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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Sviataslau Valasiuk (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Marek Giergiczny (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Tomasz Żylicz (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Knut Veisten (Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo); Askill Harkjerr Halse (Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo); Iratxe Landa Mata (Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo); Marine Elbakidze (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Forest-Landscape-Society Network); Per Angelstam (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Forest-Landscape-Society Network) |
| Abstract: | Landscape restoration can improve functionality of land cover patches as green infrastructure, which is essential to ensure the provision of a diverse range of ecosystem services. However, so far designation of protected areas in Fennoscandia has focused primarily on remnant patches of naturally dynamic forests, and not on landscape level restoration. We applied stated preference methodology to assess citizens’ preferences for forest landscape restoration in a cross-border region primarily managed for the industrial forestry, and – at the same time – hosting the transboundary Fulufjället National Park, shared between Sweden and Norway. There is scope for improving green infrastructure functionality by landscape restoration in adjacent forest areas, and including them into the National Park, which aims at gradual restoration of natural processes. In both countries, 54% and 55% choices made, respectively, indicated willingness to pay for extending the National Park by some area of forest landscape restoration. |
| Keywords: | stated preference valuation, passive protection, transboundary nature protected areas, naturally dynamics boreal forests, willingness-to-pay |
| JEL: | Q23 Q28 Q51 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2017-10&r=env |
| By: | Gorkhmaz Imanov; G. Imanov; R. Yusifzada; A.Mansurov |
| Abstract: | Green Economy is one of the most important criteria of sustainable development of the country. UNEP defines green economy as “one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It is low carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive”. The concept of green economy has to replace brown economy as world economic development progresses. Decades of creating new wealth through the ‘brown economy’ model is based on fossil fuels having not substantiality addressed social marginalization environmental degradation and resource depletion. In addition to this, world is still far from delivering on the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs, having analyzed over 80 publications on the green economy and green growth concepts, offers economic, social and ecological indicators to measure level of green economy development. Also, it is suggests to use Global Green Economy Index – GGEI and NASDAQ OMX Green Economy Benchmark Index (QGREEN) for to estimation of level of Green Economy. GGEI is estimated using following indicators: Clean energy technology, Sustainable forms tourism and Improved domestic environmental quality. QGREEN includes following – Energy efficiency, Clean fuels, Renewable energy generation, Natural resources, Water, Pollution mitigation and Advanced materials. The green economy will emerge in different forms in different regions, depending on local economic strengths and weaknesses. This paper proposes National Green Economy Index (NGEI) to define level of development of green economy in Azerbaijan. To meet this objective we use following eleven indicators: Ecological quality – ECQ, Renewable energy – REE, Protection land – PRL, Green tourism – TOR, Quality of life – QOL, Green GDP- EPP, Energy intensity - ENI, Organic agriculture – ORA, Worldwide governance index – WGI, International Innovation Index - III, Transport greenhouse gas emissions per capita - GHG. Research that has been undertaken, using fuzzy logic methods, on the National Green Economy Development Index for Azerbaijan, shows, that very low value of this index is primarily influenced by the very low level of renewable energy use, low levels of protected land, green tourism and ecological quality in Azerbaijan. Problem of distribution between sectors of Green Economy has to be researched in order to improve this situation in the future. |
| Keywords: | In order to achieve this, we have used data available from Azerbaijan and international organizations (UNEP, OECD). In order to solve problem of the National Green Economy Index (NGEI) estimation we have applied fuzzy set and fuzzy logic theory., Energy and environmental policy, Modeling: new developments |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8725&r=env |
| By: | Amy Faye; Siwa Msangi |
| Abstract: | In Senegal, irrigated agriculture particularly horticultural crops mostly grown in the Niayes region, have attracted less attention in terms of climate change or variability studies. In the Niayes, farmers use almost exclusively groundwater resource for irrigation needs. Contrary to cereals, the effect of climate on irrigated crops is rather indirect as it mostly affects crop water requirements and irrigation water availability. Research has shown the negative effect of climate on aquifer recharge and depth on localized parts of the Niayes (Aguiar, 2010; DaSylva,2005, 2009). Combined with human use of water resources, climate variability may threaten irrigation water availability.In this paper, we evaluate optimal patterns of farmers' groundwater extraction under climate uncertainty and its implication on irrigation water availability. We also assess the potential gains from improved groundwater management.We use an integrated approach that combines a dynamic hydro-economic optimization model to evaluate farmers' withdrawals and groundwater levels in the myopic and central planner cases; a farm production model calibrated to data from the Niayes region by using the Positive Mathematical Programming approach of Howitt(1995) that embodies a Mitscherlich-Baule endogenous yield function to portray the yield response to water and a first order Markov chain to define a transition probability matrix and project rainfall levels through a simulation model. We use the Standardized Precipitation Index-SPI (McKee et al, 1993) to characterize climate conditions.Results illustrate that in a drought situation, farmers extract less water and aquifer lift is higher. However, the difference between a wet and dry situation is very low. Gains from managing the resource are also very low. Finally, results show that in a drought scenario, farmers tend to decrease the area allocated to crops with somecrops having greater decreases. We establish a baseline for economic efficiency in resource management, by solving an optimization problem which captures the social planner’s decision-making problem under uncertainty and limited foresight. We construct a stochastic dynamic programming model of resource management to maximize the sum of current benefits together with the net present value of future benefits from groundwater extraction for irrigation – which also takes into account groundwater extraction for other usages and the stochastic levels of rainfall that affect aquifer recharge. Results from this forward-looking optimization problem are compared to the myopic optimization behavior that farmers might typically display, under different climate states (normal, wet and dry), in order to assess the gains from improved resource management. We use an agricultural production model that is calibrated to data from this part of Senegal, using the Positive Mathematical Programming approach of Howitt (1995), and taking into account the costs of water extraction. We use the outputs of the agricultural production model to estimate the demand for water within the agricultural sector, and characterize the climate conditions with data on precipitation from the National agency of meteorology. Last but not least, the data on hydrological aspects are drawn from the literature (Gaye, 1990; Faye, 1995; El Faid, 1999; Tine, 2004; DGPRE, 2005, 2009) and the direction of management and planning of water resources (DGPRE) of Senegal. Our results illustrate the value of improved groundwater management in the horticultural sector of Niayes, and suggest the importance of including resource management in the plans for adaptation of agriculture to climate change for this region of Senegal. |
