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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Eva-Maria Mauer (Europa-Universität Viadrina) |
| Abstract: | Abstract This paper examines whether the EU can act as a forerunner in building an international carbon market trough linking with other emission trading systems. Therefore, the principles of emission trading and the advantages of linking are described and analyzed. The main advantages of linking are that emission reduction can be achieved at lower cost and that the risk of carbon leakage is reduced. This in turn might allow countries to set more stringent climate targets. From that perspective, the preconditions for linking emissions trading systems are analyzed in order to identify those design features that should be aligned prior to linking. Among these are the stringency and the type of the target as well as the use of credits from international offset programs. Taking these preconditions into account, the compatibility of the EU’s system with different emission trading systems is considered. Because of diverging design features, the current linking options of the EU are rather limited. Nevertheless, since many emission trading systems around the world are just in the making, the EU should engage with these countries from an early stage on in order to accompany the design process of these emission trading systems such that linking agreements become possible in the future. Lastly, linking as part of the international climate architecture is analyzed. Therefore, the latest climate treaty that was agreed on in Paris in December 2015 is examined. Indeed, the Paris Agreement encourages bilateral or plurilateral cooperation between states in order to fulfill their reduction requirements. This includes the trading of emission reduction units across borders. At the same time, the Paris Agreement provides for guidelines that are established in the framework of the UN in order to ensure the environmental integrity of such cross-border transfers. Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, inwiefern die EU bei der Bildung eines globalen CO2- Marktes durch die Verknüpfung mit anderen Emissionshandelssystemen (Linking) als Vorreiter agieren kann. Hierfür werden die Prinzipien des Emissionshandels und die Vorteile von Linking beschrieben und analysiert. Die Verknüpfung von Emissionshandelssystemen wird als Möglichkeit gesehen, striktere Klimaziele zu erreichen, weil hierdurch einerseits Emissionsreduktionen zu geringeren Kosten realisiert werden können und andererseits das Risiko für CO2-Leakage reduziert wird. Weiterhin werden die Bedingungen analysiert, die erfüllt sein müssen, damit Emissionshandelssysteme miteinander verknüpft werden können. Dabei werden die Designmerkmale herausgearbeitet, die angeglichen werden sollten, bevor es zu Linking kommt. Zu diesen Merkmalen gehören sowohl die Höhe und die Art des Reduktionsziels als auch die Nutzung von Zertifikaten aus internationalen Ausgleichsprogrammen. Bezüglich dieser Voraussetzungen wird die Kompatibilität des EU- Systems mit anderen Emissionshandelssystemen untersucht. Aufgrund großer Unterschiede im System-Design sind die derzeitigen Linking-Optionen der EU jedoch stark begrenzt. Da viele Emissionshandelssysteme in anderen Teilen der Welt noch in der Entwicklungsphase sind, sollte die EU dennoch möglichst früh mit diesen kooperieren, um so den Designprozess dieser Systeme zu begleiten und langfristig Linking-Abkommen zu ermöglichen. Des Weiteren wird die Rolle von Linking als Teil der internationalen Klimaschutzbemühungen analysiert. Dabei ist insbesondere das Klimaabkommen, das im Dezember 2015 in Paris abgeschlossen wurde, von Interesse. In der Tat fördert das Abkommen bilaterale und plurilaterale Kooperationen zwischen Staaten, die auf diese Weise ihre Reduktionsverpflichtungen erfüllen können. Dies beinhaltet auch den grenzübergreifenden Handel von Emissionsreduktionseinheiten. Gleichzeitig stellt das Paris-Abkommen Richtlinien bereit, die die Umweltintegrität solcher internationalen Transfers sicherstellen sollen. |
| Keywords: | environmental economics, emissions trading, linking, international climate policy, Umweltökonomie, Emissionshandel, Linking, Internationale Klimapolitik |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euv:dpaper:25&r=env |
| By: | Paola Ovando; Alejandro Caparros; Luis Díaz-Balteiro; María Pasalodos; Santiago Beguería; José L. Oviedo; Gregorio Montero; Pablo Campos |
| Abstract: | We develop a model that estimates spatially-allocated environmental asset values for the simultaneous provision of seven ecosystem services. We examine the effect of heterogeneous spatial and economic factors on the environmental asset figures, at the same time we identify potential forestry abandonment problems when continuing with forestry activity is unprofitable for the landowner. Our results show a relevant spatial variability that depends on heterogeneous biophysical factors, such as forest species distribution and structure. We examine the likely trade-offs between forestry provisioning services, water and carbon sequestration services. The results also point towards the significant effect of economic assumptions about discount rates and prices on environmental asset values and the prediction of the forestry activity abandonment. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem services, natural capital, forest conservation, silvicultural models, Mediterranean forest |
| JEL: | Q23 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1505&r=env |
| By: | Stephen P. Holland; Erin T. Mansur; Nicholas Z. Muller; Andrew J. Yates |
| Abstract: | We examine the distributional effects of changes in local air pollution from driving electric vehicles in the United States. We employ an econometric model to estimate power plant emissions and an integrated assessment model to value damages in air pollution from both electric and gasoline vehicles. Using the locations of currently registered electric vehicles, we find that people living in census block groups with median income greater than about $65,000 receive positive environmental benefits from these vehicles while those below this threshold receive negative environmental benefits. Asian and Hispanic residents receive positive environmental benefits, but White and Black residents receive negative environmental benefits. In multivariate analyses, environmental benefits are positively correlated with income and urban measures, conditional on racial composition. In addition, conditional on income and urbanization, separate regressions find environmental benefits to be positively related with Asian and Hispanic block-group population shares, negatively correlated with White share, and uncorrelated with Black share. Environmental benefits tend to be larger in states offering purchase subsidies. However, for these states, an increase in subsidy size is associated with a decrease in created environmental benefits. |
| JEL: | H23 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22862&r=env |
| By: | Jan Abrell (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Sebastian Rausch (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Giacomo A. Schwarz (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines pollution tax differentiation across industries in light of social equity concerns using theoretical and numerical general equilibrium analyses in an optimal tax framework. We characterize the drivers for non-uniform optimal taxes emanating from the interaction of household heterogeneity with social preferences. Quantitatively assessing the case of price-based CO2 emissions control in the U.S. economy, we find that optimal carbon taxes differ largely across industries, even when social inequality aversion is low. Our results are robust with respect to the stringency of the environmental target, non-optimal redistribution schemes, and parametric uncertainty in firms’ and households’ equilibrium tax responses. |
| Keywords: | Differentiated environmental taxes, Carbon pricing, Industries, Heterogeneous households, Social inequality, Optimal taxation, General equilibrium |
| JEL: | H23 Q52 C68 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:16-262&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Polemis, Michael |
| Abstract: | In this study, building a simple model that incorporates static and dynamic elements, the relationship of financial development and economic growth on the environmental degradation is investigated together with the validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Our analysis is based on an unbalanced panel data set covering the OECD countries over the period 1970-2014. Our approach strongly accounts for the presence of cross-sectional dependence between the sample variables and utilizes second generation panel unit root tests in order to investigate possible cointegration relationships. The empirical findings do indicate that local (NOX per capita emissions) and global (CO2 per capita emissions) pollutants redefine the EKC hypothesis when we account for the presence of financial development indicators. Specifically, in the case of global pollution an N-shape relationship is evident both in static and dynamic framework with a very slow adjustment, whereas a monotonically decreasing relationship is found in the case of local pollutants with a much quicker dynamic adjustment. Lastly, we argue that policy makers and government officials have to cultivate investments in network industries (energy, telecommunications, transportation) by promoting cutting edge research and development financial projects and cost effective mitigation methods. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve; Cross-sectional dependence; Financial development; Panel data. |
| JEL: | C33 G20 Q4 Q43 Q53 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:75368&r=env |
| By: | Jihad Elnaboulsi (CRESE - Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques - UFC - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté, UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an analysis of environmental policy in imperfectly competitive markets. We investigate how environmental taxes should be optimally levied in a precommitment policy game and their e§ects on social welfare. The paper also examines the potential impacts of the regulatorís environmental conscience on policy setting. We start the analysis with a benchmark model where all players are environmentally dirty in the marketplace. We then extend the model to the case in which the market is composed of a mix of dirty and clean strategic players. We show that, in both cases, the regulator must necessarily trade o§ between regulation of environmental quality and the industry production ine¢ ciency problems. Furthermore, the results show how higher levels of concern for environmental issues outweigh the under taxation problem that arises in order to avoid further reductions in welfare. Finally, we show that the existence of clean players produces positive social externalities. Under an ex ante environmental policy game, higher social welfare outcomes are possible. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Policy, Emissions Tax, Environmental Conscience, Social Welfare, Strategic Behavior, Oligopoly Competition |
