|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Hampf, Benjamin; Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold |
| Abstract: | In this paper we analyze the economic effects of implementing EPA's newly proposed regulations for carbon dioxide (CO2) on existing U.S. coal-fired power plants using nonparametric methods on a sample of 144 electricity generating units. Moreover, we develop an approach for evaluating the economic gains from averaging emission intensities among the utilities' generating units, compared to implementing unit-specific performance standards. Our results show that the implementation of flexible standards leads to up to 2.7 billion dollars larger profits compared to the uniform standards. Moreover, we find that by adopting best practices, current profits can be maintained even if an intensity standard of 0.88 tons of CO2 per MWh is implemented. However, our results also indicate a trade-off between environmental and profit gains, since aggregate CO2 emissions are higher with emission intensity averaging than with uniform standards. |
| Keywords: | environmental regulation,profit maximization,emission intensity averaging,nonparametric effciency analysis |
| JEL: | D24 L50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:darddp:dar_68011&r=all |
| By: | Jonah Busch, Jens Engelmann |
| Abstract: | We project the future of tropical deforestation from 2016-2050 with and without carbon pricing policies, based on 18 million observations of historical forest loss spanning 101 tropical countries. Our spatial projections of future deforestation incorporate topography, accessibility, protected status, potential agricultural revenue, and a robust observed inverted-U-shaped trajectory of forest cover loss with respect to remaining forest cover. We project that in the absence of new forest conservation policies, 289 million hectares of tropical forest will be cleared from 2016-2050—an area about the size of India and one-seventh of Earth’s tropical forest area in the year 2000. We project that this tropical deforestation will release 169 GtCO2 to the atmosphere from 2016-2050—one-sixth of the remaining carbon that can be emitted if the rise in Earth’s temperature is to be likely held below 2 °C. We estimate that a universally applied carbon price of $20/tCO2 from 2016-2050 would avoid 41 GtCO2 of emissions from tropical deforestation while a carbon price of $50/tCO2 would avoid 77 GtCO2. These prices correspond to average costs to land users of $9/tCO2 and $21/tCO2 respectively. By comparison if all tropical countries implemented anti-deforestation policies as effective as those in the Brazilian Amazon post-2004 then 60 GtCO2 of emissions would be avoided. Our analysis corroborates the conclusions of previous studies that reducing tropical deforestation is a sizable and low-cost option for mitigating climate change. In contrast to previous studies, we project that the amount of emissions that can be avoided at low-cost by reducing tropical deforestation will increase rather than decrease in future decades. Encouragingly, 89% of potential low-cost emission reductions are located in the 47 tropical countries that have already signaled their intention to reduce emissions from deforestation in exchange for performance-based finance (REDD+). |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, Climate Change, Forests, Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Curves, REDD+ |
| JEL: | Q11 Q23 Q24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:411&r=all |
| By: | Soham Baksi; Michael Benarroch |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effects of environmental taxation on the pattern of and gains from trade in a two-country Ricardian framework, where production in a polluting sector (e.g. manufacturing) adversely affects productivity in an environmentally sensitive sector (e.g. agriculture). The two countries differ in terms of their production technology so that the productivity loss suffered by the environmentally sensitive sector is higher in the dirtier country. When the countries do not pursue any environmental policy, the dirtier country has a comparative advantage in the polluting good and exports that good in the trading equilibrium. If preference for the polluting good is low, the dirtier country loses from trade while its trading partner gains. Global gains from trade are also negative as the market determined pattern of trade is inefficient. Introduction of a unilateral pollution tax by the dirtier country can enable it to reverse the pattern of trade and the distribution of the gains from trade, such that international trade becomes welfare-improving for that country as well as globally. The conventional pollution haven result may get reversed in the presence of cross-sectoral externalities, as each country has an incentive to set the tax such that it exports the good that is more preferred by consumers. |
| Keywords: | Ricardian model, Production externality, Pollution tax |
| JEL: | Q56 F18 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:win:winwop:2015-05&r=all |
| By: | Gerson Javier Pérez-Valbuena; Alí Miguel Arrieta-Arrieta; José Gregorio Contreras-Anaya |
| Abstract: | A través del análisis de indicadores sociales, económicos, medioambientales y de cambio climático, este documento ofrece un diagnóstico de la situación actual de la población localizada en el área de influencia del río Cauca. Para ello se tienen en cuenta los municipios contiguos al río (vecinos de primer orden) y los contiguos a estos (vecinos de segundo orden). Los resultados indican que, contrario a lo que ocurre en economías más desarrolladas, la cercanía al río no es sinónimo de mejores condiciones socioeconómicas ni de una mayor calidad de vida. Por el contrario, esta población enfrenta un rezago relativo cuando se compara con el resto del país, lo cual es particularmente evidente en la parte correspondiente a la región Caribe. Los indicadores medioambientales y de cambio climático muestran también una significativa vulnerabilidad y con alto impacto potencial sobre las poblaciones vecinas al río. ******ABSTRACT: By analyzing social, economic, environmental, and climate change related indicators this paper offers an updated diagnostic on the population located in the catchment area of the Cauca River. To do so, we consider those municipalities adjacent to the river (first order neighbors) as well as their corresponding neighbor municipalities (second order neighbors). Results show that, contrary to the experience of more developed economies, the proximity to the river does not necessarily mean better socioeconomic conditions, or a higher quality of life. Conversely, this population deals with a relative lag when compared with the rest of the country, situation that is even more evident in the corresponding part of the Caribbean region. The environmental and climate change indicators also show a significant vulnerability with considerable potential impact on the population in the catchment area of the river. |