| Keywords: | Senegal, Agricultural issues, Optimization models |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8595&r=env |
| By: | José Belbute (Department of Economics, University of Évora and CEFAGE-UE); Alfredo M. Pereira (Department of Economics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg) |
| Abstract: | We provide alternative reference forecasts for global CO2 emissions based on an ARFIMA model estimated with annual data from 1750 to 2014. These forecasts are free from additional assumptions on demographic and economic variables that are commonly used in reference forecasts, as they only rely on the properties of the underlying stochastic process for CO2 emissions, as well as on all the observed information it incorporates. In this sense, these forecasts are more based on fundamentals. Our reference forecast suggests that in 2030, 2040 and 2050, in the absence of any structural changes of any type, CO2 would likely be at about 23.1%, 29.1% and 33.7% above 2010 emission levels, respectively. These values are clearly below the levels proposed by other reference scenarios available in the literature. This is important, as it suggests that the ongoing policy goals are actually within much closer reach than what is implied by the standard CO2 reference emission scenarios. Having lower and more realistic reference emissions projections not only gives a truer assessment of the policy efforts that are needed, but also highlights the lower costs involved in mitigation efforts, thereby maximizing the likelihood of more widespread energy and environmental policy efforts. |
| Keywords: | Forecasting; Reference scenario; CO2 emissions; Long memory; ARFIMA. |
| JEL: | C22 C53 O13 Q47 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfe:wpcefa:2016_08&r=env |
| By: | Luisa Caluri; Tommaso Luzzati |
| Abstract: | A widespread opinion is that present human societies rely on models of production and consumption that have been shown to be dangerous for the ecosystems and unsustainable in general. On the supply side, developing innovative resource -efficient processes can bring changes . On the demand side,any policy aimed at changing individual consumption behaviour requires understanding its drivers. The present paper focuses on consumer’s actions in relation to pro-environmental outcomes The survey of the literature highlights some relevant models of decision processes concerning eco-friendly behaviours and related drivers. In the light of the survey, we elaborate a theoretical framework useful to analyse data extracted from an already submitted survey. The dataset contains information about drivers and environmental awareness in the shopping behaviour of 8001 consumers in the retail sector.The econometric estimates are consistent with the theoretical framework, adding also some new rele vant hints. Among our main findings are the lack of the “Attitude Behaviour Gap”, the importance of the general concern for environmental issues and the link between ethical values and pro-environmental inclinations and behaviours . |
| Keywords: | Attitudes, Attitude-Behaviour Gap, Consumer choice, Environmentally Significant Behaviour, Green purchases, Life-Cycle Assessment, OLS regression model. |
| Date: | 2016–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pie:dsedps:2016/207&r=env |
| By: | Michela Faccioli (The James Hutton Institute, Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences Group); Laure Kuhfuss (School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews); Mikolaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The outcome of a conservation policy is often subject to uncertainty. In stated preference valuation, there is increasing recognition that uncertainty affects preferences for environmental policies. However, there is also poor understanding regarding people’s perception of uncertainty per se and risk attitude. To shed more light on this , we designed a discrete choice experiment and compared preferences for environmental outcomes under climate change across two split samples, each confronted with a scenario where environmental outcomes are presented as either certain or uncertain (i.e. probabilistically) but displaying the same expected results. We fi nd that, for an equal expected outcome, preferences vary between the certain and the uncertain treatment. These results indicate that risk attitudes impact stated preferences for conservation policies under uncertainty and reinforce the idea that uncertainty should be included in stated preference studies to provide more accurate and policy relevant results . Interestingly, we additionally find that risk attitudes appear to be both context- and individual-specific– the effect of uncertainty depends on the magnitude and direction of change of the environmental good and on individual’s socio-demographic characteristics. |
| Keywords: | Stated preference valuation, uncertainty, risk attitude, climate change, conservation |
| JEL: | D6 D81 Q20 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sss:wpaper:2017-06&r=env |
| By: | Shreekar Pradhan; J. Scott Holladay; Mohammed Mohsin; Shreekar Pradhan |
| Abstract: | We analyze the properties of environmental policy instruments in the face of uncertainty for an economy that is open to international trade and capital mobility (open economy). We incorporate three static environmental policy instruments which could be inefficient: cap-and-trade, pollution tax and emission intensity standard in our model and evaluate their properties under an exogenous temporary productivity shocks to simulate business cycles and an exogenous temporary abatement cost shock to represent reduced costs of clean inputs (for example cheap natural gas due to fracking). We then compare impacts on welfare, pollution levels, outputs, consumption, investment, supply of labor and trade flows in the economy. To date this literature has either focused on either economies under autarky or in a static modeling framework with a focus on strategic interaction among agents and thus ignore an additional channel of international trade and capital mobility that may smooth the intensity of business cycle shock or abatement cost breakthrough. We develop a small open economy (SOE) dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model where we incorporate international trade and capital mobility. We evaluate long term properties and use DYNARE to evaluate short term (dynamic) properties. Our results suggest that the preferred environmental policy instrument varies with the source of uncertainty. The cap-and-trade policies are best suited to smooth the business cycle while pollution taxes and intensity targets are most effective in the face of abatement cost shocks. We find that the magnitude of the productivity shock's impact on the economy swamps the impact of an abatement cost shock. This suggests that a cap-and-trade policy, which performs best in the face of productivity shocks, should be the preferred policy instrument in most cases. In our model, calibrated to Canadian data, a one standard deviation productivity shock has nearly an order of magnitude larger impact than a one standard deviation abatement cost shock. |
