|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Christopher Severen; Christopher Costello; Olivier Deschenes |
| Abstract: | The hedonic pricing method is one of the fundamental approaches used to estimate the economic value of attributes that affect the market price of an asset. In environmental economics, such methods are routinely used to derive the economic valuation of environmental attributes such as air pollution and water quality. For example, the Ricardian approach is based on a hedonic regression of land values on historical climate variables. Forecasts of future climate can then be employed to estimate the future costs of climate change. This extensively-applied approach contains an important implicit assumption that current land markets ignore current climate forecasts. While this assumption was defensible decades ago (when this literature first emerged), it is reasonable to hypothesize that information on climate change is so pervasive today that markets may already price in expectations of future climate change. We show how to account for this with a straightforward empirical correction (called the Forward-Looking Ricardian Approach) that can be implemented with readily available data. We apply this empirically to agricultural land markets in the United States and find evidence that these markets already are accounting for climate change forecasts. Failing to account for this would lead a researcher to understate climate change damages by 36% to 66%. |
| JEL: | Q12 Q50 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22413&r=env |
| By: | Dasgupta, Dipak; Espagne, Etienne; Hourcade, Jean-Charles; Minzer, Irving; Nafo, Seyni; Perissin-Fabert, Baptiste; Robins, Nick; Sirkis, Alfredo |
| Abstract: | Finance has been critical to the development of interest and momentum concerning the Paris Agreement, which emerged from COP21. However, a quick scan of the accord could lead many to derive a disappointing picture because of the absence of practical commitments to financial devices that can limit the risks of climate change. We support the opposite view that the text marks a new departure by committing countries to “making financial flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development ». This was matched by parallel developments such as the Financial Stability Board’s launch of a new Task Force on climate disclosure. We argue that, further steps now need to be taken within the broader context of financing the new model of prosperity laid out in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN, September 2015). At a time of increasing financial uncertainty and inadequate investment in the real economy, putting in place a framework for financing the transition to a low-carbon, resilient model of development is now an economic imperative – and an immense opportunity. Mitigating the systemic risks of climate change while putting the global financial system on a path toward balanced and sustainable development, is in the long-term strategic interests of both industrialized and developing countries and we suggest what practical steps can be accomplished in a near future in this direction. |
| Keywords: | COP 21, Paris Agreement, Climate Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q5, Q58, F53, |
| Date: | 2016–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemmi:243151&r=env |
| By: | Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, Jose-Maria; Chieco, Camilla; Di Virgilio, Nicola; Coninx, Ingrid; Ortiz-Miranda, Dionisio; Rossi, Federica; Zegg, Madlaina; Fülöp, Bence |
| Abstract: | Rural Development Programmes (RDPs) are a step to mainstream climate concerns in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). National and Regional RDPs for 2014 – 2020 include instruments that promote mitigation and adaptation strategies for agriculture to enhance biodiversity, environmental value of rural landscapes, efficient water management and the transition to a low carbon bio-based economy with reduced rates of GHG and ammonia emissions. This contribution presents a comparative assessment of actions undertaken by two EU Member states, the Netherlands (NL) and Hungary (HU) (national programmes), and two regions, Emilia Romagna (ER) and Valencia (VLC), which represent distinct agricultural and forest systems. It shows that EU regions selected for the case studies move towards mainstreaming climate concerns in Pillar II policies. In the sample, actions on ecosystems under Priority 4 (‘Restoring, preserving and enhancing ecosystems’) represent between 30 and 50% of the foreseen RDP expenditure for the whole period 2014- 2020. Actions under Priority 5 (‘Resource efficiency and shift to a low carbon and resilient economy’) account for less than 20% of the RDP expenditure. Implementation and monitoring become key factors of success to guarantee that measures are not cosmetic and they actually influence the transition to a sustainable bio-economy. Further efforts should contribute to progressively integrate innovative solutions in future adjustments of RDPs. Finally, further analysis of the regulatory framework, red tape, cultural change, and social innovations will be required to improve RDP effectiveness to face climate change challenges. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2016–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea16:242322&r=env |
| By: | Tago, D.; Pradel, J.; Percedo Abreu, M. I.; Frias Lepoureau, M. T.; Gongora, V.; Lancelot, R.; Lefrançois, T.; Surujbally, N.; Lazarus, C.; Morales, P.; Vokaty, S. |
