|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Oskar Lecuyer (OCCR,University of Bern); Philippe Quirion (CNRS, CIRED) |
| Abstract: | We study the interactions between a CO2 emissions trading system (ETS) and renewable energy subsidies under uncertainty over electricity demand and energy costs. We first provide evidence that uncertainty has generated over-allocation (defined as an emissions cap above business-as-usual emissions) during at least part of the history of most ETSs in the world. We then develop an analytical model and a numerical model applied to the European Union electricity market in which renewable energy subsidies are justified only by CO2 abatement. We show that in this context, when uncertainty is small, renewable energy subsidies are not justified, but when it is big enough, these subsidies increase expected welfare because they provide CO2 abatement even in the case of over-allocation. The source of uncertainty is important when comparing the various types of renewable energy subsidies. Under uncertainty over electricity demand, renewable energy costs or gas prices, a feed-in tariff brings higher expected welfare than a feed-in premium because it provides a higher subsidy when it is actually needed i.e. when the electricity price is low. Under uncertainty over coal prices, the opposite result holds true. These results shed new light on the ongoing switch from feed-in tariffs to feed-in premiums in Europe. |
| Keywords: | Willingness to pay, Social capital, Environmental protection, Ordered logistic regression, Sweden |
| JEL: | Q28 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2016.14&r=env |
| By: | Ricci, Elena Claire; Catenacci, Michela; Travisi, Chiara M. |
| Abstract: | Climate Change (CC) poses significant threats to coastal areas, with the main impacts being sea-level-rise (SLR) and the consequent loss of land. Much work has been done to evaluate effective adaptation strategies, but further research is needed. This paper aims at analyzing the costs of CC and SLR in the Grado-Marano lagoon, and at proposing an example of methodology based on an economic evaluation of damages related to: loss of land on the basis of different land-uses (i); loss of non-use values (ii); losses in productivity/use values via Bayesian Networks (iii); and on a multi-criteria-analysis able to integrate different (monetary and non-monetary) criteria focused on three pillars of sustainability (iv) to compare adaptation-strategies. We find that the larger impacts are on residential and tertiary sectors, even if most of the area has an agricultural vocation, and that the best adaptation-strategy is beach-nourishment even if rankings depend on criteria weights. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212484&r=env |
| By: | Catherine Leining (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Suzi Kerr (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) is the New Zealand government’s cornerstone policy instrument for meeting New Zealand’s climate change responsibilities. The New Zealand system was designed based on strong linkages to international carbon markets. Understanding how these have affected the New Zealand market is critical both for policymakers in New Zealand and designers of international emissions trading schemes who are considering linkages. We adapt Pizer and Yates' 2013 model of a linked tradable permit systems to conditions in the NZ ETS. We compare the model with price and surrender data and find that the international linkage works as expected. When New Zealand is a buyer of units and linking is certain, NZU prices are roughly equal to the Kyoto unit price. When the New Zealand government announces that New Zealand will de-link – no longer allowing any international units – prices diverge and New Zealand participants meet almost all current obligations with Kyoto units, saving their NZUs for the delinked future. |
| Keywords: | New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS), Emissions trading, linked tradable permit market, Kyoto units, Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), greenhouse gas, carbon markets. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:16_06&r=env |
| By: | Pham Thai Hung (National Economics University, 207 Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam); Bui Anh Tuan (National Economics University, 207 Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam); Nguyen The Chinh (National Economics University, 207 Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the impact of trade liberalization on the environment in Vietnam. In particular it looks at the link between the amount of pollution produced by the country’s manufacturing industries and the degree to which this is affected by trade liberalization policies. The study was carried out by Pham Thai Hung, Bui Anh Tuan and Nguyen The Chinh, from Vietnam’s National Economics University. It finds that trade liberalization in the country exacerbates industrial pollution at both the firm and industry level. This trade-off is worrying as Vietnam has recently become a WTO member and further trade liberalization commitments are now in the pipeline. In light of their findings, the researchers recommend that the environmental impact of any future trade reforms should be carefully considered and that steps should be taken to mitigate any potential negative effects such reforms might have.They suggest that polluting industries should be given priority in any clean-up programme. They highlight key steps which can be taken to help reduce pollution, including the strict enforcement of environmental regulations support to promoting information technology application and technology advancement in the manufacturing sector. |
| Keywords: | Trade, impact, vietnam, pollution |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016042&r=env |
| By: | Nguyen Nghia Bien (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development) |
| Abstract: | The North Upland of Vietnam is characterized by biophysical, social and cultural diversity as well as its important role in the national economy’s development. However, the region, like those in other developing countries, suffers from serious environmental problems such as deforestation, soil degradation, loss of biodiversity and unsustainable livelihoods. Major causes are attributed to ineffective institutional arrangements such as inadequate property rights and enforcement, lack of local participation and empowerment, and misguided government policies. This research project began in early 1999 with financial and technical supports from the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA). It aimed to determine the better institutional structures for promoting sustainable forest management in the North Upland using the multiple criteria decision making and participatory approaches. In other words, the project assessed and compared various forest management regimes against different socio-economic, environmental and institutional variables. Methods used in this research included Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Criteria and Indicators (C&Is) Framework (CIFOR approach) and Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). PRA is used to learn about rural livelihoods and identify problems emerging from forest resource management and use, making sure that all information from the grassroots, including their views, interests and desires, is taken into consideration. C&Is Framework is widely used by CIFOR to test and develop C&Is for sustainable forest management in various locations around the world. It can result in a number of context-specific and locally adapted C&Is which are used for further treatment with MCDA. TopDec, one of the recently developed MCDA programs, was chosen for data analysis. |
| Keywords: | Forest management, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016052&r=env |
| By: | Kirchner, Mathias; Schonhart, Martin; Schmid, Erwin |
| Abstract: | We assess anticipated changes in policy and regional climate on agrarian land use development indicators in Austria for the period 2025-2040. A spatially explicit bio-economic integrated assessment quantifies impacts at 1km grid resolution in order to take into account the heterogeneity of Austrian agricultural landscapes. The impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) post-2013 on regional producer surplus are slightly positive and payments shift from intensive to extensive production regions. The economic impact of climate change depends on changes in precipitation patterns. Policy change leads to intensification of land use in favorable cropland and grassland regions and extensification in marginal regions. Regional climate change amplifies land use intensification with increases in crop yields, e.g. in Alpine regions, and land use extensification with declining crop yields, e.g. in eastern cropland regions. Environmental indicators deteriorate at national level in all scenarios. The highly spatially diverging impacts call for more targeted policy measures. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy, Climate Change, Agri-environmental, Land Use, Environment, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, O13, Q18, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212004&r=env |
| By: | Fried, Stephie; Novan, Kevin; Peterman, William B. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the non-environmental welfare effects of introducing a revenue- neutral carbon tax policy. Using a life cycle model, we find that the welfare effects of the policy differ substantially for agents who are alive when the policy is enacted compared to those who are born into the new steady state with the carbon tax in place. Consistent with previous studies, we demonstrate that, for those born in the new steady state, the welfare costs are always lower when the carbon tax revenue is used to reduce an existing distortionary tax as opposed to being returned in the form of lump-sum payments. In contrast, during the transition, we find that rebating the revenue with a lump sum transfer is less costly than using the revenue to reduce the distortionary labor tax. Additionally, we find that the tax policy is substantially more regressive over the transition than in the steady state, regardless of what is done with the revenue. Overall, our results demonstrate that estimates of the non-environmental welfare costs of carbon tax policies that are based solely on the long-run, steady state outcomes may ultimately paint too rosy of a picture. Thus, when designing climate policies, policymakers must pay careful attention to not only the long-run outcomes, but also the transitional welfare costs and regressivity of the policy. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxation ; overlapping generations |
| JEL: | E62 H21 H23 |
| Date: | 2016–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2016-38&r=env |
| By: | Mikaël Klintman |
| Abstract: | This report provides a brief review of how national government policies and guidelines apply to or regulate the use of environmental labelling and information schemes (ELIS) in selected OECD countries. The report reviews definitions relevant to environmental claims and identifies four types of potentially false or misleading environmental claims. The report also reviews countries’ different approaches to guidance and regulations relating to such claims, as well as approaches to monitoring and enforcement of compliance with rules and guidance. Examples of court action relating to the use of consumer protection laws for environmental claims in several countries are described. Based on the reports available, it is not possible to assess to what extent the enforcement processes have been effective in improving the overall quality of environmental claims. The report also notes the extensive similarities in how different national guidelines categorise misleading environmental claims, perhaps beacuase many of the guidelines are derived in part from the International Organization for Standardization’s (ISO) 14020 series of internationally-agreed standards. Moreover the report acknowledges that several attempts have been made towards harmonisation across countries concerning environmental criteria, mainly concerning eco-labelling schemes and organic agriculture standards. There appear to be strong incentives for this type of cross-country certification, including reduced administrative costs and a potential for increased trade of environmentally-certified goods. This makes further harmonisation of criteria for self-reported environmental claims a real possibility. The ongoing pursuit of harmonisation regionally, or bilaterally, might be a first step forward in such a process. Le présent rapport décrit brièvement la façon dont les politiques publiques et les directives nationales encadrent et réglementent l’utilisation des dispositifs d'éco-étiquetage et d'information environnementale (DEIE) dans certains pays de l’OCDE. Le rapport s’intéresse pour commencer à la façon dont les directives et réglementations abordent la terminologie des allégations environnementales. Il distingue quatre grands types d’allégations environnementales potentiellement inexactes ou trompeuses, et examine les directives et réglementations mises en place par les différents pays dans ce contexte. Le rapport decrit aussi les mesures appliquées par les autorités dans différents pays pour contrôler la validité des allégations écologiques d’entitées privées. Des exemples d’actions en justice engagées dans plusieurs pays autour d’allégations environnementales sont décrits. Pourtant, les rapports dont on dispose ne permettent pas d’évaluer dans quelle mesure les procédures de vérification ont permis d’améliorer la qualité générale des allégations environnementales. Le rapport note en outre que les directives nationales présentent de nombreuses similitudes. Ces similitudes tiennent sans doute au fait que les directives gouvernementales s’inspirent souvent de la série de normes ISO 14020 de l’Organisation Internationale de Normalisation. Le rapport évoque aussi plusieurs tentatives d’harmonisation des critères environnementaux entre pays. Il existe, semble-t-il, d’importantes incitations en faveur de ce type de certification internationale, notamment la possibilité de bénéficier de coûts administratifs réduits et de développer les échanges de produits certifiés. Il devient donc réellement possible d’harmoniser également les critères applicables aux autodéclarations environnementales. Les efforts déployés pour poursuivre l’harmonisation régionale, ou bilatérale, pourrait marquer un premier pas dans cette direction. |