| Keywords: | Canadian Economy, Energy and environmental policy, Business cycles |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8102&r=env |
| By: | Orsatti, Gianluca; Pezzoni, Michele; Quatraro, Francesco (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | By exploiting the EPO universe of patent data, we investigate how inventors’ teams recombinant capabilities drive the creation of Green Technologies (GTs).Results suggest the importance of recombinant creation patterns in fostering the generation of GTs. We also find diverse moderating effects of technological green experience and environmental regulation stringency on exploration behaviors. Precisely, the positive effect of team’s explorative behaviors is magnified for teams lacking technological green experience, even more in regimes of weak environmental regulation. Conversely, the effect of explorative behaviors is reduced for green experienced teams, especially in regimes of weak environmental regulation. Finally, we find positive effects of both team’s previous technological green experience and environmental regulation stringency. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:labeco:201703&r=env |
| By: | Afzal S. SIDDIQUI; TANAKA Makoto; Yihsu CHEN |
| Abstract: | We explore the role of a transmission system operator (TSO) that builds a transmission line to accommodate renewable energy while attempting to lower emissions. A TSO in a deregulated electricity industry can only indirectly influence outcomes through its choice of the transmission line capacity. Via a bi-level model, we show that this results in less transmission capacity and with limited emissions control in a perfectly competitive industry vis-a-vis a benchmark centrally planned system. Surprisingly, a carbon tax on industry leads to a perfect alignment of incentives and maximized social welfare only under perfect competition. By contrast, a carbon tax actually lowers social welfare under a Cournot oligopoly as the resulting reduction in consumption facilitates the further exercise of market power. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:17024&r=env |
| By: | Lukáš Rečka; Milan Ščasný |
| Abstract: | The Czech Republic, with a 28% of GDP represented by industry, belongs among the most industrialized countries in the EU (Eurostat, 20115). Although the air quality in the Czech Republic has significantly improved as a result of stricter air quality control during the transition period in 1990’s and the implementation of environmental acquis communitaire of the European Union in the following decade (Moldan & Hak, 2007), further airborne emission reduction is desirable (Ščasný et al.2009). In reality, however, since the end of 1990’s the rate of emission reduction has slowed down significantly (EEA, 2014). The aim of our paper is therefore to identify sectors with the highest economic potential for reduction of sulphurous emissions in the Czech Republic, measured through the shadow price of SO2 across the industry sectors. We also aim to compare the implicit price of SO2 emissions with the magnitude of damage caused by these emissions and with the current level of market-based instruments which should internalise these external costs.In this paper, we specifically follow the Mekaroonreung & Johnson study (2012) and apply Convex Nonparametric Least Squares quadratic optimization to analyse technical efficiency jointly with emission shadow price estimation. Then we apply the impact pathway analysis embedded in the ExternE method (Preiss et al. 2008) to quantify the environmental external costs attributable to SO2 emissions. Lastly, the shadow prices (i.e. the marginal abatement costs) are compared with corresponding external costs to draw policy-relevant conclusions.Our results support our hypothesis that the sectors with low production of SO2 emission might have higher shadow prices of SO2 than the sectors with a high volume of SO2. On average, the highest shadow price of SO2 – above 5,000€ per ton of SO2 – is estimated for ‘Textiles’, ‘Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products’, and ‘Manufacture of medical products’, while the lowest time-average of SO2 shadow prices are estimated for ‘Electrical machinery’ (478€) and ‘Sewage and refuse disposal’, ‘Fabricated metals products’, ‘Renting of machinery’, ‘Manufacture of basic metals’, and ‘Coal mining’, ranging from 613€ to 737€. In the remaining sectors, the estimated shadow price of SO2 varies between 850€ and 2,450€ per ton of SO2. In the Electricity, gas & hot water sector – which releases the highest volume of SO2 emission – the average shadow price during the period 2000 to 2008 is 1,480€, and the shadow price decreases from 2,113€ to 803€ in 2007 and then it increases to 1,117€ in 2008. These results correspond to the previous estimates we obtained by using ODF method (Rečka & Ščasný, 2011); the median and weighted average of shadow price of SO2 for coal and lignite power plants in the Czech Republic were estimated at 1,074€ and 1,548€, respectively. The average, weighted by industry GVA, shadow price of SO2 decreases over time, especially from 2004, starting at 2,527€ per ton of SO2 in 2000 and reaching its minimum at 708€ in 2007. In 2008, there is an increase to 1,172 € per ton of SO2 on average. Our results are in line with the technology specific marginal abatement cost (MAC) as estimated for the Czech Republic by other approaches; for instance, the MACs of ton SO2 derived from the GAINS database on the costs and technical potential of current and prospected abatement technologies (Ščasný et al. 2008) are in the range of 430 to 4,000 €, and the implicit MACs derived from the computable general equilibrium GEM-E3 model (Pye et al. 2008) are between 545 and 785 € per ton of SO2. We also found that the SO2 shadow prices are in almost all sectors smaller than the magnitude of the external cost associated with SO2 emissions, that is 7,235€ per each ton. The only three exceptions, ‘Textil, Mineral products’ and ‘Manufacture of Medical instrument’ sectors, for which in some years we record a higher shadow price for SO2 than the corresponding external cost. However these two sectors release only a negligible amount of SO2 emissions with very limited potential to reduce them. |
| Keywords: | The Czech Republic , Energy and environmental policy, Sectoral issues |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8523&r=env |
| By: | Cristina Sarasa; Virginie Doumax |