| Abstract: | Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of natural disasters (Mechler et al. 2010) that impact the socio-economic development of nations worldwide, including those in the Caribbean, a region particularly vulnerable to natural perils (Macpherson and Akpinar-Elci, 2013). Global changes and climate change are also expected to have a significant impact on animal and human health, especially distribution and impact of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases which are considered particularly sensitive to climatic variables (Harvell et al. 2002). An integrated approach of disaster risk reduction (DDR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) has been suggested to avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts and to improve program effectiveness (Dwirahmadi et al. 2013). Consistent with the call of the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE), for reinforcing the role of veterinary authorities at national levels for disaster risk reduction (OIE and World Bank, 2007), a similar strategy is needed at the regional level in the Caribbean. In the Caribbean, veterinary services, agricultural and veterinary universities, research institutes, and regional and international institutions in agriculture and health have garnered efforts to create a regional animal health network (CaribVET) in 2006 to assist in decision making and to advise on best management practices to mitigate the impact of animal diseases on livestock production and health, human health and welfare. Since 2012, the Epidemiology working group of CaribVET works on DRR in close collaboration with CENSA, which is the OIE collaborating center on DRR in animal health in Cuba (Gongora et al. 2012). According to CENSA’s expertise, prevention and preparedness are the key components of the DRR cycle towards which CaribVET’s efforts should be oriented. In this paper, we propose a model that explains the economic rationale behind an animal health regional network as CaribVET. Then, the role of CaribVET in the improvement of knowledge on animal diseases, the development of tools that facilitates the provision of animal health, and the capacity development in the region is explained and associated to the well-known concepts of comparative advantages and economies of scale. We explain the role of CaribVET in DRR and the challenges to a regional approach on the deliverance of animal health services and DRR are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Animal health economics, Regional networks, CaribVET, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cars15:243180&r=env |
| By: | Haroldo Machado Filho (IPC-IG); Cássia Moraes (IPC-IG); Paula Bennati (IPC-IG); Renato de Aragão Rodrigues (IPC-IG); Marcela Guilles (IPC-IG); Pedro Rocha (IPC-IG); Amanda Lima (IPC-IG); Isadora Vasconcelos (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "The starting point for this study was the consideration of future climate change scenarios and their uncertainties. The paper presents the global projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and compares them with regional scenarios (downscaling) developed by the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais?INPE), with a focus on two main IPCC scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and two main global models (MIROC and Hadley Centre) for the periods 2011?2040 and 2041?2070. It aims to identify the main trends in terms of changes in temperature and precipitation for the North and Northeast regions of Brazil (more specifically, in the Amazon, semi-arid and cerrado biomes)."(?) |
| Keywords: | Climate change, impacts, family farming, North, Northeast, Brazil |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:wpaper:141&r=env |
| By: | Raza, Amar; Ahmad, Munir |
| Abstract: | The study analyses the impact of climate change on productivity of cotton in Pakistan using the district level disintegrated data of yield, area, fertilizer, climate variables (temperature and precipitation) from 1981-2010. Twenty years moving average of each climate variable is used. Production function approach is used to analyse the relationship between the crop yield and climate change. This approach takes all the explanatory variables as exogenous so the chance endogenity may also be minimized. Separate analysis for each province (Punjab and Sindh) is performed in the study. Mean temperature, precipitation and quadratic terms of both variables are used as climatic variables. Fixed Effect Model, which is also validated by Hausman Test, was used for econometric estimations. The results show significant impact of temperature and precipitation on cotton yields. The impacts of climate change are slightly different across provinces— Punjab and Sindh. The negative impacts of temperature are more striking for Sindh. The impacts of physical variables—area, fertilizer, P/NPK ration and technology, are positive and highly significant. The results imply educating farmers about the balance use of fertilizer and generating awareness about the climate change could be feasible and executable strategies to moderate the adverse impacts of climate change to a reasonable extent. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Cotton Productivity, Production Function, Fixed Effect Model, Linear Effects and Marginal Effects |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:72867&r=env |
