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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Luciana Cavalcanti Maia L.C.M. Santos; Maria M.A. Gasalla; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Marisa Dantas M.D. Bitencourt |
| Abstract: | Along the world's (sub) tropics mangroves are important coastal ecosystems supporting small-scale fisheries and human populations, highlighting the need to consider participatory approaches in this ecosystem management. We carried out a socio-ecological assessment to characterize the use and perceptions of local populations at Northeastern Brazil (São Francisco River Estuary) on mangrove fisheries and local development, and pointed out strategies for environmental planning. The questionnaire-based results show that the locals are economically dependent on mangrove fisheries, exploring 12 types of fish, 4 types of crabs, 3 types of mollusks and shrimps. All populations indicated a decrease in the fishery yield, mainly due to a high fishery pressure and shrimp farming. We conclude that strategies pointed out by the locals as creation of an protected area of sustainable use (Extractive Reserve), aided by government support to create a local small-scale fishery processing industry, to cultivate oysters and fish and ecotourism are sustainable alternatives for poverty alleviation and mangrove conservation. These alternatives and the socio-ecological assessment should be a guideline for other mangroves areas worldwide with similar environmental problems and where fishery is the base of economic subsistence, in order to guarantees the long term sustainability of mangrove socio-ecological systems. |
| Keywords: | Fishery; Management; Mangrove; Sustainability; Traditional populations |
| Date: | 2017–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/247041&r=env |
| By: | Hille, Erik |
| Abstract: | Can FDI help to reduce air pollution emissions in Korea? Given the proclamation of a far reaching national green growth strategy that requires a shift in both public and private investments, this paper addresses the need for empirical estimates on the environmental consequences of FDI inflows into Korea. Using a simultaneous equations model the impacts of FDI inflows are decomposed into direct as well as indirect scale, composition, and technique effects. Thereby, the analysis utilizes panel data on six air pollutants in 16 Korean provinces and self-governing cities for the time period 2000 to 2011. The estimation results show that FDI inflows concurrently stimulate regional economic growth and reduce air pollution intensities. However, the total level of air pollution emissions mostly remains unchanged. Given Korea’s high level of development, foreign investments are, therefore, regarded as one potential pillar to achieve the goals of the green growth strategy. |
| JEL: | Q53 O44 F21 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145517&r=env |
| By: | Lehmijoki, Ulla (University of Helsinki); Palokangas, Tapio K. (University of Helsinki) |
| Abstract: | This article examines pollution and environmental mortality in an economy where fertility is endogenous and output is produced from labor and capital by two sectors, dirty and clean. An emission tax curbs dirty production, which decreases pollution-induced mortality but also shifts resources to the clean sector. If the dirty sector is more capital intensive, then this shift increases labor demand and wages. This, in turn, raises the opportunity cost of rearing a child, thereby decreasing fertility and the population size. Correspondingly, if the clean sector is more capital intensive, then the emission tax decreases the wage and increases fertility. Although the proportion of the dirty sector in production falls, the expansion of population boosts total pollution, aggravating mortality. |
| Keywords: | environmental mortality, pollution tax, population growth, two-sector models |
| JEL: | J13 Q56 Q58 O41 |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10465&r=env |
| By: | Böhringer, Christoph; Schneider, Jan; Asane-Otoo, Emmanuel |
| Abstract: | Carbon-based import tariffs are discussed as policy measures to reduce carbon leakage and increase the global cost-effectiveness of unilateral CO2 emission pricing. We assess how the potential of carbon tariffs to increase cost-effectiveness of unilateral climate policy depends on the magnitude and composition of carbon embodied in trade. For our assessment, we combine multi-region input-output (MRIO) analysis with computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis based on data from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) for the period 1995 to 2007. The MRIO analysis confirms that carbon embodied in trade has sharply increased during this period. Yet, the CGE analysis suggests that the effectiveness of carbon tariffs in reducing leakage and improving global-cost effectiveness of unilateral climate policy does not increase over time, whereas the potential to shift the economic burden of CO2 emissions reduction from abating developed regions to non-abating developing regions increases substantially. |
| JEL: | Q58 D57 D58 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145628&r=env |
| By: | Timothy Halliday (UH-Manoa Department of Economics, University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, and IZA); John Lynham (UH-Manoa Department of Economics and University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization); Ã ureo de Paula (UCL, São Paulo School of Economics, IFS, CeMMAP) |
| Abstract: | The negative consequences of long-term exposure to particulate pollution are well established but many studies find no effect of short-term exposure on health outcomes. The high correlation of industrial pollutant emissions complicates the estimation of the impact of individual pollutants on health. In this study, we use emissions from Kilauea volcano, which are uncorrelated with other pollution sources, to estimate the impact of pollutants on local emergency room (ER) admissions and a precise measure of costs. A one standard deviation increase in particulates leads to a 23-36% increase in expenditures on ER visits for pulmonary outcomes, mostly among the very young. Even in an area where air quality is well within the safety guidelines of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, this estimate is much larger than those in the existing literature on the short-term effects of particulates. No strong effects for cardiovascular outcomes are found. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, Health, Volcano, Particulates, SO2 |
