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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Charles Raux (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE]); Amandine Chevalier (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE]); Emmanuel Bougna (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE]); Denis Hilton (Université de Toulouse - Université de Toulouse) |
| Abstract: | The potential of psychological and fiscal incentives in motivating environmentally responsible behavior in a context of long distance leisure travel is explored thanks to a series of controlled experiments on 900 participants. Framing effects like information on CO2 emissions, injunctive and descriptive norms, in combination with fiscal incentives such as a carbon tax, a bonus-malus or a carbon trading scheme are tested. Providing CO2 information on emissions is highly effective and the injunctive norm reinforces this effect in the case of air and train. A quota scheme reinforces the injunctive norm effect in the case of these two modes. More strikingly, the amount of the financial sanction or reward has no effect on the probability of using the various travel modes, unlike the presence of the fiscal framing itself. These results reinforce the case for using psychologically framing effects, in association or not with fiscal instruments, in promoting effective pro-environmental behavior in transport choices. |
| Date: | 2015–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01158088&r=all |
| By: | Linn, Joshua (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Compared with gasoline engines, diesel fuel engines significantly reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from passenger vehicles, but they emit more nitrogen oxides and other pollutants. Across countries, the market share of diesel fuel engines in passenger vehicles varies from close to zero to more than 80 percent. After specifying and estimating the parameters of a model of vehicle markets spanning seven European countries, I show that vehicle taxes and demand for fuel economy, rather than fuel prices or the set of vehicles in the market, explain adoption. The model is used to compare the environmental implications of fuel taxes and carbon dioxide emissions rate standards. |
| Keywords: | vehicle demand estimation, demand for fuel economy and performance, fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, carbon dioxide emissions ratesCreation-Date: 2015-08-17 |
| JEL: | L62 Q4 Q5 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-14-08-rev&r=all |
| By: | Tisdell, Clem |
| Abstract: | Marine ecosystems, and the services they provide, are predicted to alter considerably as a result of climate change. This paper outlines important expected alterations in these ecosystems, considers their economic consequences, and examines economic policies that may be adopted in response to these changes. In doing so, it focuses on two main cases, namely findings about the impact of ocean acidification (and climate change generally) on the Norwegian fisheries and predictions about alterations in coral reef systems. A number of theoretical issues are raised. These include the possibility that if economic impact analysis is used to measure economic value, the global economic value of coral reefs could rise as their area is reduced. This, however, is not necessarily an appropriate measure of economic value, even though it is often used for this purpose. Also the importance of taking into account the opportunity costs involved in conserving marine ecosystems is stressed. Furthermore, several dynamic aspects of variations in marine ecosystems are shown to be important for valuation purposes as well as for economic policy. Both the economics of mitigation and adjustment policies are discussed. Optimal economic policies for responding to climate change are shown to be sensitive to the dynamics of ecosystem change and are likely to vary regionally. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate adjustment strategies, climate mitigation strategies, coral reefs, economic valuation, ecosystem services, marine ecosystems., Environmental Economics and Policy, Q51, Q54, Q57, Q58, |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uqseee:208090&r=all |
| By: | Corentin Girard (UPV - Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Espagne] - Universitat Politécnica de Valencia); Jean-Daniel Rinaudo (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières); Manuel Pulido-Velazquez (UPV - Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Espagne] - Universitat Politécnica de Valencia); Yvan Caballero (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières) |
| Abstract: | Shaping global change adaptation strategy in water resource systems requires an interdisciplinary approach to deal with the multiple dimensions of the problem. The modelling framework presented integrates climate, economic, agronomic and hydrological scenarios to design a programme of adaptation measures at the river basin scale. Future demand scenarios, combined with a down-scaled climate scenario, provide the basis to estimate the demand and water resources in 2030. A least-cost river basin optimisation model is then applied to select adaptation measures ensuring that environmental and supply management goals are achieved. In the Orb river basin (France), the least-cost portfolio selected suggests mixing demand and supply side measures to adapt to global change. Trade-offs among the cost of the programme of measures, the deficit in agricultural water supply and the level of environmental flows are investigated. The challenges to implement such interdisciplinary approaches in the definition of adaptation strategies are finally discussed. |
| Date: | 2014–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01183833&r=all |
| By: | Michel Damian (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Mehdi Abbas (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Pierre Berthaud (CREG - Centre de recherche en économie de Grenoble - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France) |
| Abstract: | The present article focuses on the already discernable key objectives of the climate agreement due to be signed in December 2015 in Paris, coming into force in 2020. The agreement will be based exclusively on ‘national policies’, turning its back on the first climate policy enshrined in the Kyoto Protocol, synonymous with an outdated, top-down architecture and hopes of a binding international agreement. All states, including those, such as China, which the Kyoto Protocol placed in the list of developing countries, are expected to propose ‘intended nationally determined contributions’ to cutting greenhouse-gas emissions, which are heterogeneous, with only modest medium-term targets, and not legally binding. The Paris Agreement will represent a turning point, heralding a new climatic governance in the continuity of governance centring on states, but henceforth on a global scale. In other words the agreement will take into account the preferences of the 195 parties to the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change, in particular the most powerful among their number. We maintain that this agreement will change the course of climate change mitigation and adaptation for decades. |
| Abstract: | L’article est consacré aux grandes orientations, déjà repérables, de l’accord climatique qui sera signé à Paris en décembre 2015, pour devenir effectif à partir de 2020. L’Accord sera fondé sur les seules « politiques nationales » ; il tournera le dos à la première politique climatique, celle du Protocole de Kyoto, et donc à l’architecture ancienne « par le haut » et à l’ambition d’un accord international contraignant. Des « contributions nationalement déterminées » pour la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de nature hétérogène et d’ambitions modestes à moyen terme – et non plus des engagements –, sont attendues de la part de tous les Etats, y compris ceux inclus par le Protocole de Kyoto, comme la Chine, dans la liste des pays en développement. L’Accord de Paris constituera un tournant. Il inaugurera une nouvelle gouvernance climatique, dans la continuité de la gouvernance centrée sur les Etats, mais cette fois à l’échelle globale, c’est-à-dire tenant compte des préférences des 195 Etats signataires de la Convention-cadre sur les changements climatiques de 1992, et en particulier des plus puissants d’entre eux. On soutient que cet accord marquera le paysage de la lutte contre le réchauffement et de l’adaptation à celui-ci pour des décennies. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01078240&r=all |
