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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Pavel Ciaian; d'Artis Kancs; Giuseppe Pirolix; Miroslava Rajcaniova |
| Abstract: | This is the first paper that econometrically estimates the impact of rising Bioenergy production on global CO2 emissions. We apply a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) approach to time series from 1961 to 2009 with annual observation for the world biofuel production and global CO2 emissions. We find that in the medium- to long-run biofuels significantly reduce global CO2 emissions: the CO2 emission elasticities with respect to biofuels range between -0.57 and -0.80. In the short-run, however, biofuels may increase CO2 emissions temporarily. Our findings complement those of life-cycle assessment and simulation models. However, by employing a more holistic approach and obtaining more robust estimates of environmental impact of biofuels, our results are particularly valuable for policy makers. |
| Keywords: | SVAR, time-series econometrics, biofuels, C02 emissions, environment. |
| JEL: | C14 C22 C51 D58 Q11 Q13 Q42 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:37115&r=env |
| By: | Rudy Colacicco (Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting, Maynooth University.) |
| Abstract: | I build a two-country general oligopolistic equilibrium model, in which sectors differ in emissions and technologies, and pollution can be transboundary. I derive the optimal bilateral environmental policy for the economy as a whole, for the cases in which the environmental damage either linearly or quadratically increases in total pollution. The analysis highlights that the optimal emission tax can even be negative, and bilateral trade liberalization should be matched with either a rise or a fall in the optimal emission tax. The moments of the emission distribution and technology distribution across sectors are fundamental to implement optimal environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | Cournot Competition; Environmental Policy; Emission Tax; General Oligopolistic Equilibrium (GOLE); Trade Liberalization; Transboundary Pollution |
| JEL: | F12 F13 F18 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:may:mayecw:n273-16.pdf&r=env |
| By: | Jintai Lin; Dan Tong; Steven Davis; Ruijing Ni; Xiaoxiao Tan; Da Pan; Hongyan Zhao; Zifeng Lu; David Streets; Tong Feng; Qiang Zhang; Yingying Yan; Yongyun Hu; Jing Li; Zhu Liu; Xujia Jiang; Guannan Geng; Kebin He; Yi Huang; Dabo Guan |
| Abstract: | International trade separates regions consuming goods and services from regions where goods and related aerosol pollution are produced. Yet the role of trade in aerosol climate forcing attributed to different regions has never been quantified. Here, we contrast the direct radiative forcing of aerosols related to regions? consumption of goods and services against the forcing due to emissions produced in each region. Aerosols assessed include black carbon, primary organic aerosol, and secondary inorganic aerosols, including sulfate, nitrate and ammonium. We find that global aerosol radiative forcing due to emissions produced in East Asia is much stronger than the forcing related to goods and services ultimately consumed in that region because of its large net export of emissions-intensive goods. The opposite is true for net importers such as Western Europe and North America: global radiative forcing related to consumption is much greater than the forcing due to emissions produced in these regions. Overall, trade is associated with a shift of radiative forcing from net importing to net exporting regions. Compared to greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, the short atmospheric lifetimes of aerosols cause large localized differences between consumption- and production-related radiative forcing. International efforts to reduce emissions in the exporting countries will help alleviate trade-related climate and health impacts of aerosols while lowering global emissions. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qsh:wpaper:453052&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Daví Arderius (Cátedra de Sustentabilidad, Universidad de Barcelona); María-Eugenia Sanin (EPEE, Université d´Evry Val d´Essonne); Elisa Trujillo-Baute (University of Warrick) |
| Abstract: | Worldwide, countries are implementing policies to develop greener energy markets. In Europe, the ¨2030 Energy and Climate Package¨ asks for further reductions of GHG, renewable sources integration, and energy efficiency targets. These objectives may counterbalance each other modifying the electricity flows, and hence, affecting the electricity losses. Precisely, the extra amount of energy necessary to cover losses is the departure point from which we analyze the impact of losses on CO2 emissions. With this purpose we use Spanish market and system data with hourly frequency from 2011 to 2013. Our results show that electricity losses significantly explain CO2 emissions, with higher CO2 emissions when covering losses that those on the average system. Additionally, we find that the market closing technologies used to cover losses have positive and significant impacts on CO2 emissions: when polluting technologies (coal or combined cycle) close the market, the impact of losses on CO2 emissions is greater in comparison with the rest of technologies (CHP, renewables or hydropower). From these results we make some policy recommendations to reduce the impact of losses on CO2 emissions. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eve:wpaper:16-08&r=env |