| JEL: | H51 I12 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2017-1r&r=env |
| By: | Ben Jebli, Mehdi; Ben Youssef, Slim |
| Abstract: | The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests are used to investigate the dynamic short and long-run causality relationships between per capita renewable energy (RE) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), agricultural value added (AVA), and arable land use (LUSE) for the case of Morocco during the period 1980-2013. Two models are used: the first with the AVA variable, and the second with the LUSE variable. The Wald test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship between variables for each considered model. Our long-run estimates indicate that an increase in economic growth, agricultural production, and arable land use contribute to increase the use of renewable energy, while a decrease in CO2 emissions increases renewable energy consumption. Granger causality tests reveal the existence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from AVA and from LUSE to RE consumption; a long-run unidirectional causality running from LUSE to RE, and a long-run bidirectional causality between AVA and RE. We recommend that Morocco should continue to encourage renewable energy use because this latter is not in competition with agricultural production for land use, but rather it is a complementary activity. |
| Keywords: | Autoregressive distributed lag; Granger causality; renewable energy; agricultural value added; arable land use; Morocco. |
| JEL: | C3 Q1 Q15 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:76798&r=env |
| By: | Anton Bondarev; Alfred Greiner (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we study the impact of environmental pollution in an endogenous growth model that allows for structural change. The model is based on doublydiff erentiated R&D where newer, less polluting technologies gradually replace older ones. The analysis shows that the presence of environmental externalities stimulates structural change but reduces the growth rate of the economy. Further, comparing the models with and without structural change demonstrates that the latter implies stronger environmental damages and, consequently, a lower growth rate than the rst one. Finally, levying a tax on the polluting output speeds up structural change, thus, reducing environmental pollution and spurring economic growth. This can give new support for the double dividend hypothesis. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Damages, Endogenous Growth, Creative Destruction, Endogenous Structural Change, Double Dividend Hypothesis |
| JEL: | Q55 O31 O44 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2017/03&r=env |
| By: | João Daldegan; Regina Helena Rosa Sambuichi |
| Abstract: | Estima-se que, aproximadamente, 12,5 milhões de hectares de vegetação nativa deverão ser restaurados no país, ao longo dos próximos vinte anos, em atendimento à legislação florestal brasileira. A viabilidade desse processo dependerá de haver uma oferta de sementes e mudas nativas com qualidade, diversidade e quantidade adequadas para serem plantadas. Este texto objetivou apresentar uma proposta de política pública para fomentar a produção de sementes e mudas florestais nativas, visando apoiar a regularização ambiental no Brasil. Foi feita uma análise do histórico da política florestal no país, mostrando que, diferentemente do reflorestamento com espécies exóticas, foram poucos até hoje os incentivos estatais para a estruturação da cadeia da restauração florestal. Entre os principais desafios encontrados para o crescimento da produção de sementes e mudas nativas estão a falta de uma demanda contínua e os entraves burocráticos para a sua comercialização. Para vencer estes obstáculos, foi apresentada a proposta de criação de uma política pública de compras governamentais, à qual se sugeriu o nome de Programa de Aquisição de Sementes e Mudas Nativas (Pasem). Os fundamentos da proposta são baseados no exemplo do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e na experiência das redes de sementes brasileiras. O programa proposto possibilitará a compra de sementes e mudas florestais nativas diretamente da agricultura familiar, sem licitação, o que lhe confere um caráter socioambiental, pois, além de apoiar a regularização ambiental, irá servir para gerar emprego e renda aos agricultores familiares. In accordance with the Brazilian Forest Legislation, nearly 12.5 million hectares of native vegetation must be restored over the next 20 years in the country. The feasibility of this process will depend on the existence of a supply of seeds and native seedlings with adequate quality, diversity and quantity to be planted in these areas. This text aims to present a public policy proposal to promote the production of seeds and native forest seedlings to support Brazil’s environmental regulation. A historical analysis of the country’s forest policy shows that there have been few official incentives for structuring the chain of forest restoration, unlike the reforestation with exotic species. Among the main challenges encountered in the production growth of seeds and native seedlings are the lack of a continuous demand and the bureaucratic obstacles to its commercialization. To overcome such challenges it was proposed the creation of a public policy of government procurement, to which it was suggested the name Seeds and Native Seedlings Acquisition Program. The elements of the proposal were based on the example set by the Foods Acquisition Program and on the experience of the networks of Brazilian seeds. The proposed program will allow the purchase of seeds and native forest seedlings directly from family farmers without bidding, which gives it a social and environmental character. Besides supporting the environmental regulation, it will generate employment and income for family farmers. |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2272&r=env |