| Keywords: | Environmental claims, information policy approaches, product environmental footprints, Ecolabels, environmental reporting, rapports environnementaux, politique d’approches informationnelles, empreintes environnementales des produits, Eco-labels, Allégations environnementales |
| JEL: | F18 L15 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2016–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:105-en&r=env |
| By: | Bermudez, Bladimir Carrillo; Santos Branco, Danyelle Karine; Trujillo, Juan Carlos; de Lima, Joao Eustaquio |
| Abstract: | This study provides evidence of a negative externality of deforestation in infant health. As an identification strategy, we exploit the introduction of a change in the forest policy that caused a marked reduction in deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil. We demonstrate that this forest policy reduced the rates of preterm birth and low birth weight in those municipalities that were (potentially) exposed to the intervention. Importantly, our results are insensitive to a variety of robustness exercises. |
| Keywords: | Brazil, Deforestation, Environmental Quality, Environmental Policy, Infant Health, Environmental Economics and Policy, I14, Q58, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:229064&r=env |
| By: | Halicioglu, Ferda; Ketenci, Natalya |
| Abstract: | This research presents first empirical time series evidence of the impact of international trade on environmental quality in the case of transition countries. The linkages between international trade and environmental quality are well established both theoretically and empirically in the literature. However, the empirical evidence relating to transition countries is non-existent as far as this study is concerned. Thus, our research aims at filling this gap. To this extent, fifteen transition countries are selected in order to test the impact of international trade on environmental quality. An econometric model between carbon emissions, energy use, income and trade openness is formed. The econometric model was estimated via ARDL approach to cointegration and GMM procedures. The econometric results from both econometric techniques support the existence of the EKC hypothesis only in three transition countries: Estonia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. As for the impact of trade on environmental quality, the econometric results from both techniques vary in different transition countries. To this extent, the displacement hypothesis is validated in the case of Armenia, Estonia, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. The paper also discusses policy implications of the empirical results as well as offering policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | International trade, Environmental quality, Cointegration, Transition countries |
| JEL: | C22 F1 F18 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:71097&r=env |
| By: | Kabata, Tshepelayi |
| Abstract: | This paper appraises the environmental performance of US agriculture with respect to water pollution from pesticides through a parametric approach. The performance of the 48 continental States is evaluated through a translog stochastic and hyperbolic distance function allowing an environmentally adjusted productivity index and its components technical and efficiency change from 1960-1996. Water pollution is captured by four indicators of risk developed by Ball et al. (2004) : i) risk to human health from exposure to pesticide leaching; ii) risk to human health from exposure to pesticide runoff; iii) risk to aquatic life from exposure to pesticide leaching and iv) risk to aquatic life from exposure to pesticide runoff. The resulting environmentally adjusted productivity growth is slower than the conventional one but still driven by technical progress. Further finding reveals that innovation in the sector is biased toward crop and livestock rather than pollution mitigation. Results also show a potential for crops and livestock expansion and a contraction in water pollution and inputs. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212626&r=env |
| By: | Kaivanto, Kim; Zhang, Peng |
| Abstract: | Air transport Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions estimates differ greatly, depending on the calculation method employed. Among the IPCC, ICAO, DEFRA, and BrighterPlanet calculation methods, the largest estimate may be up to 4.5 times larger than the smallest. Such heterogeneity -- and ambiguity over the true estimate -- confuses the consumer, undermining the credibility of emissions estimates in general. Consequently, GHG emissions estimates do not currently appear on the front page of flight search-engine results. Even where there are differences between alternative flights' emissions, this information is unavailable to consumers at the point of choice. When external considerations rule out alternative travel-modes, the relative ranking of flight options' GHG emissions is sufficient to inform consumers' decision making. Whereas widespread agreement on a gold standard remains elusive, the present study shows that the principal GHG emissions calculation methods produce consistent rankings within specific route-structure classes. Hence, for many consumers, the question of which calculation method to employ is largely irrelevant. But unless GHG emissions information is displayed at the point of decision, it cannot enter into consumers' decision making. A credible and ambiguity-free alternative would thus be to display GHG ranking information on the front page of flight search-engine results. |
| Keywords: | greenhouse gas emissions; carbon footprint computation; scheduled passenger air transport; informed choice; decision making; behavior; policy |
| JEL: | D03 D62 K3 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:70923&r=env |
| By: | Silva, Felipe; Perrin, Richard K.; Fulginiti, Lilyan E. |
| Abstract: | Deforestation has been a topic of debate in climate change discussions due to its effect on CO2 emissions. The Amazon Forest, the biggest tropical forest in the world, is located along the north of Brazil. There, expansion of soy and corn production has pushed the production of livestock and other crops toward the Amazon forest, which involves a tradeoff between the area in forests versus these activities. We estimated the tradeoff between agriculture and forest for the 771 municipalities of the Amazon region by finding the production possibility frontier, using Data Envelopment Analysis. This tradeoff was estimated based on directional output distance functions. We found that, on average, 58% of observable total revenue from livestock, grains and timber production would be foregone to decrease deforestation in 2006 by 93%. We also estimated determinants of efficiency differences across states, which suggested that environmental efficiency was enhanced in municipalities with higher development indexes. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Q51, Q54, C61, |
| Date: | 2016–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230040&r=env |
| By: | Velazco-Bedoya, Daniel M.; Juliao, Leticia; Siqueira, Tiago T.S. |
| Abstract: | The Brazilian agribusiness is an important activity to Brazilian economy. This sector represents 22.54 % of 2013 Brazilian GDP and is composed of different actors in each production agribusiness chains. This sector is growing year by year in terms of production thanks to technology adoption and production strategies. Environmental respect concerns (e.g. deforestation) are crucial to maintain sustainable growing of agricultural production. In 2012, the Brazilian Forest Act was update to deal with production and environmental preservation. Therefore, changes in institutional level affect agribusiness chain arrangements and actor’s behavior. The aim of the work is to explore the changes in the agribusiness chain support structures and trade-off mechanisms emerging after the Brazilian Forest Act implementation. In order to dress this question, we use an internet survey to investigate Brazilian agribusiness actors’ perceptions in different Federal States. The respondent reported mainly major changes in agribusiness identity support structures. They emphasize the emerging and needs of trade-off mechanisms in resources management and production proceedings to deal with Brazilian Forest Act. The sample also reported that the Brazilian New Forest Act leads to major changes at a farm level. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212766&r=env |
| By: | Nghiem Thi Hong Nhung (Department of Public Health, University of Otago) |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this study is to find out optimal management strategies for productive planted forests when carbon benefits are considered. With a given initial state of forest, the research attempts to: a) determine the planting and harvesting patterns, which can maximize net returns from selling timber and sequestering carbon; b) compare the optimal management strategy when carbon has or does not have market value; c) compare the optimal management strategy for two dominant tree species; d) analyse the sensitivity of the optimal management strategy to forests’ area, prices and discount rate; and e) identify the policy implications in further developing multiple-use forests in Vietnam. The Faustmann formula was applied to find the optimal rotation age and the net present value (NPV) for planted forest at stand-level. We extended the Faustmann model to include multi-stands and spatial arrangement among forest stands in order to analyse the optimal strategy at forest-level. A simple search algorithm was used to look for optimal sets of planting and harvesting. The model was coded in GAMS. To evaluate the model, 293 household forest farmers who grow Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium in Yen Bai province, Northern Vietnam were interviewed. Survey results show that the actual tree cutting age is five years. However, at the stand-level, we find that the optimal rotation age of E. urophylla (when only timber has market value) is 10 and 9 years for households and forest enterprises, respectively, at a 5% discount rate. For A. mangium, the optimal rotation age is 13 years for both households and forest enterprises. The NPV is VND 16 million per hectare for households of both E. urophylla and A. mangium. For forest enterprises, the NPV is VND 57 million and VND 62 million per hectare for E. urophylla and A. mangium, respectively |
| Keywords: | forest management, carbon sequestration, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016046&r=env |
| By: | Balangue, Tonie O. |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the National Greening Program (NGP) process as implemented in the field and the environmental impacts. The municipalities of Sta. Cruz in Zambales, Basilisa in Dinagat Island, and Hinobaan in Negros Occidental were randomly selected from all the NGP sites. The methodology employed consisted of key informant interviews and focus group discussions for the survey, mapping, and planning (SMP); assessment of capability building, plantation quality assurance, seedling production, planting, and protection and maintenance; and actual impact measurements on the ground through sampling. Results showed that the required NGP processes were not fully complied with. However, the required survival rates of 85 percent were satisfied through replanting. The environmental impacts were gaining positive momentum through reduced temperature, soil build-up, soil fertility, soil moisture, wildlife, stumpage build-up, and carbon sequestration. Impacts on disaster risk reduction and climate change fell short due to lack of a suitable design. Recommendations to further improve NGP implementation include, among others, conduct of a full-blown SMP and feasibility study, compliance to required processes and standards, inclusion of a reforestation access road, linking reforestation to a business plan, and capability building of reforestation partners. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, National Greening Program (NGP), reforestation, survival rates, disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation/mitigation |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:dp_2016-11&r=env |
| By: | Valdivia, Corinne; Kengo, Milton; Jimenez, Elizabeth; Turin, Cecilia |
| Abstract: | People in rural communities negotiate the effects of a changing climate, of markets and other events that affect their livelihoods. These contexts are often uncertain and risky, and the decision makers are vulnerable. This presentation shares experiences with rural communities in the Andes, and in Kenya, using a similar framework, to create information that is relevant to local decision makers, through a process that builds trust, by connecting local and scientific knowledge. One experience focuses on translational research for information on innovations, while the second focuses on community processes to understand sources of vulnerability and potential practices that contribute to adaptation and resilience. Participatory research approaches aim to build human, social and political capitals while producing salient information for local decision makers. These cases used techniques that acknowledge potential gender, ethnicity, life cycle, and vulnerability status. The cases are set up to compare outcomes across landscapes shaped by agroecological conditions, markets, and policies. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212725&r=env |
| By: | Pires, Marcel V.; Cunha, Denis A.; Faria, Raiza M.; Lindemann, Douglas |
| Abstract: | Here, we provide an analysis to understand the evolution of cereal production and consumption of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in Brazil and to correlate N use efficiency (NUE), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and economic and environmental losses. Our results showed that the increased consumption of N fertilizers is associated with a large decrease in NUE in recent years. CO2eq emissions from N fertilization for cereal production were approximately 12 times higher in 2011 compared to 1970. The projected N fertilizer forecasts are 2.09 and 2.37 million ton for 2015 and 2023, respectively. An increase of 0.02% per year in the projected NUE was predicted for the same time period. In a hypothetical scenario, a 2.39% increase in cereal NUE would lead to USD 21 million savings in N fertilizer costs. Thus, increases in NUE rates would lead not only to agronomic and environmental benefits but also to economic improvement. |