| By: | Dario Belluomini |
| Abstract: | This paper present a thorough reflection on Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs, which may be viewed as the most innovative tools of the ‘environmental policy toolkit’. These are incentive-based mechanisms, compensating landowners to manage the natural resources under their control in a sustainable way (generating environmental services such as biodiversity protection and ecotourism), instead of clearing land or excessively exploiting their natural resources. After briefly discussing the most significant findings in the environment and development research stream, we will present how the roots of PES lie in public economic theory, with regard in particular to environmental externalities. Later, after debating the proper definition of PES and its main concepts (e.g. additionality, perverse incentives, conditionality), we shall also comment the main case-studies on the topic, in order to provide clear examples of how these instruments may be applied in several different context (i.e. both in developing and developed countries, either by public or private agents). As it shall be shown, given their high adaptability to local conditions, PES are likely to become extremely important in next decades’ environment safeguard interventions. |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cav:cavwpp:wp140&r=env |
| By: | Choon-Yin Sam (PSB Academy, Singapore) |
| Abstract: | The Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) shows that there exists an inverted 'U' relationship between indicators of environmental degradation and economic growth. This means that environmental degradation first increases (worsens), and then decreases as per capita income increases. The hypothesis is tested for the case of Singapore. The paper finds that Granger causality flows from export performance, trade intensity and energy consumption to CO 2 emission, and the EKC exists in the long run, but not in the short run. |
| Keywords: | environment, Singapore |
| Date: | 2016–08–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01352925&r=env |
| By: | J. Mysiak; Swenja Surminski; A. Thieken; R. Mechler; J. Aerts |
| Abstract: | In March 2015, a new international blueprint for disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been adopted in Sendai, Japan, at the end of the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR, 14–18 March 2015). We review and discuss the agreed commitments and targets, as well as the negotiation leading to the Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR) and discuss briefly its implication for the later UN-led negotiations on sustainable development goals and climate change. |
| JEL: | G32 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:67718&r=env |
| By: | Laetitia Tuffery (University Paris Saclay, Evry-Val d'Essonne, TEPP Institute FR n°3126 CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Most of previous forest recreational service valuation studies using hedonic methods have focused on direct proximity of housing to the nearest forest while treating the recreational services as homogeneous. However, households in urban and periurban areas may prefer diverse forest areas in their neighborhood. The main objective of this study is to estimate and compare the impacts of proximity to forest recreational services based on the nearest forest and the global forest environment, which includes spatially heterogeneous recreational quality. The global forest environment is computed from the forest recreational services with respect to travel time to the housing. Empirical results show that major differences exist between the forests' valuations and their recreational services depending on which forest environment is considered. The size of the nearest forest is the only characteristic with a positive and significant impact on housing prices. Conversely, the global forest environment positively impacts housing prices based on certain parameters, such as large forest size, no protected areas and the existence of hiking and biking paths, which implies public access and maintenance. |
| Keywords: | recreational services; global forest environment; hedonic price method; spatial analysis |
| JEL: | Q26 Q57 R14 R21 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eve:wpaper:16-06&r=env |
| By: | Ek, Kristina (Economics Unit, Luleå University of Technology); Persson, Lars (CERE and the Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | The Water Framework Directive (WFD) explicitly acknowledges the role of economics in the process of reaching the environmental quality objectives. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the implementation of the WFD in Sweden based on standard economic theory regarding instruments for cost efficient- and effective solutions to environmental problems. A lesson is that although incentive based instruments are beneficial from a cost-efficiency perspective, the complexities associated with environmental water management may somewhat challenge their implementation. Flexibility is a key issue for cost-effectiveness and, since Swedish water management mainly consists of command-and control instruments, the cost effectiveness is likely to be limited. Furthermore, the paper also points at how policy instruments relate to the economic burden aspect and the PPP – both highlighted in the Directive. |
| Keywords: | The economics of the Water Framework Directive; cost efficiency and effectiveness; environmental water management; Polluter Pays Principle |