| Abstract: | In the last years, first-generation biofuels have been denounced as harmful in regards to their impacts on food crops prices, land use changes and ecological damages. As a consequence, recent regulations on biofuels require reporting on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. However, capturing all emissions involved in both biofuels production and use is quite tricky. In addition, the inclusion of GHG emissions from land-use changes (LUC) into law and policy remains a subject of active discussion in the literature, and feeding an intense research (Panichelli and Gnansounou, 2015). In this context, governments are very hesitant about supporting public policies for biofuels. While waiting for the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive to be revised, the European Union (EU) Parliament has called on the September 11th 2013 for a 6% limitation of crop-based biofuels and proposed a 2.5% binding incorporation target for advanced biofuels by 2020. But on June 13th 2014, the EU energy ministers came to a quite different agreement. In the latter, the limitation of first-generation biofuels is raised to 7% and none compulsory objective is defined for advanced biofuels. Member states only have to encourage the transition towards second and third-generation biofuels, and to respect a minimal incorporation rate of 0.5% in road transports. Those lower ambitions result from the EU biofuels industry claims and their fears about long-term profitability. New negotiations are expected in 2015 to adopt a common text. But the current contradictory views between the EU Parliament and energy ministers make the outcome largely uncertain. In this context, the main purpose of this work is to understand how to give a new direction for biofuels supporting policies to promote them without hurting the environment and the wellbeing of people. To do it, we address two objectives simultaneously. First, we carry out an exhaustive study of the current situation of the biofuels industry in the European Union. With this study, we are interested in answering the following questions: Which are the impacts of the former incorporation targets of biofuels in different countries? In which stage are EU countries in the process of production and commercialization of both first-generation and advanced biofuels? This first part allows us to identify risks associated to support policies to biofuels and to outline the best strategies depending on the aims pursued. Second, we assess a revision of the key modelling choices for evaluating the impact of biofuels production and consumption. The direct and indirect impacts of biofuels consumption on the environment may notably be significant. Therefore, this second part studies the methodologies and techniques applied on biofuels through a revision of Input-Output models and Computable General Equilibrium models, focusing on the best approach to estimate LUC-GHG emissions as well. We provide guidelines to address the carbon emissions associated to biofuels, and particularly to report the LUC–GHG emissions. These insights may help deciders to define new support policies and modellers to choose the best approach to estimate the complex impacts of agricultural-based biofuel production. Keywords: Biofuels, GHG emissions, Land use changes, Modelling References Panichelli, L. and Gnansounou, E. (2015), « Impact of agricultural-based biofuel production on greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change: Key modelling choices », Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42(2015) 344–360. |
| Keywords: | European Union, Energy and environmental policy, Modeling: new developments |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8626&r=env |
| By: | Yanshuo Zhu; Wang Zheng; Zhu Yongbin; Shi Ying1 |
| Abstract: | The anthropogenic-induced climate change is mainly caused by the fossil energy and the effect of the energy evolution to the emission reduction is what the paper key concerns. In ensuring the economic costs as the most important factor of the goal, fully consider the substitution effect between various energy technologies and impact of technological advances in the evolution of energy mix. With the flexible connection of the equilibrium between energy supply and demand, we constructed a hybrid model with the optimal balanced growth structure and the energy dynamic optimization. The simulation is consisting of tow parts, (1)China's energy structure evolutionary trend under the unconstrained freedom emissions(2)Carbon emissions and energy structure evolutionary trend based on carbon tax policy. |
| Keywords: | China, Energy and environmental policy, Energy and environmental policy |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8330&r=env |
| By: | (School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews); Koji Tokimatsu (Tokyo Institute of Technology); Nick Hanley (School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews) |
| Abstract: | Climate policies can have impacts which show up in multiple sectors of the economy and which change consumption levels over time, besides the changes in emissions which such policies bring about. We show how the sustainability indicator Genuine Savings can be endogenised within a general equilibrium model and used a sa criterion for judging the impacts of such policies or growth scenarios. We combine life cycle analytical approaches with a multi-country macroeconomic model which includes the economic costs of emissions from economic activity, and impacts on biodiversity and net primary productivity. The model is used to calculate values for Genuine Savings, where the shadow prices used to measure the value of asset changes is derived from the model structure. Differences in Genuine Savings over different greenhouse emission scenarios are discussed, scenarios which also consider the effects of pricing impacts on other pollutants and on biodiversity, and the effects of changes in population and the rate of growth of productivity. A key result which emerges is the key role of the rate of technological change relative to the population growth rate, if wellbeing is to be sustained over the next 50 years. |
| Keywords: | Genuine Savings (GS), integrated assessment model (IAM), lifecycle impact assessment (LCIA), sustainability; policy analysis |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sss:wpaper:2017-07&r=env |
| By: | Mohamed Arbi Abdeladhim; Mongi Sghaier; Abdallah Akari; Lindsay SHUTES (née CHANT) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the way that multiple analytical and empirical methods are used to calculate a composite indicator for an ex-ante impacts assessment of climate change on sustainable development in the context of arid zones in Tunisia. To quantify the composite indicator, a static Computable General Equilibrium model (CGE) was adapted to the regional context. The Regional Social Matrix building (RSAM) building procedure was based on a set of techniques and approaches of regionalization. The national supply and use matrix has served as a starting point. A bottom-up approach has been used to build a regional supply and use matrix for the agricultural sector that take into account natural resources (land and water) as intermediate inputs. The regional SAM includes ten (10) production factors, eighteen (18) production sectors producing twenty two (22) goods and services, two (2) households, one representative enterprise, two (2) public sectors (Government and regional administration), seven (7) taxes, two (2) capital accounting accounts, the rest of the world and the rest of the country. The SAM has been used to calculate the regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Two simulations have been run i) the decline of natural capital due to the induced effects of climate change and ii) the regional climate change adaptation strategy. Based on the outputs of the CGE model the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategy on the main regional economic indicators were analyzed. Finally the multi-criteria analysis method (MCA) was used to calculate the aggregated regional indicator of sustainability Results showed that the regional climate change adaptation strategy has a positive impact but it’s not sufficient to maintain sustainability level as in the current situation. |
| Keywords: | Tunisia, Regional modeling, General equilibrium modeling |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8533&r=env |