| Date: | 2015–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01377913&r=env |
| By: | Gregory Casey; Oded Galor |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence that lower fertility can simultaneously increase income per capita and lower carbon emissions, eliminating a trade-off central to most policies aimed at slowing global climate change. We estimate the effect of lower fertility on carbon emissions accounting for the fact that changes in fertility patterns affect carbon emissions through three channels total population, the age structure of the population, and economic output. Our analysis proceeds in two steps. First, we estimate a version of the STIRPAT equation on an unbalanced yearly panel of cross-country data from 1950-2010. We demonstrate that the coefficient on population is nearly seven times larger than the coefficient on income per capita and that this difference is statistically significant. Thus, regression results imply that 1% slower population growth could be accompanied by an increase in income per capita of nearly 7% while still lowering carbon emissions. In the second part of our analysis, we use a recently constructed economic-demographic model of Nigeria to estimate the effect of lower fertility on carbon emissions accounting for the impacts of fertility on population growth, population age structure, and income per capita. The model was constructed to estimate the effect of lower fertility on economic growth, making it well-suited for this application. We find that by 2100 C.E., moving from the medium to the low variant of the UN fertility projection leads to 35% lower yearly emissions and 15% higher income per capita. These results strongly suggest that population policies could be a part of the approach to combating global climate change. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bro:econwp:2016-8&r=env |
| By: | Casey, Gregory; Galor, Oded |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence that lower fertility can simultaneously increase income per capita and lower carbon emissions, eliminating a trade-off central to most policies aimed at slowing global climate change. We estimate the effect of lower fertility on carbon emissions accounting for the fact that changes in fertility patterns affect carbon emissions through three channels: total population, the age structure of the population, and economic output. Our analysis proceeds in two steps. First, we estimate a version of the STIRPAT equation on an unbalanced yearly panel of cross-country data from 1950-2010. We demonstrate that the coefficient on population is nearly seven times larger than the coefficient on income per capita and that this difference is statistically significant. Thus, regression results imply that 1% slower population growth could be accompanied by an increase in income per capita of nearly 7% while still lowering carbon emissions. In the second part of our analysis, we use a recently constructed economic-demographic model of Nigeria to estimate the effect of lower fertility on carbon emissions accounting for the impacts of fertility on population growth, population age structure, and income per capita. The model was constructed to estimate the effect of lower fertility on economic growth, making it well-suited for this application. We find that by 2100 C.E., moving from the medium to the low variant of the UN fertility projection leads to 35% lower yearly emissions and 15% higher income per capita. These results strongly suggest that population policies should be a part of the approach to combating global climate change. |
| JEL: | J11 O40 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11659&r=env |
| By: | Marion Bary (IODE, UMR CNRS 6262, University of Rennes 1, France); Marie-Hélène Hubert (CREM, UMR CNRS 6211, University of Rennes 1, France) |
| Abstract: | The main contribution of this paper is to jointly present the economic and legal instruments. The first survey examines the different evaluation methods in environmental economics which are essential since the admission of the pure ecological damage in private law on the one hand, and to evaluate the effectiveness of economic policies, on the other hand. Evaluation method is a difficult task since a range of criteria exists. The second survey investigates the evolution of private law which places air pollution reduction obligations on economic agents and which enforces private economic agents to make reparation for injury. Although already a significant breakthrough to protect the environment, these new devices are not as efficient as expected. |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2016-15&r=env |
| By: | Marie-Hélène Hubert (CREM, UMR CNRS 6211, University of Rennes 1, France) |
| Abstract: | To reduce CO2 emissions, Chinese government sets a target on the share of gas in its energy consumption. Shale gas can supply around 10% of energy consumption if its cost declines by one third, but it drives up domestic C02 emissions by 5%. A policy aiming at stabilizing coal consumption leads to large development of shale gas as well as a decrease in CO2 emissions of 41%. However, a tax on C02 emissions slows down shale gas development in favor of renewable energy. |
| Keywords: | Shale gas, Climate change, Energy markets |
| JEL: | Q33 Q38 Q42 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2016-14&r=env |
| By: | Dolphin, G. G.; Pollitt, M. G.; Newbery, D. G. |
| Abstract: | In virtually all countries that explicitly price carbon, its effective price, i.e. the emissions-weighted price, remains low. Our analysis focuses on the political economy of this effective price, using data on an international panel of jurisdictions over the period 1990-2012. First, we examine the decision to introduce a carbon pricing policy. Second, we shed light on its stringency. Results show that both the odds of the implementation and the stringency of the carbon pricing policy are negatively affected by the share of electricity coming from coal and the relative share of industry in the economy. The results also broadly support an environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis as gross domestic product increases both the odds of the implementation and the policy stringency. Institutional and political factors are found to influence the implementation but not the stringency of carbon pricing schemes. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, panel analysis, political economy, electricity sector |
| JEL: | H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1663&r=env |
| By: | K.S. Kavi Kumar (Madras School of Economics); Brinda Viswanathan (Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The adverse fiscal effects of fuel subsidies in developing countries like India are well documented. More recently, few studies have highlighted the fiscal, welfare and environmental effects of possible removal of subsidies on fuels in general. In the Indian context the leakages and errors of targeting, especially in case of kerosene supplied through public distribution system (PDS) have also been discussed widely in the literature. Using the National Sample Survey data for two recent rounds corresponding to the years 2009-10 and 2011-12, the present study explores the welfare and environmental implications of decline in the provision of kerosene through PDS. Focusing on kerosene used by the households for cooking purposes, the paper argues that kerosene has significant role in the household energy-mix and it helps in reducing the indoor air pollution. The study further highlights that the kerosene targeting has improved in recent years, that the subsidies have been progressive across geographical zones and sectors, and that economically and socially weaker groups of the society benefit more through implicit transfers associated with kerosene subsidies. While efforts to minimize and eliminate the diversion of kerosene to alternate markets including transport sector must continue, the phasing out of kerosene should be carried out gradually and cautiously to reduce adverse fallouts such as households moving down the energy ladder to use inferior fuels like dung and agricultural residue. |
| Keywords: | Fuel Subsidy; Welfare Effects; Indoor Air Pollution; Distributional Impact; IndiaClassification-JEL: D6; H2; Q5; R1 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-138&r=env |
| By: | Khan, Md. Tajuddin; Kishore, Avinash; Joshi, Pramod Kumar |
| Abstract: | This study measures the willingness of male and female farmers to pay for climate-smart technology in rice. Rice is the most important crop in India in terms ofarea, production,and consumption. It is also the biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions among all crops. Direct-seeded rice (DSR)with drum seeder, a climate-smart technology, requires less labor and water and is more climate friendly than transplanted rice; yet,its adoption is slow in India. Theauthors of this studycarried out a discrete choice experiment with 666 farmers from the Palghar and Thane districts of Maharashtra to measure their willingness to pay for drum seeders—a key piece of equipment for adopting DSR. Both male and female farmers were surveyed to capture the heterogeneity in their valuation of the key attributes of drumseeders. Although both male and female farmers prefer cheaper drum seeders, the marginal valuation of different attributes of the drum seeder varies by the farmers’ gender. The authors also used the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), to collect self-reported data on the role and say of women in agriculture. The respective gender roles in the family and on the farm seem to explain some of this difference. Men have a greater say over how the family spends the cash. Accordingly, men tend to have a higher willingness to pay for attributes that increase income (increase in yield) or reduce cash costs (reduction in the seedrate). Women contribute a large share of the labor for transplanting rice, much of whichis unpaid work on family farms. Not surprisingly, therefore, women seem to value labor saving significantly more than their male counterparts. Further, theWEAI data show that although men in the family have more say, women do have an influence on decisions regarding crop production and the adoption of new technologies,to an extent. Therefore, to enhance the adoption of drum seeders, the product designers and extension workers should also target women |