| JEL: | H23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2016–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2016_016&r=env |
| By: | Wagner, Gernot (Harvard University); Zeckhauser, Richard J. (Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | Deep-seated, persistent uncertainty is a pernicious feature of climate change. One key parameter, equilibrium climate sensitivity, has eluded almost all attempts at pinning it down more precisely than a 'likely' range that has stalled at 1.5-4.5 degrees C for over thirty-five years. The marginal damages due to temperature increase rise rapidly. Thus, uncertainty in climate sensitivity significantly raises the expected costs of climate change above what they would be if the temperature increases were known to be close to a mean value 3.0 degrees C. The costs of this uncertainty are compounded given that the distribution of possible temperature changes is strongly skewed toward higher values. |
| JEL: | D81 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:harjfk:16-025&r=env |
| By: | Onil Banerjee (Inter-American Development Bank); Martin Cicowiez (UNLP - FCE); Mark Horridge (Victoria University); Renato Vargas (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Economy-wide models such as Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Models are powerful tools that provide insights on policy impacts on standard economic indicators. With the recent publication of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounts (SEEA), the power of this approach is amplified. This paper addresses an important gap in economy-wide policy modelling applications and literature by developing a conceptual framework for the integration of the SEEA in the CGE framework, enabling for the first time the analysis of policy impacts on the economy and the environment in a quantitative, comprehensive and consistent framework. Previous integrated modelling efforts have generally focused on the interaction between the economy and one environmental resource in isolation, requiring significant data reconciliation. Integration of SEEA into a CGE circumvents this resource intense process, enhancing analytical power, obviating the need for strong assumptions in reconciling economic-environmental data, reducing start-up costs, and increasing the timeliness of evidence-based policy advice. |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0202&r=env |
| By: | Renuka K. Ganegodage (School of Economics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia); Peyman Khezr (School of Economics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia); Rabindra Nepal (CDU Business School, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of fossil-fired power plants on the value of neighborhood properties in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Fossil-fuels accounts for significant proportion of electricity generation in Australia. Thus, there are growing community concerns regarding the possible negative environmental effects of these power plants given the high level of emission produced by these plants. We use a comprehensive data with the exact location of each property to estimate the effect of an existing fossil-fuel power plant on the value of neighborhood properties. We use spatial econometric models to estimate these effects with controls over several characteristics of properties. Our results suggest that coal-fired power plants have significant negative effects on property values within a specific radius. These effects are less but still negative for gas and gas reciprocating power plants. |
| Keywords: | Fossil-fired; power plants; emissions; property price |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 R11 R30 |
| Date: | 2016–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uq2004:569&r=env |
| By: | Jamie Robertsen; Nathalie Francken; Nadia Molenaers |
| Abstract: | The apparent mismatch between countries receiving Adaptation-related Climate Change Financing (ACCF) and those most vulnerable to climate change is a concern which is the motivation for this research. This paper examines the determining factors of receiving ACCF for sub-Saharan African countries and finds that the recipient policy and an existing aid relationship are significant determinants of funding. ACCF therefore appears to be contingent on democratic characteristics of the recipient and prevailing a donor-recipient relationship, with vulnerability not being a factor. Our research draws a parallel between ACCF and traditional, bilateral aid allocation, and stresses the importance of accurate climate finance allocation practices. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:37315&r=env |
| By: | Thais Nuñez-Rocha (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | A new branch of the literature on international trade and environment suggests that developing countries are becoming waste havens for their developed counterparts, due to environmental regulation differences with trade partners. This paper analyses the effectiveness of the Basel Convention formalisation in the European Union (EU-WSR), by studying the impact of the EU-WSR on hazardous waste trade, first on the less developed EU countries, and then on regions of developing countries. It does so, by means of a gravity model framework applied to a panel data-set. Results show that there is no enough evidence to call for waste haven effect in the less developed EU countries, with both aggregated and disaggregated measures of environmental regulations, but increasing institution efficiency differences could lead to increasing imports of waste. In the regional analysis, there is no evidence of the efficacy of the EU-WSR. These findings provide insights into the efficacy of European engagements on waste trade, indicating that there is no simple answer as to its effect. |