| By: | Abrell, Jan; Rausch, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes hybrid emissions trading systems (ETS) under partitioned environmental regulation when firms’ abatement costs and future emissions are uncertain. We show that hybrid policies that introduce bounds on the price or the quantity of abatement provide a way to hedge against differences in marginal abatement costs across partitions. Price bounds are more efficient than abatement bounds as they also use information on firms’ abatement technologies while abatement bounds can only address emissions uncertainty. Using a numerical stochastic optimization model with equilibrium constraints for the European carbon market, we find that introducing hybrid policies in EU ETS reduces expected excess abatement costs of achieving targeted emissions reductions under EU climate policy by up to 89 percent. We also find that under partitioned regulation there is a high likelihood for hybrid policies to yield sizeable ex-post cost reductions. |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 C63 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145726&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The world is living a change of era. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals represent the international community’s response to the economic, distributive and environmental imbalances built up under the prevailing development pattern. This document, presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to its member States at its thirty-sixth session, provides an analytical complement to the 2030 Agenda from a structuralist perspective and from the point of view of the Latin American and Caribbean countries. The proposals made here stem from the need to achieve progressive structural change in order to incorporate more knowledge into production, ensure social inclusion and combat the negative impacts of climate change. The reflections and proposals for advancing towards a new development pattern are geared to achieving equality and environmental sustainability. In these proposals, the creation of global and regional public goods and the corresponding domestic policies form the core for expanding the structuralist tradition towards a global Keynesianism and a development strategy centred around an environmental big push. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CONDICIONES ECONOMICAS, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, MEDIO AMBIENTE, CRISIS ECONOMICA, PRODUCTIVIDAD, POBREZA, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, IGUALDAD, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC CRISIS, PRODUCTIVITY, POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, GENDER EQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:40160&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Marin (University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy); Francesco Nicolli (IRCrES-CNR, Milano, Italy; University of Ferrara, Italy); Emy Zecca (University of Roma 'La Sapienza') |
| Abstract: | Using a gravity model for trade, this work analyzes the factors influencing the patterns of international hazardous waste flows, relying on newly available data reported in the E-PRTR (European Pollutant Release and Transfer Registry) for EU-OECD countries over the period 2007 to 2014. Exploiting a consolidated empirical framework (Kellenberg, 2012), we test two empirical hypotheses: firstly, we explicitly assess if, according to the pollution heaven hypothesis (PHH), the relative levels of environmental policies across countries are an important determinant of hazardous waste trade, and secondly, we test if technological specialization, proxied here by a technology-specific patent stock, can be considered as a pull factor capable to influence the patterns of international trade of hazardous waste. |
| Keywords: | International Trade, Hazardous waste, Gravity model, Environmental policy, Factors endowment |
| JEL: | F18 F64 O44 Q27 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0117&r=env |
| By: | Andreas G. F. Hoepner (Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK); Savio Dimatteo (SAP SE, Germany); Joe Schauld (University of St Andrews, Scotland); Pei-Shan Yi (Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK); Mirco Musolesi (University College London, UK) |
| Abstract: | Fewer than 100 firms worldwide are recognised by Bloomberg to report accurate greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, tens of thousands of people are talking and tweeting about climate change every day. How can this attention be converted into accurate action? We propose that sustainable data science might help, specifically that ‘emotional nowcasting’ of societal responses to sustainability related statements as expressed on Twitter. First, we differentiate between various types of corporate sustainability performance data and highlight the challenge that corporate greenwashing and a potential lack of financial independence of the assessor from the assessed poses for these data sets. Second, we introduce the concept of emotional nowcasting with two case studies of an emotionally non-ambivalent context, the football matches England vs. Germany and England vs. USA at the 2010 world cup. These case studies serve as a proof of concept for emotional nowcasting. Finally, we discuss the potential for emotional nowcasting to mitigate the pandemic of greenwashing currently experienced in sustainability communication. We conclude that emotional nowcasting can serve as one test of greenwashing which is on its own though not necessarily sufficient. |
| Keywords: | Accounting Independence, Corporate Governance, Emotional Nowcasting, Sustainable Development, Twitter |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdg:icmadp:icma-dp2017-02&r=env |
| By: | Richter, Philipp; Schiersch, Alexander |
| Abstract: | This study analyses whether exporting firms produce less CO2 emission-intensively than non-exporting competitors. It exploits a novel and unique dataset for Germany, a major exporting country. We make use of the particularity that CO2 emissions are directly linked to the type of fuel consumed. This allows us to directly estimate CO2 emission intensity within a production function framework. We show that such an integrated approach solves the issue of omitted variable bias that standard regressions approaches on CO2 emission intensity of firms are exposed to. It furthermore enables us to apply latest econometric techniques from the productivity literature that solve the problem of endogeneity. Our findings suggest a positive relation between export intensity and CO2 productivity—the inverse of emission intensity. This exporter’s environmental premium holds for most of the German manufacturing industries at the two-digit level. |