| Keywords: | gender, rice, willingness to pay, women, sowing methods, technology adoption, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1550&r=env |
| By: | ZhongXiang Zhang (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University) |
| Abstract: | In international climate change negotiations, China’s role is an issue of perennial concern. In particular, the lack of quantitative, absolute emissions commitments from China has been the focus. In line with changing domestic and international contexts, China is recalibrating its stance and strategy. Its participation in international climate change negotiations has evolved from playing a peripheral role to gradually moving to the centre. This article examines China’s stance and role in international climate change negotiations from a historical perspective. In so doing, the article discusses the evolution of international climate negotiations and China’s stance in the lead-up to and at the Paris conference. With Paris behind us, the focus is now turning to the implementation of the Paris Agreement. The article discusses post-Paris issues in the international context and in particular in China’s context. These affect the post Paris negotiations and hold the key to achieving desired outcomes. |
| Keywords: | International Climate Negotiations, Copenhagen Accord, Paris Agreement, China |
| JEL: | Q01 Q5 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2016.67&r=env |
| By: | Khan, Md. Tajuddin; Kishore, Avinash; Pandey, Divya; Joshi, Pramod Kumar |
| Abstract: | Zero tillage (ZT) for wheat is one of the most widely adopted resource-conserving technologies in the rice-wheat systems in northern India. In areas of Haryana with rice-wheat systems, 36.5 percent of all farmers practice ZT on 35 percent of their wheat area. Yet the literature measuring the impact of ZT on farmers’ fields is scarce. This study fills this gap by using the data collected from a random sample of 717 farmers from 50 villages in 10 districts of Haryana. It applies the difference-in-differences method to five-year recall data on wheat yields in ZT and conventionally tilled plots of land to quantify the crop loss due to unseasonal rains right before wheat harvests in March 2015. The results reveal significantly lower wheat yield losses in the ZT plots than in the conventionally tilled plots. On average, farmers suffered yield losses ranging between 3.73 and 4.53 quintals per hectare in 2015 due to unseasonal rains. The loss was lower by 1.05–1.10 quintals per hectare in ZT plots. The analysis clearly shows that adoption of ZT helped in reducing crop loss in wheat by 24–28 percent, valued at 1,523–1,595 Indian rupees (Rs.) per hectare (approximately US$22.50 per hectare). The loss avoided due to ZT is nearly equal to the prevailing rental rate of the ZT machine (Rs. 1,500 per hectare) in Haryana. Climate models suggest that the incidence of short-duration acute hydro meteorological events is likely to increase in years to come. Such events are hard to predict and prepare for, and dealing with them hinges mainly on disaster relief. However, our results show that adoption of ZT is one possible way to reduce potential loss from some of these weather events and that ZT is therefore well characterized as a climate-smart technology. |
| Keywords: | zero tillage, conservation tillage, wheats, rain, rainfall patterns, crop losses, Haryana, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1562&r=env |
| By: | Lavanya Ravikanth Anneboina (Madras School of Economics); K. S. Kavi Kumar (Professor,Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The share of coastal shipping in the modal mix of domestic freight transportation in India is currently very low despite it being more costeffective, fuel-efficient and environment-friendly compared to other modes of transportation. This paper estimates the benefits of coastal shipping, which are simply the costs avoided by transporting goods via sea as opposed to transporting them by road or rail. The economic, environmental and social benefits of coastal shipping are valued in the range of Rs. 16 – 64 billion per annum in 2012-13 prices. In physical terms, greenhouse gas emissions reductions amount to between 1 – 22 lakh tonnes of carbon per annum. The lower- and upper-bound values in the range represent cost savings (or emissions reductions) with respect to rail and road transport respectively. The results indicate that the country would stand to gain from a modal shift in freight transportation from road and rail transport to coastal shipping. |
| Keywords: | Coastal shipping; Freight transport; Cost savings; Transport policy Classification-JEL: L91; Q57; R40 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-147&r=env |
| By: | Aurelie Cecile Dominique Slechten; Swarnodeep Homroy |
| Abstract: | We analyze the role of board expertise in environmental issues (measured by the presence of non-executive directors with previous experience in environmental issues, EEDs) and director networks on GHG emissions. Using emission data of FTSE 350 firms, we show that the presence of EEDs on the board reduces GHG emissions. Also boards with better networked directors have better environmental performance. These associations are robust to alternative explanations - endogenous matching of firms and directors, general technical expertise of the board, and pro-active stacking in board composition. The results are consistent with the view that director skills and information spillovers through director networks add value. |
| Keywords: | Director Expertise, Director Networks, Emissions, Environmental Performance |
| JEL: | G34 G39 L14 L25 Q50 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:140306795&r=env |
| By: | Sneeringer, Stacy |
| Abstract: | Despite decades of nutrient-runoff reduction efforts via regulation, financial and technical assistance, and education, manure remains a significant contributor to Chesapeake Bay nutrient loadings. In the Bay watershed, animal feeding operations (AFOs; livestock operations that confine animals) are responsible for the majority of acreage onto which manure is applied, and over a quarter of these operations produce more manure nutrients than they can use on the farm. An alternative method of reducing discharges from livestock operations may be to involve them in nutrient trading, in which producers sell representations of their pollution reductions as credits. Past analysis of farmer participation in nutrient trading has focused almost exclusively on crop producers. In contrast to crop-only producers, livestock producers face regulations that require them to meet nutrient application standards on their farms, and they have added costs of manure shipping to meet those standards. Therefore, they may be less likely to participate in nutrient trading than crop-only producers. An analysis of producer-participation decisions reveals that those producing more manure nutrients than can be applied on their farms are especially unlikely to participate in nutrient trading based on reductions in nutrient applications to cropland. Since these operations already have relatively little cropland, they can generate relatively few credits from pollution reductions. |
| Keywords: | Livestock, nutrients, nutrient trading, water quality trading, Chesapeake Bay, total maximum daily load, TMDL, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:249772&r=env |
| By: | Clayton Munnings; William Acworth; Oliver Sartor; Yong-Gun Kim; Karsten Neuhoff |
| Abstract: | Nearly every carbon price regulates the production of carbon emissions, typically at midstream points of compliance, such as a power plant. Over the last six years, however, policymakers in Australia, California, China, Japan, and Korea implemented carbon prices that regulate the consumption of carbon emissions, where points of compliance are farther downstream, such as distributors or final consumers. This article aims to describe the design of these prices on carbon consumption, understand and explain the motivations of policymakers who have implemented them, and identify insights for policymakers considering whether to price carbon consumption. We find a clear trend of policymakers layering prices on carbon consumption on top of prices on carbon production in an effort to improve economic efficiency by facilitating additional downstream abatement. In these cases, prices on carbon consumption are used to overcome a shortcoming in the price on carbon production: incomplete pass-through of the carbon price from producers to consumers. We also find that some policymakers implement prices on carbon in an effort to reduce emissions leakage or because large producers of carbon are not within jurisdiction. Since policymakers are starting to view prices on carbon consumption as a strategy to improve economic efficiency and reduce emissions leakage in a way that is compatible with local and international law, we expect jurisdictions will increasingly implement and rely upon them. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Consumption based policy, Review |
| JEL: | D12 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1620&r=env |
| By: | Corey Allan (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Suzi Kerr (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | We update the analysis of Allan et al. (2015) and re-examine whether New Zealand households have become greener consumers using newly available data. We combine input-output data from 2006 and 2012 with detailed data on household consumption from the 2006 and 2012 Household Economic Surveys (HES) to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions embodied in household consumption. We confirm many of our previous findings; that emissions increase less than proportionately with expenditure, and that there is significant variation in expenditure elasticities across consumption categories. We test for a change in household emissions over time and decompose this change into improvements in production efficiency and changes in households. We find that average household emissions fell by 11% between 2006 and 2012. We attribute 1.7 percentage points of this decrease to changes in households, with the remaining 9.3 percentage points from changes in emissions intensities. The majority of the change due to households is a result of changes in household behaviour rather than a change in household characteristics. Emissions from household energy fell markedly between 2006 and 2012, driven by a reduction in the emissions intensity of electricity and a decrease in household electricity consumption. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; greenhouse gas emissions; household behaviour; consumption; input–output model |