| By: | Dinda, Soumyananda |
| Abstract: | In this 21st century, human civilization faces the toughest challenge to tackle the climate change for sustainable development. Civil society should adopt the climate change and reduce vulnerability for non-declining welfare. This paper reviews major papers on adaptation to climate change and provides an overview on the climate change and developing adaptive mechanism across the globe. Following major important articles this study provides clarity of the concept of adaptation, types of adaptation, measurement of adaptation, determinants of adaptive capacity, and also highlights on limitations and its possible future directions. Finally it concludes. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Climate Change, Adaptive Capacity, Risk, Sustainable Development, Vulnerability |
| JEL: | O2 Q2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2015–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:66259&r=all |
| By: | Sandrine Mathy (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | The stakes for poverty alleviation and the measures required to avoid unbridled climate change are inextricably linked: climate change will slow down and may even reverse trends in poverty reduction while trajectories consistent with a 2°C limitation of climate warming require that strategies for poverty alleviation integrate the constraint of low carbon development. Until now, existing climate funds have failed in targeting poverty alleviation as a high priority strategy for adaptation or as a component of low carbon development. The article proposes the creation of a financing window within the Green Climate Fund focusing on synergies between poverty alleviation, adaptation and mitigation. This financial mechanism is based on indicators of satisfaction of basic needs. It could offer an answer to developing countries that consider poverty alleviation as their first priority. |
| Abstract: | Les enjeux de réduction de la pauvreté sont liés de manière inextricable aux enjeux du changement climatique : celui-ci risque de ralentir, voire d'inverser, la courbe de réduction de la pauvreté, mais les trajectoires d'émissions compatibles avec une limitation à 2 °C du réchauffement sont telles que la sortie de la pauvreté devra se faire en intégrant la contrainte d'un développement bas carbone. Or, jusqu'à présent, les différents fonds climat existants ont échoué à proposer des réponses concrètes pour cibler la sortie de la pauvreté comme politique d'adaptation prioritaire ou selon des modalités contribuant à des trajectoires bas carbone. Pour répondre à ce manque, le Fonds Vert Climat pourrait créer une fenêtre de financement pauvreté-adaptation-atténuation dédiée à la mise en œuvre de synergies ciblant une amélioration de la satisfaction de besoins fondamentaux et intégrant les deux dimensions adaptation et atténuation. Ce mécanisme de soutien, basé sur des indicateurs de satisfaction de besoins fondamentaux, pourrait constituer un élément de réponse aux pays en développement qui font de l'élimination de la pauvreté leur priorité absolue. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01168158&r=all |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, UK; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; CESifo, Munich, Germany) |
| Abstract: | I assessed five statements in the Summary for Policy Makers (SPM) of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of Working Group II (WG2) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC’s assessment of the impacts of climate change on agriculture all but ignores human agency and human ingenuity. The statement in the SPM on violent conflict is much stronger than in the chapter and indeed the literature. AR5 ignores the literature on the impacts of climate change on cold-related mortality and morbidity. On poverty traps, WG2 reaches a conclusion that is not supported by the cited papers. The total impacts of climate change were assessed in four subsequent IPCC report. Although there are no statistically significant differences between the assessment periods in the underlying literature, the subsequent SPMs reach very different conclusions. In sum, the IPCC has yet to reach the quality that one would expect from a gold standard. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; impacts; IPCC; agriculture; health; poverty; violent conflict; total economic impact |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:7815&r=all |
| By: | Antonello Lobianco (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech); Arnaud Dragicevic (Chaire Forêts pour Demain, AgroParisTech-Office National des Forêts); Antoine Leblois (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | Using the Markowitz mean-value (M-V) portfolio model, we study forest planning looking at arbitration between productivity and risk. By weighting the forest productivity with factors of future climate change effects, we compute the optimal tree species mixes, within reach of forest managers, in ninety French administrative departments. Considering three productivity measures (wood production, carbon sequestration and economic valorization) and their respective variances, we found that: a) optimizing productivity and carbon sequestration yields allocations close to the empirical ones; b) forest managers prefer low variance to high productivity, i.e. their revealed risk aversion is high; and c) unlike maximizing wood productivity or carbon sequestration, which lead to similar portfolios, maximizing the economic value of wood production increases (decreases) wood production and carbon sequestration under risk aversion (neutrality). Under high risk aversion, the economic valorization would lead to a high species specialization, which is very unlikely in reality. In all considered scenarios, the objectives set out in the Kyoto Protocol would be attained, which puts into question its relevance in terms of additionality. |
| Keywords: | bioeconomics, forest planning, mean-variance model, mixed-species forests, climate Change |
| JEL: | G17 Q2 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lef:wpaper:2015-07&r=all |
| By: | Bretschger, Lucas |
| Abstract: | The world economy is affecting ecosystems in a way that puts future living standards at risk. Important issues include global warming, fading resource stocks, scarce water supplies, and decreasing biodiversity. It is broadly ac-accepted that the future of our planet should be one of our major concerns. But when it comes to concrete policies, most clearly those related to climate change, grave difficulties arise. This may come as a surprise. In fact, it should not be surprising. Forward-looking and green policies have always proved to be demanding and controversial. At the global scale, national policy difficulties are only compounded. There is not sufficient consensus across the different countries. World society is not very dynamic in problem solving. Rather, it is graying and inertial, cultivating conservative views and institutions. Economic interests and political perceptions diverge widely across countries. While the potentials offered by green technologies are huge, institutions have not yet adapted to meet the challenges. The political debate lacks sufficient focus; it includes very diverse opinions and notions on admittedly complex issues. It is true that the most prominent sustainability policy, climate policy, combines the most difficult and complex conditions for policy making in a single subject. Correction of a big market failure, international consensus building, long-run planning, major uncertainties, huge equity concerns, and very heterogeneous country interests are ingredients that would bedevil any political decision. On the bright side, concepts such as “green economy” and “sustainable development” have prominently entered the political debate, documenting the rising number of bridges between economy and ecology. Re-source-efficient technologies are increasingly being developed and applied. Yet, while everyone would highly welcome political solutions to the climate problem, accepting their consequences is much less widely embraced. These include significant reductions in natural resource use, especially with fossil fuels. They also entail acknowledging responsibility for past emissions and obligations