| JEL: | F18 D22 L60 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145706&r=env |
| By: | Luis Carlos Pupo Garcia; Jairo Parada Corrales |
| Abstract: | Los experimentos de elección constituyen a una herramienta poderosa para la construcción de escenarios hipotéticos que permitan identificar la utilidad que les genera a los usuarios potenciales la utilización de los bienes y servicios ambientales. En el presente trabajo se identifica el valor que los turistas potenciales de las ciudades de Bogotá, Medellín y Cali les asignan a los atributos medio ambientales asociados con la pesca deportiva, los recorridos por manglar y el avistamiento de ballenas, actividades que se desarrollan en el golfo de Tribugá (Chocó). En el estudio se aplicaron dos métodos de estimación diferentes, obteniéndose dos medidas de valor económico: con base en el método de valoración contingente (VC) de $276.081.466 anual y por el método de experimentos de elección (EE) de $188.930.000 anual. La disponibilidad a pagar marginal promedio por visita que estarían dispuestos a realizar los visitantes es de $1.850 y $1.296 para VC y EE, respectivamente. Estos hallazgos resultan importantes, debido a que es la primera valoración realizada en esta región, la cual servirá de insumo para la elaboración de estrategias para la generación de ingresos como estrategia de sostenibilidad financiera de un área marina protegida. ****** Choice experiments are a powerful tool for building hypothetical scenarios identifying the utility of potential users provided by the use of environmental goods and services. This paper is aimed at calculating the value that potential tourists, from the cities of Bogotá, Medellin and Cali, assign to environmental attributes related to recreational fishing, mangrove tours and whale watching activities taking place in the Gulf of Tribugá-Chocó. In order to carry out this study, we applied two different estimation methods, The Contingent Valuation (CV) which generated an average annual Willingness to Pay (WTP) of $276.081.466 for potential visitors and the Choice Experiments method (CE) with an annual value of $188.930.000. The marginal average annual WTP per visit was of $ 1.850 and $ 1.296 for CV and CE, respectively. These results are important because they are part of the first estimated economic valuation in this region, which will also serve as inputs for the development of strategies for income generation as a strategy on financial sustainability of a marine protected area. |
| Keywords: | Experimentos de elección, valoración contingente, área marina protegida., Choice experiments, contingentvaluation, marine protected area. |
| JEL: | H23 H41 Q57 D71 |
| Date: | 2015–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000407:015325&r=env |
| By: | Matthew E. Kahn; Daxuan Zhao |
| Abstract: | Climate change will increase the risk of temperature extremes. Induced innovation could offset some of this threat. This paper explores the demand and supply for climate adaptation innovation in a market economy. Climate change induces this innovation because the rising temperatures increase demand for self protection products and for profit firms respond to these incentives. We then augment the model to introduce climate skeptics. Such skeptics reject the claim that the world is warming and thus do not increasingly demand adaptation products. We study how the economy's rate of adaptation innovation, cross city migration, real estate pricing and the welfare of agents with rational expectations are all affected by the presence of such skeptics. |
| JEL: | Q54 R21 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23155&r=env |
| By: | Horbach, Jens; Janser, Markus |
| Abstract: | The environmental sector is supposed to yield a dual benefit: its goods and services are in-tended to tackle environmental challenges and its establishments should create new jobs. However, it is still unclear in empirical terms whether that really is the case. This paper investigates to what extent employment growth in establishments with green products and services is higher compared to other establishments. Furthermore, the main factors determining labor demand in this field are analyzed. We use linked employment and regional data for Germany. The descriptive results show that the environmental sector is characterized by disproportionately high employment growth. The application of a generalized linear mixed model reveals that especially innovation and industry agglomeration foster employment growth in establishments in the environmental sector. Establishments without green products and services show a smaller increase in employment, even if they are also innovative. |
| JEL: | J21 Q55 R23 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145500&r=env |
| By: | Jaime DE MELO (Ferdi) |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement (PA) signed by 175 parties is now a Treaty since a quorum of signatories has been obtained. This Treaty is really the first important step taken to limit temperature increase, as pledges, if sustained and far more ambitious beyond 2030, would drastically limit the projected temperature increase from projections in the absence of measures to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. Contributions however fall short of the intentions to limit temperature increase to the +1.5° to +2° Celsius range since the onset of industrialization. Drawing on recent contributions, this paper reviews where we stand in tackling four challenges ahead: (i) taking fuller cognizance of the accumulating scientific evidence calling for urgent action; (ii) designing an architecture that will render effective the blend of ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ approaches; (iii) choosing policy options and tackling the slow transition to a low-carbon economy, and; (iv) raising finance and addressing burden sharing. |
| JEL: | O44 F18 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:3334&r=env |