| Keywords: | Río Cauca, desarrollo económico, geografía económica, Colombia |
| JEL: | I30 O18 R10 |
| Date: | 2015–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:013840&r=all |
| By: | Villanueva Cortés, Paloma |
| Abstract: | The Green Economy has increased its popularity among international organizations and OECD countries, as the solution to the current economic and ecological crisis. This strategy consists of a transition to a low-carbon economy and the achievement of resource efficiency, whose assumptions are grounded in environmental economics. Despite its international recognition, Green Economy indicators reveal an uneven distribution of the benefits of its implementation reflected by the externalization of the environmental damage. What is more, empirical studies enlighten its physical boundaries in terms of environmental damage through the extraction of the required raw materials and their future scarcity problems. This evidence is in line with the theory of unequal ecological exchange, which posits that environmental cost is displaced from core countries to the periphery countries. Additionally, the Green Economy can be framed within the concept of environmental fix, in that it lies on the marketization of the environmental problem to solve it. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:562015&r=all |
| By: | Ling, Chong Hui; Ahmed, Khalid; Muhamad, Rusnah binti; Shahbaz, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of trade openness on CO2 emissions using time series data over the period of 1970QI-2011QIV for Malaysia. We disintegrate the trade effect into scale, technique, composition and comparative advantage effects to check the environmental consequence of trade at four different transition points. To achieve the purpose, we have employed ADF and PP unit root tests in order to examine the stationary properties of the variables. Later, the long-run association among the variables is examined by applying ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration. Our results confirm the presence of cointegration. Further, we find that scale effect has positive and technique effect has negative impact on CO2 emissions after threshold income level and form inverted-U shaped relationship – hence validates the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Energy consumption adds in CO2 emissions. Trade openness and composite effect improve environmental quality by lowering CO2 emissions. The comparative advantage effect increases CO2 emissions and impairs environmental quality. The results provide the innovative approach to see the impact of trade openness in four sub-dimensions of trade liberalization. Hence, this study attributes more comprehensive policy tool for trade economists to better design environmentally sustainable trade rules and agreements. |
| Keywords: | Trade, Environment, Malaysia |
| JEL: | O1 |
| Date: | 2015–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:67165&r=all |
| By: | de Zeeuw, Aart J.; van der Ploeg, Frederick |
| Abstract: | The optimal response to a potential productivity shock which becomes more imminent with global warming is to have carbon taxes to curb the risk of a calamity and to accumulate precautionary capital to facilitate smoothing of consumption. This paper investigates how differences between regions in terms of their vulnerability to climate change and their stage of development affect the cooperative and non-cooperative responses to this aspect of climate change. It is shown that the cooperative response to these stochastic tipping points requires converging carbon taxes for developing and developed regions. The non-cooperative response leads to a bit more precautionary saving and diverging carbon taxes. We illustrate the various outcomes with a simple stylized North-South model of the global economy. |
| Keywords: | asymmetries; carbon tax; free riding; global warming; growth; international cooperation; precautionary capital; risk avoidance; tipping point |
| JEL: | D81 H20 O40 Q31 Q38 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10870&r=all |
| By: | Jänecke, Aileen; Eisele, Marius; Reinmuth, Evelyn; Steinbach, Jennifer; Aurbacher, Joachim |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the attitude of German farmers towards climate change effects and aims to identify determinants affecting their perception of weather conditions. For this purpose, descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression approaches were applied. Data was collected using a questionnaire survey, which was conducted in spring 2013 among 173 German farmers in the two regions Swabian Alb and Kraichgau. The analyses revealed that four main factors influence the perception of weather variability. In particular, respondents’ age, the region where the farm is located, the share of agricultural income and the farm profit are statistically significantly related with the degree of support for the respective weather statements. The findings further indicated age of farmer, location of the farm, method of production and farm size as significant predictors concerning the farm leader’s perception of climate change consequences. As descriptive statistics revealed, the majority of farmers perceive for their location a change in weather conditions, an increase in weather variability as well as decreasing predictability of weather and expect consequences for their farming activities due to these developments. |
| Keywords: | perception, climate change effects, German farmers, regression analysis, Agribusiness, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209214&r=all |
| By: | Aurélie Slechten |
| Abstract: | In a two-country model, I analyze international environmental agreements<br/>when a country's emission abatement costs are private information and participation to an agreement is voluntary. I show that the presence of asymmetric information may prevent countries from reaching a first-best agreement if this information asymmetry is too high. I propose a new channel to restore the feasibility of the first-best agreement: pre-play communication. By revealing its abatement cost through a certification agency in a pre-play communication stage, a country commits not to misreport this abatement cost during the negotiations of an agreement. Hence, following certification by at least one country, information asymmetry is reduced. Certification restores the feasibility of the first-best agreement except for intermediate levels of information asymmetry. For those levels, one country undergoing certification is not always sufficient to restore the feasibility of the first-best but it is impossible to find transfers between countries such that they both optimally accept to undergo certification. One country has always an incentive to free-ride on the other country's certification. |