| By: | Xiaoyang Li; Yue Maggie Zhou |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of firm strategy in the global combat against pollution. We find that U.S. plants release less toxic emissions when their parent firm imports more from low-wage countries (LWCs). Consistent with the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, goods imported by U.S. firms from LWCs are in more pollution-intensive industries; U.S. plants shift production to less pollution-intensive industries, produce less waste, and spend less on pollution abatement when their parent imports more from LWCs. The negative impact of LWC imports on emissions is stronger for U.S. plants located in counties with greater institutional pressure for environmental performance, but weaker for more-capable U.S. plants and firms. These results highlight the role of local institutions and firm capability in explaining firms’ choice of offshoring and environmental strategy. |
| Keywords: | environmental strategy, pollution haven, offshoring, institutional arbitrage, supply chain sustainability |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:16-09r&r=env |
| By: | Younoh Kim (Department of Economics, Sam Houston State University); James Manley (Department of Economics, Towson University); Vlad Radoias (Department of Economics, Sam Houston State University) |
| Abstract: | We use a natural experiment in Indonesia to study the medium- and long-run effects of air pollution on labor supply. We find that exposure to air pollution reduces hours worked and while the medium-run effects are larger in magnitude, some effects do persistent in the long run. More interestingly, we are able to provide some insight regarding the underlying channels that contribute to the reduced labor supply. Own health seems to be the only responsible channel in the long-run, while in the medium-run an additional channel based on dependent care-giving is also important |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution, Working Hours, Indonesia. |
| JEL: | J22 Q53 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tow:wpaper:2017-02&r=env |
| By: | Bullerjahn, George S.; McKay, Robert M.; Davis, Timothy W.; Baker, David B.; Boyer, Gregory L.; D'Anglada, Leslie V.; Doucette, Gregory J.; Ho, Jeff C.; Irwin, Elena G.; Kling, Catherine L.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Kurmayer, Rainer; Michalak, Anna M.; Ortiz, Joseph D.; Otten, Timothy G.; Paerl, Hans W.; Qin, Boqiang; Sohngen, Brent L.; Stumpf, Richard P.; Visser, Petra M.; Wilhelm, Steven W. |
| Abstract: | In early August 2014, the municipality of Toledo, OH (USA) issued a ‘do not drink’ advisory on their water supply directly affecting over 400,000 residential customers and hundreds of businesses (Wilson, 2014). This order was attributable to levels of microcystin, a potent liver toxin, which rose to 2.5 mg L1 in finished drinking water. The Toledo crisis afforded an opportunity to bring together scientists from around the world to share ideas regarding factors that contribute to bloom formation and toxigenicity, bloom and toxin detection as well as prevention and remediation of bloom events. These discussions took place at an NSF- and NOAA-sponsored workshop at Bowling Green State University on April 13 and 14, 2015. In all, more than 100 attendees from six countries and 15 US states gathered together to share their perspectives. The purpose of this review is to present the consensus summary of these issues that emerged from discussions at the Workshop. As additional reports in this special issue provide detailed reviews on many major CHAB species, this paper focuses on the general themes common to all blooms, such as bloom detection, modeling, nutrient loading, and strategies to reduce nutrients. |
| Date: | 2016–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:201601010800001134&r=env |
| By: | Pereira, Alfredo; Pereira, Rui |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the environmental, economic and budgetary impacts of a carbon tax in the presence of mixed recycling strategies and a detailed modelling of labor market conditions, both employment and involuntary unemployment. This focus matches the terms of the policy debate in many small energy-importing economies. The revenue-recycling policies that appear most promising are those that use carbon tax revenue to finance investment tax credits, reductions in social security contributions, and reductions in personal income taxes. Although none of these mechanisms would individually lead to simultaneous improvements in the three margins, a mixture of the three would. Our sensitivity analysis suggests that labor markets conditions are a critical factor in determining the possibility of generating these positive effects. Ignoring labor supply responses, employment and unemployment effects leads to systematic underreporting of the three dividends and thereby undermines the political viability of environmental tax reform. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Taxation; Economic Effects; Budgetary Effects; Dividends; Optimal Recycling Mix; Dynamic General Equilibrium; Endogenous Growth; Endogenous Unemployment. |
| JEL: | D58 H62 O44 Q48 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77630&r=env |
| By: | Andreas Ziegler (Universität Kassel) |
| Abstract: | Based on data from a representative survey among more than 2200 households, this paper empirically examines the agreement to the German energy transition in total and to six single energy policy measures, which are components of this challenging national policy approach. Our micro-econometric analysis with uni- and multivariate binary and ordered probit models reveals that both economic calculus and personal and social values are relevant for this agreement. An expected future electricity price increase due to the energy transition (which especially incorporates the price expectations in the hypothetical case that the measures of the energy transition are withdrawn) is significantly negatively correlated with the agreement to the two core measures of the energy transition, namely the nuclear phase-out and the financial support of the expansion of renewable energies. While other economic variables like income and energy expenditures also have some significant effects, our estimation results especially reveal that political identification and other personal values are at least equally relevant. For example, an overall left-green orientation is significantly positively correlated with the agreement to the energy transition in total and especially to the aforementioned core measures of the energy transition, which are also significantly positively affected by strong environmental values. Our econometric analysis suggests that studies that only include economic variables or only include personal and social values in order to explain the acceptance of policy measures can lead to biased estimation results and thus distorted conclusions. For policy makers our study additionally identifies important skeptical population groups which might be addressed in order to increase the acceptance of climate and energy policy measures like the German energy transition. |
| Keywords: | Climate and energy policy measures, energy transition, energy cost expecta-tions, political identification, environmental values, uni- and multivariate binary and ordered probit models |
| JEL: | Q48 Q54 A13 C25 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201716&r=env |
| By: | Bianco, Dominique; Salies, Evens |
| Abstract: | Few endogenous growth models have focused attention on the strong Porter hypothesis, that stricter environmental policies induce innovations, the benefits of which exceed the costs. A key assumption underlying this hypothesis is that policy strictness pushes firms to overcome some obstacles to profit maximization. This paper incorporates pollution and taxation in the Aghion and Griffith's (2005) model of growth with satisficing managers and non-drastic innovation [in Competition and growth: Reconciling Theory and Evidence, The MIT Press, Ch. 2, pp. 36-38]. Our theoretical results predict the strong Porter hypothesis. Furthermore, they suggest that environmental policy and the level of potential competition in the intermediate inputs sector are complementary. Assuming drastic innovation in the model, however, we predict the weak Porter hypothesis. Other departures from the model's initial assumptions are considered. |