| By: | Haroldo Machado Filho (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Climate change has increasingly been recognised as the main challenge facing humanity in the coming decades. The starting point of this study is the consideration of future climate change scenarios and the uncertainties they bring. First, global projections available in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) are presented. Second, they are compared with regional scenarios (downscaling) developed by the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE), focusing on the two main IPCC scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5)1 and the two main global models (MIROC and Hadley Centre) for the periods 2011?2040 and 2041?2070, to identify the main trends in terms of changes in temperature and precipitation for the North and Northeast regions of Brazil (more specifically, in the Amazon, Semi-arid and Cerrado biomes)". (?) |
| Keywords: | Climate change, impacts, family farming, North, Northeast, Brazil |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:pbrief:52&r=env |
| By: | Frédéric Branger; Jean-Pierre Ponssard; Oliver Sartor; Misato Sato |
| Abstract: | It is well known that discontinuous jumps or thresholds in tax or subsidies are socially inefficient, because they create incentives to make strategic behavioural changes that lead to substantial increases in private benefits. This paper investigates these distortions in the context of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, where activity level thresholds (ALTs) were introduced in Phase 3 to reduce the overallocation of free allowances to low-activity installations. Using installation-level data, we find evidence that cement producers indeed respond to such thresholds when confronted with low demand, by strategically adjusting output to obtain more free allocation. We estimate that in 2012, ALTs induced excess cement clinker production of 6.4 Mt (5% of total EU output), and in affected regions this further distorted trade patterns and reversed carbon intensity improvements. As intended, ALTs reduced free allocation by 4%; however, a linear scheme (output-based allocation) would have achieved a 32% reduction. |
| Keywords: | activity level thresholds; carbon trading; cement; EU ETC; free allowance allocation |
| JEL: | D24 H23 L23 L61 |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:63354&r=env |
| By: | Iqbal, Muhammad; Ahmad, Munir; Mustafa, Ghulam |
| Abstract: | This study has utilised the Climate Change Impact Survey (CCIS, 2013) data and applied Treatment Effect Model (Heckman type) to analyse the impact of identified adaptation strategies if implemented in isolation or as portfolio (package of two or more) strategies on net revenue earned from wheat production in Pakistan. The implementation of adaptation strategies including varietal change, delayed sowing, and input intensification effect net revenues positively and significantly if adopted separately or as a part of portfolio strategies. Interestingly, the portfolio adaptation strategies missing delayed sowing resulted in either insignificant results or in reduced net revenues from wheat production. The evidence is found temperature (Nov-Dec.) and precipitation (March-April) norms and deviations of Jan-Feb. temperature from norm of the period are important determinants of net revenue. The results are supportive that fertility of land, farmer’s tenancy status, size of holding, non-farm income, and access to certain extension source are important determinants in the selection of various adaptation strategies. The study suggests revisiting the recommendations regarding wheat sowing dates by agricultural research institutions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Adaptations, Wheat, Productivity |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:72863&r=env |
| By: | Pettenella, Davide; Thiene, Mara; Scarpa, Riccardo; Masiero, Mauro; Mattea, Stefania; Franceschinis, Cristiano |
| Abstract: | Natura 2000 network is a cornerstone for biodiversity conservation and the implementation of the European Union Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Despite this, the great potential of the ecosystem service (ES) concept to add value to current conservation approaches remains insufficiently explored and there is a lack of quantitative and monetary data for the potential socio-economic benefits associated to the network. Information gaps on the economic value of ES provided by Natura 2000 are relevant in the case of Italy and, in particular, Lombardy, the Italian region hosting the highest number of Natura 2000 sites (242). The study considers the main potential ES delivered by the Natura 2000 network in Lombardy and performs a choice experiment exercise on two pilot areas (Adamello and Ticino Regional Parks) involving about 3,000 resident panellists at regional scale. Value function benefit transfer based on individual characteristics of respondents, land use and socio-economic characteristics of all regional municipalities has been performed as well. With few exceptions, results show an increase in willingness-to-pay (WTP) values that is consistent with the increase in the levels for attributes covered by the surveys. Besides providing some preliminary economic values, the research contributes to the development of a methodology for assessing and monitoring ES over time, with the aim to inform future policies and decision-making processes. |
| Keywords: | natura 2000, protected areas, ecosystem services, choice experiment, benefit transfer, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q57, |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea16:242326&r=env |