| JEL: | Q56 Q57 D12 Q54 D57 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:16_20&r=env |
| By: | Jihad Elnaboulsi (CRESE - Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques - UFC - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté, UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté); W Daher (Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST) - Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences); Y Saglam (Victoria University of Wellington - Victoria University of Wellington) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an analysis of environmental policy in imperfectly competitive market with private information. We examine how environmental taxes should be optimally levied when the regulator faces asymmetric information about production and abatement costs in an irreversible observable policy commitment game. Under our setting, the paper investigates how information disclosure can improve the efficiency of the tax setting process and may offer an efficient complement to conventional regulatory approaches. From a policy perspective, our findings suggest that access to publicly disclosed information improves the ability of the regulator to levy Örmsí specific environmental taxes. Despite its advantages, however, informational disclosure may harm the environmental policy it purports to enhance since it facilitates collusive behavior. We show that information sharing may occur and thus leads to a superior outcome in terms of industry output and emissions. Disclosure may undermine market performance and environmental policy. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Regulation, Emissions Taxes, Collusion, Disclosed Information, Private Information, Information Sharing |
| Date: | 2015–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01377918&r=env |
| By: | Nina Boyarchenko (Federal Reserve Bank of New York); Marianne Andries (Toulouse School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We study optimal long-term investment choices in settings where agents face ambiguity about both the future benefit and the current cost, as is likely to be the case for large scale social programs, such as healthcare choices and climate change policies. Faced with this kind of ambiguity, rational economic agents optimally choose investment paths that are observationally equivalent to choices made under hyperbolic discounting. Using calibrated paths of potential output losses under different global warming scenarios, we evaluate the relative attractiveness of small-scale, large-scale and R\&D projects for mitigating climate change. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed016:1501&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, ZhongXiang |
| Abstract: | In international climate change negotiations, China’s role is an issue of perennial concern. In particular, the lack of quantitative, absolute emissions commitments from China has been the focus. In line with changing domestic and international contexts, China is recalibrating its stance and strategy. Its participation in international climate change negotiations has evolved from playing a peripheral role to gradually moving to the centre. This article examines China’s stance and role in international climate change negotiations from a historical perspective. In so doing, the article discusses the evolution of international climate negotiations and China’s stance in the lead-up to and at the Paris conference. With Paris behind us, the focus is now turning to the implementation of the Paris Agreement. The article discusses post-Paris issues in the international context and in particular in China’s context. These affect the post Paris negotiations and hold the key to achieving desired outcomes. |
| Keywords: | International Climate Negotiations, Copenhagen Accord, Paris Agreement, China, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q01, Q5, Q58, |
| Date: | 2016–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemmi:249785&r=env |
| By: | Lakshmi Sreedhar (Joint Director, National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development (NILERD), NITI Aayog, Govt. of India.); Zareena Begum Irfan (Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Rivers in Kerala are assailed by pollution, sedimentation, sand mining, and constriction of flows. The indiscriminate and unscientific sand mining, even in the midst of many regulatory and protective measures for their conservation, have made the condition of these rivers pathetic. Bharathapuzha basin is the largest among all the 44 river basins of Kerala and the second longest river of the State. The drying up of Bharathapuzha River has become a matter of grave concern to the scientists and environmentalists. This paper tries to establish that implementing economic incentives is a possible method which can be adopted in the conservation practices of Bharathapuzha River. |
| Keywords: | Conservation, Economics incentives, River Bharathapuzha, Sand miningClassification-JEL: Q250, Q260, Q290, Q570 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-140&r=env |
| By: | Noy, Ilan |
| Abstract: | Observers repeatedly predict that climate change will lead and is already causing massive migration with very large numbers of people forced to leave their homes in cataclysmic waves of climate refugees. Yet, most of the empirical research on the contemporary link between climate change and migration fails to find much evidence of this migration. As climate change has been progressively intensifying for decades, should we not expect these migrations to already be happening? Here, we focus on Tuvalu, a small atoll nation in the South Pacific, that in many respects can serve as the Canary-in-the-Mine for climate change research. If migration driven by climate change is not happening today, Tuvalu may explain why. One plausible reason for this lack of migration is the desire by Tuvaluans to Voice. ‘Voicing’, a concept borrowed from Hirschman’s Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, is the advocacy expressing one’s wish for change. We present evidence that the atoll nations have decided that their best policy at this point in time is to stay and Voice. If it is not unique to the Pacific atolls, this present choice to prefer Voice to Exit may explain why the evidence on climate-induced migration is so fragile. Tuvalu may be using Voice to attempt to avert dire outcomes, or to strengthen its bargaining position for the inevitable discussions about compensation. Still, the biggest risk may be that the equilibrium mix between Voice and Exit is unstable and that the transition from one strategy to the other may be abrupt—probably in response to a catastrophic natural disaster. In the long-term, sudden and unplanned displacement are always less successful, so advance planning is necessary now, including the financing of alternatives from funding through the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Keynote Paper: Migration and Climate Change CESifo Workshop – Venice 2016 |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Migration, Tuvalu, South Pacific, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vuw:vuwecf:5441&r=env |
| By: | Unmesh Patnaik (Madras School of Economics); Santosh K. Sahu (Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Rising emission of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) and growing economic inequalities have emerged as key challenges for policymakers over the past two decades and the problems are likely to intensify in the foreseeable future. Numerous studies in the past have examined the relationship between these and implications on growth and equity of nations. Contributing to this literature, the present paper examines cross country differences in historical GHGs emission from 1990 to 2014 and analyzes the relationship between income inequality and emission levels and productivity. Additionally, we also inspect the role of energy use, equity and emission intensity. In doing so, data from the World Development Indicator is used for clusters of countries while also estimating sector specific trends in GHGs emissions for priority sectors such as agriculture and industry. The hypothesis is to validate whether economic growth improves the trade off with equity, and vice-versa. With the Paris Agreement (COP21) making veiled reference to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) in tackling global warming the findings from the analysis would also signal towards efficacy of the targets set under the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) |
| Keywords: | GHGs emission, income inequality, TFP Classification-JEL: D62, D63, O13, O14, C33 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-144&r=env |
| By: | Antony Millner; Helene Olivier |
| Abstract: | Experts and the general public often perceive environmental problems differently. Moreover, regulatory responses to environmental issues often do not coincide with consensus expert recommendations. These two facts are mutually consistent – it is unlikely that regulations based on factual claims that are substantially different from voters’ opinions would be politically feasible. Given that the public’s beliefs constrain policy choices, it is vital to understand how beliefs are formed, whether they will be biased, and how the inevitable heterogeneity in people’s beliefs filters through the political system to affect policy. We review recent theoretical and empirical work on individual inference, social learning, and the supply of information by the media, and identify the potential for biased beliefs to arise. We then examine the interaction between beliefs and politics: can national elections and legislative votes be expected to result in unbiased collective decisions, do heterogeneous beliefs induce strategic political actors to alter their policy choices, and how do experts and lobby groups affect the information available to policy-makers? We conclude by suggesting that the relationship between beliefs and policy choices is a relatively neglected aspect of the theory of environmental regulation, and a fruitful area for further research. |
| Keywords: | political economy; environmental policy; media; beliefs; social learning |
| JEL: | D72 D78 D83 P48 Q50 |