| Keywords: | difference-in-differences,international environmental agreements,Hazardous waste,waste haven effect,international trade,log-linear and ppml gravity model |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-01339837&r=env |
| By: | Anna CRETI (Dauphine University and Ecole Polytechnique); María-Eugenia SANIN (EPEE, Evry-Val-d'Esssone University and Ecole Polytechnique) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies merger incentives for polluting Cournot firms under a competitive tradable emission permits market. Such setting is relevant to assess the observed mergers between power generators in the Regional Greenhause Gas Initiative (RGGI) allowing us to derive policy recommendations. We find that when firms are symmetric and marginal costs are constant, an horizontal merger that generates efficiency gains is welfare enhancing, but efficiency gains must be high enough with respect to the case without permits markets for the merger to take place. Secondly, the presence of a competitive (or monopolistic) outside market that also trades in the permits market makes profitable a merger that would not happen otherwise. When firms are vertically related in an input-output chain, an horizontal merger in one of the markets increases profits in that market and in the other market due to the decrease in permits price. Finally we consider an oligopoly-fringe model in which firms differ both in their marginal costs of production and in their pollution intensity. A merger between the oligopolistic firms decreases permits price and is always profitable as opposed to the symmetric Cournot case in which there is a critical size for profitability. |
| Keywords: | mergers, environmental externality, tradable emission permits, social welfare, Cournot competition |
| JEL: | L13 L41 Q51 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eve:wpaper:16-07&r=env |
| By: | Maria Eugenia Sanin (EPEE, Université d´Evry Val d´Essonne; Chaire Energie et Prospérité - École Polytechnique; Chaire European Electricity Markets - Dauphine Foundation.) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we study how the electricity market character- istics determines the choices made by electricity generators in the U.S. market for SO2 allowances. Counterparts can be cho- sen among three alternatives: market makers, brokers or another generator. We find that the SO2 allowances market is de facto regionalized due to the regionalization of the electricity market. The national dimension only appears when there are local im- balances in the electricity market that give strong incentives to search for a better price outside of the region. Additionally, we identify the influence of the regulatory framework, i.e. the divi- sion in phases and the chosen allowance surrender date. Finally, we show that the previous results are robust to Enron's abnormal behavior during 2000-2001 and its posterior bankruptcy. |
| Keywords: | radable emission permits, counterpart choice, acid rain market |
| JEL: | D22 D40 D62 L50 L94 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eve:wpaper:16-01&r=env |
| By: | Jevan Cherniwchan; Brian R. Copeland; M. Scott Taylor |
| Abstract: | We review recent research linking international trade to the environment, with a focus on new results and methods. The review is given structure by a novel decomposition linking changes in emissions to changes in productive activity at the plant, firm, industry, and national levels. While some new results have emerged from the application of a Melitz-style approach to trade and the environment, its full potential has not yet been exploited. We discuss existing empirical and theoretical work, introduce three new hypotheses, and suggest paths for future researchers to follow. |
| JEL: | F1 F14 F64 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22636&r=env |
| By: | Maureen Cropper; Alan Krupnick; William Raich |
| Abstract: | Benefit-cost analyses of health regulations traditionally evaluate their economic efficiency—ignoring equity. To help address the importance of equity, we develop a survey to elicit respondents’ preferences towards equality in health risks stemming from environmental causes. Survey responses are used to parameterize an Atkinson index over environmental health risks. We compare these results to similar questions in the income context and find that respondents are significantly more averse to inequality in health risks than in income. The mean respondent is willing to accept a 22% increase in average health risk if risks are equally distributed in the population, but willing to accept a decrease of only 5% in average income if incomes are equally distributed in the population. We find that 30% of respondents answer health risk questions lexicographically—always preferring an equal distribution of risks to an unequal distribution, even if the latter makes everyone better off. |
| JEL: | D6 I1 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22644&r=env |