| By: | Ahmad, Munir; Mustafa, Ghulam; Iqbal, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | Treatment Effects Model was applied to evaluate the impact of adaptations on household food security. A household Food Security Index (FSI) was constructed applying PCA. Adaptation strategies employed by the farmers in response to climate change were categorised into four groups namely: changes in sowing time (C1); input intensification (C2); water and soil conservation (C3); and changes in varieties (C4). Out of 15 mutually exclusive combinations constructed for evaluation, only 7 combinations were considered for estimating the treatment effects models because of limited number of observations in other cases. Results of only two of the 7 are discussed here, as the other 5 had very small number of adapters and the impact measures shown either insignificant results or had opposite signs. The first (C1234) combined all the four while the second (C234) combined the last three strategies. The results suggest that the households which adapted to climate changes were statistically significantly more food secure as compared to those who did not adapt. The results further show that education of the male and female heads, livestock ownership, the structure of house—both bricked and having electricity facility, crops diversification, and non-farm income are among the factors which raise the food security of farm households and their impacts are statistically significant. The variables which are significantly negatively associated with the food security levels include age of the head of household, food expenditure management, households having less than 12.5 acres of land— defined as marginal (cultivate 6.25 to 12.5 acres). Farmers of cotton-wheat, rice-wheat, and rain-fed cropping systems are found to be more food secure as compared to the farmers working in the mixed cropping systems where farm holdings are relatively small and high use of tubewell water adding to salinity of soils. It is crucial to invest in developing agricultural technologies to address issues of climate change relevant to different ecologies and farming systems; improve research-extension-farmer linkages; enhance farmers’ access to new technologies; improve rural infrastructure; develop weather information system linking meteorological department, extension and farmers; and establish targeted food safety nets as well as farm subsidy programs for marginal farm households |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Adaptation, Food Security |
| JEL: | Q18 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:72865&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Cooper Patriota (IPC-IG); Francesco Maria Pierri (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "The recently launched Policy in Focus special edition on Public Policies for Family Farming in the Global South aims to follow up on the celebration of the United Nations International Year of Family Farming (IYFF 2014), as well as on the recent adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Both of these events have given unprecedented visibility and recognition to the real and potentially greater role of family farmers worldwide in contributing to poverty reduction, food and nutrition security and the sustainable management of natural resources". (?) |
| Keywords: | increasing recognition, family farming, achieving, sustainable development |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:321&r=env |
| By: | Vona, Francesco; Marin, Giovanni; Consoli, Davide |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the nature and the key empirical regularities of green employment in US local labor markets between 2006 and 2014. We construct a new measure of green employment based on the task content of occupations. Descriptive analysis reveals the following: 1. the share of green employment oscillates between 2 and 3 percent, and its trend is strongly pro-cyclical; 2. green jobs yield a 4 percent wage premium; 3. despite moderate catching-up across areas, green jobs remain more geographically concentrated than similar non-green jobs; and 4. the top green areas are mostly high-tech. As regards the drivers, changes in environmental regulation are a secondary force compared to the local endowment of green knowledge and resilience in the face of the great recession. To assess the impact of moving to greener activities, we estimate that one additional green job is associated with 4.2 (2.4 in the crisis period) new jobs in non-tradable activities in the local economies. |
| Keywords: | Green Employment, Local Labor Markets, Environmental Regulation, Environmental Technologies, Local Multipliers, Labor and Human Capital, J23, O33, Q52, R23, |
| Date: | 2016–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemmi:243149&r=env |
| By: | Juan Casado-Asensio; Anna Drutschinin; Jan Corfee-Morlot; Gisela Campillo |
| Abstract: | This Working Paper explores progress in the integration or mainstreaming of adaptation and related objectives into national development planning. It first provides an overview of the international mechanisms, including finance, to support the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into development planning and policies in developing countries. Through a review of relevant planning documents in fifteen developing countries, it then examines key features in adaptation planning and mainstreaming of adaptation into development planning. These countries were because they have been amongst the highest recipients of adaptation-related bilateral development finance. The research provides a snapshot of current practice. Despite heightened international efforts to support developing countries, evidence of mainstreaming adaptation was only found in a few of the countries and in a few of the sectors studied here. It also found that where mainstreaming is occurring, linkages exist with other policy objectives including poverty reduction, promoting biodiversity and ecosystems, and urban and rural development. The findings may be a useful starting point to guide policy-relevant research, such as to what extent mainstreaming may be occurring on the ground (or not) and how well this progress is reflected in planning documents, as well as how to improve the effectiveness of development co-operation targeting adaptation. The paper may also help inform international efforts under the UNFCCC that are designed to support developing countries to mainstream adaptation priorities into development planning and policy. |