| Date: | 2016–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:67299&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Faivre d'Arcier (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Yveline Lecler (IAO - Institut d'Asie Orientale - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Benoît Granier (IAO - Institut d'Asie Orientale - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nicolas Leprêtre (IAO - Institut d'Asie Orientale - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | L’origine de cette recherche réside dans le lancement en 2010 par le Ministère japonais de l’Economie, du Commerce et de l’Industrie (METI), d’un programme d’expérimentations dénommé « Energie de Nouvelle Génération et Systèmes Sociaux » (Next Generation Energy and Social Systems), incitant des collectivités locales à candidater, en lien avec des consortiums d’entreprises, pour mettre en œuvre des démonstrateurs visant à mieux gérer la production et la consommation d’énergie au travers des « réseaux électriques intelligents » (smart grid), dans le but notamment de réduire les gaz à effet de serre (GES). Ces démonstrateurs sont conçus comme une opportunité pour vérifier en situation réelle et à grande échelle l’efficacité de solutions techniques nouvelles, favorisant le développement des énergies renouvelables et la sobriété énergétique. Le programme comprend un volet « Systèmes de transport et de mobilité », introduisant ainsi un lien original avec un secteur émetteur de CO2 et consommateur d’énergie. Le focus mis sur l’électromobilité justifie en grande partie cette prise en compte, mais souligne également l’importance, y compris en France, de favoriser une plus grande intégration des approches entre le transport, l’urbanisme, l’énergie et l’environnement. L’appel à propositions du GO6 du PREDIT a mis l’accent sur les situations de crise et de ruptures, tout en observant les tendances émergentes (prospective sur le long terme). En proposant une veille et une analyse comparative France-Japon sur le développement des smart communities, cette recherche s’inscrit bien dans les termes de l’appel : cela concerne tout à la fois les questions énergétiques et environnementales, l’évolution potentielle des comportements (axe 1), et les politiques publiques d’innovation (axe 2). La recherche s’est en effet fixée comme objectif d’étudier les processus sous-jacents à la mise en œuvre d’expérimentations de grande taille mais correspondant aux attentes des villes, à la recherche d’un modèle de développement bas carbone, et aux entreprises, fortement attirées par le développement de technologies vertes, qui vont constituer un marché en rapide expansion dans le monde entier. Cette apparente conjonction d’intérêts ne doit cependant pas cacher que des stratégies multiples puissent être mises en œuvre par les nombreux acteurs impliqués. L’intérêt de cette expérimentation à grande échelle, sur des territoires diversifiés y compris à l’étranger et notamment à Lyon, réside à la fois dans ses composantes technologiques particulièrement variées, et dans les modalités d’implication des populations elles aussi très variées. |
| Keywords: | solutions techniques,politique énergétique,comparaison France-Japon,électromobilité,smart cities,comportement de consommation des ménages,gestion de l’énergie,Projet SMARTMOB,implication des populations,smart communities,gestion de l’électricité,enjeux industriels,acceptation sociale,politiques de mobilité durable,enjeux énergétiques,pilotage public/privé |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01382640&r=env |
| By: | Alejandro Caparrós; Jean-Christophe Péreau |
| Abstract: | We discuss a model of gradual coalition formation with positive externalities in which a leading country endogenously decides whether to negotiate multilaterally or sequentially over climate change. We show that the leader may choose a sequential path, and that the choice is determined by the convexity of the TU-game and the free-rider payo§s of the followers. Except in a few clearly deÖned cases, the outcome of the negotiation process is always the grand coalition, although the process may need some time. This holds for the standard IEA game with heterogeneous players even if the grand coalition is not stable in a multilateral context. We also analyze the role of a facilitating agency. The agency has an incentive to speed up intra-stage negotiations and to extend the period between negotiation stages in a sequential process. |
| Keywords: | multilateral bargaining, endogenous coalition formation, international negotiations, mediator, international environmental agreements |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1509&r=env |
| By: | Lucy Page; Stephen Sheppard (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | Work-related injuries in the US generate annual costs exceeding 250 billion, with approximately one third of these costs coming from the direct health care expenses of dealing with the injuries and the remainder coming from the impacts on economic productivity associated with accidental injury. Beyond these costs, considerable expenses and efforts are devoted to avoiding injuries, and monitoring workplaces for compliance with safety rules. There are many factors that can increase the probability of workplace accidents, as well as a variety of regulations and regulatory agencies designed to reduce or limit these factors and to monitor compliance with regulations by employers. Of course there are some factors that even the most well-intentioned employers can not control, or that may not be easy to regulate at the local or even the national level. In this paper we investigate one of these factors: the ambient temperature within which work takes place. Clinical and empirical evidence such as that presented in Colquhoun (1969), Chiles (1958) or Azer, McNall and Leung (1972) indicates that high temperatures and heat stress diminish mental alertness, vigilance and ability to perform complex tasks. In a recent paper, Deschenes and Greenstone (2011) documented the potential impact of climate change on mortality in the US. Their research indicates that between 2010 and 2099, increased temperature could be expected to increase annual mortality rates in the US by about 3%, with about half of the heat-related deaths occurring in the South Atlantic and West South Central regions of the US. We investigate the impact of increased temperature on occupational injuries in heat-sensitive industries in the US, providing what appear to be the first available estimates of the impact of increased ambient temperatures on workplace injuries. Using some approximations from climate models we provide estimates of the potential economic cost of climate change caused by this previously undiscussed mechanism. |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2016-16&r=env |
| By: | Ramon Lopez; Vinod Thomas; Pablo Troncoso |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the association between climate change variables and the incidence of intense hydro meteorological disasters within a framework that include global and local climate variables as well as socio-economic factors that aggravate disasters. We have shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide accumulation significantly increases hydro meteorological disasters and that the losses of human capital caused by such disasters induce significant negative effects on the rate of economic growth. A distinctive feature of this research is that the statistical-econometric analysis used considers all reported significant climate-related disasters during the period 1970-2013 in 184 countries, instead of focusing merely on selected disasters, periods or countries as most previous research has done. |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp434&r=env |
| By: | Pierre Bentata (Université Paris 2 - Panthéon-Assas); Yolande Hiriart (CRESE - Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques - UFC - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté, UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté) |
| Abstract: | Using an original database of 614 judgements in the French supreme courts from 1956 to 2010, we test for possible biases in judges’ decisions in the field of environmental accidents, focusing on a difference in treatment between private parties and the government as litigant. Two separate institutions deal with environmental cases in France, namely the Conseil d’Etat (Supreme Administrative Tribunal) for public utilities and central and local government, and the Cour de cassation (Supreme Civil Court) for private firms. We run bivariate Probit regressions to explain pro-defendant decisions and reversals of decisions. Overall, courts treat plaintiffs and defendants differently. A pro-defendant decision and a reversal of decision are less likely to occur: (i) when the appeal is initiated by the defendant rather than by the plaintiff; (ii) in the Conseil d’Etat ´ rather than in the Cour de cassation. The Conseil d’Etat ´ is harsher with defendants than the Cour de cassation. These results could be indicative of a bias of the lower administrative tribunals in favor of public utilities and/or the government. |
| Keywords: | environmental accidents, French cases, litigation, Appellate Courts, judicial review, judicial behavior, biased judges, administrative tribunals |
| Date: | 2015–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01377922&r=env |
| By: | Hanspeter WIELAND (Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria); Stefan GILJUM (Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria) |
| Abstract: | Politics' demand for informative consumption-based emission assessments based on multi-regional input output (MRIO) databases is steadily increasing. Based on the MRIO database EXIOBASE 3, we exemplify the utility of a range of analytical tools and discus their potential insights for consumption-based policies. The analysis decomposes the overall EU carbon footprint into product groups as well as into emitting regions. Subsequently, we illustrate the potential of applying production layer decomposition (PLD) and structural path analysis (SPA) for the assessment of global supply-chains related to the EU carbon footprint and their structural changes over time. We close with some policy ecommendations on reducing carbon footprint hot spots. |
| Keywords: | Carbon footprint, multi-regional input-output analysis, analytical tools, supply chains, production layer decomposition, structural path analysis |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwiee:ieep13&r=env |
| By: | Jose L. Oviedo; Alejandro Caparrós; Itziar Ruiz-Gauna; Pablo Campos |
| Abstract: | We perform two convergent validity tests in a choice experiment applied to public recreation in Stone pine and Cork oak forests in Spain. We compare choice and ranking recoded as a choice in an experiment with three alternatives plus status quo. Our results show convergent validity for both structural models and willingness to pay estimates. The same experiment includes two payment-vehicles, an entrance-fee to access the forest and an increase in trip-expenditures due to an increase in gas prices, simultaneously in the choice sets. We obtain significant differences in willingness to pay values, which are 2.6-2.7 times higher when using the latter. Our empirical results present compensating variations and the (simulated) exchange value that the forest owner would obtain if a payment system for accessing these forests were established. The latter values fall below the former ones. |