to other countries and future generations. Consistent sustainability policies require a framework and an institutional setting that has yet to be built and globally implemented. Such a framework would end-able policymakers exploiting the huge potentials for greening the economy. Many scientific and applied contributions on sustainability have al-ready been published. But the majority of the advocated policies have not been implemented; major problems such as global warming have not yet been properly addressed. It appears that sustainability policies are not attracting sufficient political support. By pointing to the profound problems inherent in policy making in this area, this book explains why this is the case. It also provides the elements needed to increase general understanding and to find political consensus. Compared to the much broader scientific contributions on sustainability, some authored by large numbers of international researchers in different disciplines, the present book takes a more modest approach. It draws on selected research results to explain the most important sustainability is-sues from the point of view of economics. The book points at central underlying problems and misperceptions with the aim of increasing ambitions and rationality in political decision making. It reflects the high complexity of reaching sustainable development, which will require the contribution of social sciences involving many different perspectives. The book uses neither formal models nor mathematical equations. These can be found in the underlying original academic works cited in the references. The approach follows that of the famous economist Alfred Mar-shall, who advised using formal analysis until the results were fully de-rived but then to “burn” the mathematics, translate the conclusions into normal language, and illustrate them by “examples that are important in real life.” In following this procedure, this book aims to make the economic approach to sustainability attractive for a broader audience and a useful input to policy making. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Development, Environmental Economics |
| JEL: | Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:66218&r=all |
| By: | Tsurumi, Tetsuya; Managi, Shunsuke; Hibiki, Akira |
| Abstract: | The argument that stringent environmental regulations are generally thought to harm export flows is crucial when determining policy recommendations related to environmental preservation and international competitiveness. By using bilateral trade data, we examine the relationships between trade flows and various environmental stringency indices. Previous studies have used energy intensity, abatement cost intensity, and survey indices for regulations as proxies for the strictness of environmental policy. However, they have overlooked the indirect effect of environmental regulations on trade flows. If the strong version of the Porter hypothesis is confirmed, we need to consider the effect of environmental regulation on GDP, because GDP induced by environmental regulation affects trade flows. The present study clarifies the effects of regulation on trade flows by distinguishing between the indirect and direct effects. Our results indicate an observed non-negligible indirect effect of regulation, implying that the overall effect of appropriate regulation benefits trade flows. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulations, Porter hypothesis, Trade and environment, Gravity model |
| JEL: | F18 Q56 Q59 |
| Date: | 2015–08–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:66321&r=all |
| By: | V. Masson (CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS - INSU - Météo France); C. Marchadier (CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS - INSU - Météo France); L. Adolphe (LRA - Laboratoire de recherche en architecture - UTM - Université Toulouse 2 Le Mirail - ENSA Toulouse - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse); R. Aguejdad (LETG - Costel - Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique - UN - Université de Nantes - Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - UBO - Université de Bretagne Occidentale - Université de Rennes II - Haute Bretagne - CNRS, CARE - Centre Armoricain de Recherche en Environnement - CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - Université de Rennes II - Haute Bretagne); P. Avner (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS); M. Bonhomme (PIAF - Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier - UBP - Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)); G. Bretagne (Urban Planning Agency, Toulouse, France); X. Briottet (Toulouse - Onera - The French Aerospace Lab - ONERA); B. Bueno (CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS - INSU - Météo France); C. De Munck (CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS - INSU - Météo France); O. Doukari (GEODE - Géographie de l'environnement - CNRS - UTM - Université Toulouse 2 Le Mirail); S. Hallegatte (World Bank - World Bank); J. Hidalgo (LISST - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires - CNRS - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - UTM - Université Toulouse 2 Le Mirail); Thomas Houet (GEODE - Géographie de l'environnement - CNRS - UTM - Université Toulouse 2 Le Mirail); J. Le Bras (CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS - INSU - Météo France); A. Lemonsu (CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS - INSU - Météo France); N. Long (LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés [La Rochelle] - Université de La Rochelle - CNRS); M.-P. Moine (CERFACS [Toulouse] - CNRS - INSU); T. Morel (CERFACS [Toulouse] - CNRS - INSU); L. Nolorgues (Urban Planning Agency of Île-de-France, Paris, France); G. Pigeon (CNRM-GAME - Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique - CNRS - INSU - Météo France); J.-L. Salagnac (CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment - CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment); V. Viguié (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS); K. Zibouche (CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment - CSTB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment) |
| Abstract: | Societies have to both reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and undertake adaptation measures to limit the negative impacts of global warming on the population, the economy and the environment. Examining how best to adapt cities is especially challenging as urban areas will evolve as the climate changes. Thus, examining adaptation strategies for cities requires a strong interdisciplinary approach involving urban planners, architects, meteorologists, building engineers, economists, and social scientists. Here we introduce a systemic modelling approach to the problem. Our four-step methodology consists of: first, defining interdisciplinary scenarios; second, simulating the long-term evolution of cities on the basis of socio-economic and land-use models; third, calculating impacts with physical models (such as TEB), and; finally, calculating the indicators that quantify the effect of different adaptation policies. In the examples presented here, urban planning strategies are shown to have unexpected influence on city expansion in the long term. Moreover, the Urban Heat Island should be taken into account in operational estimations of building energy demands. Citizens’ practices seem to be an efficient lever for reducing energy consumption in buildings. Interdisciplinary systemic modelling appears well suited to the evaluation of several adaptation strategies for a very broad range of topics. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01136215&r=all |
| By: | Marieke Blondet (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech; MNHN UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie) |