| Keywords: | Nitrogen, Forecast, Fertilizer Demand, Brazil, Greenhouse Gases, International Development, Production Economics, Q15, Q24, Q54, Q56, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212709&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (East Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (East Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | Achieving deep decarbonization of the heavily coal-based energy system of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) while maintaining gross domestic product growth at an acceptable rate requires additional efforts beyond the strengthening of energy efficiency and the further introduction of renewable energy. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an essential low-carbon option for the PRC. It is currently the only near-commercial system of technologies that offers medium-to long-term opportunities to make very deep cuts in carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes and power plants based on coal (and other fossil fuels), while enabling the continued utilization of coal in a low-carbon way for such major applications. Drawing on relevant technical assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), consultants’ reports, and the work of ADB staff, this report assesses the potential, the barriers, and the challenges in developing CCS in the PRC and recommends necessary policy actions during the 13th Five-Year Plan and the medium term to facilitate CCS demonstration and deployment. |
| Keywords: | co2, co2 emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, ghg, energy efficiency, prc emissions, ccs, fossil fuels, energy security, renewable energy, coal, power generation, low carbon technologies, climate change, low-carbon economy, carbon capture |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt157521-2&r=env |
| By: | Kirui, Oliver; Mirzabaev, Alisher |
| Abstract: | Land degradation is a serious impediment to improving rural livelihoods in Tanzania and Malawi. This paper identifies major land degradation patterns and causes, and analyzes the determinants of soil erosion and sustainable land management (SLM) in these two countries. The results show that land degradation hotspots cover about 51%, 41%, 23% and 23% of the terrestrial areas in Tanzania, Malawi and Ethiopia respectively. The analysis of nationally representative household surveys shows that the key drivers of SLM in these countries are biophysical, demographic, regional and socio-economic determinants. Secure land tenure, access to extension services and market access are some of the determinants incentivizing SLM adoption. The implications of this study are that policies and strategies that facilities secure land tenure and access to SLM information are likely to incentivize investments in SLM. Local institutions providing credit services, inputs such as seed and fertilizers, and extension services must also not be ignored in the development policies. Some of the actions taken by communities to address loss of ecosystem services or enhance or maintain ecosystem services improvement include afforestation programs, enacting of bylaws to protect existing forests, area closures and controlled grazing, community sanctions for overgrazing, and integrated soil fertility management in croplands. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212008&r=env |
| By: | Jing Cao (Harvard China Project, Harvard University Center for the Environment and School of Economics and Management Tsinghua University, Beijing) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the potential impact of two environmental tax regimes on the movement of rural people to China's cities. The study models the impact of a fuel tax and an output tax on the country's economy to get a full picture of how they would affect people's livelihoods and welfare, and how this would, in turn, affect rural-urban migration. The study sheds light on the implications of future environmental taxes and how they would affect urbanization and "rural-urban" migration in China. The study finds that both proposed taxes would discourage the flow of migrants from China's countryside to its cities. This would therefore exacerbate the current distortions in the country's labour market, where there is a surplus of rural labour. A comparison of the impact of the two taxes shows the fuel tax to be more efficient in terms of reducing pollution emissions and their associated environmental and health impacts. It also produces less distortion in the rural-urban migration process than the output tax. The study therefore recommends that this would be the preferable policy. |
| Keywords: | environmental taxation, rural-urban, China |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb2016044&r=env |
| By: | Kpadonou, Rivaldo; Barbier, Bruno; Denton, Fatima; Owiyo, Tom |
| Abstract: | In this paper, the authors analyze the linkage between and the determinants of organic fertilizer and modern varieties (MVs) adoptions in Burkina Faso. Using simultaneous recursive and endogenous switching probit models, we found a positive joint determination along with a negative endogeneity between the two technologies, indicating controlling for observable variables adoption decisions of the two technologies are positively correlated, but unobserved factors that affect one decision are negatively correlated with the other, or vice versa. After controlling for jointness and endogeneity, we found a significant positive effect of organic fertilizer application on MVs adoption. But, the two technologies are reversely affected by household head’s attending formal education and the incidence of soil fertility problem within the farm. The size of good land holding appears to have a positive effect on both adoption decisions. Other factors that significantly affect MVs adoption with positive effect are number of cashcrop grown and remittances. The study suggests that organic fertilizer can serve as enabling factor for greater adoption of MVs, especially in less favourable climate areas. In areas where farmers invest less in inorganic fertilizer because of higher climate and market risks, organic fertilizer can serve as an effective alternative to replace inorganic fertilizer in the adoption process of MVs. Policies to promote green revolution technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa could be more effective if jointly associated with the promotion of conservation agriculture technologies. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212016&r=env |
| By: | Sahrbacher, Christoph; Brady, Mark; Dong, Changxing; Sahrbacher, Amanda |
| Abstract: | An indicator of soil fertility is the content of organic matter measured by the share of carbon in the soil, which is negatively affected by many conventional land management practices. As those heavily depend on individual land use decisions, the agent-based model of regional structural change AgriPoliS is applied to assess carbon losses resulting from behaviors and interactions of individual farms. The extended model now considers nitrogen input and the development in soil’s carbon content. Three scenarios are implemented where farms have either to use 7%, 15% or 25% of their land as ecological focus area (EFA). Results show that although carbon losses continue at a slower pace under the 7%-scenario, 25% of the land is to be set aside to stop them completely. However this implies short-term income losses for farmers but better plant resistance and improved soil productivity in the long-run if soil organic matter can be maintained. |
| Keywords: | soil organic carbon, CAP, agent-based modelling., Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Q24, Q18, C63, Q57., |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212284&r=env |
| By: | Zhong, Hua; Hu, Wuyang |
| Abstract: | Land premium added by the increase of environmental quality could motivate farmers to adopt Best Management Practices (BMPs). Local community also demands nearby farms to abate agricultural pollution and implement BMPs. Our study attempts to examine whether land values and local community characteristics can influence BMP adoption in addition to the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. We aggregate our survey data on BMP adoption conducted between 2011 and 2012 in Kentucky and the public data by using the geographic information, and then use Probit models to estimate choices of BMP adoption. In the model, we measure the land value effect by using percentage differences of farmland values between 2007 and 2012, and approximate the local community characteristic effect by including rural effect, urban effect, residential effect, and local farm business effect. Results show that increasing land values would motivate farmers to adopt additional riparian buffers; the local equine inventory have the positive impact on farmers’ future adoption of animal fences and nutrient management; farms located at the rural communities are less likely to fence off animal from water resources. |
| Keywords: | best management practice, land value, local community, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q52, Q56, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:229854&r=env |
| By: | Adusumilli, Naveen; Fromme, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Cover crop adoption by producers as part of a production cycle depends on their objectives regrading time management, cost vs benefits, and environmental obligations. A myriad of studies that examined the economics of cover crops found them to be often idiosyncratic, i.e., results depend on the region, weather patterns, soil type, and management practices. The studies determined that lack of long-term economic outlook for the incorporation of cover crops as one of the factors for their minimal adoption in many parts of the country. Thus, we aim to assess the economic impact of long-term adoption of cover crops as part of a production cycle. Partial budgeting tool, CoverCropEconomics, is used to generate the overall costs and benefits. The data on agronomic variables, i.e., yield, organic matter, applied nitrogen, soil microbial counts, and among others are obtained from a 30-year cover crop research conducted in Northwest Louisiana. The research reported a significant increase in yield for crops planted following cover crops. Additionally, research shows improvements in soil nitrogen and soil organic matter suggesting added profits to the farmer. Accounting for those economic and agronomic variables, overall long term net benefits of incorporating cover crops amount to 1,354 per acre, with majority of the benefits contribution through yield increase of cash crop. The results can be useful for conservation agencies to evaluate their current incentive payments toward cover crop adoption. |
| Keywords: | Cover crops, incentives, conservation, capital budgeting, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q10, Q24, Q25, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230024&r=env |
| By: | Boyer, Christopher; Jensen, Kimberly; McLeod, Elizabeth; Larson, James |
| Abstract: | Changes in the 2014 Farm Bill have reconnected federally-subsidized crop insurance to conservation compliance and eliminated direct payments that were tied to conservation compliance. The net effects of these changes on producers’ incentives to comply with conservation standards and on the environment are uncertain, especially in regions such as the Mississippi Delta. We propose pilot crop insurance programs to improve the link between federally-subsidized crop insurance and conservation compliance in the southern United States and for crops such as cotton. The objective of this study was to determine Tennessee and North Central Mississippi cotton producers’ willingness to participate in hypothetical pilot programs that would incentivize use of cover cropping and no-till practices coupled with crop insurance via an additional cost share payment above current Environmental Quality Incentive Program cost share payments. Data were collected using a mail survey of Tennessee and North Central Mississippi cotton producers conducted in early 2015. A bivariate probit model was estimated to ascertain the factors that impact cotton producers’ willingness to participate in two pilot programs that link cover cropping or no-till with Stacked Income Protection Plan crop insurance. Results found that 35% of the cotton producers would be willing to participate in the cover cropping and Stacked Income Protection Plan pilot program, while 28% indicated they would participate in the no-till and Stacked Income Protection Plan pilot program. Results from the bivariate probit model showed that producers already planning to use Stacked Income Protection Plan in 2015 were more willing to participate in the pilot programs. A producers’ age, income, and debt-to-asset ratio influenced their willingness to participate in the pilot programs. More producers stated they used no-till production than cover crops; therefore, we made pairwise comparisons between producers’ ratings of potential outcomes from using cover cropping and no-till as well as between users and non-users of each of those practices. The results provide unique insight into producers’ perceptions of these practices. Overall, the proposed hypothetical pilot programs could improve the linkage between federally-subsidized crop insurance and conservation compliance; however, future research should consider the potential for these pilot programs for other crops and regions of the United States. |
| Keywords: | Cotton, Cover crops, Crop insurance, No-tillage, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Q12, Q18, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea16:234975&r=env |
| By: | Karen Clay; Joshua Lewis; Edson Severnini |
