the outcomes; the most frequently cited article is written by Demirbas published in Energy Policy in 2007. According to the frequency analysis of keywords, it reveals that: "renewable energy" is a kind of keyword used most frequently; "carbon capture and storage technology" is an emerging keyword which is increasingly concerned about; scholars pay widespread attention to electricity issues, especially the feed-in tariff; the policy mainly includes energy policy and climate policy; the real option theory is the most widely used theory; the existing uncertainty is summarized as the cost uncertainty and policy uncertainty. In the end, several suggestions for the future research are given. |
| Keywords: | Low-carbon energy technology; Energy investment; Bibliometric; Frequency analysis |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2017–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:106&r=env |
| By: | Shintaro Kurachi (Faculty of Economics, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines why the Danish CO2 tax system has remained a substantial tax break on industry. Denmark was part of the "First Wave" of countries to introduce a CO2 tax, as were the other Nordic countries, in the 1990s. However, the Nordic CO2 tax structure remained a substantial tax break and low tax burden, and was distorted because of the large tax break of the CO2 tax burden on industry. The Danish government tried to increase the burden of the CO2 tax on industry, but this attempt failed owing to problems of international competitiveness and the country's relationship with the EU and the other Nordic countries. The structure of the CO2 tax burden was very regressive, which meant it was too heavy for the low-middle income groups. Therefore, the center-right government introduced a "Tax Freeze" (Skattestoppet) in 2002, to avoid increasing the tax burden on the low-income groups. Nevertheless, the "Tax Freeze" failed to secure the flexibility of the tax policy, and accelerated the real estate bubble precipitated by the Lehman shock in 2008. In order to cover for the reduction in income tax since the 1990s, an environmental taxation was introduced, and then subsequently increased. However, it has become more difficult to acquire additional CO2 tax revenue, needed because of the reduction in income tax. The low-middle income groups did not support the increase in CO2 taxation, because it was not implemented to improve the environment, but rather to generate additional tax revenue. Therefore, the Danish CO2 tax system has recently been reconsidered. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Taxation, Carbon Taxation, Denmark, Corporate Taxation, Tax Freeze |
| JEL: | H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2017-010&r=env |
| By: | Zhaohua Wang; Yi Li; Ke Wang; Zhimin Huang |
| Abstract: | There is widespread concern that environmental factor may not be playing a pivotal role in influencing the generation performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) plants. The aim of this paper is to provide a fair and impartial operational performance evaluation of solar PV power plants taking into account of the impacts of environmental factors from real field data. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is used to attribute the impacts of environmental factors (temperature, cloud amount, elevation, wind speed and precipitation) on inputs (like insolation and daylight hours) of solar PV power plants; while data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to compute the environment-adjusted operational efficiency of these plants. SFA is utilized in the adjustment process for its merit of separating statistical noise from the error term, and DEA is used for its advantage of capturing the interaction among multiple inputs and outputs in a scalar value. The empirical analysis shows that the average operational efficiency of 70 grid-connected solar PV power plants in the United States slightly declines after accounting the impacts of environmental factors and statistical noise. Finally, the results partially support the initial concern from the statistical perspective and temperature is found to be the most significant influencing environmental factor, while precipitation and wind speed show no significant influence on operational efficiency. Therefore, the necessity of accounting for the impacts of environmental factors in the performance evaluation of solar PV power plants should not be omitted. |
| Keywords: | Solar PV power plants; Environmental factors; Data envelopment analysis; Slacks; Stochastic frontier analysis |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2017–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:104&r=env |
| By: | Alexander Zerrahn |
| Abstract: | Since the 1990s, (onshore) wind power has become an important technology for electricity generation throughout the world. The economic rationale is the mitigation of negative externalities of conventional technologies, in particular emissions from fossil fuel combustion. However, wind power itself is not free of externalities. Wind turbines are alleged visual and noise impacts as well as threats to wildlife. Further indirect economic effects comprise costs for integrating variable wind electricity into the power system. Economic outcomes, such as employment and GDP, can be positively or negatively affected both locally and nationally. This Roundup summarizes evidence from multiple literatures on mitigated and imposed external costs and further indirect economic effects. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwrup:111en&r=env |
| By: | García Alonso, Lorena |