| Keywords: | Strong Porter hypothesis; Environmental policy; Endogenous growth |
| JEL: | L16 O31 O44 |
| Date: | 2016–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77848&r=env |
| By: | Hsiao-Chi Chen (National Taipei University); Shi-Miin Liu (National Taipei University) |
| Abstract: | Under two often employed imitation mechanisms, we show that an international environmental agreement with full participation can be the unique stochastically stable equilibrium if countries' efficiency of emission reductions is high. By contrast, if the efficiency of emission reduction is low, no agreement among countries to reduce emissions will be the unique stochastically stable equilibrium. We provide the convergence rates to these two equilibria as well. In addition, it is demonstrated that the equilibria are affected by different imitation rules and model's parameters, such as marginal benefits and costs of emission reduction and the number of participating countries. |
| Keywords: | evolutionary game, international environmental agreement, imitations, mutation, long run equilibrium, stochastically stable |
| JEL: | C73 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:1702&r=env |
| By: | Andreas Karpf (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antoine Mandel (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics); Stefano Battiston (Department of Banking and Finance - UZH - University of Zürich [Zürich]) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an analysis of the European Emission Trading System as a transaction network. It is shown that, given the lack of a centralized market place, industrial actors had to resort to local connections and financial intermediaries to participate in the market. This gave rise to a hierarchical structure in the transaction network. To empirically relate networks statistics to market outcomes a PLS-PM modeling technique is introduced. It is shown that the asymmetries in the network induced market inefficiencies (e.g. increased bid-ask spread). Albeit the efficiency of the market has improved from the beginning of Phase II, the asymmetry persists, imposing unnecessary additional costs on agents and reducing the effectiveness of the market as a mitigation instrument. |
| Abstract: | Cet article présente une analyse du système européen de négociation d'émissions comme un réseau de transactions. Il est démontré que, compte tenu de l'absence d'un marché centralisé, les acteurs industriels ont dû recourir à des structures locales des intermédiaires financiers pour participer au marché. Cela a donné lieu à une structure hiérarchique dans le réseau de transactions. Pour relier de manière empirique les statistiques de réseaux aux résultats du marché, une technique de modélisation PLS-PM est introduite. Il est démontré que les asymétries du réseau induisent des inefficiences du marché (bid-ask spread). Bien que l'efficacité du marché se soit améliorée depuis le début de la Phase II, l'asymétrie persiste, imposant des coûts supplémentaires inutiles aux agents et réduisant l'efficacité du marché en tant qu'instrument d'atténuation. |
| Keywords: | Carbon market,network,climate economics,réseaux,Marché du carbone,économie du climat |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-01484117&r=env |
| By: | Isabelle Chort (LEDa, UMR DIAL-Paris-Dauphine); Maelys de la Rupelle (THEMA, Université de Cergy-Pontoise) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses state-level migration flow data between Mexico and the U.S. from 1999 to 2011 to investigate the migration response to climate shocks and the mitigating impact of an agricultural cash-transfer program (PROCAMPO) and a disaster fund (Fonden). Our results suggest that droughts increase undocumented migration. Fonden amounts are found to mitigate the effect of climate shocks by lowering the undocumented migration response to precipitation anomalies. Similarly an increase in the share of PROCAMPO funds to the ejido sector decreases undocumented migration after a shock. By contrast, we find no robust evidence of a mitigating impact on documented migration. |
| Keywords: | International migration, Climate change, Public policies, Weather variability, Natural disasters, Mexico-U.S. migration. |
| JEL: | F22 Q54 Q18 J61 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt201704&r=env |
| By: | Saad Al Jandal |
| Abstract: | Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has commissioned a number of research projects to carry out techno-economic assessments of clean energy power generation options, including efficient fossil fuel (ff) thermal and renewable energy (RE) plants. The objective of the assessments is to explore the potential capabilities and ranks of different clean technologies in meeting future energy demand in Kuwait. KISR, in close collaboration with the Kuwait National Nuclear Energy Committee (KNNEC), Ministry of Electricity & Water (MEW) and Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC), completed the development of a TIMES-VEDA Kuwait Power and Water model (KPW). The multi-sector model was used to investigate future scenarios for power generation involving cost effect fossil fuel switching and RE energy technology options. The KPW model was constructed to represent the projected demands; the existing and planned power generation, and water desalination plants within the energy system of Kuwait. The representation included; the expected retirement of existing plants, future ff prices and availability. This was extended to include parameters for comparing assumed lower demand growth, lower oil and gas prices, higher RE costs or lower availability, RE capacity credit and higher plant investment costs under a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) optimization approach. The TIMES-VEDA KPW model time horizon covers the period from 2008 (the base year) and extending out to 2050, with emphasis focusing on the period of 2010 to 2030. The model identifies least-cost energy system configurations that satisfy all of the system constraints. The analysis shows that RE technologies provide complimentary fuel saving and emission reductions to fossil technology. The 2030 cost-effective electrical power generation share is 10%, given the projected costs for RE technologies. Increasing the RE target share to 20%, increases the 2030 costs by US8.3 billion. Higher capacity credit for solar PV and CSP technologies with storage increases the cost-effective RE shares to more than 9% and results in slightly higher investment in those technologies. RE, thus, contributes to fuel and emissions savings without necessarily compromising the reliability of the power system, seeing that the excess capacity already in place by the time it comes in. This paper presents the overview concept of establishing the KPW model and its construction approach. It discusses details of the methodology for conducting policy analysis, and a summary of the case study results related scenario analysis conducted during the modeling process. see above see above |
| Keywords: | Kuwait, Energy and environmental policy, Modeling: new developments |
| Date: | 2015–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8920&r=env |