| Abstract: | Pollution is a common byproduct of economic activity. Although policymakers should account for both the benefits and the negative externalities of polluting activities, it is difficult to identify those who are harmed and those who benefit from them. To overcome this challenge, our paper uses a novel dataset on the mid-20th century expansion of the U.S. power grid to study the costs and the benefits of coal-fired electricity generation. The empirical analysis exploits the timing of coal-fired power plant openings and annual variation in plant-level coal consumption from 1938 to 1962, when emissions were virtually unregulated. Pollution from the burning of coal for electricity generation is shown to have quantitatively important and nonlinear effects on county-level infant mortality rates. By 1962, it was responsible for 3,500 infant deaths per year, over one death per thousand live births. These effects are even larger at lower levels of coal consumption. We also find evidence of clear tradeoffs associated with coal-fired electricity generation. For counties with low access to electricity in the baseline, increases in local power plant coal consumption reduced infant mortality and increased housing values and rental prices. For counties with near universal access to electricity in the baseline, increases in coal consumption by power plants led to higher infant mortality rates, and lower housing values and rental prices. These results highlight the importance of considering both the costs and benefits of polluting activities, and suggest that demand for policy intervention may emerge only when the negative externalities are significantly larger than the perceived benefits. |
| JEL: | I18 N22 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22155&r=env |
| By: | Maganga, Assa; Malakini, Memory |
| Abstract: | This paper measures the economic impact of climate on Malawian Agriculture using the theory of Ricardian rents. We use cross-sectional data on climate, hydrological, soil and household level data for a sample of 8,832 households. The results show that climate affects net farm revenue. There is a non-linear relationship between temperature and revenue on one hand and between precipitation and revenue on the other. Estimated marginal impacts suggest that global warming is counter-productive to net farm revenue. The empirical analysis reveals that 2.5°C increase in warming results in predicted losses of US$0.0081 billion and doubling warming to 5°C amplifies the losses to US$0.018 billion. Reducing precipitation by 7% trims net revenue by 8.13% on a per hectare basis. Undoubtedly, 14% reduction in precipitation is predicted to cause reasonably larger losses of about US$0.1161 billion. It can be inferred that this significantly demonstrates Malawi‟s dependence on rain fed agriculture. |
| Keywords: | climate change, agriculture, net farm revenue, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q1, Q5, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212208&r=env |
| By: | Asfaw, Solomon; Mortari, Andrea Piano; Arslan, Aslihan; Karfakis, Panagiotis; Lipper, Leslie |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the effects of weather/climate shocks on household welfare using a nationally representative panel data from Uganda together with a set of novel climate variation indicators. Where the effect of climate/weather variability has a significantly negative effect on household welfare, we further test the hypotheses that policy-relevant mechanisms can be effective means of mitigating the negative welfare effects. In general we obtain very few significant results with respect to climate/weather shock variables which might point towards a consumption and income smoothing behavior by the households, whose welfare level is not affected by the weather shocks. With regards to the different shocks definition, the reference period used to define the shock does not matter since the coefficients and the signs do not change with the reference period. Different policy action variables have also heterogeneous impact across different outcome variables in terms of mitigating the negative impact of climate/weather shocks. |
| Keywords: | Climate shock, welfare, Uganda, Africa, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, Q01, Q12, Q16, Q18, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:229060&r=env |
| By: | Ekvall, Tomas; Hirschnitz-Garbers, Martin; Eboli, Fabio; Sniegocki, Aleksander |
| Abstract: | Increasing material use efficiency is important to mitigate future supply risks and minimize environmental impacts associated with the production of the materials. The policy mix presented in this paper aims to reduce the use of virgin metals in the EU by 80% by 2050. We used a heuristic framework and a systems perspective for designing the policy mix that combines primary instruments (aimed to achieve the 80% reduction target – e.g. a materials tax, technical regulations and removal of environmentally harmful subsidies) and supportive instruments (aimed to reduce barriers to implementing the primary instruments and to contribute towards the policy objectives – e.g. research & development support, and advanced recycling centers). Furthermore, instruments were designed so as to increase political feasibility: e.g. taxes were gradually increased as part of a green fiscal reform, and border-tax adjustments were introduced to reduce impacts on competitiveness. However, even in such a policy mix design ongoing ex-ante assessments indicate that the policy mix will be politically difficult to implement – and also fall short of achieving the 80% reduction target. Nonetheless, we suggest combining primary and supportive instruments into coherent and dynamic policy mixes as a promising step towards system reconfigurations for sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Policy Mix, Policy Development, Resource Efficiency, Material Efficiency, Recycling, European Union, Sensitivity Model, Environmental Economics and Policy, L72, Q32, |
| Date: | 2016–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemei:234309&r=env |
| By: | Kihiu, Evelyne Nyathira; Amuakwa-Mensah, Franklin |
| Abstract: | Productivity of rangelands in Kenya is affected by increasing crop farming especially in more fertile range areas. This encroachment by crop farming on rangelands occurs as a response of the rural livestock producers’ to economic opportunities with the development of local and international crop markets. We hypothesize that the existing market inefficiencies characterizing livestock markets, especially the price disincentives that livestock producers face, are a major risk rangelands face. To analyze the effect of livestock market conditions on rangeland management, we draw on household survey and economic modeling tools. We find that traders’ rent seeking behavior and high transport costs act as disincentives to livestock producers’ participation in livestock markets and influence their decisions in seeking alternative rangeland uses to sustain livelihoods. However, improved livestock market access enhances livestock producers’ livelihoods and the stewardship of the ecosystems thus reducing pastoralists’ vulnerability to ecological climate variability associated with rangelands. |
| Keywords: | Extensive livestock production, market access, ecological-economic model, positive mathematical programming (PMP) model, Kenya, Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Q13, Q15, Q24, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212273&r=env |
| By: | Ogundeji, Abiodun; Jordaan, Henry; Groenewald, Jan |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to develop an integrated model that can simulate the impact of climate change on farm structure and adaptation thereof. The future sustainability of the agricultural sector relies on the type of adaptation strategy put in place for farmers to cope with the projected impacts of climate change. The Ceres Dynamic Integrated Model (CDIM) was developed to evaluate different adaptation strategies, results show that it is unlikely that high water tariffs will reduce the level of water used for production. Depending on the availability of funds to make farm dams available for farmers, access to farm dam capacity and winter water allocations as well as increasing water use efficiency are potential adaptation options for the farmers. Improved water management practices that increase the productivity of irrigation water use may provide a significant adaptation potential under future climate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Agricultural Sector, Integrated model, Adaptation, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212591&r=env |
| By: | Niemi, Jarkko; Hyytiainen, Kari; Camara, Astou; Fall, Cheick; Msangi, Siwa |
| Abstract: | Semi-arid regions in the Sahel have faced increasing environmental pressure due to population growth and decreasing rainfall. Building on earlier research we develop a stochastic dynamic programming model that describes extensive, common-pasture-based livestock under stochastic and spatially varying weather. We extend previous research by allowing animals’ movements between two regions and allow decisions to be adjusted when new information about the weather arrives. Decision rules to sell and move animals under exogenous price, market and climate scenarios are investigated. Our numerical analysis demonstrates that in the absence of efficient feed markets and under unpredictable weather, transhumance can be a rational livestock management strategy. Increased frequency of extreme weather conditions, such as heavy drought or rainfall, can have cross-regional spillovers and larger impacts on livestock husbandry than gradual changes in the mean annual rainfall or temperature suggest. Hence, policies should aim at mitigating the negative consequences of extreme weather across regions. |
| Keywords: | livestock, common pasture, grazing, climate change, climate variability, drought, resilience, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries, D80, O13, Q12, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212531&r=env |
| By: | Mulwa, Chalmers; Marenya, Paswel; Rahut, Dil Bahadur; Kassie, Menale |
| Abstract: | Located in southern Africa, Malawi is a country increasingly facing numerous climate-related stressors including droughts and floods. Adaptation to these stressors is critical to the sustainability of the farming systems in the country. Using household and plot level data collected in 2011, we implement a multivariate probit model to assess the determinants of farmer adaptation behavior to climatic risks. The ex-ante adaptation practices considered by farmers include: planting drought, disease and pest tolerant varieties, early planting, soil and water conservation and crop diversification. We find that plot characteristics, credit constraints and availability of climate-related information explain the adoption of several of these adaptation practices. We also find that even when financial limitations are binding, availing climate-related information still motivate farmers to adapt. Policy effort to build resilience among rural farming systems should focus on extension education and information delivery with special emphasis on climate risks information and associated adaptation mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | Climate risks, Adaptation, Multivariate probit, Smallholder farmers, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212511&r=env |
| By: | Chris Hope (Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge); Jimena Alvarez (Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge); Paul Gilding (Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, University of Cambridge) |
| Abstract: | Fossil fuel companies sell the products that cause the vast majority of anthropogenic climate change. These companies don't pay for the economic damage these products cause to society. The IMF calculated that in 2011 this implicit subsidy amounted to about $800 billion globally. This implicit subsidy represents a risk to individual companies because as society seeks to reduce or recover the economic costs fossil fuels create, company profits could be lost and assets stranded by the resulting shift to low carbon energy. As a result attempts are being made to identify companies most at risk. However, no company-level model exists to compare present-day implicit subsidies and therefore risk level. Here we calculate these subsidies, by company, for the years 2008 to 2012. For all companies the implicit subsidy exceeded their post-tax profit (averaged over five years). For all pure coal companies, the implicit subsidy exceeded total revenues. There is substantial variation between companies within the same fuel type. We anticipate that these results will be a useful starting point for investors seeking to manage their exposure to climate change risk, and for policy makers interested in fossil fuel companies' net contribution to society. |
| Keywords: | fossil fuel, climate change, carbon tax |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jbs:wpaper:201502&r=env |
| By: | Vestal, Michael; Tewari, Rachna; Darroch, Barbara; Mehlhorn, Joey |
| Abstract: | This study was designed to determine if a relationship existed between corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) yields and climate factors in West Tennessee from 1955 to 2013. Yield data was obtained from National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) annual crop surveys for the twenty one counties in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) West Tennessee and Delta Districts. Climate data for was obtained from National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Only climate data from April through October was used in calculations to more accurately reflect corn and soybean growing seasons. Correlations, linear regressions, and multiple regressions were developed to compare crop yields with climate factors for the year as well as three phases of the crop production process (planting, growing, and harvesting). Significant relationships were found to exist between corn yield and minimum temperature (r = 0.32; P = .01), precipitation (r = 0.29; P = .26), Palmer Z-Index (r = 0.26; P = .47), and one month Standardized Precipitation Index (r = 0.26; P = .049). Significant relationships were found between soybean yield and maximum temperature (r = -0.32; P = .01), precipitation (r = 0.43; P < 0.001), Palmer Drought Severity Index (r = 0.28; P = .03), Palmer Z-Index (r = 0.43; P < .001), and one month Standardized Precipitation Index (r = 0.46; P < .001). The study found that yields were dependent on multiple climatic factors due to the abundance of significant multiple regression models compared to linear regression models. However, West Tennessee corn and soybean yields were not statistically influenced by average temperature or climate factors during the planting stage of production. Overall, growing season temperature and precipitation factors were important and will continue to impact corn and soybean yields in West Tennessee. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230009&r=env |