| Keywords: | environmental agreements, Asymmetric information, certification, information disclosure |
| JEL: | Q54 D82 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:95042257&r=all |
| By: | Moriah B. Bostian.; Pierre Dupraz; Jean Joseph Minviel |
| Abstract: | This study takes a production function approach to examine the effects of farm wetland area for a set of producers in the Limousin region of France. By combining data from a recent survey of regional wetland areas with detailed farm-level production panel data, we find that maintaining wetland areas poses significant costs to farmers, in terms of foregone production value. These results help to explain the relatively low participation rate in agri-environmental schemes targeted to wetlands by farmers in this region. This represents a new application of the production function approach to estimate the cost of maintaining wetlands on working agricultural land, and is one of few studies to examine agricultural wetland costs outside of the US. This framework could be used to further inform payment incentives for agri-environmental schemes more generally. |
| Keywords: | wetlands, agri-environmental schemes, agricultural production, conservation payments, France |
| JEL: | Q15 Q51 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:201512&r=all |
| By: | Anne Rozan; Nathalie Dumax; Bénédicte Rulleau |
| Abstract: | Originally developed to evaluate the environmental cost of development plans, the “adapted” Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) seeks to value environmental costs and benefits through a non-monetary metric, the habitat unit. The environmental benefits of creating or restoring a natural area are evaluated on the basis of the number of habitat units equivalent to an mproved supply of ecosystem services. But such a plan may generate other benefits for the inhabitants of nearby towns, recreational benefits for instance. These benefits can be measured by a traditional economic valuation method, such as a choice experiment (CE). We used the “adapted” HEP and a CE on the same study site to test the potential complementarity of the two methods and to identify the potential risks and benefits of such a double valuation. |
| Keywords: | “adapted” habitat evaluation procedure, choice experiment, ecosystem services, Rhine River, wetland restoration. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2015-19&r=all |
| By: | Vorlaufer, Miriam; Ibanez, Marcela; Juanda, Bambang; Wollni, Meike |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the trade-off between conservation and equity considerations in the use of payments for environmental services (PES) that implicitly incorporate different distributive justice principles. Using a public good experiment with heterogeneous participants, we compare the effects on additional area conserved and distribution of earnings of two PES schemes: an equal payment and a payment based on Rawls distributional principle, which we refer to as maxi-min payment scheme. The main findings of the framed field experiment conducted in Jambi province (Indonesia) indicate that the introduction of a maxi-min PES scheme can function as a multi-purpose instrument. It realigns the income distribution in favor of low-endowed participants and does not necessarily need to be compromised by lower environmental additionality at the group level. |
| Keywords: | Payments for Environmental Services,efficiency equity trade-off,public good experiment,endowment heterogeneity,productivity heterogeneity |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:crc990:18&r=all |
| By: | Halliday, Timothy J. (University of Hawaii at Manoa); Lynham, John (University of Hawaii at Manoa); de Paula, Aureo (University of Pennsylvania) |
| Abstract: | The high correlation of industrial pollutant emissions complicates the estimation of the impact of industrial pollutants on health. To circumvent this, we use emissions from Kīlauea volcano, uncorrelated with other pollution sources, to estimate the impact of pollutants on local emergency room admissions and a precise measure of costs. A one standard deviation increase in particulates leads to a 20-30% increase in expenditures on ER visits for pulmonary outcomes mostly among the very young. No strong effects for SO2 pollution or cardiovascular outcomes are found. Since 2008, the volcano has increased healthcare costs in Hawai'i by an estimated $60 million. |
| Keywords: | pollution, health, volcano, particulates, SO2 |
| JEL: | H51 I12 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9398&r=all |
| By: | Hampf, Benjamin; Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold |
| Abstract: | On June 25, 2013, President Obama announced his plan to introduce carbon dioxide emission standards for electricity generation. This paper proposes an efficiency analysis approach that addresses which mission rates (and standards) would be feasible if the existing generating units adopt best practices. A new efficiency measure is introduced and further decomposed to identify different sources' contributions to emission rate improvements. Estimating two Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models - the well-known joint production model and the new materials balance model - on a dataset consisting of 160 bituminous-fired generating units, we find that the average generating unit's electricity-to-carbon dioxide ratio is 15.3 percent below the corresponding best-practice ratio. Further examinations reveal that this discrepancy can largely be attributed to non-discretionary factors and not to managerial inefficiency. Moreover, even if the best practice ratios could be implemented, the generating units would not be able to comply with the EPA's recently proposed carbon dioxide standard. |
| Keywords: | Emission standards,Carbon dioxide emissions,Materials balance condition,Electricity generation,Weak G-disposability,Data Envelopment Analysis |
| JEL: | Q53 Q48 D24 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:darddp:219&r=all |
| By: | Katia Vladimirova; David Le Blanc |