| Keywords: | Compensating variation, exchange value, non-market values, stated preferences |
| JEL: | Q26 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1504&r=env |
| By: | Suganya Balakumar (Madras School of Economics); Sukanya Das (Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The study examines households’ willingness to pay for the conservation of Pallinkaranai marsh located in the south of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A stated preference method, namely, Contingent Valuation method (CVM) over 213 households has been employed. The results reveal that farmers are willing to pay for the restoration of the marsh which provides higher level of water quality, recreational benefit and restorartion of flora and fauna. |
| Keywords: | Pallinkaranai, Contingent valuation, Chennai, bivariate probit regressionClassification-JEL: Q510, C83, Q260 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2015-126&r=env |
| By: | Zareena Begum Irfan (Associate Professor, Madras School of Economics); Arpita Nehra (Madras School of Economics); Mohana Mondal (Research Associate, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Established in 2000;the Millennium Development Goals had played a major role in bringing back the developmental issues to focus. Nearing the end of the stipulated time when they had to be achieved and standing at the edge of establishing the Sustainable development goals, we must comprehend the limitations of the MDGs and formulate SDGs in a way that it overcomes them. This paper is an attempt to observe the trends that the major indicators for health and urbanisation had followed after the MDGs had been established. One of the major issues which is clearly seen in the background of the achievement of targets to reach MDG goals and which must be addressed immediately in the developing countries is: increasing rural-urban and rich-poor gap in these countries. Inclusive growth as a target in the upcoming SDGs does give some hope, however, it must be taken care that the SDGs are not reduced to simply achieving some numbers but they broaden the development narrative beyond the narrow growth perspective. |
| Keywords: | Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, Infant Mortality rate, Employment, Malaria, HIV/AIDS, DevelopmentClassification-JEL: O180, O5, I00, Y10, O530, Q01, O130 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2015-127&r=env |
| By: | Simone Tagliapietra; Georg Zachmann |
| Abstract: | Four trends are reshaping the European energy system - decarbonisation, digitalisation and, as a result of the two, decentralisation and convergence. Based on strong public policies, decarbonisation is reshuffling the European energy mix, while innovation in digital technologies is enabling disruptive change in the way energy systems are operated. This enables the European energy system to become more decentralised with increasing interaction between services (electricity, heat, transport, data) that used to be largely separate. In this new context, cities are the key arenas of decarbonisation. However, European Union (EU) energy and climate governance is based on top-down policies that are not complemented by a solid bottom-up system that ensures consistency of EU, national and local measures and incentivises decarbonisation at city level. This Policy Contribution proposes better integration of top-down energy and climate policy mechanisms with new bottom-up incentives that aim to promote decarbonisation at city level. This mechanism can be set up in four steps. Step 1 - understand a city’s carbon footprint and create a baseline scenario. A participating city should start by carrying out an emissions inventory that would quantify the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from energy consumption on its territory during a specific year. This should identify the principal sources of emissions and therefore enable prioritisation of reduction measures. Step 2 - understand a city’s carbon handprint and create a reference scenario. With an emissions inventory in place, each city can identify the areas of its economy with the greatest decarbonisation potential, and can prioritise its decarbonisation policies accordingly. Step 3 - create a city Climate Plan. The baseline and reference scenarios would form the basis of comprehensive city Climate Plans. To ensure consistency of national and municipal policies, Climate Plans could be developed as a sub-component of member state National Energy and Climate Plans. Step 4 - track progress and allocate financial support. City progress reports on decarbonisation should be used by the EU to determine the eligibility of local governments for EU grants. Grants would be key to the success of this scheme. If EU money is given to a city to implement a project listed in its Climate Plan, it should be paid in in biennial tranches, conditional on positive progress reports. A grant-based system would give the EU some control over the effective implementation of cities’ decarbonisation projects. EU countries could use city progress reports to provide fiscal incentives to cities that implement in practice their Climate Plans. This premium system would make economic sense for member states considering that the better cities perform in terms of decarbonisation, the easier it will be to achieve national decarbonisation targets. |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:17923&r=env |
| By: | Tang, Weiqi; Meng, Bo; Wu, Libo; Liu, Yu |
| Abstract: | Firms in China within the same industry but with different ownership and size have very different production functions and can face very different emission regulations and financial conditions. This fact has largely been ignored in most of the existing literature on climate change. Using a newly augmented Chinese input–output table in which information about firm size and ownership are explicitly reported, this paper employs a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the impact of alternative climate policy designs with respect to regulation and financial conditions on heterogeneous firms. The simulation results indicate that with a business-as-usual regulatory structure, the effectiveness and economic efficiency of climate policies is significantly undermined. Expanding regulation to cover additional firms has a first-order effect of improving efficiency. However, over-investment in energy technologies in certain firms may decrease the overall efficiency of investments and dampen long-term economic growth by competing with other fixed-capital investments for financial resources. Therefore, a market-oriented arrangement for sharing emission reduction burden and a mechanism for allocating green investment is crucial for China to achieve a more ambitious emission target in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy, Climatic change, Business enterprises, Econometric model, Emissions, CGE, Firm heterogeneity, SME, ETS, Chinese economy |
| JEL: | C67 C68 O16 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jet:dpaper:dpaper622&r=env |
| By: | Elbert Dijkgraaf (Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands); Raymond Gradus (VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | The European Union (EU) advocates a plastic waste recycling rate of more than 55% through home separation by households. Even for the Netherlands, which has already invested heavily in plastic recycling policies, there is still a challenge to meet this target. We show that post separation is an advisable alternative with more separation of plastic waste and lower collection costs. Based on data for 2013-2014, Dutch municipalities with post-separation have 6.2 kilogram more plastic than municipalities with only bring locations. Moreover, the effectiveness of post separation increases significantly over time to 8.4 kilograms in 2014. Also curbside collection of plastic waste can be effective, if it is combined with an unit-based pricing system, but in such a case the collection costs are higher. Therefore, there are indications that the cost effectiveness of recycling plastic waste increases, if post separation is chosen. |
| Keywords: | plastic waste; recycling; post separation; home separation; cost effectiveness |
| JEL: | H43 Q38 Q42 |
| Date: | 2016–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20160103&r=env |
| By: | M. Scott Taylor (University of Calgary) |
| Abstract: | We review recent research linking international trade to the environment, with a focus on new results and methods. The review is given structure by a novel decomposition linking changes in emissions to changes in productive activity at the plant, firm, industry, and national levels. While some new results have emerged from the application of a Melitz-style approach to trade and the environment, its full potential has not yet been exploited. We discuss existing empirical and theoretical work, introduce three new hypotheses, and suggest paths for future researchers to follow. |
| Date: | 2016–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clg:wpaper:2016-46&r=env |
| By: | Lize Van Dyck (HIVA, KU Leuven); Kris Bachus (HIVA, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | This research paper is the first compresensive effort to get a full overview of public climate finance in Belgium. Up to now, reports to international institutions such as UNFCCC have been incomplete, because not all funding bodies’ and agencies’ flows were included. For the weighting of the climate relevance, two methodologies are used side-by-side: the 0-40-100 used by most countries and the EU, and the ‘DGD-method’ which is a method sui generis developed by the Belgian federal development administration. All the partners in the Belgian public climate finance landscape and their activities are first explained, and afterwards an overview is provided of the climate flows for the years 2013 and 2014. Except for two public organisations, the figures for all Belgian stakeholders could be retrieved. This paper is an important step forward towards full coverage for Belgian public climate financereporting efforts in the near future. |
| Keywords: | climate finance, public climate finance, climate flows, public climate flows, development, climate change, climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation |
| JEL: | F35 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:befdwp:0112&r=env |