| By: | Rogers, James K.; Biermacher, Jon T.; Biedenbach, Abby |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT: In the southern Great Plains pastures of nativegrass mixtures have been shown to provide early season forage and contain grasses that vary in seasonal forage distribution providing higher quality forage further into the growing season than monocultures such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Compared to improved pastures of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), nativegrass mixtures increase wildlife habitat, lower maintenance cost, and can improve land value. These benefits have increased interest in conversion of improved pasture land areas to nativegrass pastures. Because of its herbicide tolerance, ability to propagate from stolons, rhizomes, and seed, bermudagrass is difficult to control making conversion challenging. To be successful, conversion methods need to be acquired. A two-year, two location conversion study was developed to determine efficacy and economics of twelve conversion systems for bermudagrass control and establishment of a nativegrass mixture of little bluestem (Schizachyrium acoparium ‘Cimarron’), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii ‘Kaw’), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans ‘common’), switchgrass (‘Alamo’), and green sprangletop (Leptochloa dubia ‘common’). Conversion systems consisted of combinations of preparation time (7, 11, 19 months from treatment initiation to planting), cover crops (0, 1, 2, 3), glyphosate application (6, 8, 10 qts/ac) (13.8, 18.4, 23 L ha-1) and tillage (conventional till, no-till). Nativegrass planting date for all conversion systems was April. Tillage systems were more effective than no-tillage. Mean yields across locations and years for no-till were 858 lb/ac and 2868 lb/ac compared to tillage yields of 2243 lb/ac and 6637 lb/ac for nativegrass and switchgrass respectively. Tillage systems with cover crops (2 or 3) and preparation time (11 or 19 months) were more successful in establishing nativegrass but had little effect on switchgrass establishment. For the base-case threshold measure of success (>=70% of total stand), the clean till system with three cover crops was most economical at the Burneyville, Oklahoma, location, realizing a $208 net return per acre. At the Ardmore, Oklahoma, location, systems established with clean-till and no-till methods with both 2 and 3 cover crops were equally more profitable than systems that utilized chemical fallow methods. Systems that utilized chemical fallow methods did not realize positive net returns, but did meet the minimum threshold of success requirement of at least 70% of total NG stand. Relative net returns between systems were most sensitive to prices of rye and sorghum-sudan hay. |
| Keywords: | bermudagrass, economics, native pasture restoration, Farm Management, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230046&r=env |
| By: | Hoang Trieu Huy (Department of Economics and Development Studies, The College of Economics, Hue University, 100 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | Climate change will have impacts that add to the list of yet-unknown underlying processes. Hazards and vulnerability can change over time not only in intensity, frequency, and in location and duration, but also in importance and interest. This case study aimed at understanding the role of information and local institutions in early warning systems for disaster management in order to reduce vulnerability to recurrent storms and floods in coastal communities. The specific objectives were: i) to describe the hazards to livelihood by and vulnerability of livelihood to weather changes, particularly storms and floods; ii) to describe early warning systems for storms in disaster management and their evolution over time; iii) to document experiences of local people in regard to early warning systems; and iv) to provide recommendations on future adaptations to extreme climate conditions. |
| Keywords: | Early Warning System, Costal, Information, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:tpaper:tp201604t4&r=env |
| By: | Afzal, Muhammad; Ahmed, Tanvir; Ahmed, Gulzar |
| Abstract: | Global warming is exacerbating climate affect on agricultural productivity. The objective of present study is the empirical assessment of climate change on three major agricultural crops of Punjab, Pakistan. A variant of Cobb-Douglas production function is used for the panel data of the districts of Punjab covering period 1981 to 2012.Overall findings of the study reveal that temperature has positive impact on the production of wheat crops during the planting and harvesting stage. However, temperature negatively affects the production of wheat during the flowering stage. Rainfall has negative association with the production of wheat during all three stages. Further, results indicate that rainfall, minimum temperature and humidity positively affect the production of rice crop during planting and negatively affect during harvesting. Impact of rainfall during all three stages of cotton crop has positive effect on its production. Nevertheless, increase in the temperature during first and second stage has negative effect on the production of cotton crop, but during third stage it has positive impact. On the basis of empirical analysis, this study suggests that Government should conduct seminars and workshops for the awareness of farmers to mitigate the worse effect of climate change. Moreover, development of new varieties of seeds and allocation of more resources should be encouraged to provide the security against the problems of climate change. |
| Keywords: | wheat; Rice; Cotton; Temperature; Rainfall; Humidity; Production; Punjab |
| JEL: | Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:70958&r=env |
| By: | Tayebi, Zahra; Fulginiti, Lilyan E. |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this research is to determine the potential impact of weather variables on agricultural productivity for Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and Syria. A translog production function was used in estimating TFP growth in agriculture over the period 1980-2010. Precipitation, temperature, drought and irrigation were included in the analysis. The results indicate increasing agricultural productivity during the period with innovations contributing approximately 30% to agricultural output growth. Temperature and precipitation play a significant role in agricultural production and most frequent extreme drought episodes and irrigation affect, substantially, agricultural productivity growth in the region. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural productivity, Climate change, Greater Middle East, Stochastic frontier, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230019&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Pacific Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Pacific Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | This report assesses the impact of climate change on agriculture and fisheries in three Pacific Island countries, including the impacts on agricultural production, economic returns for major crops, and food security. Alternative adaption policies are examined in order to provide policy options that reduce the impact of climate change on food security. The overall intention is to provide a clear message for development practitioners and policymakers about how to cope with the threats, as well as understand the opportunities, surrounding ongoing climate change. Project countries include Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. |
| Keywords: | pacific countries, climate change, food security, socioeconomic livelihood, agriculture, fisheries |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt157643-2&r=env |
| By: | Ben Campbell (University of Connecticut) |
| Abstract: | There tends to be an evolution occurring with respect to how people view local and organic. Since the inception of organic as a mainstream item, organic has been marketed to a large extent as helping the world through less pesticide use and more environmentally friendly production practices, while local has been viewed as helping the community and providing fresher product. Research from UConn (Lingqiao Qi, Ben Campbell, and Yizao Liu) shows that consumers that are altruistic (e.g. care about others) and biospheric (e.g. care about the environment) are more likely to purchase local over organic. This transformation seems to indicate that local seems to be expanding to fill the role of environmental stewardship, while also helping the community. The continued evolution of local and organic will be interesting over the next couple of years. |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zwi:outrep:39&r=env |
| By: | Liguo Lin (School of Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai) |
| Keywords: | taxation, China, pollution |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb2016041&r=env |
| By: | Villanueva, Anastasio J.; Rodriguez-Entrena, Macario; Arriaza, Manuel; Gomez-Limon, Jose A. |
| Abstract: | Agri-environmental schemes (AES) in irrigated olive groves (IOG) in southern Spain are assessed using a double analysis from the supply and demand side. Regarding the supply-side analysis, a choice experiment is used to assess farmers’ preferences toward AES, including some innovative issues, such as uptake in irrigated permanent crops, ecological focus areas and collective participation. With regard to the demand-side analysis, secondary sources of information are used to explore gains obtained from the implementation of such schemes in IOG. Results indicate that only the implementation of the most stringent AES scenarios could provide positive net social welfare gains and a priori only these scenarios should be considered for implementation by policy-makers. However, the implementation of these most stringent AES would only result in very low net social welfare gains. Further research is required to provide more accurate estimates of such gains and replicate this assessment in other agricultural systems. |
| Keywords: | Agri-environmental schemes, intensive agricultural systems, public goods, choice experiment, net social welfare gains., Marketing, Production Economics, Q18, Q58., |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:211919&r=env |
| By: | Ma. Angeles O. Catelo (University of the Philippines Los Baños); Moises A. Dorado (University of the Philippines Los Baños); Elpidio Agbisit, Jr. (University of the Philippines Los Baños) |
| Keywords: | Philippines,Pollution control, piggeries |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016054&r=env |
| By: | Khanal, Narayan Prasad; Maharjan, Keshav Lall |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification is considered a key strategy to harmonize economic and environmental goals in rice-wheat cropping system in the developing countries. This strategy encourages farmers to grow spring season crops in the land remaining fallows after harvesting wheat. This paper explores the impact of climatic, demographic, economic and institutional variables on area under spring season crops. Data for the study were collected from 640 households spreading across the eight Tarai districts of Nepal in 2010. The major crops grown in the spring season are mungbean, maize and rice, and farmers allocate difference amount of their land for these crops. So, three crops specific regressions were modeled through Tobit regression with the assumption that households’ allocate their lands considering the potential benefit they get from these crops during the spring reason. Result shows that rainfall has positive impact on maize and rice; whereas, it is negative on mungbean. Similarly, this study reveals that male-headed households allocate larger amount of their lands for each of these crops than female-headed households. This is due to better access of fertilizers and training to male-headed households. Moreover, higher operational holders allocate more land for the spring season crops as compared to their counterparts. |
| Keywords: | Spring season, gender, cropping system, tobit model, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:229068&r=env |
| By: | Ash, Michael (Department of Economics and School of Public Policy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst); Boyce, James K. (Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst and Political Economy Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | Using matched facility-level data from the US EPA Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EEO-1 database, we assess (1) the trade-off between jobs and environmental quality and (2) the extent to which the distribution of the benefits of employment in industrial production mirrors the distribution of the costs of exposure to hazardous byproducts of industrial activity in the dimension of race and ethnicity. We find no evidence that facilities that create higher pollution risk for surrounding communities provide more jobs in aggregate. The share of pollution risk accruing to ethnic or racial minority groups typically exceeds the share of employment and substantially exceeds the share of good jobs held by members of those groups. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ums:papers:2016-03&r=env |
| By: | Nguyen Thi Y Ly (Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Agriculture and Forestry); Pham Thanh Nam (Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Agriculture and Forestry) |
| Keywords: | payment for enviromental services, Southeast Asia |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160438&r=env |
| By: | Kan, Iddo; Kimhi, Ayal; Kaminski, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a structural econometric model of farmland allcoation that is linked to a market-level demand model. The farmland allocation model accounts for the presence of corner solutions in land-share decisions, which enables using disaggregated data for the estimation, and thereby allows treating prices as exogenous. Under partial equilibrium in the markets of vegetative products, the integrated model is then used to simulate the impacts of climate change on production, prices, agricultural profits and consimer surplus, making explicit the production responses of the micro units used for estimating the land-use model. We apply the method to Israeli data, and obtain negative projections of farm profits and consumer's surplus driven by climate change. Importantly, the effects of climate change on farm profits are significantly smaller compared with the case in which the price-feedback effects on agricultural supply are not accounted for. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:211828&r=env |