| By: | T. BALINT (Université Paris I, Panthéon -Sorbonne and CNRS); F. LAMPERTI (Université Paris I Panthéon - Sorbonne and CNRS Institute of Economic and LEM, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna); A. Mandel (Université Paris1, Panthéon-Sorbonne and CNRS PSE Paris School of Economics Author-Name : M. Napoletano Author-Workplace-Name : OFCE Sciences PO and SKEMA Business School); A. Roventini Author-Workplace-Name : OFCE-Sciences Pp and SKEMA Businees School; A. Sapio Author-Workplace-Name : Parathenope Universtiy of Naples |
| Abstract: | We provide a survey of the micro and macro economics of climate change from a complexity science perspective and we discuss the challenges ahead for this line of research. We identify four areas of the literature where complex system models have already produced valuable insights: (i) coalition formation and climate negotiations, (ii) macroeconomic impacts of climate-related events, (iii) energy markets and (iv) di usion of climate-friendly technologies. On each of these issues, accounting for heterogeneity, interactions and disequilibrium dynamics provides a complementary and novel perspective to the one of standard equilibrium models. Furthermore, it highlights the potential economic benefits of mitigation and adaptation policies and the risk of under-estimating systemic climate change-related risks. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate policy, climate economics, complex systems, agent-based models, socio-economic networks |
| JEL: | C63 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fce:doctra:1623&r=env |
| By: | Emily Cox (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, UK); Phil Johnstone (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, UK); Andy Stirlng (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, UK) |
| Abstract: | The UK Government has long been planning to build up to 16 GWe of new nuclear power – a proportional level of support unparalleled in other liberalised energy markets. Despite many challenging developments, these general nuclear attachments show no sign of easing. With many viable alternative strategies for efficient, secure, low-carbon energy services, it is difficult to explain these commitments solely in terms of officially-declared policy rationales. |
| Keywords: | civil nuclear power; nuclear energy strategies; UK energy policy; nuclear weapons; nuclear-propelled submarines; incumbency; lock-in; renewable energy; technological discontinuation; sociotechnical transformation; theories of power; institutional theory; political science; science and technology studies |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2016-16&r=env |
| By: | Ciprian Ionescu (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Hélène Leriche (Orée. Entreprises, territoires et environnement); Michel Trommetter (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | This work belongs to a research process which has started 10 years ago and whose targets are, on the one hand to show that economic activities ar not only a source of impacts but that they depend first and foremost on biodiversity and ecosystem services, and on the other hand, to co-build approaches which aim at managing these relationships of interdependence, not as a constraint, but as a challenge within the strategy of economic actors. |
| Keywords: | Environmental accounting,Biodiversity,Biodiversity Protection,Ecosystem,Ecosystemic services,Firm,Environmental Economics |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01340449&r=env |
| By: | Arturo L. Vásquez Cordano (GERENS Graduate School of Business and Osinergmin); Abdel M. Zellou (Clear Future Consulting) |
| Abstract: | There was an upward trend in energy commodity prices since 2000, but with the surge in supply coming from unconventional oil and gas resources in North and South America, the trend in natural gas prices has become downward in recent years. However, the exploitation of these resources is generating public concerns due to the possible adverse environmental impacts of using hydraulic fracturing and other techniques on underground water. The purpose of this paper is to address the following questions: are there super cycles in natural gas prices? What are the environmental consequences in Latin America of the exploitation of unconventional gas given the cyclical behavior of gas prices and how can governments implement environmental policies to regulate unconventional gas extraction? Three super cycles in natural gas prices are identified with the last peak occurring in 2006. Our analysis indicates that the instable political situation and institutional weakness, the governmental intervention through asset nationalization and state-owned oil companies, the lack of transparent investment rules, high capital expenditures to develop LNG export projects and the exploration of shale resources, as well as the pre-salt discoveries in Brazil make uncertain that the shale gas boom achieve a large impact in Latin America during the current gas price super cycle. |
| Keywords: | Super Cycles, Long Cycles, Exhaustible Resources, Natural Gas Prices, Environment, Shale Gas, Trend-Cycle Decomposition, Christiano-Fitzgerald Band-Pass Filter |
| JEL: | E32 L71 Q41 E37 L51 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apc:wpaper:2016-071&r=env |
| By: | Maya Shames (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - Université Paris 13 - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Socrat Ghadban (Lebanese University-Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management) |