| By: | Jaime DE MELO (Ferdi) |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement (PA) signed by 175 parties is now a Treaty since a quorum of signatories has been obtained. This Treaty is really the first important step taken to limit temperature increase, as pledges, if sustained and far more ambitious beyond 2030, would drastically limit the projected temperature increase from projections in the absence of measures to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. Contributions however fall short of the intentions to limit temperature increase to the +1.5° to +2° Celsius range since the onset of industrialization. Drawing on recent contributions, this paper reviews where we stand in tackling four challenges ahead: (i) taking fuller cognizance of the accumulating scientific evidence calling for urgent action; (ii) designing an architecture that will render effective the blend of ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ approaches; (iii) choosing policy options and tackling the slow transition to a low-carbon economy, and; (iv) raising finance and addressing burden sharing. |
| JEL: | O44 F18 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:3333&r=env |
| By: | Hiroaki Sakamoto; Masako Ikefuji; Jan R. Magnus |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a two-region (North and South) dynamic model in which the accumulation of human capital is negatively influenced by the global stock of pollution. By characterizing the equilibrium strategy of each region we show that the regions’ best responses can be strategic complements through a dynamic complementarity effect. The model is then used to analyze the impact of adaptation assistance from North to South. It is shown that North’s unilateral assistance to South (thus enhancing South’s adaptation capacity) can facilitate pollution mitigation in both regions, especially when the assistance is targeted at human capital protection. Pollution might increase in the short run, but in the long run the level of pollution will decline. The adaptation assistance we propose is Pareto improving and incentive compatible. |
| Keywords: | financialization; Climate change, Mitigation, Adaptation, Human capital, Strategic complements |
| JEL: | D91 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kue:epaper:e-16-014&r=env |
| By: | Michael P. Cameron (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the impact of climate change on the future spatial distribution of population in New Zealand, with a focus on the effects of climate variables on internal migration dynamics. Specifically, a gravity modelling framework is first used to identify climate variables that have statistically significant associations with internal migration. The gravity model is then embedded within a cohort-component population projection model to evaluate the effect of different climate change scenarios on regional populations. Three climate variables are found to have statistically significant associations with internal migration: (1) mean sea level pressure in the destination; (2) surface radiation in the origin; and (3) wind speed at ten metres at the destination. Including these variables in the population projection model makes a small difference to the regional population distribution, and the difference between different climate scenarios is negligible. Overall, the results suggest that, while statistically significant, climate change will have a negligible effect on the population distribution of New Zealand at the regional level. |
| Keywords: | climate change; internal migration; gravity model; New Zealand |
| JEL: | J11 Q54 R23 |
| Date: | 2017–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:17/03&r=env |
| By: | Mochamad Indrawan, Julian Caldecott and Ermayanti |
| Abstract: | In the south of the biodiversity-rich Indonesian province of Papua, a large agricultural program is planned for the districts around Merauke, with the ostensible aim of helping to meet Indonesia's food requirements. Questions arise over the scheme's compliance with national laws and sustainability policies, as well as its likely impacts on indigenous livelihoods and biodiversity. It is also contrary to the recent low-carbon development priorities of the provincial and national governments. For the initiative to be consistent with law and policy, therefore, considerably improved planning effort would be needed, taking into account many factors that have so far been ignored. |
| Keywords: | Papua, sustainable development, low carbon, policy conversion |
| Date: | 2017–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201710&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | El mundo vive un cambio de época. La comunidad internacional, respondiendo a los desequilibrios económicos, distributivos y ambientales del estilo de desarrollo dominante, ha aprobado recientemente la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y sus 17 Objetivos. En este documento, que la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) presenta a los Estados miembros en su trigésimo sexto período de sesiones, se complementa analíticamente esa Agenda sobre la base de la perspectiva estructuralista del desarrollo y desde el punto de vista de los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Sus propuestas se centran en la necesidad de impulsar un cambio estructural progresivo que aumente la incorporación de conocimiento en la producción, garantice la inclusión social y combata los efectos negativos del cambio climático. El foco de las reflexiones y propuestas para avanzar hacia un nuevo estilo de desarrollo radica en el impulso a la igualdad y la sostenibilidad ambiental. La creación de bienes públicos globales y de sus correlatos a nivel regional y de políticas nacionales es el núcleo desde el que se expande la visión estructuralista hacia un keynesianismo global y una estrategia de desarrollo centrada en un gran impulso ambiental. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CONDICIONES ECONOMICAS, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, MEDIO AMBIENTE, CRISIS ECONOMICA, PRODUCTIVIDAD, POBREZA, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, IGUALDAD, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC CRISIS, PRODUCTIVITY, POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, GENDER EQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:40159&r=env |
| By: | Jeannie Oliver, Benjamin Sovacool |