| Abstract: | In 2015, a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will succeed the Millennium Development Goals as reference goals for international development for the period 2015-2030. Education was identified as a standalone goal (SDG4). Epistemic communities have documented a number of links between education and other SDG areas, and policy makers have long recognized many of them. Based on an exhaustive content analysis of 40 global reports, this paper examines how well such links are represented in flagship publications of the United Nations system. Taken together, the reports identify links between education and all the SDGs, with the notable exception of SDG 14 on oceans. For most of the SDGs, causal links are identified in both directions, from education to other goal areas and vice-versa. The most emphasized connections are those between education and growth (SDG8) and gender (SDG5). By contrast, links with energy (SDG7), water (SDG 6), cities (SDG 11), sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) and climate change (SDG 13) receive much less attention in the sum of UN flagship publications. While some causal links are identified and highlighted as important, relevant constraints are sometimes not extensively discussed, and few concrete policy options to act on those links are provided. Going forward, it would be important to assess whether the messages contained in UN flagship reports adequately reflect the state of scientific knowledge and the lessons learnt from development programs that focus on education in relation to specific SDGs. The systematic analysis provided here can offer a basis for an integrated analysis of policy priorities for education as a whole. |
| Keywords: | Education, Sustainable Development Goals, science-policy interface, scientific assessments, policy integration, sustainable development |
| JEL: | I31 I38 Z13 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:une:wpaper:146&r=all |
| By: | Clay, Karen (Carnegie Mellon University); Lewis, Joshua (University of Montreal); Severnini, Edson R. (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the 1918 influenza pandemic as a natural experiment to examine whether air pollution affects susceptibility to infectious disease. The empirical analysis combines the sharp timing of the pandemic with large cross-city differences in baseline pollution measures based on coal-fired electricity generating capacity for a sample 183 American cities. The findings suggest that air pollution exacerbated the impact of the pandemic. Proximity to World War I military bases and baseline city health conditions also contributed to pandemic severity. The effects of air pollution are quantitatively important. Had coal-fired capacity in above-median cities been reduced to the median level, 3,400-5,860 pandemic-related infant deaths and 15,575-23,686 pandemic-related all-age deaths would have been averted. These results highlight the complementarity between air pollution and infectious disease on health, and suggest that there may be large co-benefits associated with pollution abatement policies. |
| Keywords: | pollution, infectious disease, mortality, 1918 influenza pandemic |
| JEL: | N32 N52 I15 I18 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9399&r=all |
| By: | Kalra,Nidhi Rajiv; Groves,David G.; Bonzanigo,Laura; Perez,Edmundo Molina; Ramos,Cayo; Carter,Brandon Enrique; Rodriguez Cabanillas,Iván |
| Abstract: | How can water resource agencies make smart investments to ensure long-term water reliability when the future is fraught with deep climate and economic uncertainty? This study helped SEDAPAL, the water utility serving Lima, Peru, answer this question by drawing on state of the art methods for decision making under deep uncertainty. These methods provide techniques for evaluating the performance of a water system over a wide range of plausible futures and then developing strategies that are robust across these futures. Rather than weighting futures probabilistically to define an optimal strategy, these methodologies identify the vulnerabilities of a system and then evaluate the key trade-offs among different adaptive strategies. Through extensive iteration and collaboration with SEDAPAL, the study used these methods to define an investment strategy that is robust, ensuring water reliability across as wide a range of future conditions as possible while also being economically efficient. First,on completion, the study helped SEDAPAL realize that not all projects included in the Master Plan were necessary to achieve water reliability, and the utility could save 25 percent (more than $600 million) in investment costs. Second, the study helped focus future efforts on demand-side management, pricing, and soft infrastructure, a refocusing that is difficult to achieve in traditional utility companies. Third, the study helped SEDAPAL gain the support of regulatory and budget agencies through the careful analysis of alternatives. Fourth, the study allowed the utility to postpone lower priority investments, and to analyze future options based on climate and demand information that simply is not available now. |
| Keywords: | Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Water Conservation,Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions,Water Supply and Systems,Water and Industry |
| Date: | 2015–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:7439&r=all |
| By: | Gabriela Michalek (European University Viadrina); Georg Meran (Technische Universität Berlin, Fachgebiet Umweltökonomie und Wirtschaftspolitik); Reimund Schwarze (Europa University Viadrina and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)); Özgür Yildiz (Technische Universität Berlin Fakultät VII - Wirtschaft und Management Fachgebiet Umweltökonomie und Wirtschaftspolitik Sekretariat H 50, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin) |
| Abstract: | The idea of nudging has become increasingly popular in both academic and political circles. There are, however, many different interpretations of the term ‘nudge’ which blurs its scope. In this paper we focus on the conceptualization of nudges and its functionality in reference to the Dual Process models. Further, we discuss the potential applications of nudging in the field of environmental policy as an important extension of the current policy framework. In particular, we identify areas where nudges could be most effective. We also consider different combinations of nudges with other policy instruments. Our theoretical discussion is illustrated by a couple of examples concerning practical implementation of nudging. |
| Keywords: | nudging; green nudges; behavioural economics; household emissions; environmental policy |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euv:dpaper:21&r=all |