| Keywords: | climate change, mainstreaming, development, adaptation |
| JEL: | N5 O13 O19 P48 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:29-en&r=env |
| By: | Mvangeli Dlamini, Nqobizwe |
| Abstract: | A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS, LILONGWE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (LUANAR), BUNDA CAMPUS, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS. Advisors: Professor Abdi K. Edriss and Dr. Charles B. L. Jumbe and Professor Micah B. Masuku |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cmpart:243464&r=env |
| By: | Rimsaite, Renata; Fisher-Vanden, Karen A.; Olmstead, Sheila M. |
| Abstract: | With this study we seek to understand the relationship between the sale and one-year lease prices in the U.S. water rights market. Given that the majority of current water rights markets in the U.S. are informal, high in transaction costs, and heterogeneous within and across states, we do not expect for the asset pricing theory to completely explain high variation in prices. Our goal is to understand which part of the pricing can be explained by the arbitrage theory and which part should be attributed to the expectations about the future conditions. Using a unique water rights trading dataset, which consists of water rights sales and one-year leases in six U.S. western states between 1994 and 2007, we follow the Newell et al. (2007) approach applied to New Zealand fisheries, and econometrically analyze the applicability of a present-value asset pricing model to the water rights markets. Our preliminary results show that the asset pricing theory holds in water rights markets, and support our hypothesis that the U.S. water rights market is less efficient than the fishing quota market in New Zealand. We further analyze what policies lead to different water rights pricing mechanisms across and within the studied states. |
| Keywords: | water rights markets, arbitrage-free pricing, water institutions, climate change., Environmental Economics and Policy, Q21, Q25, Q28, Q54, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea16:243124&r=env |
| By: | Ragona, Maddalena; Vitali, Giuliano; Bazzani, Gian Maria |
| Abstract: | This work defines a procedure to assess the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural systems with a particular attention to conventional and organic farming. Firstly, a mathematical programming model calculates the different multi-dimensional outcomes of Italian farms depending on various levels of prices affecting organic products. Those outcomes are the input data for a fuzzy multi-criteria analysis, which processes the various criteria, takes into account different sets of weights for criteria, and, by a ranking of price scenarios, identifies the most desirable and the least desirable level of prices for five groups of regions. The method adopted proves to be sensitive to geographical location and different perspectives. In particular, when the farmers’ set of weights is adopted, the highest level of prices represents the most desirable scenario in all groups of regions. On the other side, in all other sets of weights, the lowest level of prices seems to be the most preferable scenario for North-Western regions. |
| Keywords: | fuzzy multi-criteria analysis, sustainability assessment, organic farming, conventional farming, analytic hierarchy process, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, C63, C65, D81, Q12, Q51, |
| Date: | 2016–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea16:242441&r=env |
| By: | Vergamini, Daniele; Viaggi, Davide; Raggi, Meri |
| Abstract: | This work compares the cost-effectiveness of a simulated auction model (AM) with that of classical payment mechanisms as a marginal flat rate payment (MFR) and average flat rate payment (FR). The study provide an extension of the one-shot budget constrained auction model (BC) first introduced by Latacz-Lohmann and Van Der Hamsvoort (1997), and subsequently by Viaggi et al. (2008) and Glebe (2008). In this formulation, the model allows farmers to offer multi-dimensional bid as a combination of payment and a measure of a share of their land to commit to a hypothetical agri-environmental measure (AEM). The results show that the performance of the auction (i.e. 7.5 % and 27 % of the total UAA of the sample) is always located halfway between that of FR (i.e. 5% and 21 % of the total UAA of the sample) and that of MFR (i.e. 17% and 100% of the total UAA of the sample). According with Schillizzi and Latacz-Lohmann (2007) the flat rate option provides an amount of rents that is one and a half the auction’s rents with a lower budget and around two times greater with the higher budget level. The results confirm that the auction has the potential to reduce farmers’ information rent when compared with uniform policy instruments. However, the scale of saving depends crucially on auction design hypotheses and farmers' expectation about the maximum acceptable bid cap. The results of this research while attempting to provide a useful empirical exploration of auction theory cannot provide a comprehensive solution in most real world settings. However, it can contribute to feed the debate at EU policy level about the role of tendering instruments in agri-environmental programs to reduce the inefficiency related to the actual agri-environmental payments. |