| Abstract: | The issue of climate change is progressively entering the field of forest management in France and Europe. It poses significant questions to forest managers since forest management is made on a very long time scale. Decisions taken today will impact forest for many years and climate change may threaten these long term investments. According to scientists, beech forest is particularly sensitive to drought and may disappear in the coming years due to global warming. Beech is also one of the protected species in the Annexes of the Habitat Directive. To face and bring answers to this issue of the future of beech forest before this change in climate conditions various actors from the forest sector, the conservationist organisations and the policy-making sphere are engaging at the national level. Yet they carry different views of the issue. What are at play, there, are competing positions and perceptions toward nature protection, sustainable forest management and biodiversity integrity. Nevertheless, in the field, our research shown that local people barely consider the issue of climate change as clearly relevant for them since they have not noticed worrying enough signs of environmental change in their surrounding at that stage. As a consequence they are not that much engaged in adapting to the climate’s new conditions such as the various stakeholders at the national level. Our article therefore analyses this issue and the interacting and often conflicting perceptions of this issue by the various social actors at different level of the policy-making process. The problem of beech forest under climate change is, indeed, the arena for power relationships between various political stakeholders that we will describe here. We will then show that this competition could be quite disconnected from the life and views of the people in the field. Environmental change remains an issue for the top national experts and policy makers. |
| Keywords: | climate change, engagement, discourse, power relationship, virtualism |
| JEL: | Z13 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lef:wpaper:2015-03&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuel Prados (INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes / LJK Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - STEEP - CNRS - INRIA - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - CNRS - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)); Patrick Criqui (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Constantin Ilasca (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | Global warming may be one of the greatest threats facing the human civilization. It is now widely shared that it is necessary to reduce quickly and significantly the greenhouse gas emissions to avoid uncontrolled and irreversible evolutions of climate. It has now become urgent to develop a legal instrument addressing the post-2020 period and to achieve a successful outcome in the international climate negotiations. In this paper we propose a new computational tool which provides elements of benchmarking for the climate negotiations. The model and algorithm we propose is designed on rationale elaborated by energy and climate policy experts. We detail how to estimate the parameters of the model and how this benchmarking tool could be used. |
| Abstract: | Le changement climatique est probablement l'une des plus grandes menaces à laquelle la civilisation humaine doit faire face. Il est désormais largement partagé qu'il est nécessaire de réduire rapidement et de manière très importante les émissions de gaz à effet de serre afin d'éviter un emballement irréversible du système climatique. Il est aujourd'hui urgent de développer les instruments politiques et juridiques pour la période post-2020 et de faire aboutir les négociations internationales. Dans ce rapport, nous proposons un nouvel outil permettant de calculer des courbes de références des émissions nationales de gaz à effet de serre. L'algorithme et le modèle proposés se basent sur une logique développée par des économistes spécialistes de l'énergie et du changement climatique. Nous montrons comment les paramètres du modèles peuvent être estimés et comment ces outils peuvent être utilisés. |
| Date: | 2014–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01069604&r=all |
| By: | Jane Ellis; Sara Moarif; Yoko Nobuoka; Marte Pellegrino; Jennifer Helgeson |
| Abstract: | Climate support will be an important element in reaching a post-2020 climate agreement at COP 21 in December 2015. To further increase and mobilise the levels of climate support post-2020, a number of proposals have been made in the negotiating text produced in the Geneva session of the Ad-hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in February 2015. This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of several of these proposals, focusing on those that are clear and specific. The paper assesses proposals on mobilising climate finance using the following criteria: (i) the level of financial flows that they could generate; (ii) how much of this could be mobilised in the UNFCCC context; (iii) the ease of implementation of the proposal; (iv) if and how such increased mobilisation could be monitored; and (v) whether the proposal would fill a specific gap in the context of climate support within the UNFCCC. The paper undertakes a similar assessment for proposals in the Geneva text on enhancing the level of technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building. It discusses whether the proposals could potentially increase technology development and transfer, capacity building and development, as well as whether they are likely to do so in practice, based on current experience and ease of implementation. The proposals vary significantly in the amount of climate support they could mobilise (or enhance, in the case of technology and capacity building), for a range of reasons. These include the particular wording of the proposals, their sensitivity to national implementation, uncertainty in measuring progress towards objectives, and in some cases the limited role the UNFCCC plays as an institution in a given area of climate support.<P>Évaluation des options envisageables pour accroître le soutien en faveur de l'action climatique<BR>Le soutien en faveur de l’action climatique sera un élément important pour parvenir à un accord sur le climat pour l’après-2020 lors de la Conférence des Parties (COP21) de décembre 2015. Afin de renforcer l’appui financier et de mobiliser le niveau de soutien nécessaire à l’action climatique pour l’après-2020, un certain nombre de propositions ont été formulées dans le texte de négociation établi lors de la session du Groupe de travail spécial sur la plate-forme de Durban de la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) tenue à Genève en février 2015. Ce rapport étudie les avantages et les inconvénients de plusieurs de ces propositions, en mettant l’accent sur celles qui sont précises et spécifiques. Les auteurs évaluent les propositions portant sur la mobilisation de financements climatiques au regard des critères suivants : (i) volume des ressources financières qu’elles pourraient permettre d’obtenir ; (ii) proportion de ces ressources pouvant être mobilisée dans le cadre de la CCNUCC ; (iii) facilité de mise en oeuvre de la proposition ; (iv) possibilité de suivi de cette mobilisation supplémentaire, et modalités de ce suivi ; et (v) capacité de la proposition à combler un manque spécifique dans le contexte du soutien climatique au titre de la CCNUCC. Le rapport livre une évaluation analogue des propositions contenues dans le texte de Genève portant sur la mise au point et le transfert de technologies, ainsi que sur le renforcement des capacités. Les auteurs examinent si les propositions formulées recèlent le potentiel d’intensifier la mise au point et le transfert de technologies, le développement et le renforcement des capacités, et sont susceptibles de le faire concrètement, en fondant leur analyse sur l’expérience actuelle et la facilité de mise en oeuvre de la proposition. L’ampleur du soutien que ces propositions pourraient mobiliser (ou accroître, en ce qui concerne la technologie et le renforcement des capacités) varie considérablement selon les propositions, et ce pour différentes raisons, notamment : la formulation particulière de la proposition ; sa sensibilité à une mise en oeuvre dans un contexte national ; le degré d’incertitude qu’elle présente s’agissant de la mesure les progrès accomplis au regard des objectifs ; et, dans certains cas, le rôle limité que joue la CCNUCC, en tant qu’institution, dans un domaine donné du soutien à l’action climatique. |
| Keywords: | climate change, technology transfer, UNFCCC, 2015 agreement, climate finance, capacity building, renforcement des capacités, accord de 2015, financement climatique, CCNUCC, changement climatique, transferts de technologie |
| JEL: | F53 O19 O30 O44 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/3-en&r=all |