| By: | Lavanya Ravikanth Anneboina (Madras School of Economics); K. S. Kavi Kumar (Professor,Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Mangroves support and enhance fisheries by serving as a breeding ground and nursery habitat for marine life. The mangrove-fishery link has been well established in the ecological literature. This paper, however, employs an economic analysis to examine the role of mangroves in increasing marine fish output in India. In particular, the effectiveness of mangroves in increasing marine fish production is analysed using secondary data on marine fish production and fishing inputs. The results based on econometric analysis indicate that mangroves contribute significantly to the enhancement of fish production in the coastal states of India. Further, the paper also analyses the contribution of mangroves to commercial marine fisheries output in India and the same is estimated to be in the range of 23 – 34 percent, which in economic terms is valued between Rs. 1.46 – 2.15 lakhs per hectare in 2012-13 prices. The relative contribution of mangroves to total fish catch estimated in the Indian context is comparable to that estimated in other countries. |
| Keywords: | Marine fishery; Mangrove cover; Value of mangroves; Ecosystem services Classification-JEL: Q22; Q23; Q51; Q57 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2016-145&r=env |
| By: | Hamet Sarr (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - Irstea - ENGEES, Université de Strasbourg); Mohamed Bchir (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - Irstea - ENGEES, Université de Strasbourg); Francois Cochard (CRESE - Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques - UFC - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté, UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté); Anne Rozan (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - Irstea - ENGEES, Université de Strasbourg) |
| Abstract: | The “Average Pigouvian Tax” (APT) was proposed by Suter et al. (2008) to reduce the financial burden of the standard ambient tax. This instrument consists in a standard ambient tax divided by the number of firms, which requires polluters to cooperate in order to achieve the social optimum. To enable polluters to cooperate, communication is allowed. We introduce different types of communication: cheap talk, exogenous costly communication (communication is imposed), and endogenous costly communication (conducted on a voluntary basis after a vote). Our experiment confirms that the instrument induces polluters to reduce their emissions under cheap talk. However, we find that group emissions are less reduced when communication is costly. This result still holds even when we endogenize communication by introducing a voting phase. |
| Keywords: | nonpoint source pollution, ambient tax, social dilemma, cooperation, cheap talk, costly communication, vote |
| Date: | 2016–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01375078&r=env |
| By: | Paola Ovando; José L. Oviedo; Pablo Campos |
| Abstract: | We estimate the total social income delivered by a simulated Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) afforestation investment in Huelva province, Spain. We consider the following private and public products: timber, pinecones, forestry conservation services, landowner amenities, landscape conservation, public recreation and carbon sequestration services. We show how total income of each single product is distributed into the partial rewards to labor and to environmental and manufactured assets. Results demonstrate that private income accounts on average for 46% of the total social income over the entire afforestation cycle; public income comprises the remaining 54%. This distribution is subject to variations over the afforestation cycle according to the timber and pine cones harvesting profiles and scheduled conservationist forestry operations. Our results also indicate that the production of public non-market services offset the government compensations (payments) to support the Stone pine afforestation. Finally, our applied experimental agroforestry accounting system indicates that on average 93% of the total social income over the entire afforestation cycle would be omitted if the current national system of accounts for forestry were applied to our case study. |
| Keywords: | Public services, private amenities, conservationist forestry, non-market valuation, environmental income |
| JEL: | Q23 Q51 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1501&r=env |
| By: | Ragasa, Catherine; Chapoto, Anthony |
| Abstract: | This paper examines closely the constraints in productivity improvements and evaluates available rice technologies looking at the heterogeneity of irrigated and rainfed ecologies in 10 regions in Ghana. Employing yield response models, profitability analysis, and adoption models, results show various practices contribute to yield improvements in irrigated and rainfed systems including chemical fertilizer use, use of certified seed of improved varieties, transplanting, bunding, leveling, use of a sawah system, seed priming, and row planting. Evidence also shows that extension services on rice production are limited and that intensifying extension services can contribute to increases in rice yield. |
| Keywords: | productivity, fertilizer, subsidies, rice, green revolution, profitability, technology adoption, agricultural policies, farm inputs, food policies, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1561&r=env |
| By: | Koen Frenken |
| Keywords: | sharing economy |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uis:wpaper:1604&r=env |
| By: | Pablo Campos; Paola Ovando; Bruno Mesa; Jose L. Oviedo |
| Abstract: | La renta ambiental representa la contribución natural de los ecosistemas a los valores de los productos que aportan sus múltiples actividades económicas. La estimación de la renta ambiental se realiza para cada uno de los activos ambientales de los ecosistemas, siendo el consumo por los animales del pasto natural la fuente de una de sus rentas ambientales. La actividad silvopascícola ha dado origen a la rica variedad genética animal y cultural de la ganadería extensiva en los ecosistemas agroforestales mediterráneos. La ganadería extensiva añade, a su oferta de bienes y servicios demandados por la población, el interés de ser la herramienta de gestión de las vegetaciones naturales, que secularmente ha moldeado al paisaje agroforestal en forma de mosaico en los países de la cuenca del Mediterráneo. El objetivo principal de este estudio es la valoración de la renta ambiental privada de los pastos consumidos por la ganadería extensiva, según el tipo de vegetación forestal dominante, en una muestra aleatoria de fincas agroforestales privadas de Andalucía. Se estima que en 2010 las fincas agroforestales en las que predomina la vegetación forestal de pastizal se extraen de media 622,6 UF/ha, y en las de predominio de las vegetaciones forestales de frondosas mediterráneas se alcanza una extracción de 484,6 UF/ha, mientras que el consumo cae hasta las 268,3 UF/ha en el caso de los pinares y a las 397,3 UF/ha en las fincas con vegetación predominante de matorral. La renta ambiental de los pastos varía entre 0,0 y 41,8 €/ha y entre 0,0 y 0,09 €/UF, con un valor medio de 0,06 €/UF para el conjunto de fincas estudiadas |
| Keywords: | Sistemas silvopastorales, capital ambiental, cuentas ambientales, ganadería extensiva, método de valoración residual, servicios del ecosistema |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1506&r=env |
| By: | Antonescu, Daniela |
| Abstract: | Protected Area help to sustain income, output and consumption across the economy. Also, generate employment and earn the government fiscal revenues. The economic specialists have been making increasing use of the concept of total economic evaluation to assess the value of protected areas. Many protected areas are managed on a multiple-use basis and tourism and recreation are among the very important uses of such areas. To determine the optimal use of such areas is an important problem for the community and for the managers of protected areas. These article provides core information about economic valuation of protected area and present, synthetically, the case study. |
| Keywords: | Protected Area, Economic Value, Biodiversity |
| JEL: | Q20 Q3 Q31 Q39 |
| Date: | 2015–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:75272&r=env |
| By: | Guy Meunier (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - Polytechnique - X - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Pierre Ponssard (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - Polytechnique - X - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Une critique récurrente des subventions aux technologies propres (énergies renouvelables, solaire, mécanismes de développement propre, voiture électrique, …) est l’existence d’effets d’aubaine : des investissements bénéficient de subventions dont ils n’ont pas besoin pour être rentables. Cette note formalise ce type de situation comme la sélection d’un portefeuille de projets par l’Etat dans un contexte d’asymétrie d’information. Il montre qu’une forme de garantie du financement, avec remboursement en cas de succès, permet de limiter les effets d’aubaines et les dépenses publiques tout en maximisant le bénéfice social en termes de réduction des émissions. La pertinence du mécanisme proposé est illustrée dans le cadre de subventions pour le déploiement des infrastructures pour les véhicules à hydrogène. |
| Keywords: | technologies vertes, politiques publiques, avance remboursable, information asymétrique |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01366181&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept |
| Abstract: | Tuvalu is a fragile micro-state facing tremendous challenges from its remoteness, lack of scale economies, weak institutional capacity, and above all, climate change, which threatens the country’s very existence. Thanks to buoyant fishing licensing fees and grants, Tuvalu has accumulated fiscal buffers in recent years, but it is now incurring significant costs rebuilding after the devastating Cyclone Pam in March 2015. Looking ahead, Tuvalu faces substantial long-run costs in improving its infrastructure to mitigate the effects of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Article IV consultation reports;Economic growth;Fiscal policy;Fisheries;Climatic changes;Fiscal reforms;Public enterprises;Bank supervision;Economic indicators;Balance of payments statistics;Debt sustainability analysis;Staff Reports;Press releases;Tuvalu; |
| Date: | 2016–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:16/323&r=env |