| Abstract: | Protecting cultural landscapes is about managing the relation between the living heritage and the physical environment. Since the 19th century, scientists are interested in landscapes as field of research because of their distinctive, interconnected natural and cultural values. In Lebanon, cultural landscapes are affected by the ineffective management and protection as well as the inappropriate land uses. Furthermore, sustainable tourism which has merged in the last decade, is still unable to solve the negative impacts caused by mass tourism on the Lebanese cultural landscape. Therefore, for the purpose of improving sustainable tourism management at cultural landscape, this research aims to explore the characteristics of cultural landscape, through the identification of natural and cultural resources, and to assess their management and protection strategies based on an innovative approach in cultural landscape management. Data were gathered based on nine semi-structured interviews with main stakeholders at Maaser El Shouf and Bkassine and two major national tour operators; in addition to the non-participant observations conducted by the researcher to reveal important facts about different aspects of the cultural landscapes selected. The study revealed that the historical identity of the landscapes is negatively affected by the decline of the agriculture sector and the ineffective protection of the intangible heritage. On the other hand, a scoring system was adopted to measure and evaluate the level of sustainable tourism management; it demonstrated a fairly handled management practices for both landscapes with an advanced performance for Maaser El Shouf. |
| Abstract: | La protection des paysages culturels consiste à bien gérer la relation entre l'héritage vivant et l'environnement physique. Dès le 19ème siècle, les chercheurs se sont intéressés par les paysages, grâce à leur aspect distinctif, et leurs valeurs naturelles et culturelles connectées. Au Liban, les paysages culturels sont influencés par la gestion inefficace et l’absence de protection aussi bien que par l’utilisation inappropriée des terrains. En outre, le tourisme durable qui s'est introduit la décennie dernière, ne peut pas toujours résoudre les impacts négatifs causés par le tourisme de masse sur le paysage culturel Libanais. Dans le but d'améliorer la gestion de tourisme durable au paysage culturel, cette recherche vise à explorer les caractéristiques du paysage culturel. D’abord par l'identification des ressources naturelles et culturelles, ensuite, par l’évaluation des stratégies du management et de protection de ces ressources, en se basant sur une approche innovante de gestion du paysage culturel. Les données ont été collectées à partir de neuf entrevues semi-structurées avec les parties prenantes principales à Maaser El Shouf et à Bkassine, ainsi qu’avec deux grands tours opérateurs nationaux. En plus, des observations non-participantes ont été réalisées par le chercheur afin de révéler des aspects importants des paysages culturels étudiés. L'étude a démontré que l'identité historique des paysages est négativement influencée par la baisse du secteur agricole et la protection inefficace de l'héritage intangible. D'autre part, un système de notation, a été adopté pour mesurer et évaluer l’efficacité de gestion de tourisme durable, qui a montré des pratiques assez efficaces de gestion pour les deux paysages avec une performance supérieure pour Maaser El Shouf. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Tourism,Cultural landscapes,Management,Natural and Cultural Profiling,Tourisme Durable,Paysages culturels,Gestion,Héritage,Profilage Naturel et Culturel |
| Date: | 2016–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01343577&r=env |
| By: | Elena Briones Alonso; Romain Houssa; Marijke Verpoorten |
| Abstract: | We study the co-existence of two community-based institutions for fisheries management in Benin: a traditional institution embedded in the Voodoo religion and a recent secular institution in the form of fishing committees. Using household survey data on fishing activities, we find that rules of both institutions have a statistically significant but small impact on the use of unsustainable fishing gear. We further find that Voodoo fishers who break the traditional Voodoo-based rule follow the fishing committee rule to the same extent as other fishers. This finding is consistent with a possible transition from the traditional Voodoo-based institution to the secular fishing committee institution. More research is needed to fully assess the effectiveness of, and interactions between, the two institutions. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:36415&r=env |
| By: | Haefele, Michelle (Colorado State University); Loomis, John (Colorado State University); Bilmes, Linda J. (Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the first-ever comprehensive estimate of the total economic value of the National Parks Service. The estimate covers administered lands, waters, and historic sites as well as NPS programs, which include protection of natural landmarks and historic sites, partnerships with local communities, recreational activities and educational programs. Our estimate of the total economic value to the American public is $92 billion. Two-thirds of this total ($62 billion) is for National Park lands, waters and historic sites; the remaining $30 billion is attributed to NPS Programs. The estimate, which is based on very conservative assumptions, includes not only the value attributed by visitors to the parks, but also a significant "non-use" or "existence" value. This is the value derived by the public from simply