| By: | Sandrine Mathy (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Odile Blanchard (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | The stakes for alleviating poverty and avoiding unbridled climate change are inextricably linked. Climate change impacts will slow down and may even reverse trends in poverty reduction. The pathways consistent with global warming of no more than 2°C require strategies for poverty alleviation to make allowance for the constraint of low-carbon development. Existing climate funds have failed to target poverty alleviation as a high-priority strategy for adaptation or as a component of low-carbon development. This article proposes a funding window as part of the Green Climate Fund in order to foster synergies targeting greater satisfaction of basic needs, while making allowance for adaptation and mitigation. This financial mechanism is based on indicators of the satisfaction of basic needs and could respond to the claims of the developing countries which see alleviating poverty as the first priority in the climate negotiations. It defines a country continuum, given that there are poor people everywhere; all developing countries are therefore eligible with a mechanism of this sort. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01149008&r=all |
| By: | Kurt Kratena |
| Abstract: | A significant reduction of the global environmental consequences of European consumption and production activities are the main objective of the policy simulations carried out in this paper. For this purpose three different modelling approaches have been chosen. Two macroeconomic models following the philosophy of consistent stock-flow accounting for the main institutional sectors (households, firms, banks, central bank and government) are used for quantifying the impact of several different policies. These policies comprise classical tax reforms (pricing of resources and emissions) as well as policies aiming at behavioural change in private and public consumption and at technological change (energy and resource efficiency and renewable sources). A Dynamic New Keynesian (DYNK) model is used for a comparison between classical green tax reform and taxing direct and indirect (footprint) energy and resource use of consumers. An important leading principle of the modelling work is the simultaneous treatment of economic (GDP, employment), social (income distribution, unemployment) and environmental issues. The paper shortly describes the different modelling approaches and highlights the most important features for the evaluation of the impacts of different policies. Then the different policy scenarios that are carried out with each model are described. The policy scenarios are not directly comparable between the different models, but show some similarities. The simulation results of the different policy scenarios are then analyzed and discussed. Two important conclusions can be drawn from the simulation results: (i) important trade-offs and synergies exist between the different economic, social and environmental goals (ii) simple policy scenarios mainly putting all the effort in one simple instrument (e.g. tax reform) are not likely to achieve an optimal result. A combination of instruments is most likely to achieve results satisfying the different economic, social and environmental goals. |
| Keywords: | Behavioural economics, Ecological innovation, Economic growth path, Innovation policy, New technologies |
| JEL: | C54 Q54 B52 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfedel:y:2015:m:7:d:0:i:8&r=all |
| By: | Beyene,Abebe D.; Bluffstone,Randall; Dissanayake,Sahan; Gebreegziabher,Zenebe; Martinsson,Peter; Mekonnen,Alemu; Toman,Michael A. |
| Abstract: | This paper provides field experiment?based evidence on the potential additional forest carbon sequestration that cleaner and more fuel-efficient cookstoves might generate. The paper focuses on the Mirt (meaning ?best?) cookstove, which is used to bake injera, the staple food in Ethiopia. The analysis finds that the technology generates per-meal fuel savings of 22 to 31 percent compared with a traditional three-stone stove with little or no increase in cooking time. Because approximately 88 percent of harvests from Ethiopian forests are unsustainable, these findings suggest that the Mirt stove, and potentially improved cookstoves more generally, can contribute to reduced forest degradation. These savings may be creditable under the United Nations Collaborative Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries. Because of the highly specific nature of the Mirt stove and the lack of refrigeration in rural Ethiopia, rebound effects are unlikely, but this analysis was unable completely to rule out such leakage. The conclusions are therefore indicative, pending evidence on the frequency of Mirt stove use in the field. The effects of six randomized behavioral treatments on fuelwood and cooking time outcomes were also evaluated, but limited effects were found. |
| Keywords: | Urban Environment,Energy Production and Transportation,Renewable Energy,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Environmental Economics&Policies |
| Date: | 2015–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:7394&r=all |
| By: | Yoann Verger (REEDS - REEDS - Centre international de Recherches en Economie écologique, Eco-innovation et ingénierie du Développement Soutenable - UVSQ - Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines) |
| Abstract: | References to Sraffa and to the neo-Ricardian school is something quite customary in ecological economics. By looking at contributions in this area since the beginning of ecological economics and at contributions on environmental problem from the neo-Ricardian school, we see that a connection between both school still has to be made. This connection should be articulated around the initial aim of Sraffa: to develop a new paradigm, competing against the neoclassical one. Only then it will be possible to develop a real eco-Sraffian approach able to pursue the analysis of the sustainability of the economic system. This review of the literature is divided in three sections. Section 1 describes the part of the literature engaged in the “valuation of nature” debate; section 2 the works of researchers trying to develop a neo-Ricardian approach of ecological conflicts; and section 3 several works trying to use the neo-Ricardian knowledge in the analysis of physical interdependence between processes, in particular for the assessment of CO2 emissions. In each of these last sections, works are presented in a (more or less) chronological way. |
| Date: | 2015–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01182894&r=all |
| By: | Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université); Agnes Tomini (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | Rainwater harvesting, consisting in collecting runoff from precipitation, has been widely developed to stop groundwater declines and even raise water tables. However this expected environmental effect is not self-evident. We show in a simple setting that the success of this conjunctive use depends on whether the runoff rate is above a threshold value. Moreover, the bigger the storage capacity, the higher the runoff rate must be to obtain an environmentally efficient system. We also extend the model to include other hydrological parameters and ecological damages, which respectively increase and decrease the environmental efficiency of rainwater harvesting. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01083461&r=all |
| By: | Gaël Plumecocq (AGIR - AGrosystèmes et développement terrItoRial - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - UTM - Université Toulouse 2 Le Mirail - École Nationale de Formation Agronomique - ENFA) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the discourse produced in the academic journal Ecological Economics from its inception in 1989, and compares this discourse with that of the field of environmental economics. I used methods for discourse analysis (Alceste and Iramuteq) on 6,308 abstracts of papers published in four journals – namely Ecological Economics, the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Environmental Values, and Environmental and Resource Economics, published between 1989 and 2013. The results suggest that the discourse of ecological economics and environmental economics have grown closer over time. The semantic classification of co-occurrent terms used in Ecological Economics indicates increasing significance of the notions of ecosystem services and of monetary valuation. I argue that this trend is parallel to Costanza’s career-path, which suggests the rise of a tacit recognition of the New Environmental Pragmatic scientific approach. I conclude with some of the implications for EE of promoting this kind of discourse to such an extent. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01089457&r=all |