| Keywords: | agri-environmental policy, conservation auction, compensation payments, information asymmetry, adverse selection, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q18, Q58, |
| Date: | 2016–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea16:242443&r=env |
| By: | Kangondo, Angelique |
| Abstract: | A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. Advisor: Dr. Jeremia Makindara |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cmpart:243440&r=env |
| By: | Malama, Milton |
| Abstract: | A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED ECONOMICS OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. Advisors: DR W. EKERE and DR G. ELEPU |
| Keywords: | Willingness to pay, Contingent valuation method, Dichotomous choice, Irrigation, Environmental Economics and Policy, Public Economics, |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cmpart:243448&r=env |
| By: | Toote, Brendan T. A. |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters have the potential to have substantial impact particularly on the economy and food security of developing countries. The Bahamas, one of 52 small developing island states, is particularly vulnerable to the detrimental forces of nature which often strike without warning. Hurricanes and tropical storms are the predominant natural disaster events which affect The Bahamas and many other Caribbean nations. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and assess the damages that incurred as a result of Hurricane Sandy (2012) on food security in The Bahamas. The paper begins by establishing the parameters by which to determine the level of food security of The Bahamas. Due to the dependence on imports to feed the general populace, it was found that The Bahamas is not a food self-sustaining country and thereby has a low level of food security. Secondly, the impact that Hurricane Sandy had on local farmers was examined. Several local farmers were interviewed to establish a first-person descriptive account of Hurricane Sandy. The types of damage were divided into two main categories: crops and livestock. Overall, most of the losses incurred came from crops, with banana production being the crop that suffered the most. Using an estimation provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations (FAO), the amount of damage that the storm inflicted upon the agricultural sector is approximated at B $98.7 million. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters, Agriculture, Self-sustainability, Food Security, Bahamas, Assessment, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital, Marketing, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cars15:243179&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Cooper Patriota (IPC-IG); Francesco Maria Pierri (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "A edição especial recém-lançada da revista Policy in Focus sobre Políticas Públicas para a Agricultura Familiar no Sul Global visa dar continuidade ao Ano Internacional da Agricultura Familiar (IYFF), comemorado em 2014, das Nações Unidas e à recente adoção dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Esses dois eventos trouxeram visibilidade e reconhecimento sem precedentes ao papel real e potencialmente cada vez maior dos agricultores familiares de todo o mundo, na contribuição para a redução da pobreza, para a segurança alimentar e nutricional e para a gestão sustentável dos recursos naturais". (...) |
| Keywords: | reconhecimento crescente, contribuição, agricultura familiar, desenvolvimento sustentável |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opport:321&r=env |
| By: | Thomas W. Hertel; Jing Liu |
| Abstract: | Global freshwater demand is projected to increase substantially in the coming decades, making water one of the most fiercely contested resources on the planet. Water is linked to many economic activities, and there are complex channels through which water affects economic growth. The purpose of this report is to provide background information useful for a quantitative global assessment of the impact of water scarcity on growth using a multi-region, recursive-dynamic, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The paper provides a detailed review of the literature on water, water scarcity, sectoral activity and economic growth, and identifies the possibilities and bottlenecks in incorporating water use into a CGE framework. It covers agricultural water consumption, with special attention to irrigation, water use in energy production, and demands for water by households, industry and services. Finally, it discusses water supply and allocation. Based on the evidence assembled, there appear to have been relatively few instances in which water scarcity has significantly slowed the long term rate of national economic growth. Furthermore, in reviewing the literature on water demand, the ample opportunities for conserving water across the board are striking, including in the electric power sector, the production of industrial steam, residential consumption, and irrigated agriculture. In our opinion, the main reason why such substitution has not been more widespread to date is due to the absence of economic incentives for conservation. The presence of large inter-sectoral distortion heightens the need for general equilibrium analysis. But implementation of a global CGE model with detailed representation of water demand and supply will be a significant undertaking. It is essential to break out water from the other inputs in the CGE model, treat water as both an input and an output, and add sectoral detail, with special attention to crop irrigation. Furthermore, there are