knowing that NPS assets are protected for current and future generations, regardless of whether or not they actually choose to visit. Our results are derived from a survey of a sample of U.S. households conducted for this study. Participants were asked whether they would be willing to pay specific amounts in increased annual federal income taxes over a ten-year period in order to retain the current National Parks and NPS Programs. This methodology is consistent with the techniques employed by numerous Federal agencies for economic valuation. The results reflect rational economic behavior--the higher the dollar amount in increased taxation, the less likely respondents were to pay. This indicates respondents were paying close attention to the payment amounts and gives us high confidence in our economic valuation. Overall, nearly 95% of responding households indicated that protecting National Parks, including historic sites, for current and future generations was important to them. This was largely independent of visitation; 85% of respondents felt that they personally benefitted from National Parks, regardless of whether they visited the parks or not. This paper describes our methodology in detail, including survey development techniques and implementation, as well as our statistical analysis. The paper also considers the policy implications of this first-ever analysis of NPS value. The study was conducted independently of the National Park Service. The research was funded through the generosity of the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation, the Turner Foundation, Cody J. Smith of the Summit Foundation, the National Park Foundation. |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:harjfk:16-024&r=env |
| By: | Matthieu BOUSSICHAS (Ferdi) |
| Abstract: | Un nouvel indicateur : pourquoi et pour quoi ?Financer le développement implique la combinaison de nombreuses ressources de nature différente : privées, publiques, internes et internationales. Bien mesurer ces ressources est un prérequis à un financement efficace. Or, la palette d’instruments qui permet de les mobiliser ainsi que le champ couvert par le développement se sont grandement étoffés ces dernières années. Le pilotage des politiques de développement nécessite un renouvellement de la mesure de ces instruments qui prenne en compte toutes ces évolutions. |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:3111&r=env |
| By: | Matthieu BOUSSICHAS (Ferdi) |
| Abstract: | Un nouvel indicateur : pourquoi et pour quoi ?Financer le développement implique la combinaison de nombreuses ressources de nature différente : privées, publiques, internes et internationales. Bien mesurer ces ressources est un prérequis à un financement efficace. Or, la palette d’instruments qui permet de les mobiliser ainsi que le champ couvert par le développement se sont grandement étoffés ces dernières années. Le pilotage des politiques de développement nécessite un renouvellement de la mesure de ces instruments qui prenne en compte toutes ces évolutions. |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:3112&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Vona (OFCE Sciences PO et SKEMA Business School); G. Marin (IRCrES-CNR); D. Consoli (INGENIO CSIC-UPV) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the nature and the key empirical regularities of green employment in US local labor markets between 2006 and 2014. We construct a new measure of green employment based on the task content of occupations. Descriptive analysis reveals the following: 1. the share of green employment oscillates between 2 and 3 percent, and its trend is strongly pro-cyclical; 2. green jobs yield a 4 percent wage premium; 3. despite moderate catching-up across areas, green jobs remain more geo- graphically concentrated than similar non-green jobs; and 4. the top green areas are mostly high-tech. As regards the drivers, changes in environ- mental regulation are a secondary force compared to the local endowment of green knowledge and resilience in the face of the great recession. To assess the impact of moving to greener activities, we estimate that one additional green job is associated with 4.2 (2.4 in the crisis period) new jobs in non-tradable activities in the local economies. |
| Keywords: | Green employment, local labor market, environmental regulation, environmental technologies, local multipliers |
| JEL: | J23 O33 Q52 R23 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fce:doctra:1622&r=env |
| By: | Pronk, Jan |
| Abstract: | At the turn of the millennia, in the year 2000, a new political momentum emerged. It was the turning year not only of decades, but also of centuries, even millennia. Though market forces and geopolitical power relations are not influenced by a mere calendar arithmetic, the end of the century created an ideal political opportunity to look both back and forward, and take a longer view. A kind of quadruple New Year’s Eve feeling forced opinion leaders and politicians to wonder what had gone wrong, when, where and why, and how negative trends could be reversed. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:wpaper:201613&r=env |
| By: | Ciprian Ionescu (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Hélène Leriche (Orée. Entreprises, territoires et environnement); Michel Trommetter (INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble 2) |