| By: | Achim Ahrens (Heriot-Watt University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between weather conditions, economic shocks and civil conflicts in Africa. While most studies rely on country-level data sets, this study exploits a panel data set of African first-order administrative units covering 1992-2010. Since sub-national gross domestic product for Africa is either unavailable or of poor quality, nighttime light data from satellites is exploited to predict economic growth at the sub-national level. In addition to IV/GMM estimation, the Lasso estimator is employed in order to generate optimal instruments for economic growth from rainfall and temperature variables. It is demonstrated that the Lasso estimator successfully addresses the challenges arising from non-linearities, heterogeneity across climate regions and weak identification. Furthermore, spatial econometric methods account for conflict spill-overs via political, geographical and ethnic ties. Estimation results provide no evidence that economic growth shocks have a significant causal impact on violence, but prices of capital-intensive commodities seem to be associated with civil conflicts. |
| Keywords: | Civil conflict; Africa; economic growth; nighttime lights; spatial econometrics; Lasso; many instruments; |
| JEL: | C23 C26 Q34 D74 C52 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hwe:seecdp:1501&r=all |
| By: | Holden , Stein T. (School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences); Quiggin, John (School of Economics, University of Queensland) |
| Abstract: | Climate risk represents an increasing threat to poor and vulnerable farmers in drought-prone areas of Africa. This study assesses the maize and fertilizer adoption responses of food insecure farmers in Malawi, where Drought Tolerant (DT) maize was recently introduced. A Field experiment, eliciting relative risk aversion, loss aversion and subjective probability weighting parameters of farmers, is combined with a detailed farm household survey. A state-contingent production model with cumulative prospect theory preferences is estimated. More risk averse households were more likely to have adopted DT maize, less likely to have adopted other improved maize varieties and less likely to have dis-adopted traditional local maize. Exposure to past drought shocks stimulated adoption of DT maize and dis-adoption of local maize. Over-weighting of small probabilities was associated with less use of fertilizer on all maize types. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk; state-contingent production; subjective probability weighting; loss aversion; technology adoption; adaptation; maize; Drought Tolerant maize; fertilizer use. |
| JEL: | C93 D03 O33 Q12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2015–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nlsseb:2015_015&r=all |
| By: | Sawhney, Aparna; Majumder, Piyali |
| Abstract: | India is one of the largest importers of waste in the world with metallic scrap constituting the bulk of the waste imports. While relatively weak environmental standards in developing countries is often seen to be a key factor in the emergence of waste havens in cross-country studies, little attention has been given to examine the pattern of waste trade in a developing country over time. This paper analyzes factors determining metallic waste import in India from different source countries during 1996 through 2012. We empirically test the presence of waste haven effect in metallic scrap import by India after controlling for technology and home market demand. We find that the escalating domestic demand for metal and use of relatively labor-intensive technology are significant factors behind India’s import of metallic wastes from different source countries. We find no empirical evidence of waste haven effect. |
| Keywords: | waste-haven effect, recyclable metallic wastes and scrap, factor-intensity, home- market effect. |
| JEL: | F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:67186&r=all |
| By: | Vallejo Carlos B. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | In the past few years we have witnessed how traditional manufacturing relationships between North and South are rapidly changing and allowing for new forms of interaction. This article suggests that we are facing, on the one hand, a disruption of the traditional markets guided by traditional industries towards the creation of new industries and consequently new markets. The study proposes the co-existence of three, not-yet competing, trajectories i the traditional one between Original Equipment Manufacturers OEMs and their subsidiaries in the South, ii the emerging South with China and India investing and acquiring OEMs from the North, iii the race for the development of environmentally friendly technologies, pushed by public policy and promoted by heavy public RI funding; linked to the promotion by the North of new industries. The implications of the interaction of these trajectories are not yet clear. However, it seems that at least in the current stage of pre-competitive capabilities building, collaboration among firms in any of its forms rather than competition is proven to be more efficient in reaching technological mastery. The question of how the South will position itself in the new emerging order is still an open one. |
| Keywords: | Regulation and Industrial Policy: General; Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes; |
| JEL: | O33 L62 L50 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015037&r=all |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (OFCE-Sciences PO et Stanford University) |
| Abstract: | Cet article se propose de passer en revue différents critères d’équité pour mesurer les émissions de CO2 des principaux pays responsables du changement climatique en vue de répartir justement le budget carbone lors de la prochaine négociation de Paris, en décembre 2015(COP 21) Il montre notammentqu’il est possible, dans cette perspective, de bâtir à partir de données fiables un critère hybride de justice climatique relativement simple tenant compte des émissions de consommation, de la responsabilité historique, du niveau de la population et du niveau de développement. |
| Keywords: | Budget carbone, COP 21, negociations climatiques, justice climatique |
| JEL: | Q01 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fce:doctra:1520&r=all |
| By: | Stratford Douglas (West Virginia University, Department of Economics); Seth Wiggins (West Virginia University, Department of Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effects of the EPA’s Acid Rain Program on county-level production of coals of varying sulfur content in the Appalachian and Illinois basins, controlling for Powder River Basin production, proximity of power plants to mines, and scrubber installation. Using a thirty-year panel data set, we find that during the Acid Rain Program coal sulfur content positively affected mine closure and negatively affected production in most coal-producing counties, with the greatest effect from 1995-2000. Estimated effects of power plant flue gas desulfurization equipment installation are substantial, and depend on coal sulfur content, scrubber unit size, and distance from the mines. The estimated elasticity of coal mine output to sulfur allowance price varies widely by coal sulfur content and is negative only for mines producing coals above the 77th percentile in sulfur content. Our results complement previous studies of regulatory effectiveness, limiting the degree to which reductions in acid rain may be attributed to market rather than regulatory factors. |