challenges in assigning appropriate values to water and specifying allocation rules for dealing with water scarcity. La demande mondiale d’eau douce devrait augmenter de manière substantielles dans les prochaines décennies, faisant de l’eau l’une des ressources les plus disputées de la planète. L’eau est liée à toutes les activités économiques et affecte la croissance par de multiples canaux. Le but de ce rapport est de donner les éléments de fond qui sont utiles à la mise en place d’une évaluation globale de l’impact de la rareté en eau sur la croissance économique dans un modèle d’équilibre général calculable (EGC) multi-périodes et multi-régions. Ce papier fournit une revue détaillée de la littérature sur l’eau, la rareté en eau, l’activité sectorielle et la croissance économique; et identifie les possibilités et les goulots d’étranglement en incorporant l’utilisation de l’eau dans le cadre d’un EGC. Il couvre la consommation d’eau pour l’agriculture, avec une attention particulière pour l’irrigation, ainsi que l’utilisation de l’eau pour la production d’énergie, et la demande d’eau des ménages, de l’industrie et des services. Enfin, il discute du problème de la fourniture d’eau et de son allocation. Sur la base des éléments rassemblés, il semble qu’il y ait eu relativement peu d’exemples où la rareté en eau ait ralenti significativement le taux de croissance économique de long terme. De plus, en considérant la littérature sur la demande en eau, il est frappant de voir les grandes opportunités qui existent pour économiser l’eau, notamment dans les secteurs de la production d’électricité, de vapeur pour l’industrie, dans la consommation résidentielle et l’agriculture irriguée. Selon nous, la principale raison pour laquelle une telle substitution ne s’est pas diffusée jusqu’à présent est liée à l’absence d’incitations économiques à utiliser moins d’eau. L’existence de larges distorsions entre les secteurs rend hautement nécessaire une analyse d’équilibre général. Mais la mise en place d’un modèle EGC mondial avec une représentation détaillée de l’offre et de la demande d’eau sera une entreprise importante. Il est essentiel de séparer l’eau des autres inputs de l’EGC, de traiter l’eau à la fois comme un input et un output, et d’ajouter du détail sectoriel, avec une attention spécifique portée sur les cultures irriguées. De plus, il y a des défis à relever pour donner à l’eau une valeur dans le modèle et pour spécifier les règles d’allocation en cas de rareté. |
| Keywords: | economic growth, CGE model, water use, water scarcity, demande d’eau, rareté en eau, croissance économique, modèle EGC |
| JEL: | C68 O44 Q15 Q25 |
| Date: | 2016–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:109-en&r=env |
| By: | Dhillon, Amrita (King's College London); Krishnan, Pramila (University of Cambridge and CEPR); Patnam, Manasa (CREST, ENSAE, Paris); Perroni, Carlo (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | The literature on the effects of natural resource abundance on economic growth is converging to the view that institutions play a central role. In this paper, we exploit the break up of three of the biggest Indian states, comprising areas with some of the largest endowments of natural resources in the country, to explore how the link between electoral accountability and natural resource abundance can explain differences in outcomes. Our theoretical framework shows that while states inheriting a larger share of natural resources after break up are potentially richer, the spatial distribution of these natural resources within these state can worsen economic outcomes by lowering electoral accountability. We employ a sharp regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal effect of secession and concentrated resources on growth and inequality at the sub-regional level, using data on satellite measurements of night-time lights. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, the economic effect of secession is generally favourable. However, states that inherit a large fraction of mineral rich constituencies experience worse outcomes. This may be accounted for by lower electoral accountability in those areas. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources and Economic Performance, Political Secession, Fiscal Federalism JEL Classification: C72, D72, H77, O13, O43, Q34 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:295&r=env |
| By: | Haroldo Machado Filho (IPC-IG); Cássia Moraes (IPC-IG); Paula Bennati (IPC-IG); Renato de Aragão Rodrigues (IPC-IG); Marcela Guilles (IPC-IG); Pedro Rocha (IPC-IG); Amanda Lima (IPC-IG); Isadora Vasconcelos (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "O ponto de partida deste estudo foi a consideração de cenários futuros da mudança do clima e as respectivas incertezas. As projeções globais disponíveis no Quinto Relatório de Avaliação do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) ? AR5 foram apresentadas e comparadas com cenários regionais (downscalling), desenvolvidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). O foco deu-se em dois cenários principais do IPCC (RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5) e também em dois principais modelos globais (MIROC e Hadley Centre) para os períodos de 2011-2040 e 2041-2070. O objetivo foi identificar as principais tendências em termos de mudanças na temperatura e na precipitação para as regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil ? mais especificamente nos biomas Amazônia, Semiárido e Cerrado ? escopo do estudo". (...) |
| Keywords: | Mudança do clima, impactos, agricultura familiar, Norte, Nordeste, Brasil |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:wpport:141&r=env |