| By: | Solmaria Halleck Vega (PSE - Paris School of Economics, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antoine Mandel (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | In light of the urgency of climate change, there is a growing literature on the role of technology transfers and how policy can foster diffusion of climate-mitigation technologies. An important challenge is that the diffusion network is generally unknown. To address this key issue, we propose a systemic method building on the network inference literature. We then apply this approach using data on global diffusion patterns of wind energy technologies since the 1980s. Results show that the network's evolution has been remarkable, consistent with the colossal growth and technological progress in wind power over the past decades and the leading role of European firms and other advanced economies in its development. In the context of climate policy and given the multipolar nature and structural inefficiencies in the network, we also appraise strategies to maximize diffusion of new technologies within developing regions and the potential to build bridges through new modes of cooperation. |
| Abstract: | Compte tenu de l'urgence du changement climatique, il existe une littérature de plus en plus importante sur le rôle des transferts de technologie et sur la façon dont les politiques peuvent favoriser la diffusion des technologies d'atténuation du climat. Un défi important est que le réseau de diffusion est généralement inconnu. Pour résoudre ce problème clé, nous proposons une méthode systémique s'appuyant sur la littérature d'inférence de réseau. Nous appliquons ensuite cette approche en utilisant des données sur les modèles de diffusion globale des technologies de l'énergie éolienne depuis les années 1980. Les résultats montrent que l'évolution du réseau a été remarquable, en cohérence avec la croissance colossale et les progrès technologiques dans l'énergie éolienne au cours des dernières décennies et le rôle de premier plan des entreprises européennes et d'autres économies avancées dans son développement. Dans le contexte de la politique climatique et compte tenu de la nature multipolaire et des inefficiences structurelles du réseau, nous évaluons également les stratégies visant à maximiser la diffusion des nouvelles technologies dans les régions en développement et la possibilité de construire des ponts grâce à de nouveaux modes de coopération. |
| Keywords: | Technology transfers,climate policy,diffusion networks,wind energy,énergie éolienne,politique climatique,réseaux de diffusion,Transferts de technologie |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-01483963&r=env |
| By: | Tommaso Luzzati; Tommaso Rughi |
| Abstract: | The observed increasing burden of cancer can be considered as good news, being the outcome of better life conditions and higher life expectancy. At the same time, changes in life-styles(e.g. diet, smoking, physical inactivity) and environmental quality brought about by economic development are also important riskfactors in cancer. This piece of research aims at empirically assessing the role of economic development in new cancer cases (incidence). Consistently with the literature on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), we adopt a coarse-grained approach rather than zooming into the very complicated determinants of the phenomenon under inquiry. The novelty is that we focus on impacts on humans rather than on pressures such as emissions or concentrations. After reviewing the main statistical evidence and etiological Hypotheses about cancer, we run several econometric models to assess the role of per capita income after controlling for life expectancy and diagnostic capacity. We investigated both aggregated cancers, and the most eight important site organ cancers. Data suggest that the increasing cancer incidence is also due to life-styles and environmental degradation. . |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, Cancer, Cancer-EKC, environmental degradation, life-styles. |
| Date: | 2016–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pie:dsedps:2016/208&r=env |
| By: | Spash, Clive L. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:5499&r=env |
| By: | Helena García; Nicolás Martínez Patiño; Juan Camilo Farfán Romero |
| Abstract: | Este estudio presenta una evaluación del potencial de crecimiento verde (EPCV) en Colombia a partir de la metodología desarrollada por el Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). Se llevó a cabo con el apoyo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente y el GGGI. La EPCV identifica y prioriza las oportunidades en diferentes áreas para lograr un Crecimiento Verde y proporciona posibles recomendaciones que pueden ser implementadas para lograr este objetivo. Este documento se presenta como un insumo a la Misión de Crecimiento Verde 2016-2018 liderada por el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) con el fin de diseñar una política de Crecimiento Verde. El objetivo de este documento es definir posibles políticas de desarrollo en frente a la protección, preservación y conservación del capital natural. Una EPCV es un diagnóstico rápido para informar sobre la planeación de una estrategia o política de crecimiento verde. La EPCV se basa en la identificación de áreas en las que existen brechas respecto a países pares, ya que estas significan oportunidades de mejora y espacio para implementar acciones correctivas. Consiste en tres etapas: 1. Diagnóstico: investigación preliminar a partir de un tablero de indicadores (información secundaria) para evaluar el desempeño del país en comparación con países pares. 2. Validación: consulta con actores clave para determinar los factores prioritarios que afectan ese desempeño y sus causas subyacentes. 3. Recomendaciones: análisis y caracterización de las principales problemáticas identificadas y recomendaciones de expertos para su atención. |
| Keywords: | Crecimiento Verde, Políticas de Crecimiento Verde, Crecimiento Económico, Medio Ambiente, Crecimiento eficiente en el uso de recursos, Desarrollo Económico, Desarrollo Sostenible, Colombia |
| JEL: | O13 O44 Q01 F63 |
| Date: | 2016–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:015481&r=env |
| By: | Nan Yu (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)) |
| Abstract: | This paper is a pioneer study which examines the innovation of renewable energy generation technologies based on residential patent applications in 30 regions of China between 2006 and 2015. Wind power, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, hydro power, and biomass & waste energy are the subject technologies for this analysis. Different indicators such as absolute numbers, growth rates and revealed technology advantages are used to measure the various green innovation dynamics in different regions. The results show that some regions with a higher number of patent applications or growth rates did not show stronger technological advantage (specialization) in such technologies. On the other hand, the region of Inner Mongolia shows a very strong specialization but with a much smaller number of patent applications. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy generation technologies, patent applications, innovation indicators, revealed technology advantage, Chinese regions |
| JEL: | O3 O31 O34 Q2 Q4 R11 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei230&r=env |
| By: | Nick Hanley (School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews); Oleg Sheremet (School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews); Martina Bozzola (Agricultural Economics and Policy Group, ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Douglas C. MacMillan (DICE, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent) |
| Abstract: | Demand for rhino horn products is the main driver of illegal hunting of African rhinos. Using choice modelling we identify the main drivers of demand and estimate consumer willingness to pay for rhino horn attributes of high policy relevance among Vietnamese users and potential users. We find that wild or semi-wild sourced horn, harvested humanly from least rare species is the most valued among Vietnamese consumers. Furthermore, consumers are willing to pay more for illegally-traded horn, indicating that the international ban on the trade has generated a premium for illegal horn. |