| Keywords: | acid rain, coal, sulfur content, appalachian basin, illinois basin, epa |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wvu:wpaper:15-38&r=all |
| By: | Yacoub Bahini; Cuong Le Van |
| Abstract: | In this paper we use the CMM model (Chakravorty et al.,2006) in |
| Keywords: | Dynamic optimization, Natural resources, Energetic transition, Environment. |
| JEL: | P28 Q01 Q32 Q42 Q48 Q52 |
| Date: | 2015–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipg:wpaper:2015-629&r=all |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Marek Giergiczny (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Ewa Zawojska (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | Contingent valuation is among the most widely used techniques for studying consumers’ preferences. Nevertheless, whether respondents reveal their true preferences in contingent valuation surveys is still the subject of academic debate. The existing literature indicates that the truthful disclosure of preferences pivots on the number of alternatives presented in a single choice task. On a theoretical basis, the use of a two-alternative task format has long been recommended because of its incentive-compatible properties, which ensure that respondents’ disclosure of their true preferences constitutes their optimal strategy. However, the empirical literature presents nascent evidence that providing more than two choice alternatives may increase the respondents’ likelihood of finding an option that satisfactorily matches their preferences; consequently, a multiple-alternative task format likely enhances the accuracy of preference disclosures. Furthermore, empirical studies often employ multiple alternatives for a single task because of statistical efficiency gains. The lack of consensus about the impact of the number of alternatives on respondents’ truthfulness when stating their preferences in contingent valuation surveys motivates this study. Using data from a discrete choice experiment, we examine whether willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates depend on the number of alternatives provided for a single choice task. We employ a split-sample design that uses two- and three-alternative formats in a contingent valuation survey of proposed public policies for the improvement of tap water quality (iron and chorine content, hardness) in Milanówek, a town in the Warsaw agglomeration in Poland. Drawing on a generalized mixed logit model with scale heterogeneity, we find no significant differences in the mean WTP values elicited with two- and three-alternative tasks, while the WTP estimates based on three-alternative tasks appear to have relatively lower standard errors compared with two-alternative tasks. This finding indicates that using three or more alternatives per choice task may offer a way to increase efficiency without biasing the results. |
| Keywords: | stated preference methods; contingent valuation; discrete choice experiment; incentive compatibility; number of alternatives; field study; tap water quality |
| JEL: | Q51 Q25 D12 D82 C25 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2015-35&r=all |
| By: | Wettemann, Patrick |
| Abstract: | Vorliegende Studie analysiert die technische Umwelteffizienz und die Produktivitätsentwicklung von Marktfruchtbetriebe unter Berücksichtigung von Treibhausgasemissionen als unerwünschten Output. Basierend auf einer erweiterten hyperbolischen stochastischen Distanzfunktion werden Schattenpreise von Treibhausgasemissionen eruiert sowie der Einfluss exogener Faktoren auf die Umwelteffizienz getestet und die Treiber der Produktivitätsentwicklung quantifiziert. Datengrundlage bildet ein balanciertes Panel von 141 norddeutschen Marktfruchtbetrieben im Zeitraum der Wirtschaftsjahre 2002/03 bis 2009/10. Als Ergebnis ist festzuhalten, dass einerseits mit 95,6% ein relativ hohes Niveau an Umwelteffizienz festzustellen ist, aber andererseits noch 8,6% der produktspezifischen Emissionen eingespart werden können. Innerhalb des Samples beeinflussen Standorte mit einer höheren Anzahl an Bodenpunkten sowie ein höherer Fruchtfolgeanteil an Getreide und Zuckerrüben die Umwelteffizienz positiv. Hingegen wirken ein zunehmender Anteil an organischen Düngern und eine höhere Rate an ausgelagerten Dienstleistungen Umwelteffizienz mindernd. Die Schattenpreise der Treibhausgasemissionen bewegen sich im Mittel zwischen 1,71 und 3,41 € je Tonne CO2-Äquivalent. Für die Schattenpreise ist generell eine steigende Tendenz im Beobachtungszeitraum festzustellen. Die ermittelte Produktivitätssteigerung wird maßgeblich von technischem Fortschritt vorangetrieben. Änderungen der Umwelteffizienz üben im Durchschnitt der Jahre lediglich marginalen positiven Einfluss auf die Produktivitätsentwicklung aus. Veränderungen der Skalengröße hingegen hemmen die Produktivitätsentwicklung geringfügig. |
| Keywords: | Umwelteffizienz, Treibhausgasemissionen, Schattenpreise, Produktivitätsentwicklung, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209213&r=all |
| By: | Katarzyna Byrka; Arkadiusz Jedrzejewski; Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron; Rafal Weron |
| Abstract: | Despite the very positive - as measured by market surveys - attitude towards eco-innovations and sustainability in general, the actual market penetration of green products and practices generally falls behind the expectations. In this paper we argue that considering difficulty of engagement, as used in the Campbell Paradigm, is of critical importance when modeling diffusion of eco-innovations. Such a notion of difficulty possesses three desired properties: (i) parsimony - it is represented by a single value, (ii) interpretability - it can be regarded as an estimator of the otherwise complex notion of behavioral cost, and (iii) applicability - it can be easily measured through market surveys. In an extensive simulation and analytical study involving empirically measured difficulty and an agent-based model spanned on different social network structures, we show that innovation adoption may exhibit abrupt changes in market penetration as a result of even small changes in difficulty. The latter may be of particular interest to policy makers who have to make strategic decisions when introducing socially - but not necessarily individually - desired products and practices, like dynamic or green electricity tariffs. |
| Keywords: | Green products and practices; Energy policy; Innovation diffusion; Difficulty; Social network; Agent-based model |
| JEL: | C63 O33 Q48 Q55 |
| Date: | 2015–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wuu:wpaper:hsc1510&r=all |