| By: | Nguyen Thi Y Ly (Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Agriculture and Forestry) |
| Keywords: | Vietnam, Payment for Forest Environmental Services |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160442&r=env |
| By: | Antoine D'Autume (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics); Katheline Schubert (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics); Cees Withagen (Department of Economics - VU University Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | International di¤erences in fuel taxation are huge, and may be justi…ed by different local negative externalities that taxes must correct, as well as by di¤erent preferences for public spending. In this context, should a worldwide uniform carbon tax be added to these local taxes to correct the global warming externality? We address this question in a second best framework à la Ramsey, where public goods have to be …nanced through distortionary taxation and the cost of public funds has to be weighted against the utility of public goods. We show that when lump-sum transfers between countries are allowed for, the second best tax on the polluting good may be decomposed into three parts: one, country-speci…c, dealing with the local negative externality, a second one, country-speci…c, dealing with the cost of levying public funds, and a third one, global, dealing with the global externality and which can be interpreted as the carbon price. Our main contribution is to show that the uniformity of the carbon price should still hold in this second best framework. Nevertheless, if lump-sum transfers between governments are impossible to implement, international di¤erentiation of the carbon price is the only way to take care of equity concerns. keywords: carbon price, second best, Pigovian taxation |
| Keywords: | carbon price, second best, Pigovian taxation |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-01300261&r=env |
| By: | Martin L. Weitzman |
| Abstract: | It is difficult to resolve the global warming free-rider externality problem by negotiating many different quantity targets. By contrast, negotiating a single internationally-binding minimum carbon price (the proceeds from which are domestically retained) counters self-interest by incentivizing countries to internalize the externality. In this contribution I attempt to sketch out, mostly with verbal arguments, the sense in which each country's extra cost from a higher emissions price is counter-balanced by that country's extra benefit from inducing all other countries to simultaneously lower their emissions in response to the higher price. Some implications are discussed. While the paper could be centered on a more formal model, here the tone of the discussion resembles more that of an exploratory think piece directed to policymakers and the general public. |
| JEL: | F51 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22197&r=env |
| By: | Massimo Anna Alberini (University of Maryland,USA); Markus Bareit (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | In Switzerland, the annual circulation taxes on road vehicles are set by and paid to the cantons (not to the federal government). We exploit the 26 different circulation tax rules and their variation over time, which we interpret as a natural experiment, to see if linking them to a vehicle’s CO2 emissions rate has helped shift new car sales towards cleaner, lower-emitting vehicles. We find that even when the penalty associated with a highly polluting vehicle is high, the effect is relatively small. For example, in canton Zurich, imposing a 50% “malus” on the annual registration fee for cars that emit 200 or more grams of CO2 per kilometer reduces the average CO2 emissions rate from new cars by only 0.46 gram per kilometer, bringing it to 158.11 grams per kilometer in 2011. A similar effect would be attained with a modest increase in fuel taxes. |
| Keywords: | vehicle demand estimation; fuel economy; fuel taxes; vehicle taxes; carbon dioxide emissions rates. |
| JEL: | L62 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:16-245&r=env |
| By: | Barreiro-Hurle, Jesus; Perez-Dominguez, Ignacio; Jansson, Torbjoern; Fellman, Thomas; Weiss, Franz |
| Abstract: | The effectiveness of unilateral greenhouse gas mitigation efforts has been put in doubt due to the so called carbon leakage effect both for industrial and agricultural sectors. In such scenario production shifts to world regions with no carbon constraint and the region which has imposed the carbon constraint substitutes its former domestic production by imports of these now relatively cheaper products, reducing economic activity but not changing consumption bundles. In this paper we investigate how technology can dampen this effect. For this we use the CAPRI partial equilibrium model of the EU agriculture together with its global spatial multi-commodity model calculating endogenously GHG emission coefficients for nitrous oxide and methane following the IPCC guidelines. For the rest of the world we use emission intensities calculated for the past based on emission and production data. Technology is modelled considering trend functions for the emission intensities in the rest of the world which are continued into the future. Our results show that while leakage exists and is increasing with the stringency of the GHG mitigation target of the EU, it can be mostly offset by allowing the ROW to adopt better technologies. To maximize its impact on reducing carbon leakage, technology transfer should focus on meat commodities and the Asia and Central and South American regions. |
| Keywords: | climate change, agriculture, carbon leakage, CAPRI Model, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2016–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea16:235079&r=env |
| By: | Mai Van Nam (School of Economics and Business Administration, Can Tho University); Nguyen Tan Nhan (Can Tho University); Bui Van Trinh (Can Tho University); Pham Le Thong (Can Tho University) |
| Abstract: | The management systems evaluated consists of buffer zone management system, strict protection, joint venture, and family/household commercial management system in the Melaluaca Forests of Mekong River Delta. Household survey in the four study sites consisting of Song Trem (contract household and joint venture-JV), Tram Chim (buffer Zone), Vo Doi (strict protection) and Giong Rieng (family/household commercial farms) was undertaken. The results of the study showed that forest products do not contribute much to the household income, especially in the light of the existing logging ban policy. The farmers had to rely mainly on rice farming, that is characterized by low yields, and on non-and off-farm activities such as hired labor that are highly seasonal and unstable. JV households are given very large land areas but earn less income from their forestlands. Harvesting of the forest is not allowed, which is potentially a big source of income for the JV households. Similarly, Buffer zone-contract households and those in the strict protection zone have not been able to benefit from their investment in forest management. There is therefore very little incentive to continue forest management activities for these households. The same cannot be 2 said for family/household commercial farms in forestland with about 50 years contract—where virtually “private ownership” exists. Income levels for this group are much higher, coming mostly from forestlands, with agriculture as the major land use system. |
| Keywords: | Forest Management Systems,Mekong River Delta, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016060&r=env |
| By: | Darmawan, Rivayani; Klasen, Stephan; Nuryartono, Nunung |
| Abstract: | Indonesia now has the highest deforestation rate in the world, with an average increase of about 47,600 ha per year. As a result, the nation is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world and is putting its rich biodiversity at risk. Although the literature discussing the political economy of Indonesia commercial's logging is growing, only a small amount focuses on the relation-ship between migration and deforestation. Migration may contribute to the forest cover change, as migrants often face serious constraints from the local residents in claiming the land, and thus tend to find new forest land which can be used as a means of living or converted into an agricultural planta-tion. This paper empirically investigates the relationship between recent in-migration and deforestation in Indonesia. By combining available population census data with the satellite image data MODIS, we find a significant positive relationship between migration and deforestation at the district level using a fixed effects panel econometric framework. The results also suggest that the expanding oil palm production is one significant driver for the fast disappearance of Indonesia's forest. |
| Keywords: | deforestation,migration,oil palm,Indonesia |
| JEL: | Q23 R14 J61 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:crc990:19&r=env |
| By: | Rodriguez, Elsa M.M.; Lupin, Beatriz; Gonzalez, Julia |
| Abstract: | Choice Modelling was applied to assess the importance of attributes and willingness to pay for a fresh potato produced with a low environmental impact production system. Among the stated preference methods, this is the most used to study consumer preferences for attributes of goods with little or no market share. We interviewed 402 individuals, aged 18 and over, in super / hypermarkets and grocery stores. Four different attributes of potato: price, agrochemicals content, cooking quality and treatment were selected according to previous research carried out by the authors. For this purpose, a Conditional Logistic Model (McFadden, 1973) was applied. On average, ceteris paribus, the full sample participants were willing to pay between US$ 0.60 and US$0.49 more per 1kg of potatoes with low agrochemical content. In regards to cooking quality attributes, participants were willing to pay between US$ 0.31 and US$ 0.25 more per kg of high quality potatoes |
| Keywords: | Choice Modelling, willingness to pay, consumers´ preferences, fresh potatoes, Agribusiness, Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries, C90, D1, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212288&r=env |
| By: | Andersen, Lykke E.; Breisinger, Clemens; Jemio, Luis Carlos; Mason-D’Croz, Daniel; Ringler, Claudia; Robertson, Richard D.; Verner, Dorte; Wiebelt, Manfred |
| Abstract: | This food policy report is a response to growing concerns about the impacts of climate change on Latin American economies, agriculture, and people. It assesses both local and global effects of changing agricultural yields on the economy, subnational regions, and different household types, including male- and female-headed households in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. The three countries reflect economic and geographic diversity in Latin America and more than half of the region’s population. Climate change impacts tend to be relatively small at an economywide level in all three countries. However, sectoral and household-level economic impacts tend to be diverse across countries and subnational levels. They mainly depend on projected changes in agricultural yields, the share of agriculture in regional gross domestic product (GDP), crop-specific international trade balances, net food buyer/seller position, and income diversification of households. As for gender, results from this study suggest that female-headed households may be less vulnerable than male-headed households to the effects of climate change, highlighting the importance of considering women as a source for solutions for building resilience to climate change. Given the relatively small impacts of climate change and the degree of uncertainty associated with them, it is too early to define specific policy recommendations. All three countries should try to maximize the benefits that may come with higher agricultural world market prices and to minimize the losses from reductions in agricultural yields. |
| Keywords: | BRAZIL, MEXICO, PERU, LATIN AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, NORTH AMERICA, climate change, households, socioeconomic development, trade, productivity, yields, agricultural sector, agricultural policies, economic policies, trade policies, prices, forecasting, gender, resilience, environmental shocks, economywide modeling |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:9780896295810&r=env |
| By: | Chunhua Wang (School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics) |
| Keywords: | Impact, Carbon Emissions, China |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160436&r=env |
| By: | Margaret M. Calderon (College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños); Nathaniel C. Bantayan (College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños); Florencia B. Pulhin (College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños); Lourdes J. Cruz (University of the Philippines Diliman) |
| Keywords: | Forestry, Carbon, Community-led conservation, Philippines |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160440&r=env |
| By: | İriş, Doruk; Lee, Jungmin; Tavoni, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | The provision of global public goods, such as climate change mitigation and managing fisheries to avoid overharvesting, requires the coordination of national contributions. The contributions are managed by elected governments who, in turn, are subject to public pressure on the matter. In an experimental setting, we randomly assign subjects into four teams, and ask them to elect a delegate by a secret vote. The elected delegates repeatedly play a one shot public goods game in which the aim is to avoid losses that can ensue if the sum of their contributions falls short of a threshold. Earnings are split evenly among the team members, including the delegate. We find that delegation causes a small reduction in the group contributions. Public pressure, in the form of teammates’ messages to their delegate, has a significant negative effect on contributions, even though the messages are designed to be payoff-inconsequential (i.e., cheap talk). The reason for the latter finding is that delegates tend to focus on the least ambitious suggestion. In other words, they focus on the lower of the two public good contributions preferred by their teammates. This finding is consistent with the prediction of our model, a modified version of regret theory. |