| By: | Richard Layard |
| Abstract: | Leading thinkers across the worlds of science, public service and academia have launched a new global programme to combat climate change. Richard Layard outlines their proposal for big public investment in research that will dramatically reduce the costs of clean energy. |
| Keywords: | climate change, clean energy, government policy, renewables, R&D |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcnp:444&r=all |
| By: | Teresa Romano |
| Abstract: | Since worldwide concerns about climate change were made official by the Kyoto Protocol at the end of 1997, renewable energy sources (RES) have been receiving increasingly more attention by policy makers. Teresa Romano investigates. |
| Date: | 2014–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vuw:vuwcrt:380205&r=all |
| By: | Tomas Havranek; Zuzana Irsova; Karel Janda; David Zilberman |
| Abstract: | We examine potential selective reporting (publication bias) in the literature on the social cost of carbon (SCC) by conducting a meta-analysis of 809 estimates of the SCC reported in 101 studies. Our results indicate that estimates for which the 95% confidence interval includes zero are less likely to be reported than estimates excluding negative values of the SCC, which might create an upward bias in the literature. The evidence for selective reporting is stronger for studies published in peer-reviewed journals than for unpublished papers. We show that the findings are not driven by the asymmetry of the confidence intervals surrounding the SCC and are robust to controlling for various characteristics of study design and to alternative definitions of confidence intervals. Our estimates of the mean reported SCC corrected for the selective reporting bias range between USD 0 and 134 per ton of carbon at 2010 prices for emission year 2015. |
| Keywords: | Social cost of carbon, climate policy, integrated assessment models, meta-analysis, selective reporting, publication bias |
| JEL: | C83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2015-28&r=all |
| By: | Emile Quinet |
| Abstract: | Factoring sustainable development into the appraisal of investment projects is a topical issue at both the analytical and the decision-making level. In the area of analysis, we find numerous studies and research projects devoted to the assessment of environmental damage and its translation into monetary terms. The analysis concerns both “flow” damage such as pollution and noise, and “stock” damage with long-term cumulative effect, such as global warming and the reduction of biodiversity. In the area of decisionmaking, efforts are being undertaken in many countries to achieve better integration of these concerns in project appraisal and the related cost-benefit analysis. France is no exception: a working party recently set up to revise the methodology for appraising public investment projects has just completed its deliberations. It paid close attention to considerations of sustainable development and the factoring of the long term, and the present paper is based largely on its recommendations. In what follows, we shall endeavour to analyse those recommendations in the light of scientific knowledge and place them in the French institutional and politico-administrative context. |
| Date: | 2013–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/31-en&r=all |
| By: | Severin Borenstein; Lucas W. Davis |
| Abstract: | Since 2006, U.S. households have received more than $18 billion in federal income tax credits for weatherizing their homes, installing solar panels, buying hybrid and electric vehicles, and other "clean energy" investments. We use tax return data to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of program recipients. We find that these tax expenditures have gone predominantly to higher-income Americans. The bottom three income quintiles have received about 10% of all credits, while the top quintile has received about 60%. The most extreme is the program aimed at electric vehicles, where we find that the top income quintile has received about 90% of all credits. By comparing to previous work on the distributional consequences of pricing greenhouse gas emissions, we conclude that tax credits are likely to be much less attractive on distributional grounds than market mechanisms to reduce GHGs. |
| JEL: | D30 H23 H24 H50 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21437&r=all |
| By: | Kamidohzono, Sachiko G.; Gómez, Oscar A.; Mine, Yoichi |
| Abstract: | In today’s world, communities and individuals are exposed to old and new threats such as civil wars, terrorism, natural disasters, infectious diseases, economic downturns, climate change and famines. Human security is an idea and an approach developed to address the pressing needs and moral imperatives arising from those insecurities faced by all humankind. The idea urges to secure fundamental freedoms for everyone, i.e., freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom to live in dignity, by combining top-down protection and bottom-up empowerment. While the importance of such an idea has been increasingly discussed since its emergence in the mid-1990s, the ways to operationalize it in practice remain a contested matter. In particular, the practice of Japan’s ODA has received less attention despite Japan being the only government fully committed to the promotion of human security, with ODA as its major tool since 2003. Aiming to inform practice in coming decades, this paper explores the ways how to operationalize the idea, by following the recent history of Japan’s ODA activities related to human security. After briefly recounting the connection between Japan’s ODA and the idea of human security at the policy level, we trace the evolution of its practice, mainly focusing on bilateral contributions by JICA, in the four emblematic areas linked to human security: natural disasters, climate change, infectious diseases and violent conflict. Our examination reveals that Japan’s ODA practice has, in general, been evolving in a way that resonates with the idea of human security. In order to consolidate this trend and to further operationalize human security, however, there still remains much to be done. We have identified three significant directions that can be taken to further operationalize human security: emphasizing prevention, realizing seamless assistance, and caring for the most vulnerable. |
| Keywords: | human security practice , natural disasters , climate change , infectious diseases , violent conflict |
| Date: | 2015–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:94&r=all |
| By: | Mehmet Balcilar (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus); Riza Demirer (Department of Economics & Finance Southern Illinois University); Shawkat Hammoudeh (3200 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 U.S.A Author-Email: -); Duc Khuong Nguyen (-) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the risk spillovers between energy futures prices and Europe-based carbon futures contracts. We use a Markov regime-switching dynamic correlation, generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (MSDCC- GARCH) model in order to capture the time variations and structural breaks in the spillovers. We further evaluate the optimal weights, hedging effectiveness, and dynamic hedging strategies for the MS-DCC-GARCH model based on both the regime dependent and regime independent optimal hedge ratios. We finally complement our analysis by examining the in- and out-of sample hedging performances for alternative strategies. Our results mainly show significant volatility and time-varying risk transmission from energy markets to carbon market. We also find that spot and futures segments of the emission markets exhibit time-varying correlations and volatile hedging effectiveness. These results have important investment and policy implications |
| Keywords: | Multivariate regime-switching; time-varying correlations; hedging; CO2 allowance prices |
| JEL: | C32 G11 G19 Q47 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emu:wpaper:15-10.pdf&r=all |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); Fouad El Ouardighi (ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School) |