| By: | Marek Giergiczny (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Natalia Nehrebecka (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Tomasz Zylicz (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | The paper looks at how the foresters try to reconcile sustainable management practices with economic viability of their operations within the legal framework they operate in. In particular, we compare prices received by the State Forest Enterprise in Poland in two types of timber auctions: constrained and unconstrained ones. While the latter allow for higher revenues, the former are maintained for political reasons. The authors verify alternative hypotheses regarding market behaviour of timber buyers. The data from timber auctions in 2011-2012 demonstrate that winning prices are determined by starting prices and by the market power of the State Forest Enterprise (diversified with respect to specific timber varieties), as well as by price expectations. Based on the modelling results the paper makes policy recommendations with respect to the design of timber auctions and – more broadly – with respect to striking a balance between timber and non-timber benefits from the forestry in Poland. |
| Keywords: | Timber markets, Public forests, Multi-unit auction, Sustainable management |
| JEL: | D44 L73 Q23 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2015-34&r=all |
| By: | Tregenna F. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the literature and empirical evidence on deindustrialisation, with a focus on premature deindustrialisation. Structural change and industrialisation have long been considered important for developing countries to catch up. However, there has been widespread deindustrialisation over the past few decades, which is setting in at lower levels of income per capita and lower shares of manufacturing in the employment or GDP than earlier. Premature deindustrialisation can be defined as deindustrialisation that begins at a lower level of GDP per capita and/or at a lower level of manufacturing as a share of total employment and GDP, than is typically the case internationally. Many of the cases of premature deindustrialisation are in sub-Saharan Africa, in some instances taking the form of pre-industrialisation deindustrialisation. It is argued here that premature deindustrialisation is likely to have especially negative effects on growth. In addition to being influenced by the level of income per capita and share of manufacturing in the economy when deindustrialisation begins, the effects of deindustrialisation on growth are also expected to depend on whether or not it is policy induced and the nature of the activities that are relatively contracting and expanding. The paper concludes by exploring the implications for policymakers facing deindustrialisation. |
| Keywords: | Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure; Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices; Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology; Industrial Policy; |
| JEL: | L16 J21 O14 O25 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2015032&r=all |
| By: | Wree, Philipp; Sauer, Johannes |
| Abstract: | High Yield Genetically Modified Wheat (HOSUT) HOSUT lines are an innovation in wheat breeding based on biotechnology with an incremental yield potential of ca. 28% compared to conventional wheat varieties. We apply the real option concept of Maximum Incremental Social Tolerable Irreversible Costs (MISTICs) to do an ex-ante assessment of the socioeconomic potential of HOSUT lines for Germany. We analyze the cost and benefits to farmer and society within two scenarios. Our results of our scenario calculation indicate that not authorizing HOSUT lines is correct if German society values the possible total irreversible costs of this technology to be between €12.04 and €10.02 per citizen or more. |
| Keywords: | Real option, wheat, yield increasing, uncertainty, irreversibility, social costs, GMO, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209212&r=all |
| By: | Sylvain Béal (CRESE - Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques - Université de Franche-Comté); Amandine Ghintran (EQUIPPE - Economie Quantitative, Intégration, Politiques Publiques et Econométrie - PRES Université Lille Nord de France - Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille 3 - Sciences humaines et sociales - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies - Université Lille II - Droit et santé); Eric Rémila (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - CNRS); Philippe Solal (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | We introduce a new allocation rule, called the sequential equal surplus division for rooted forest TU-games. We provide two axiomatic characterizations for this allocation rule. The first one uses the classical property of component efficiency plus an edge deletion property. The second characterization uses standardness, an edge deletion property applied to specific rooted trees, a consistency property, and an amalgamation property. We also provide an extension of the sequential equal surplus division applied to the problem of sharing a river with bifurcations. |
| Keywords: | Water allocation,Amalgamation,Rooted forest,Sequential equal surplus division,Consistency,Fairness |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01098766&r=all |
| By: | de Melo Gioia; Piaggio Matías |
| Abstract: | We provide experimental evidence on the effects of social disapproval by peers among communities of Uruguayan small-scale fishers exploiting a common pool resource (CPR). We combined this treatment with an in-group (groups from a single community) / mixed group (groups composed of fishers from different communities) treatment. We find that mixed groups, unlike in-groups, reduce their exploitation of the resource in response to the threat of punishment. Both in in-groups and mixed groups there is substantial antisocial punishment, which leads to increased extraction of the CPR by those who are unfairly punished. These findings indicate that effective peer punishment requires coordination to prevent antisocial targeting and to clarify the social signal conveyed by punishment. |
| Keywords: | Social disapproval; Social preferences; Common pool resource. |
| JEL: | D03 O12 C93 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2015-12&r=all |
| By: | Gianni Vaggi (Department of Economics and Management, University of Pavia) |
| Keywords: | Finance, Development, Goals, Cooperation, Crisis |
| JEL: | F34 G01 O16 O19 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0107&r=all |