| Keywords: | Delegation, Cooperation, Threshold Public Goods Game, Climate Experiment, Regret Theory, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, C72, C92, D81, H4, Q54, |
| Date: | 2016–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemet:234307&r=env |
| By: | Chunhua Wang (School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics) |
| Keywords: | Energy Consumption,Carbon Emissions, China |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr20160338&r=env |
| By: | Yaoqi Zhang (Auburn University); Jussi Uusivuori (University of Wisconsin-Madison); Jari Kuuluvainen (University of Helsinki) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses the effects of economic, demographic andinstitutional factors on land allocation between forestry and other uses.A panel data set from Hainan Island in China and a generalized least squaresestimation method, allowing individual effects for counties, are applied.The results indicate that higher timber prices have led to accelerationin rainforest exploitation, but encouraged forest investment in plantationforests. Population growth is the driving force behind the loss of naturalforests, but is positively related to plantation forests. De-collectivizationseems to have promoted plantation forests, but have not saved therainforest. A higher share of forestry land owned by state-owned enterprisesalso fosters afforestation on wasteland, but seems to lead to faster exploitationof natural forest, at least initially. The uncertainty that existed inthe early period of economic reform quickened the pace of resource extractionand deterred investment. |
| Keywords: | Forestland tenure, economic transition,deforestation, reforestation, panel data |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016050&r=env |
| By: | Grote, Ulrike; Neubacher, Frank |
| Abstract: | Anecdotal evidence and selected information from the International Crime Victims Survey suggest that crime is higher in developing countries than in developed countries and that there are regionally big differences. Explanations and solutions to the persistence and prevalence of rural crime in many developing countries are needed as rural crime undermines sustainable development to a large extent and may even affect social cohesiveness in rural communities. This discussion paper therefore calls for research which helps to shed light on this phenomenon in support of improved policies. For this, representative and good-quality data is needed. It is suggested to disentangle the complex research topic and allow for a more systematic approach by focusing on a certain type of crime. Research on most of these types is very selective and scarce. As mentioned, data is almost nonexistent and evidence on individual types is largely missing. The routine activity approach is suggested as a conceptual framework for further analysis. The paper concludes that research and policy design should focus on how to reduce opportunities to commit a crime in rural areas in developing countries in order to reduce environmental and social costs of crime, promote sustainable development and improve rural livelihoods of the often deprived and poor in rural areas in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Rural crime, developing countries, victimization, routine activity approach, sustainable development, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, K14, Q01, Q12, Q5, R11, |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubonwp:233668&r=env |
| By: | Marenya, Paswel; Kassie, Menale; Jaleta, Moti; Rahut, Dil Bahadur; Erenstein, Olaf |
| Abstract: | Minimum tillage combined with mulching (MTM) are two critical components of conservation agriculture (CA) that can have important economic benefits for adopting farmers and positive environmental impacts for the community. Using a unique set of plot level, four-country data that includes household demographic and plot characteristics, this paper uses a binary probit model followed by post-estimation simulations to examine the effect of micro-level factors (plot, farmer characteristics, social capital), meso-level factors (access to markets) and national level policy variables (government input subsidy expenditures and investments in agricultural extension staffing), as predictors of MTM in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania. Key policy principles in promoting CA should clearly focus on long term strategies to aggressively invest in agricultural extension but also reduce the costs of farm inputs. |
| Keywords: | adoption, agricultural extension, conservation agriculture, policy, input subsidy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q01, Q18, Q12, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212228&r=env |
| By: | Amandine Pinget (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Rachel Bocquet (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Caroline Mothe (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc) |
| Abstract: | Recent literature explores the determinants of environmental innovations (EI) but rarely addresses obstacles to these innovations. To our knowledge, no previous study accounts for antecedents of EI to explore the various perceived barriers to EI for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Noting the importance of SMEs in European economies, this article identifies the extent to which SMEs perceive barriers to environmental innovations, considering their type, number, and intensity. With a merged data set of 435 French SMEs, we investigate different perceptions of environmentally innovative SMEs, compared with those of technologically innovative SMEs and non-innovative ones, using a multiple treatment model that integrates the antecedents. We thereby analyze SME CEO's perceptions of barriers to EI. The barriers are not only more numerous but also more important for SMEs that engage in environmental innovation activity compared with those that have introduced only technological innovation or those that do not undertake any innovation activity. |
| Keywords: | SME,Multiple treatment model,CEO perceptions,Antecedents,Barriers,Environmental innovation |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01300837&r=env |
| By: | Flordeliza H. Bordey (Philippine Rice Research Institute); Cheryll C. Launio (Philippine Rice Research Institute); Eduardo Jimmy P. Quilang (Philippine Rice Research Institute); Charis Mae A. Tolentino (University of the Philippines); Nimfa B. Ogena (University of the Philippines) |
| Keywords: | Climate change, migration, Philippines |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160446&r=env |
| By: | Liu Zhaoyang (University of Cambridge); Mao Xianqiang (Beijing Normal University); Liu Shengqiang (Ministry of Transport); Kevin Jianjun Tu (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, US) |
| Keywords: | pollution, control, China |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160456&r=env |
| By: | Mohd Shahwahid H.O. (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43410, Serdang, Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the impacts of the 2013 haze on the people and economy of Peninsular Malaysia. The economic cost of the June 2013 haze was estimated to be MYR 1.49 billion (0.48% of the GDP); total cost of illnesses due to haze effects was MYR 78.03 per household (MYR 410.6 million for the whole peninsula) or 27.48% of the total cost; cost of medical treatment and hospitalization, MYR 22.59 per household (MYR 118.9 million); cost of medical-related leaves taken, MYR 38.54 per household (MYR 202.8 million); reduced activity days, MYR 13.17 per household (MYR 69.3 million); purchasing air pollution masks as protection, MYR 3.73 per household (MYR 19.6 million); and loss of income opportunities, MYR 182.05 per household (MYR 958 million), which was 64.11% of the total economic cost. Malaysians appear to have gotten used to the haze and tend to continue with their lives as normal, albeit taking measures to deal with its impacts. The willingness to participate in the insurance scheme to avoid a decline in quality of life due to haze was supported by only 37.5% of those surveyed. Their average willingness to pay was only MYR 23.90 per household (MYR 125.8 million) or 8.42% of the total economic cost of the haze. |
| Keywords: | Malaysia, Pollution Control, Pollution Impacts and Health, Damage Valuation |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016013&r=env |
| By: | Sanglestsawai, Santi; Rejesus, Roderick M.; Yorobe, Jose M. Jr. |
| Abstract: | Economic Impacts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Farmer Field Schools (FFS): Evidence from Onion Farmers in the Philippines |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212691&r=env |
| By: | Asfaw, Solomon; McCarthy, Nancy; Paolantonio, Adriana; Cavatassi, Romina; Amare, Mulubrhan; Lipper, Leslie |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates factors that impact cropland, labour and income diversification decisions and subsequent impacts on welfare. We use geo-referenced household data collected in 2011 from Malawi. The results show that measures of climate risk generally increase diversification across labour, cropland and income indicating that rainfall riskiness is a “push” factor for these indices. Our results also reveal that “pull” factors such as household wealth and education status of the household generally increase diversification across labour, land and income. Results also show that vulnerability to poverty is lower in environments with greater climate variability. Availability of services and support from rural institutions tends to increase diversification and reduce vulnerability to poverty. Looking at welfare measures as a function of diversification indices, all three measures of diversification increase consumption per capita, but income diversification has the strongest impacts on current consumption per capita and in reducing vulnerability to poverty. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, diversification, impact, Malawi, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, Q01, Q12, Q16, Q18, |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:230216&r=env |
| By: | Phung Thanh Binh (Schoolf of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City); Xueqin Zhu (Environmental Economics and Natural Resource Group, Wageningen University); Rolf Groeneveld (Environmental Economics and Natural Resource Group, Wageningen University); Ekko van Ierland (Environmental Economics and Natural Resource Group, Wageningen University) |
| Keywords: | Flood, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160418&r=env |
| By: | Hopfensitz, Astrid; Mantilla, Cesar; Miquel-Florensa, Josepa |
| Abstract: | We design and conduct a lab-in-the-field experiment to test the effect of a conditional contract on the sustainability of an open access fishery, where unit prices are conditional on aggregate catch. The contract provides collective incentives to decrease extraction but maintain the individual incentives of extraction maximization. We conduct the experiment with two communities of artisanal fishermen differing in their market and technological restrictions. We find that the conditional contract, compared to a fixed price scheme, increases efficiency, the duration of the resource and the total yield. The contract has a greater effect upon groups from the less restricted community. |
| Keywords: | artifactual field experiment, dynamic resource, artisanal fishery, stochastic production function |
| JEL: | C92 Q22 |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:30371&r=env |
| By: | Arriya Mungsunti (Charles Stuart University) |
| Abstract: | The muang fai irrigation system is a traditional, small-scale, communal irrigation system that has been practiced for centuries in northern Thailand. The value of this traditional system is currently being challenged by modernization, specifically through the introduction of various alternative irrigation technologies, such as the privately-owned underground pump irrigation. This study attempted to determine the various factors that influence farmers’ participation in the muang fai Sop Rong in Chiang Mai province and compared this traditional irrigation system with the underground pump irrigation system by determining which is better in terms of generating economic and environmental benefits. To do this, longan growing farmers, both muang fai system members and those who use underground pumps, were surveyed. The data generated was used to estimate a Logistic model of muang fai participation in an attempt to explain what factors affect the likelihood of a farmer joining the muang fai instead of installing underground pump irrigation. The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique was used to estimate the impact of muang fai participation on farm productivity and water use efficiency. Study results suggest that farm characteristics and several social and economic factors influence the possibility of muang fai participation. Results indicate that the farm’s distance to the closest muang fai canal strongly affects farmer participation. The size of the farm is also found to be quite a strong predictor of farmer participation. The relationship is found to be non-linear where probability of participation in muang fai first increases with farm size, but then decreases after a point. |
| Keywords: | Irrigation system, farming, water efficiency, Thailand |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016048&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (South Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (South Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | The North East Coastal Community Development Project aimed to improve sustainable livelihood and natural resource management in poor coastal communities, and Component B of the Tsunami-Affected Areas Rebuilding Project, which was designed to provide an emergency response to urgent post-tsunami reconstruction challenges. |
| Keywords: | tsunami-affected areas, sri lanka tsunami, neccdp, rebuilding, living conditions, social infrastructure, public services, rural development, livelihood development, women's participation, gender equality, gender mainstreaming, adb loan 2167, adb loan 2027 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt157688&r=env |