| Abstract: | Ce travail s'inscrit dans un processus de recherche qui a 10 ans et dont les objectifs sont, d'une part, de montrer que les activités économiques ne sont pas uniquement source d'impacts mais qu'elles sont avant tout largement dépendantes de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques et, d'autre part, de co-construire des démarches visant à gérer ces relations d'interdépendances, non pas comme une contrainte, mais comme un enjeu au coeur de la stratégie des acteurs économiques. |
| Keywords: | SERVICE ECOSYSTEMIQUE,BIODIVERSITE,GESTION DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES,COMPTABILITE ENVIRONNEMENTALE,GESTION DE LA BIODIVERSITE,ECOSYSTEME,ENTREPRISE |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01340214&r=env |
| By: | Laura Gueorguieva (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Urban agriculture structures, like many other organizations of the French Social and Solidarity Economy, offer innovative solutions to improve biodiversity and social diversity in some urban areas. In this paper, we want to correlate these progresses with different dynamics of convergence implemented by these structures in their developing economic networks. On the basis of data gathered during a long-term participatory observation fieldwork in a collective and associative community garden in Grenoble, we will show the correlation between the institutional and organizational proximity links that the structure develops and its social and natural impacts. Then we will highlight the opportunities and risks encountered by this kind of structure during these convergence processes. |
| Abstract: | Les structures d’agriculture urbaine, comme de nombreuses autres organisations d’économie sociale et solidaire, proposent des solutions innovantes pour améliorer la biodiversité et la diversité sociale dans certains espaces urbains. Dans cette communication, nous souhaitons mettre en relation ces avancées avec les dynamiques de convergence que ces structures développent dans leurs réseaux. En prenant appui sur les informations récoltées durant un travail d’observation participative dans un jardin collectif et associatif du territoire grenoblois, nous montrerons les effets et retombées de l’activité de la structure sur un plan social et environnemental. Nous mettrons particulièrement en avant les différentes formes de proximité permettant de développer ou valoriser ces effets positifs permis par l’introduction d’espaces naturels et agricoles en ville. Nous mettrons ensuite en exergue les opportunités et les risques associés à la construction de ces partenariats. |
| Keywords: | Urban agriculture,Social Economy,Proximity,Biodiversity,Social diversity,agriculture urbaine , économie sociale et solidaire , proximité , biodiversité , diversité sociale |
| Date: | 2016–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01353620&r=env |
| By: | Grazia Cecere; Nicoletta Corrocher; Maria Luisa Mancusi (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) |
| Abstract: | Financial constraints have an important impact on the development of eco-innovations, but their effect varies according to the type of funds taken into account. This article studies the impact of the lack of funds on the development of eco-innovations, distinguishing between internal, external and public funds. In particular, we investigate the interaction between public funding, on the one hand, and internal and other external sources of funding. The empirical analysis is based upon a sample of European SMEs belonging to different sectors that are involved in products, processes and organizational eco-innovations. Our results show that a lack of internal funding always decreases the probability to introduce eco-innovations, while the lack of private external funds does not appear to hinder the development of eco-innovations. Interestingly, we find that access to public funds or incentives is effective in improving a firm’s ability to introduce eco-innovations, but only when the firm is not short of funds (either from internal or external sources), thus suggesting that public funds are somewhat complementary to other funds. Further analysis shows that these effects are mostly relevant in small firms. |
| Keywords: | eco-innovations, public funding, financial constraints, SMEs. |
| JEL: | O31 Q55 G38 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctc:serie1:def046&r=env |
| By: | Becchetti, Leonardo (Associazione Italiana per la Cultura della Cooperazione e del Non Profit); Semplici, Lorenzo (Associazione Italiana per la Cultura della Cooperazione e del Non Profit); Tridente, Michele (Associazione Italiana per la Cultura della Cooperazione e del Non Profit) |
| Abstract: | We investigate with an ad hoc survey respondents’ tastes about the different corporate responsibility (CR) items typically used by CR rating agencies. The hypotheses of equal average value weights given to different CR items and equal variance (which we consider as a proxy of the inverse of consensus on the importance of an indicator) are strongly rejected by our data both in our overall suvey sample and in more homogeneous subsamples based on gender, age, education and religious beliefs. We as well frequently reject the hypothesis that value weights for the same CR item are the same across different subpopulations in gender subsamples since women attribute significantly higher weights than men to many CR items when we do not correct for young respondents’ oversampling. |
| Keywords: | corporate responsibility; gender effect; environmental sustainability |
| JEL: | D21 I31 L21 M14 |
| Date: | 2016–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:aiccon:2016_152&r=env |