| By: | Teng Ma (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University); Kenji Takeuchi (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the choices of denitration technology in the Chinese thermal power sector. Using a multinominal logit model of the choices among 1,135 boilers in thermal power plants operating in China in 2013, we analyze how the choices were inuenced by government policies, the stringency of national standards, and subsidies for using speci_c technology. The results are as follows. First, China's 12th Five-year Plan might make it more attractive for plants to choose the cheapest denitration technology among the three options examined in this study. Second, technology choices differed signi_cantly by region before the 12th Five-year Plan period. These differences have disappeared, perhaps due to the economic development across all regions of China. Third, electricity price subsidies offered to plants that use denitration equipment might affect their technology choice. These results suggests that plants might choose the cheapest technology available, in order to lower investment costs. |
| Keywords: | technology choice, NOx emissions, China, thermal power sector |
| JEL: | O33 Q53 Q55 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koe:wpaper:1644&r=env |
| By: | Emilie Bécault (GGS, KU Leuven); Moritz Koenig (GGS, KU Leuven); Axel Marx (GGS, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the state of climate finance readiness in the Republic of Rwanda so to identify key opportunities for strengthening the country’s performance in accessing and delivering increasingly larger amounts of climate finance from international public and private sources. The report is divided into three parts respectively discussing: 1) a four-pillar framework with indicators for assessing climate finance readiness at the national level 2) an analysis of Rwanda’s climate finance strategies, policies, institutions, and recent experience in accessing and delivering climate funds and 3) key findings and recommendations for each modality of the climate finance readiness framework. The report concludes by highlighting a number of lessons that can be drawned from the Rwandan experience in getting ready for climate finance. Based on desktop analysis of formal and informal policy materials, strategies and frameworks in Rwanda and phone interviews with key stakeholders, donors, and diverse recipients of climate funding, this study offers a fine-grained analysis of the state of climate finance readiness in Rwanda as well as a number of key recommendations to donors, policymakers, and other stakeholders on how to improve recipient developing countries’ capacities to access and deliver future flows of climate finance. |
| Keywords: | climate finance, climate finance readiness, Rwanda, developing countries, climate adaptation, climate policy, development, green growth. |
| JEL: | O O2 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:befdwp:0113&r=env |
| By: | Bernhard Dachs (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology); Björn Budde (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Around half of total private energy consumption is used for housing. Thus, ambitious emission reduction targets can only achieved by pushing innovation in construction. This case study looks at the diffusion of passive houses in Austria, which is the leading country in this innovation. The Austrian case shows that a combination of regulation and promotional activities, together with measures for information diffusion and grass-root entrepreneurial activity have led to the highest density of passive houses worldwide in the country. However, this domestic strength could not be transferred into higher exports. Factors that hamper exports are the complex characteristics of passive houses, the importance for producers to be present in exporting markets, and the small size of many firms in the Austrian passive house sector. |
| Keywords: | Energy, Environment, Building, Construction Materials, |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 L74 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei226&r=env |
| By: | Alejandro Caparrós; Pablo Campos; José L. Oviedo; Paola Ovando; Begoña Álvarez-Farizo; Luis Díaz-Balteiro; Gregorio Montero; Juan Carranza; Santiago Beguería; Mario Díaz; Casimiro Herruzo; Fernando Martínez-Peña; Mario Soliño; Alejandro Álvarez; María Martínez Jáuregui; María Pasalodos-Tato; Pablo de Frutos; Jorge Aldea; Eloy Almazán; Elena D. Concepción; Bruno Mesa; Carlos Romero; Roberto Serrano-Notivoli; Cristina Fernández; Jerónimo Torres-Porras |
| Abstract: | En esta investigación se presenta en primer lugar la metodología aplicada en RECAMAN, que incluye el sistema de cuentas agroforestales simplificado (se omiten las actividades animales y agrícolas), el método de valor de cambio simulado y los métodos de valoración empleados para cada una de las actividades consideradas. El sistema de contabilidad de los ecosistemas presentado amplía el concepto de proceso productivo manufacturado admitido por el actual sistema de cuentas nacionales, al incorporar los procesos productivos naturales de las actividades públicas y las ganancias de capital. El objetivo es medir la renta total social, la renta ambiental y los capitales sociales privados y públicos. La renta ambiental se obtiene residualmente y representa la contribución de los servicios del ecosistema que se producen sin la intervención humana a su renta total social. Los valores comerciales se estiman directamente del mercado. Para las actividades actualmente fuera del mercado se aplican métodos de valoración ambiental para estimar las demandas de bienes y servicios no comerciales. Utilizando esta información y los costes implicados se utiliza el método del valor de cambio simulado para estimar los valores que se intercambiarían si el bien o servicio estuviera comercializado. Esto permite integrar estos valores de servicios y productos no comerciales de manera consistente en las cuentas con valores comerciales. Los resultados se muestran en forma de tablas, gráficos y mapas, al encontrarse todos los valores georreferenciados. Se obtienen valores para el conjunto de Andalucía, para las ocho provincias y para las vegetaciones principales. Los resultados muestran que el capital en los ecosistemas forestales de Andalucía es principalmente ambiental, siendo el servicio ambiental privado el componente principal, seguido de los servicios recreativos públicos. Respecto a la renta total, las actividades ambientales siguen siendo las que más contribuyen, en especial los servicios ambientales privados, el carbono y el agua forestal, aunque hay que resaltar la importancia de la renta total generada por la actividad forestal, especialmente por la mano de obra ligada a esta actividad. Las metodologías de valoración de las rentas de los activos individuales y las aplicaciones experimentales a escala regional en cerca de 4,4 millones de hectáreas de ecosistemas forestales de Andalucía representan una novedad entre las publicaciones que están apareciendo sobre la valoración de los servicios de los ecosistemas en la literatura internacional especializada. El contenido de esta investigación sigue una presentación de resultados a escala de Andalucía y por especies forestales principales individuales y agregadas por formaciones vegetales. Los resultados se presentan por cuentas privadas, públicas (del gobierno) y sociales. El análisis del texto se centra en los resultados sociales. Se presentan los resultados de renta ambiental por vegetaciones clasificada en servicios de suministro de materias primas (madera, corcho, leña, frutos industriales, pastos y bellotas, agua y setas), regulación (carbono, paisaje y biodiversidad amenazada) y culturales (residenciales, caza, autoconsumo ambiental, y recreativo público). |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1508&r=env |
| By: | Randall Morck; Masao Nakamura |
| Abstract: | Japan’s successful industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th century largely exhausted its then abundant natural resources. Rather than exemplifying rapid development in the absence of natural resources, Japan shows how laissez-faire government and successfully transplanted classical liberal institutions, including active stock markets, exorcised a natural resources curse that undermined its prior state-led industrialization strategy. Japan’s post-WWII reconstruction relied little on natural resources and more on bank financing and state direction, but was not an example of an initial industrialization |
| JEL: | G3 N25 O14 O53 P28 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22865&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Faivre d'Arcier (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Yveline Lecler (IAO - Institut d'Asie Orientale - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Benoît Granier (IAO - Institut d'Asie Orientale - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nicolas Leprêtre (IAO - Institut d'Asie Orientale - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Ce rapport pointe les particularités de la smart community de Kyoto Keihanna. Il fait partie d’un corpus qui complètent le rapport final intitulé « Des éco-quartiers aux « smart cities » : quel rôle pour l’électro-mobilité ? Une comparaison France – Japon », réalisé dans le cadre du projet SMARTMOB par le LAET et l’IAO, en réponse à l’appel d’offre du GO6 du PREDIT IV (financement ADEME). Ce dernier est déposé sur les archives ouvertes : https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hals hs-01382640). |
| Keywords: | comportement de consommation des ménages,enjeux énergétiques,Projet SMARTMOB,gestion de l’énergie,smart cities,politique énergétique,solutions techniques,smart communities,électromobilité,implication des populations,acceptation sociale,politiques de mobilité durable,enjeux industriels,comparaison France-Japon,gestion de l’électricité,pilotage public/privé |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01382709&r=env |
| By: | Paulin Ibanda Kabaka (LAM - Les Afriques dans le monde - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) |
| Abstract: | Le Gouvernement de la République du Cameroun sous la supervision de la Banque mondiale a mis en oeuvre en 1994 une réforme forestière qui est considérée comme la première de ce genre en Afrique centrale et dont les objectifs étaient la mobilisation accrue des recettes fiscales d'origine forestière, l'augmentation de la valeur ajoutée de l'industrie du bois et de sa contribution à l'économie nationale et enfin l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations forestières. |
| Keywords: | réforme fiscale forestière, Cameroun, fiscalité forestière, forêts, Afrique,Banque mondiale, droit forestier |
| Date: | 2016–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01374756&r=env |