| Keywords: | Rhino Conservation, Illegal Hunting, Trade in Wildlife Products, Choice Experiments |
| JEL: | F18 Q27 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sss:wpaper:2017-05&r=env |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | The issue of assessment sustainability of agricultural farms as a whole and of different type is among the most topical for researchers, farmers, investors, administrators, politicians, interests groups and public at large. Despite that practically there are no assessments on sustainability level of Bulgarian farms in conditions of European Union Common Agricultural Policy implementation. This article applies a holistic framework and assesses sustainability of Bulgarian farms as a whole and of different juridical type, size, production specialisation, and ecological and geographical location. Initially the method of the study is outlined, and overall characteristics of surveyed holdings presented. After that an assessment is made of integral, governance, economic, social, environmental sustainability of farms in general and of different type and location. Next, structure of farms with different sustainability levels is analysed. Finally, factors for improving sustainability of Bulgarian farms are identified, and directions for further research and amelioration of farm management and public intervention in the sector suggested. |
| Keywords: | farm sustainability, governance, economic, social, ecological aspects, Bulgaria |
| JEL: | Q1 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77463&r=env |
| By: | Clive L. Spash |
| Abstract: | Conservation today is facing the challenges of neoliberal world political forces dominated by bankers, financiers and multinational corporations who care little for protecting anything that does not pay them a personal reward. The standard counter to such a utilitarian economic philosophy is to point out alternative ethical approaches, which have for sometime been central to conservation arguments. However, in recent times, environmental non-governmental organisations, including conservation biologists, have increasingly pushed a narrow economic rhetoric, and converted themselves into allies of the ‘economic growth at any cost’ school of thought, in an attempt to win the favour of corporations under a new environmental pragmatism and New Conservation. This discussion paper critically analyses these topics as given in a lecture to the international conservation community. Presented here is the full transcript of the plenary presentation given to 2000 conservation biologist at their international meeting in Montpellier in 2015. The talk received an unprecedented standing ovation from the audience. It was given as a counter position to that of Peter Kareiva who presented immediately preceding this lecture, and was followed by a debate between Kareiva and Spash. The central topic was the New Conservation being championed by Kareiva and his boss, Mark Tercek, at The Nature Conservancy. As this lecture notes, this is part of a broader ideological move towards neoliberalism in conservation biology, and more generally the environmental movement, in the guise of a pragmatic use of economics. The arguments presented here are more fully understood when accompanied by the original presentation overheads (available online from http://www.clivespash.org/lectures-and-presentations/conference-papers/). However, the transcript on its own makes clear the bias, flaws and contradictions in the logic being presented as New Conservation. The structure of argument covers: the motivations behind the increasing use of economic valuation and policy instruments, the economics of optimal extinction that lies behind this, the implications that appealing to individual preferences for creating money numbers, why this does not provide protection or lead to conservation, how corporations are using the environmental movement for their own ends, and the implicit ideology of the New Conservation as a conservative technocracy. Some references have been added to the transcribed talk. |
| Keywords: | Conservation biology, economic valuation, environmental values, ethics, corporate power, biodiversity offsetting, species preservation, public preferences, environmentalism of the poor, technocracy, neoliberalism, new environmental pragmatism, Tony Juniper, New Conservation, Peter Kareiva, Mark Tercek, The Nature Conservancy |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2017_01&r=env |
| By: | Giuseppe Freni (-) |
| Abstract: | This paper characterizes the optimal time paths of extraction of several nonrenewable resource deposits with different costs of extraction when the extracted resource can be converted into productive capital and the extraction process, as well as the production of the substitute, requires two primary factors of production. Under a technological assumption granting that the time paths of primary factor prices are monotonic, we show that, for each pair (lower cost/higher cost) of deposits, an intensity condition is necessary in order to have discontinuous extraction of the lower cost deposit. We also show that the same condition is sufficient for discontinuous extraction of the lower cost deposit, provided the stock of the lower cost deposit is sufficiently large and the stocks of all other deposits are sufficiently small. |
| Date: | 2016–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crj:dpaper:3_2016&r=env |
| By: | Pronti Andrea (CNR-IRCrES, National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, Turin, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper aim at analyze the concept of sustainable agriculture developing the base of agroecology as scientific multifunctional approach to obtain sustainable agroecosystem. Agroecology has been recognized as both a scientific method and a set of practical activities to study and project sustainability in agriculture at several scale, but unfortunately it is still unknown or restricted to the international cooperation sector. At the beginning of this paper it is studied the theoretical framework of agroecology as an holistic system of study and the evolution of its concept along time. Then it is examined the concept of agroecosystem showing some agroecological practices and examples of agroecology experiences realized around the world. |
| Keywords: | Agroecology, Agroecosystems, Sustainable Agriculture |
| JEL: | Q15 Q57 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201605&r=env |
| By: | Dominique Bureau (Ministère de l'environnement - Ministère de l'Environnement); Lionel Fontagné (PSE - Paris School of Economics, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique); Katheline Schubert (PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Pour limiter les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, doit-on restreindre les échanges internationaux, comme le défendent les promoteurs des « circuits courts » ? Nous expliquons que ce n’est pas le libre-échange qui détruit le climat, mais le fait que celui-ci se développe en l’absence d’une tarification du carbone d’application suffisamment générale et au niveau adéquat. Pour réconcilier commerce international et climat, nous formulons des propositions visant à mieux faire travailler ensemble les différentes branches de régulation internationale afin d’assurer l’essor de la coopération climatique. |
| Keywords: | climat, commerce international, gaz à effet de serre, protectionnisme |
| Date: | 2017–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-01459600&r=env |