| Abstract: | This article argues that smart grid technologies enable policy-makers and communities to successfully manage enduring energy policy concerns. It defines what ‘smart’ energy technologies, grids and policies mean, and then evaluates how the smart grid can enable policy-makers to respond to an emerging energy ‘trilemma’. Drawing on case studies from the United States, the article suggests that the automated communications enabled by smart grid technologies significantly benefit each dimension of the energy trilemma: economic, social and environmental. However, successful smart grid implementation requires smart communication beyond technology. Failure to engage with customers through targeted communication, or to adequately address customers' privacy concerns, risks alienating customers, threatening the value of the smart grid investment. This article concludes that, with smart communication, both technical and human, the smart grid is an important step towards a sustainable energy future for stakeholders well beyond the United States. |
| Keywords: | smart grid, energy trilemma, energy security, sustainable development, communication |
| Date: | 2017–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201705&r=env |
| By: | Andreas Karpf (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne); Antoine Mandel (Paris School of Economics - Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne); Stefano Battiston (Department of Banking and Finance - University of Zürich) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an analysis of the European Emission Trading System as a transaction network. It is shown that, given the lack of a centralized market place, industrial actors had to resort to local connections and financial intermediaries to participate in the market. This gave rise to a hierarchical structure in the transaction network. To empirically relate networks statistics to market outcomes a PLS-PM modeling technique is introduced. It is shown that the asymmetries in the network induced market inefficiencies (e.g. increased bid-ask spread). Albeit the efficiency of the market has improved from the beginning of Phase II, the asymmetry persists, imposing unnecessary additional costs on agents and reducing the effectiveness of the market as a mitigation instrument |
| Keywords: | carbon market; network; climate economics |
| JEL: | L14 D85 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:17010&r=env |
| By: | Rebecca Hingley |
| Abstract: | The primary argument of this article seeks to highlight the irresponsible and insensitive categorisation of the Pacific peoples as 'climate refugees'. International actors' interpretation and use of such a term is damaging as it depicts these peoples as a vulnerable, rather than resilient group. The term effectively strips them of their agency and the potential for their valuable knowledge and efforts to contribute to the fight against a natural phenomenon that proves the most serious threat to humankind today, climate change. In the first section the international perception will be addressed, in the second section the Oceanic understanding will be explored in contrast, and finally in the third section, the implications for International Relations will be outlined. In conclusion, we find that the impact of the term ‘climate refugees’ is detrimental at both the conceptual and experiential level, making its deconstruction a complex but necessary task. |
| Keywords: | refugees, climate change, the Pacific, misrepresentation, agency |
| Date: | 2017–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201711&r=env |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | The issue of adequate assessment of socio-economic and ecological sustainability of divers agricultural holdings is among most topical academic and practical problems. It is particularly important for smallholder farms accounting for the majority of all farms in the globe. In Bulgaria unregistered farms of Natural Persons account for almost 98% of all farms in the country, cultivate a third of all farmlands, graze 85% of cows, 90% of sheep, and around a third of pigs, and employ almost 93% of workforce in the sectors. This article applies a holistic framework and assesses sustainability of farms of Natural Persons in Bulgaria during current stage of EU CAP implementation. Initially a new governance aspect of farm sustainability is justified and method outlined. After that assessment is made of integral, governance, economic, social, environmental sustainability of farms of Natural Persons of different size, specialization, and location, and comparative sustainability to other type of farms. Finally, directions for further research and amelioration of sustainability assessment practices are suggested. Overall sustainability of Natural Persons in the country is at a good level, with superior levels for environmental and social sustainability, close to the low level governance sustainability, and inferior economic sustainability. Comparative sustainability of holdings is lower than other juridical type. There are great variations in sustainability levels of farms of different kind and location. Share of Natural Persons with good and high sustainability is smaller than other categories of farms and majority of Natural Persons have no comparative advantages in terms of sustainability, and in a middle term will cease to exist. |
| Keywords: | smallholders sustainability, governance, economic, social, environmental aspects, Bulgaria |
| JEL: | D2 D23 D24 Q12 Q13 Q18 Q2 |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:76899&r=env |
| By: | Theodoridis, Dimitrios (Department of Economic History, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | Land availability and overseas trade have been central topics in economic history. The current paper contributes to this literature by setting the empirical foundations necessary for the calculation of the direct ecological footprints of more than eighty traded commodities throughout the 19th and early 20th century. The main focus is placed upon products which were heavily traded by and within the British Empire during this period. Various secondary sources have been reviewed and are critically discussed while the methodological steps that have been followed for the calculation of an acreage conversion factor for each product are analyzed in detail. The data presented here can be useful for researchers examining the importance of ghost acreages and ecological footprint historically but also the role of natural resources and land use in a long term perspective. |
| Keywords: | ecological footprint; trade; 19th century; ghost acres; Britain; land productivity |
| JEL: | N01 N50 N70 Q16 Q17 |
| Date: | 2017–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunhis:0021&r=env |