| By: | Chowdhury, Shyamal (University of Sydney); Krause, Annabelle (IZA); Zimmermann, Klaus F. (IZA and University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of drinking arsenic contaminated water on mental health. Drinking water with an unsafe arsenic level for a prolonged period can lead to arsenicosis, which includes symptoms such as black spots on the skin and subsequent illnesses such as various cancers. We collected household survey data from Bangladesh, a country with wide arsenic contamination of groundwater to construct several measures for arsenic contamination that include the actual arsenic level in the respondent's tubewell (TW) and past institutional arsenic test results, as well as collected household members' arsenicosis symptoms and their physical and mental health. We find that suffering from an arsenicosis symptom is strongly negatively related to mental health, even more so than from other illnesses. Furthermore, individuals drinking from an untested TW have lower mental health and having to walk a longer distance to a TW also decreases mental health. Calculations of the costs of arsenic contamination reveal that the average individual would need to be compensated for suffering from an arsenicosis symptom by an amount as high as the average annual household income. |
| Keywords: | arsenic, water pollution, mental health, subjective well-being, environment, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | Q53 I10 I31 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9400&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Bouleau (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Colloque "Quelles transitions écologiques ?" Cerisy-la-Salle, 30 juin-10 juillet 2015 En croisant le thème de la titrisation, celui de l'économie de la connaissance et du ranking, et celui de l'évolution vraisemblable du marché du travail, nous montrons que le néo-libéralisme est un système de pensée en mouvement dont la dynamique laisse de côté la prise de conscience écologique. |
| Keywords: | securitization, ranking, knowledge economy, labor market |
| Date: | 2015–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01211148&r=all |
| By: | Wagner, Susanne; Angenendt, Elisabeth; Beletskaya, Olga; Zeddies, Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Diese Studie analysierte die Potentiale und Kosten von Reduktionsmaßnahmen für Ammoniak und Partikel in der Tierhaltung mit einem ökonomisch-ökologischen Betriebsmodell und deren monetären Nutzen für Gesundheit und Biodiversität mit einem integrierten Umweltbewertungsmodell. Der Nutzen von ein- und dreistufigen Abluftreinigungssystemen, Gülleinjektoren, Schleppschuh, Güllelagerabdeckungen und stickstoffangepasster Schweinefütterung übertraf deren Kosten. Bei letzterer Maßnahme stieg sogar der Deckungsbeitrag an. Bei Abluftreinigungssystemen bestehen Synergien zwischen der Reduktion von Ammoniak und Partikeln. Für Schleppschlauch, Biofilter und stickstoffangepasste Geflügelfütterung übertrafen die Kosten jedoch deren Nutzen. Diese Maßnahmen sollten nicht umgesetzt werden. Sowohl mögliche Synergien als auch Nutzenabschätzungen sollten in die Bewertung von Reduktionsmaßnahmen einfließen. |
| Keywords: | ökonomisch-ökologische Modellierung, integrierte Umweltbewertung, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209233&r=all |
| By: | Müller, Bernd; Nuppenau, Ernst-August |
| Abstract: | Der momentanen Förderstruktur fehlt durchweg der Anreiz, für Landwirte aktiv, an der Mitgestaltung und Erreichung der verfolgten Umweltziele mitzuwirken. Ziel ist es zu zeigen, dass mit gruppenorientierten Ansätzen ggf. einer höherer Zielerreichungsgrad in der Bereitstellung von speziell für den Artenschutz geeigneten Vorrangflächen in einer Landschaft erreicht werden kann, als dies bei einzelbetrieblichen Honorierungen der Fall ist. Die überbetriebliche oder kommunale Ebene könnte über einen Verbund aus Landnutzern, Landschaftsplanern und Ökologen erreicht werden, der als Landwirtschaftliche Naturschutzgesellschaft auftritt. So können die räumlichen Anforderungen der Schutzkonzepte erfüllt und damit aktiv Naturschutzdienstleistungen erbracht werden, die in der Landschaft angesiedelt sind. |
| Keywords: | GAP, Agrarumweltmaßnahmen, Landschaftspflege, Agrarlandschaft, Kooperation, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209232&r=all |
| By: | Braun, Julian; Kirschke, Dieter; Offermann, Frank |
| Abstract: | Vor dem Hintergrund des immer stärkeren Einbezugs des Agrarsektors in die Klimaschutzpolitik, gewinnen THG-Minderungsstrategien im Agrarbereich erkennbar an Relevanz. Daher werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit drei Teilziele verfolgt. 1.: Die Entwicklung eines spezifischen THG-Moduls auf landwirtschaftlicher Betriebsebene und die Implementierung in ein statisch komparatives Betriebsgruppenmodell (FARMIS). 2.: Die Ausarbeitung eines Validierungsprozesses des implementierten THG-Moduls. 3.: Die Anwendung der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse für Umweltpolitiken auf klimapolitische Instrumente. Folglich wird es möglich, die Wirksamkeit der aktuellen Klimapolitik und alternative klimapolitische Instrumente im deutschen Agrarsektor zu Vergleichen, zu bewerten und Aussagen über die ökonomische Vorzüglichkeit der eingesetzten politischen Maßnahmen abzuleiten. |
| Keywords: | Ökonomische Modellierung, Politikfolgenabschätzung, THG-Vermeidungsstrategien, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209234&r=all |
| By: | Auburger, Sebastian; Bahrs, Enno |
| Abstract: | Anhand einer Modellanalyse zur Standortbewertung der Biogasproduktion wird die ökono-misch-ökologische Vorzüglichkeit der Energiepflanzen Silomais, Zuckerrüben, Getreide-ganzpflanzensilage und Winterweizenkorn ermittelt. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf der Zuckerrübe als Substitut zu Silomais, dessen Anbau sich zunehmender ökologischer und ge-sellschaftlicher Kritik ausgesetzt sieht. Im Modell werden rund 8.000 georeferenzierte Bio-gasanlagen betrachtet. Die Substratbereitstellungskosten werden anlagenspezifisch unter regi-onalen Produktionsbedingungen für die genannten Kulturen berechnet. Aufbauend auf diesem Ergebnis wird der Substratmix in einem linearen Kosten-Minimierungsansatz für jede Anlage berechnet. Abschließend werden auf dem Modellergebnis aufbauend, anlagenspezifische Treibhausgasbilanzen berechnet und auf räumlicher Ebene (Landkreise) aggregiert. Die Er-gebnisse zeigen, dass Silomais mit rund 41,8 Millionen Tonnen Einsatzmenge mit Abstand das vorzüglichste Substrat darstellt. Zuckerrüben werden mit rund 0,841 Millionen Tonnen eingesetzt. Die Berechnung der Treibhausgasbilanzen ergibt im Mittel über die betrachteten Anlagen 0,135 kgCO2eq pro produzierter kWh Strom mit Variationen in Abhängigkeit des Standorts. |
| Keywords: | Lineares Optimierungsmodell, Substratbereitstellungskosten, Zuckerrübe, Biogasproduktion, Treibhausgasbilanzierung, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi15:209208&r=all |