| By: | Gem B. Castillo (Resource and Environmental Economics Foundation of the Philippines, Inc. (REAP)); Somaly Chan (Department of Nature Conservation & Protection, Ministry of Environment Cambodia); Li Wenjun (Department of Environmental Management, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University); Li Yanbo (Visayas State University); H. Luthfi Fatah (Lambung Mangkurat University); Sivannakone Malivarn (Water Resources and Environment Administration); Kian Foh Lee (WWF-Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia Office-HQ)); Alexander D. Anda, Jr (Resources, Environment And Economic Center For Studies (REECS)); Prinyarat Laengcharoen (Thailand Development Research Institute); Pham Duc Chien (Forest Science Institute of Vietnam (FSIV)); Benoit Laplante (EEPSEA) |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Gaps,Protected Areas, Southeast Asia |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr20160322&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Lisha; Gao, Zhifeng; Vassalos, Michael |
| Abstract: | Consumer preferences for food have drastically changed over the last decades. Other than the nutrient provided by food, they increasingly care about the impact of food production on the environment and society. Consequently, consumers require more information regarding a number of intangible product attributes, such as the amount of fertilizer used, whether the farmer adopted sustainable production practices etc. The objective of this paper is twofold. First, the study seeks to identify sustainable consumer groups by examining their preferences of different tangible and intangible attributes of fresh strawberries. Second, it investigates the effect of consumers’ perceptions for different labels (i.e. organic, local etc.) and their willingness to pay for the examined attributes. This can provide valuable insights to retailers, farmers and policy makers to promote sustainable food production and increase profitability by meeting consumers’ increasing demands for sustainability. The study data set is obtained from a nationwide online survey of U.S consumers. Payment card method combined with ordered probit model is used to estimate consumer WTP. Preliminary results indicate that consumers who frequently purchase groceries in farmers markets or those who subscribe to community support agriculture services are willing to pay more for strawberries labeled intangible attributes. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Marketing, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230060&r=env |
| By: | Hermanto (Ministry of Agriculture) |
| Keywords: | food security, subsidy, climate change |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160450&r=env |
| By: | Aric Shafran (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University) |
| Abstract: | Population growth in the wildland urban interface (WUI) has put a greater number of houses at risk due to wildfire while often straining the resources of fire suppression agencies and contributing to a dramatic increase in wildfire suppression expenditures. In light of these facts, this paper analyzes the consequences of the public provision of fire suppression in a monocentric city where wildfire risk is endogenously determined through the choice of where to live. Public provision leads to increased development in the WUI, higher suppression costs, and an overall decrease in welfare. Differentiated taxes based on fire risk could reduce sprawl, improve welfare and lower suppression costs. |
| Keywords: | wildefire, wildland urban interface, fire suprression, land use, urban sprawl |
| JEL: | Q54 R14 H42 Q28 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpl:wpaper:1603&r=env |
| By: | Gem B. Castillo (Resource and Environmental Economics Foundation of the Philippines, Inc. (REAP)); Somaly Chan (Department of Nature Conservation & Protection, Ministry of Environment Cambodia); Li Wenjun (Department of Environmental Management, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University); Li Yanbo (Visayas State University); H. Luthfi Fatah (Lambung Mangkurat University); Sivannakone Malivarn (Water Resources and Environment Administration); Kian Foh Lee (WWF-Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia Office-HQ)); Alexander D. Anda, Jr (Resources, Environment And Economic Center For Studies (REECS)); Prinyarat Laengcharoen (Thailand Development Research Institute); Pham Duc Chien (Forest Science Institute of Vietnam (FSIV)); Benoit Laplante (EEPSEA) |
| Keywords: | Assessment, Protected Area, Southeast Asia |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160426&r=env |
| By: | Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | This study has investigated the impact of income inequality, globalization and environmental degradation on life expectancy in Pakistan. The study uses time series data for the period 1980-2015 for empirical analysis. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip and Perron (PP) unit root tests are employed for examining the order of integration of the variables. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach is used for investigating the cointegration among the variables of the model. For examining the causal relationship Granger Causality test is used. The results of the study reveal that income inequality and environmental degradation have negative and significant impact on life expectancy in Pakistan. On the other hand globalization have positive and significant impact on life expectancy in Pakistan. The results of Granger causality show that there is unidirectional causality running from all independent variables to dependent variable. |
| Keywords: | life expectancy, income inequality, environmental degradation and globalization |
| JEL: | D33 F6 J17 Q5 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:71112&r=env |
| By: | Shaufique Sidique (Institute of Agricultural and Food Policy Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia); Kusairi Mohd Noh (Universiti Putra Malaysia); Gazi Md Nurul Islam (Universiti Putra Malaysia); Aswani Farhana Mohd Noh (Universiti Putra Malaysia) |
| Keywords: | Artificial reefs, fishers, Malaysia |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160432&r=env |
| By: | Phumsith Mahasuweerachai (Department of Economics, Faculty of Management Sciences, Khon Kaen University); Piyaluk Buddhawongsa (Chiang Mai University) |
| Keywords: | Adaptation,Flood Disasters,Mekong River Basin,Thailand |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr20160330&r=env |
| By: | Adis Isangkura (National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Thailand) |
| Keywords: | Thailand, valuation, national park |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb2016047&r=env |
| By: | May Arunanondchai (Department of Economics, University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | An applied general equilibrium model of the global trade in forest products has been used to assess the impact of tariff and export tax reductions on forestry, the wood processing sector and the agricultural sector. The focus of this study is on Malaysia and Indonesia and the implications for their forest resources. Three key results have emerged: firstly, trade liberalisation does not necessarily lead to increased log production since the real producer’s price does not always rise. Secondly, the Uruguay Round tariff changes may make forestry a less-attractive form of land use when compared with agriculture. Thirdly, the proliferation of log export barriers amongst tropical countries has a cartel-like effect; thus elimination of such barriers may be detrimental to tropical exporters. |
| Keywords: | Trade Policy,Welfare,Timber Exporters,Forest Resources |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016056&r=env |
| By: | Nuppenau, Ernst-August |
| Abstract: | With the introduction of biofuels a conflict newly remerges between cash crops, mostly for export, and food crops, mostly for food security. It is also feared that mo-no-cropping threatens the agro-ecology in developing countries impeding future food security. We seek coexistence minimizing negative impacts on productivity. We show how to model explicitly land distribution and transition through a dynamic approach containing large- and small-scale sectors competing for land and labour as stocks. We display short- and long-term effects on competitiveness of sectors and degradation potentials are addressed. Specifically skill and knowledge acquisition are modelled as dynamic processes beside soil fertility. Additionally transaction co-sts on land development are reckoned. Land transfer and food pricing are modelled as control variables and distinguished from stock variables incl. human capital and soil fertility. Yet control (policy) variables are land taxing and food subsidies. Soil fertility in smallholder farms is based on manure; biofuel uses imported fertilizer. |
| Keywords: | Biofuel Expansion, Dynamic Policy Modelling, Control Theory, Food Security, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, O4, Q13, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:225669&r=env |
| By: | Yazhen Gong (Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, c/o Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry,2425 main mall, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada) |
| Keywords: | China, cost, conservation |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160411&r=env |
| By: | Alexander D. Anda, Jr. (Resources, Environment & Economics Center for Studies); Marlon M. Atienza (Resources, Environment & Economics Center for Studies) |
| Keywords: | Resource Gap, Protected area, Philippines |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160448&r=env |
| By: | Haitao Yin (Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Rui Zhao (Shanghai Jiao Tong University) |
| Keywords: | willingness to pay, eco labels |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr20160314&r=env |
| By: | Rawadee Jarungrattanapong (Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University); Areeya Manasboonphempool (Kasetsart University) |
| Keywords: | flood, adaptation, Chiang Mai |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160454&r=env |
| By: | Erdenesaikhan Naidansuren (Environment and Security Center of Mongolia); Onon Bayasgalan (Wildlife Conservation Society) |
| Keywords: | Sustainable herding, Mongolia |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160460&r=env |
| By: | Zaffou, Madiha; Campbell, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | Over the last decade there has been a move by many consumers to purchase locally grown products. Many studies have focused on food with limited studies examining plants. Utilizing a choice experiment in conjunction with latent class modeling with examine the impact of locally labeling and retail outlet on preference and willingness to pay for azaleas. Results indicate that only one of the latent classes, about 43% of the sample, valued locally labeling. Furthermore, the same class that valued local also preferred a nursery/greenhouse outlet over a home improvement center. Recommendations for the different retail outlets are given based on the results. |
| Keywords: | local labeling, retail outlet, plants, green industry, Agribusiness, Marketing, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230056&r=env |
| By: | Anabeth L. Indab (Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc. (REECS),Quezon City.); Aireen I. Guzman (Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc. (REECS),Quezon City.); Ricardo T. Bagarinao (Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc. (REECS),Quezon City.) |
| Keywords: | Pollution,Philippines |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb2016049&r=env |
| By: | Garr, Dillon; Taylor, Mykel |
| Abstract: | Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts take land out of production for at least ten years, hindering production flexibility in exchange for a guaranteed annual payment. This article analyzes the question of whether having a CRP contract on a parcel of land changes that parcel’s value by employing a hedonic model using data from 2005-2014 on agricultural land sales in Kansas. Results indicate CRP contracts reduce sale price by an average of 11 percent. However, the reduction in sale price is larger in periods of high farm profitability and smaller in periods of low farm profitability. |
| Keywords: | conservation reserve program, CRP, hedonic model, land value, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Q15, Q24, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea16:230146&r=env |
| By: | Truong Cong Thanh Nghi (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City) |
| Keywords: | Insurance, Vietnam, Flood |
| Date: | 2016–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016036&r=env |
| By: | Rutsaert, Pieter; Demont, Matty |
| Abstract: | Although Vietnam is one of the biggest rice exporters today, there is an urgent need to restructure the sector. To guide the transition from a quantity focused producer to a credible supplier of high quality rice, this study explores the diversity in value chains and the sector’s opportunities for sustainable value chain upgrading. During a participatory multi-stakeholder workshop participants from the public as well as the private sector were guided through several collective tasks to uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the Vietnamese rice sector, and the opportunities and threats (SWOT) the sector faces to become more sustainable. Subsequently, a Strategic Orientation Round (SOR) was used to evaluate the relative importance of the SWOT components. Results show that the stakeholders perceive the sector’s capability to grasp opportunities (including growing export and domestic markets) to be higher than its resilience to potential threats (including more stringent food safety regulations and global warming). Three different strategies are discussed for making rice value chains more sustainable: embodying, disembodying and internalizing sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212204&r=env |
| By: | Rawadee Jarungrattanapong (Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University); Siriporn Sajjanand (Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University) |
| Keywords: | human-elephant conflict, Thailand |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160462&r=env |
| By: | Mao Xianqiang (Beijing Normal University); Guo Xiurui (Beijing Normal University) |
| Keywords: | Air Quality,Coal,Natural Gas,Policy |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:report:rr2016062&r=env |
| By: | Haitao Yin (Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Rui Zhao (Shanghai Jiao Tong University) |
| Keywords: | ecolabel, China |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eep:pbrief:pb20160422&r=env |