| Abstract: | We study an optimal AK-like model of capital accumulation and growth in the presence of a negative environmental externality in the tradition of Stokey (1998). Both production and consumption activities generate polluting waste. The economy exerts a recycling effort to reduce the stock of waste. Recycling also generates income, which is fully devoted to capital accumulation. The whole problem amounts to choosing the optimal control paths for consumption and recycling to maximize a social welfare function that notably includes the waste stock and disutility from the recycling effort. We provide a mathematical analysis of both the asymptotic behavior of the optimal trajectories and the shape of transition dynamics. Numerical exercises are performed to illustrate the analysis and to highlight some of the economic implications of the model. |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01126636&r=all |
| By: | Marjorie Tendero (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - Centre international de hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes [CIHEAM], Granem - Groupe de Recherche ANgevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Agrocampus Ouest - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage) |
| Abstract: | Can experimental economics provide useful insights for public policies making? We study the acceptability of the strategic retreat solution in order to cope with coastal flooding risks in the Languedoc-Roussillon region (France) . This solution consists in an organized retreat of infrastructures and housings to the hinterland. Two questions are treated. What is the degree of solidarity among individuals exposed to the risk compared to those who are not? Is solidarity function of the distance to the risk? Our experimental protocol shall answer these questions. Using a variant of the solidarity game , laboratory and eld experiments allow us to analyze solidarity preferences. Data were gathered among 5 cities of the Herault region (France): Valras-Plage, Vendres-Plage, Béziers, Murviel lès Béziers and Saint-Chinian. These data give individuals' perceptions (coastal attachment, environmental risks) as well as socio-economical aspects and stakeholders opinions. Data collected from these surveys show that individuals have no memory of the risk worse, they are unaware of it. Thus, the adaptive public policy, such as the strategic retreat solution, tends to be unacceptable. Beaches are mostly perceived as recreational areas, not as protective shields against coastal flooding. Therefore, in terms of public communication an emphasis should be put on the protective role of beaches. Preliminary laboratory results show that the strategic retreat solution can't be funded on solidarity alone. In contrast, fields experiments show more solidarity. However, we can't yet conclude if whether or not this solidarity level will be reached when individuals will have to face these disasters. Solidarity is higher among individuals close to the risk. Thus, solidarity is essentially a local phenomenon. To sum up, the private financing of flooding risk consequences solely on solidarity is not possible. In any case, an analysis of the speci c determinants of solidarity (anonymity, knowledge of the risk, personality traits) [62, 40, 74, 66] is required if one want to use it to finance this endeavour. A deeper analysis should be made about information and individuals' behaviour [63, 64]. These analyses should provide useful insights to quantify the fundraising amount collected in function of policy maker speeches, including the optimal tax rate in order to complete the financing. However, existing cost-benefit analyses of the literature should be completed to include the "ecoplage" solution as well, which has not been done yet. |
| Abstract: | A partir d'une étude de cas, nous montrons dans quelle mesure l'économie expérimentale peut-elle aider le décideur public à mettre en place une politique publique acceptable ? Nous étudions l'acceptabilité et les modalités de mise en œuvre de la solution dite du retrait stratégique (recul des infrastructures et habitations vers l'arrière-pays) face aux enjeux posés par la submersion marine en Languedoc-Roussillon. Deux questions sont traitées. Tout d'abord : quel est le degré de solidarité entre les individus confrontés au problème de submersion et ceux qui ne le sont pas ? Ensuite, y a-t-il une répartition spatiale de la solidarité en fonction de la distance au risque ? Le protocole expérimental développé se propose de répondre à ces deux questions. Les expériences de laboratoire et de terrain ont permis d'analyser les préférences solidaires des individus à partir d'une version revisitée du jeu de la solidarité. Les données ont été récoltées dans cinq communes de l'Hérault : Valras-Plage, Vendres- Plage, Béziers, Murviel lès Béziers et Saint-Chinian. Ces données rendent compte des perceptions individuelles (attachement au littoral, perception des risques environnementaux), des aspects socio-économiques et des opinions des différentes parties prenantes. Le dépouillement des questionnaires montre que les individus n'ont pas de mémoire du risque, ni même conscience des risques naturels qu'ils peuvent encourir. Cela rend difficilement acceptable les politiques d'adaptation telle que la solution du recul stratégique. D'autant plus que les plages ont avant tout une fonction récréative pour les usagers, et non une fonction protectrice vis-à-vis des tempêtes et du risque de submersion. En termes de communication publique, l'accent doit donc être mis sur le rôle protecteur des littoraux. Les premiers résultats de laboratoire tendraient à indiquer que le financement de la solution du recul ne peut être fondé uniquement sur la solidarité individuelle. Les expériences de terrain, elles, montrent davantage de solidarité. Cependant, il convient de déterminer si cette solidarité sera effective ou non, lorsque les individus devront faire face aux catastrophes. Cette expérimentation montre également que plus l'on s'éloigne du littoral moins les individus sont solidaires (des individus devant faire face aux risques littoraux). En e et, les individus de l'arrière-pays ne perçoivent pas les risques littoraux de la même manière que les individus qui y sont directement exposés. La solidarité est donc un phénomène essentiellement local. En conclusion le financement privé des conséquences du risque de submersion, reposant sur la seule solidarité, n'est donc pas possible. Quoi qu'il en soit faire appel à la solidarité individuelle afin de financer tout ou partie de ce projet, nécessite d'étudier les déterminants propres à cette dernière : effet de l'anonymat des victimes qui influence également l'altruisme des individus ], la connaissance du risques , le vécu du risque ou encore l'influence des traits de personnalité qui peut également être étudié par la neuroéconomie . Une étude plus approfondie peut également être faite sur le rôle de l'information dans les comportements à risque. Ceci permettra de quantier les montants que l'on peut espérer récolter, en fonction des discours pouvant être mis en place par le décideur public. Cela permettra notamment de calculer la taxe de séjour optimale afin de compléter le financement du projet. Toutefois, il serait judicieux de compléter les analyses coût-bénéfices de la littérature afin de comparer la solution du repli avec les méthodes dites expérimentales comme " écoplage " et " stabiplage ", ce qui n'a pas été fait. |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01071836&r=all |
| By: | Contò, Francesco; Fiore, Mariantonietta; Conte, Alessandra; Pellegrini, Giustina |