| By: | Antón, Arturo |
| Abstract: | En este documento se ofrecen estimaciones sobre la recaudación potencial del eco-impuesto Daly-Correa aplicable a las exportaciones mundiales de petróleo para el periodo 2020-2030. Las estimaciones contemplan escenarios alternativos sobre la producción esperada de petróleo de esquistos, debido a su creciente impacto sobre la producción global. Para este propósito, se utiliza un modelo económico para el mercado mundial de petróleo. Entre otras cosas, el modelo requiere proyecciones para la tasa de crecimiento de la economía mundial, las exportaciones mundiales de petróleo, los precios futuros del barril de petróleo, y la producción esperada de petróleo de esquistos. |
| Keywords: | PETROLEO, EXPORTACIONES DE PETROLEO, IMPUESTOS A LA EXPORTACION, MERCADOS, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, MODELOS MATEMATICOS, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM EXPORTS, EXPORT TAXES, MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, MATHEMATICAL MODELS |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:40940&r=env |
| By: | Cervera-Ferri, José L.; Ureña, Mónica Luz |
| Abstract: | Este documento es el resultado del proyecto “Hacia un conjunto de indicadores para una producción más verde” financiado por CEPAL y el Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo de Canadá (CIID), cuyo objetivo fue desarrollar conocimientos específicos para impulsar el diseño y la recolección de indicadores regionales armonizados sobre producción sostenible e incorporación de tecnologías verdes en empresas de América Latina y el Caribe. La guía contiene un conjunto de recomendaciones metodológicas, de aplicación voluntaria. No obstante, se espera que el seguimiento de estos lineamientos facilite la producción de datos (proporcionando instrumentos de fácil adaptación por parte de los países) y aumente su comparabilidad. La producción y difusión de datos armonizados internacionalmente sobre producción verde facilitará a los responsables de las políticas industriales y medioambientales, además de a las empresas y a la sociedad en general, comprender mejor los procesos y las prácticas medioambientales de las empresas y tomar decisiones adecuadas para reducir los efectos nocivos de la industrialización,favorecer un crecimiento respetuoso con el medio ambiente, y aprovechar nuevas oportunidades económicas, en línea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:40967&r=env |
| By: | Breckner, Miriam; Englmaier, Florian; Stowasser, Till; Sunde, Uwe |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new evidence on the negative effect of natural catastrophes on economic development. The findings indicate that private insurance markets accommodate the negative effects of natural catastrophes in developed countries, whereas they do not seem to be effective in developing countries. This pattern explains the heterogenous effects of natural disasters on income that have been found in previous studies. The results suggest that insurance and a stable, well-institutionalized environment complement each other in mediating the negative disaster shock. The analysis is based on novel data on natural disasters and global insurance penetration rates and contributes to the ongoing debate about the implications of natural catastrophes for development. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 O13 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145501&r=env |
| By: | Koen Frenken |
| Abstract: | The sudden rise of the sharing economy has sparked an intense public debate about its definition, its effects and its future regulation. Here, I attempt to provide analytical guidance by defining the sharing economy as the practice that consumers grant each other temporary access to their under-utilized physical assets. Using this definition, the rise of the sharing economy can be understood as occurring at the intersection of three salient economic trends: peer-to-peer exchange, access over ownership and circular business models. I shortly discuss some of the environmental impacts of online sharing platforms and then articulate three possible futures of the sharing economy: a capitalist future cumulating into monopolistic super-platforms allowing for seamless services, a state-led future that shifts taxation from labour to capital and redistributes the gains of sharing from winners to losers, and a citizen-led future based on cooperatively owned platforms under democratic control. The nature and size of the social and environmental impacts are expected to differ greatly in each of the three scenarios. |
| Keywords: | sharing economy, circular economy, access economy, peer-to-peer markets, sustainable consumption, collaborative consumption |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uis:wpaper:1701&r=env |
| By: | Drew Gerkey; E. Lance Howe; James Murphy; Colin West |
| Abstract: | Integrating information from existing research, qualitative ethnographic interviews, and participant observation, we designed a field experiment that introduces idiosyncratic environmental risk and a voluntary sharing decision into a standard public goods game. Conducted with subsistence resource users in rural villages on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Northeast Siberia, we find evidence consistent with a model of indirect reciprocity and local social norms of helping the needy. When participants are allowed to develop reputations in the experiments, as is the case in most small-scale societies, we find that sharing is increasingly directed toward individuals experiencing hardship, good reputations increase aid, and the pooling of resources through voluntary sharing becomes more effective. We also find high levels of voluntary sharing without a strong commitment device; however, this form of cooperation does not increase contributions to the public good. Our results are consistent with previous experiments and theoretical models, suggesting strategic risks tied to rewards, punishments, and reputations are important. However, unlike studies that focus solely on strategic risks, we find the effects of rewards, punishments, and reputations are altered by the presence of environmental factors. Unexpected changes in resource abundance increase interdependence and may alter the costs and benefits of cooperation, relative to defection. We suggest environmental factors that increase interdependence are critically important to consider when developing and testing theories of cooperation. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:framed:00596&r=env |