| Abstract: | En este documento se analiza el vínculo entre recursos naturales e integración regional, aspecto de suma importancia para América Latina y el Caribe, dado que la integración regional de infraestructuras logísticas para brindar servicios regionales representa una solución más conveniente para saldar la brecha de infraestructura, permitiendo el aprovechamiento de los enclaves productivos de recursos naturales para el desarrollo social y económico de las zonas y poblaciones donde se lleva a cabo esta actividad. Esto permite no solamente ser más competitivo y reducir los impactos ambientales y sociales de estas nuevas obras, sino también favorecer encadenamientos productivos, reexportaciones con valor agregado y un mayor grado de especialización productiva, así como desarrollar ventajas competitivas en los mercados globales. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS NATURALES, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, TRANSPORTE, LOGISTICA, COOPERACION REGIONAL, NATURAL RESOURCES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, REGIONAL COOPERATION |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:41284&r=env |
| By: | Udalov, Vladimir (University of Wuppertal); Welfens, Paul J. J. (University of Wuppertal) |
| Abstract: | The environmental concern of people in industrialized and developing countries is analysed. Using the 2010-2014 wave of the World Value Survey (WVS), the main purpose of our analysis is to investigate the effect of different information sources on the affective, conative and behavioural components of the environmental concern of people in the developed and developing countries. As independent variables we use a set of economic data as well as information-related variables, including the internet, mobile phones, TV, radio and newspapers. The digital variables of the internet and mobile phones turn out to have a highly significant impact on environmental concern so that digital modernization of countries should have pro-environmental impacts as a side-effect of internet and mobile phone services expansion. With the developing countries catching-up vis-à-vis the OECD countries in the field of mobile phone density and internet density, respectively, one may expect better prospects for cooperation between developed and developing countries since attitudes/the environmental concern of people in developed and developing countries will become more similar – an effect that is reinforced through the income variable. |
| Keywords: | environmental concern, World Value Survey, mass media, information technologies, international economics |
| JEL: | Q50 D10 C83 D80 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10684&r=env |
| By: | Llanto, Gilberto M.; Ortiz, Ma. Kristina P.; Madriaga, Cherry Ann D. |
| Abstract: | The Philippine fishing industry is considered as one of the major industries in the agriculture and fisheries sector. The marine resources available to the country indicate its vast potential in employment creation and output growth. It is in this light that the research team conducted this study with special focus on the tuna industry. The study objectives are to (a) provide regulatory mapping imposed on the local tuna industry; (b) identify those regulations considered as unnecessary or too burdensome to the industry; and (c) provide some recommendations on removing unnecessary regulations. An important inclusion in this project is the Informed Regulatory Conversation which allows the regulators and the private sector to discuss the identified issues and come up with unified recommendations to ease the regulatory burden on different tuna industry stakeholders. The result of the regulatory mapping shows the extent and number of regulations affecting the industry. Overall, the regulations imposed on the industry, especially those concerned with food safety standards, make sense and are necessary. However, there is a case for improving the regulatory framework of the tuna industry, especially the procedures for registration, licensing, and inspection as discussed in detail in the report. The regulatory issues that were identified by the team basically focused on a) acquiring business permit; b) acquiring registration and licenses for all types of fishing vessels from MARINA, BFAR, and the local government unit; c) acquiring License to Operate from the FDA and the possible case of duplication of inspection process by the BFAR and FDA; d) acquiring Certificate of Product Registration from the FDA; e) the Qualified Person in Industry Regulatory Affairs of FDA; and f) presence of BFAR signatories for the regulatory instruments, among others. Agreements to solve the regulatory burden to address the issues are detailed in the report. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, fisheries, regulatory burden, regulatory impact analysis, cost of doing business, agriculture, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, regulations, registration licensing, tuna industry, Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points, license to operate, business permit, Maritime Industry Authority, Food and Drug Administration |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2017-13&r=env |
| By: | Ioannis Tikoudis; Walid Oueslati (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes MOLES 1.0, an integrated land-use and transport model developed with Object-Oriented Programming principles in order to combine selected characteristics from Spatial Computable General Equilibrium and microsimulation models. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, land-use model, microsimulation, spatial general equilibrium, transport model |
| JEL: | C60 C68 D58 D62 H70 R00 R13 R14 R40 R52 |
| Date: | 2017–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:122-en&r=env |