| By: | Matthieu BOUSSICHAS (Ferdi); Vincent NOSSEK (Ferdi) |
| Abstract: | Alors qu’ont été récemment définis les 17 objectifs du développement durable (ODD), les 169 cibles à atteindre d’ici 2030 et les 230 indicateurs permettant de les mesurer, peu de travaux s’interrogent sur la pertinence des méthodologies utilisées pour évaluer les progrès de ces indicateurs. Ceux-là sont souvent estimés selon le taux de croissance de l’indicateur. Or, pour de nombreuses variables bornées, la vitesse de croissance est souvent faible aux abords de leur borne inférieure, s’accélère une fois passée un certain seuil, puis ralentit à l’approche de leur maximum. Une telle évolution, non-linéaire, correspond à la représentation graphique de la fonction mathématique Logit. Ce papier présente cette méthodologie et, à titre illustratif, l’applique aux OMD pour mieux en revisiter le bilan. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:3274&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Claude BERTHELEMY |
| Abstract: | Cette communication met l’accent sur les questions de gouvernance à résoudre pour progresser dans l’objectif du développement durable n°7 sur l’accès à l’énergie. Le point de départ de l’analyse est le constat de problèmes majeurs de gouvernance dans les grands réseaux électriques des pays en retard en matière d’accès à l’électricité. Ces problèmes de gouvernance, qui induisent des couts élevés pour les utilisateurs du réseau, relèvent de l’interprétation d’Elinor Ostrom sur la tragédie des communs. Les projets de mini-réseaux, dont la faisabilité technico-économique a été renforcée ces dernières années du fait des progrès en matière de production d’électricité à partir de sources renouvelables, constituent une réponse possible réaliste à ces défis, dès lors qu’une gouvernance polycentrique permettrait, comme envisagé par Elinor Ostrom, de résoudre la tragédie des communs. Quelques retours d’expérience à partir de l’observation de projets récents d’électrification rurale permettent d’identifier les facteurs clés de la réussite de ces projets. |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:3336&r=env |
| By: | Rovira, Sebastián; Patiño, Jorge; Schaper, Marianne |
| Abstract: | Este documento constituye un análisis para tratar de comprender los determinantes de la ecoinnovación en las empresas latinoamericanas, así como las principales políticas e instrumentos para impulsarla en el marco de la producción verde. Tomando en cuenta los cambios ambientales drásticos que se han producido en los últimos años, los conceptos de crecimiento verde, economía verde e industria verde —en el marco del desarrollo sostenible— han ganado cada vez más relevancia, destacando la importancia de cambiar los patrones de consumo y producción para impulsar el crecimiento económico y la sostenibilidad ambiental. En este contexto, la forma en que el sector productivo y las empresas trabajan y producen es un factor clave para determinar la posibilidad de innovar, mejorar la productividad y competir en el mercado internacional. |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:40968&r=env |
| By: | Purvi Sevak; David C. Stapleton John O’Neill |
| Abstract: | State Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) agencies provide services to a diverse population of approximately one million people with disabilities annually (RSA, 2016) seeking support to achieve their independent living and employment goals. |
| Keywords: | State Vocational Rehabilitation, Employment Outcomes |
| JEL: | I J |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:edeebeb4c6d64212a68b8dc8fe5aabf3&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | HURACANES, DESASTRES NATURALES, EVALUACION, PREVENCION DE DESASTRES, INVESTIGACION, BIBLIOTECAS DE INVESTIGACION, SOCIEDAD DE LA INFORMACION, ADMINISTRACION DE LA INFORMACION, GESTION DE BASES DE DATOS, PROTECCION DE DATOS, GESTION DEL CONOCIMIENTO, CONFERENCIAS, INDUSTRIAS CULTURALES, FOMENTO DEL TURISMO, BARCOS DE RECREO, TRANSPORTE MARITIMO, HURRICANES, NATURAL DISASTERS, EVALUATION, DISASTER PREVENTION, RESEARCH, RESEARCH LIBRARIES, INFORMATION SOCIETY, INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, DATABASE MANAGEMENT, DATA PROTECTION, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, CONFERENCES, CULTURAL INDUSTRIES, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, PLEASURE BOATS, MARITIME TRANSPORT |
| Date: | 2016–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:40969&r=env |
| By: | Hanna-Liisa Kangas; David Lazarevic (Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)); Paula Kivimaa (Government of the Republic of Finland - Finnish Environment Institute) |
| Abstract: | Energy inefficiency in the building stock is a substantial contributor to climate change. Integrated energy service companies (IESCs) have a potentially important role in improving energy efficiency. However, there are numerous barriers to energy efficiency, preventing the growth of energy service markets. We analyse energy efficiency barriers to overcoming the energy efficiency gap in the Finnish building sector. Taking a novel supply side perspective, we place IESCs at the centre of the emerging energy services business ecosystem to identify the barriers and hindering factors (real world illustrations of barriers). From this perspective, we also examine cause-effect relationships between the hindering factors and the actors. Hindering factors, reported by IESCs, were categorised under a revised barrier taxonomy consisting of economic market failures and economic market, behavioural, organisational and institutional barriers. The most salient hindering factors—lack of technical skills, disinterest in energy efficiency improvements and non-functional regulation—were analysed with respect to ecosystem actors causing and affected by these factors. Public actors have a key role in overcoming these barriers, for instance by creating new possibilities for entrants to take part in decision-making, increasing the functionality and practicality of policies and by providing up-to date energy efficiency information. |
| Keywords: | Energy services; barriers; energy efficiency; ecosystem; energy service company; buildings |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2017-04&r=env |