| Abstract: | Over the last decades, food waste has generated an immense amounts across the food life cycle, determining serious environmental, social and economic issues. Reducing the amount of food waste is a key element in developing a sustainable food system.The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between food waste and belief, attitudes and behaviours at the household level so exploring its possible drivers among Italian consumers: how people could reduce or avoid the amount of food waste is the main step for addressing the consumer behaviour and for planning shopping routines. In effect avoidable food waste represents the majority of food waste generated at the household level. The disposal of food is the final step in the food provisioning process (Munro, 1995) entailing a series of food-related behaviours from purchasing food to preparing and eating it (Jensen et al., 2012). The Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen,1991) helps to understanding how the people actions can be modified linking beliefs and behaviour; this theory is our starting point to predict household decisions in order to avoid, to minimize or to recycle waste (Biswa et al., 2000; Knussen et al., 2004) as well as to improve food-related behaviours (Conner & Armitage, 2002). To this end, an on-line survey was carried out via social networks and e-mail. A focus group and a pilot test with 12 Italian consumers were conducted to support the questionnaire design. 256 were respondents. Results are in line with the studies on this research topics. The current study focuses on Italian consumers, but the basic concepts in our framework should be replicable and so applicable to any society. The policy implications are related to the crucial importance that new models to address behaviour consumer have to be identified in order to change eating habits and attitudes. |
| Keywords: | Food Waste, Shopping routines, Consumer behaviour, Theory of Planned Behaviour., Agricultural and Food Policy, Q10, Q18, D12., |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea15:207355&r=all |
| By: | Pierre-André Jouvet (EconomiX, University of Paris Ouest, France); Julien Wolfersberger (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | We study sustainable growth in an economy with natural land endowments, specifically forests, and the need for public policies to quantify the financial value of green capital, measured by forests. Exhaustible primary forests are first depleted for agriculture and production, until a switch occurs to the renewable secondary forests. The introduction of REDD+ in the economy reduces agricultural expansion, since the social planner invests in green capital, at the expense of the physical one. We show that the optimal REDD+ national strategy highly depends on the development stage of the recipient economy. In the end, we prove our findings by calibrating our model to Indonesia and illustrate recommendations for public policies. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation; Development; Forest Transition; Green capital; Growth |
| JEL: | Q15 Q23 Q32 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lef:wpaper:2015-06&r=all |
| By: | Hartley, Peter (Rice University and University of Western Australia); Medlock, Kenneth B., III (Rice University); Temzelides, Ted (Rice University); Zhang, Xinya (Rice University) |
| Abstract: | We study the optimal transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy in a neoclassical growth economy with endogenous technological progress in energy production from fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. Innovations keep fossil energy cost under control even as increased exploitation raises mining costs. Nevertheless, the economy eventually transitions to renewable energy. Learning-by-doing in renewable energy production implies that it is optimal to transition to renewable energy before the cost of fossil fuels reaches parity with renewable energy costs. Since energy costs escalate as the transition approaches, growth of consumption and output decline sharply around the transition. The energy shadow price remains more than double current values for over 75 years around the switch time, resulting in a continued drag on output and consumption growth. The model highlights the important role that energy can play in influencing economic growth. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:riceco:14-009&r=all |
| By: | Silvia Cruz (State University of Campinas Campinas); Faïz Gallouj (CLERSE - CLERSE - Centre lillois d'études et de recherches sociologiques et économiques - CNRS - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies); Sônia Paulino (University of Sao Paolo) |
| Abstract: | This paper is devoted to public services innovation in the municipal solid waste sector. It analyses the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in the Bandeirantes and São João landfills in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis is based on the concept of Public-Private Innovation Networks in services (ServPPINs). Using the ServPPIN concept it was possible to identify competence gaps affecting the stakeholders involved in these CDM projects. We focus in particular on those organisational and relational competence gaps that are likely to weaken innovation feasibility and reduce the quality of solid waste services supply. In fact, innovation is closely linked to the development of new competences among service providers and users. For the most part, these will arise out of changes in interactions between actors-given that the projects in question include the coordination of various actors (public, private, and citizen). Such innovations will also arise out of changes in the environmental aspect, since in addition to monitoring of the technical parameters required for the general operation of landfills which implement CDM projects, auditing is also carried out by the Designated Operational Entities (DOE), which are responsible for validation of these projects. |
| Date: | 2013–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01133824&r=all |
| By: | Miravete, Eugenio J; Moral Rincón, Maria J; Thurk, Jeff |
| Abstract: | Spurred by Volkswagen's introduction of the TDI diesel engine in 1989, market penetration of diesel cars in Europe increased from 10% in 1990 to over 50% in 2000. Using Spanish automobile registration data, we estimate an equilibrium discrete choice, oligopoly model of horizontally differentiated products. We find that changing product characteristics and the increasing popularity of diesels leads to correlation between observed and unobserved (to the researcher) product characteristics, an aspect we allow for in the estimation. Despite widespread imitation by its rivals, Volkswagen was able to capture 32% of the potential innovation rents and diesels accounted for approximately 60% of the firm's profits. Moreover, diesels amounted to an important competitive advantage for European auto makers over foreign imports. We provide evidence that the greenhouse emissions policy enacted by European regulators, and not preferential fuel taxes, enabled the adoption of diesels. In so doing, this non-tariff policy was equivalent to a 20% import tariff; effectively cutting imports in half. |
| Keywords: | diesel cars; emission standards; import tariff equivalence; innovation rents |
| JEL: | F13 L62 O33 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10783&r=all |
| By: | Loucao, Sebastian (RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the externalities related to hydraulic fracturing (‘hydrofracking’) in Germany, based on a detailed analysis of hydrofracking risks and potentials, and a stylized social welfare analysis related to adverse impacts of unconventional gas production on both surface and ground water resources and water supply. Natural gas is extracted by a profit-maximizing monopolist. Society faces several kinds of negative externalities, including additional water purification costs. The results of our sensitivity analysis show that the maximized welfare is in any case higher than the welfare resulting from the profit-maximizing quantities, as is predicted by our model. Also, the regulator always has to pay a subsidy in order to maximize welfare, which shows that the monopolist has an incentive to exercise his market power in order to keep the prices up for profit maximization. The monopolist’s profits are always non-negative, whereas the welfare-maximizing shale gas production generally reduces his profits. As profits do not drop below zero, however, there is no need to employ a second-best approach. We conclude that increasing costs and/or an increasing price sensitivity will lead to reduced profits and to reduced social welfare, while for an increasing choke price it is the other way around. |
| Keywords: | Natural gas; Fracking; Externalities; Water supply; Germany |
| JEL: | L71 Q31 Q34 Q42 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2014_004&r=all |
| By: | Xavier Timbeau (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | To exit the Great Recession and initiate the transition towards a low carbon economy, we propose a public-private investment plan in the energetic transition of about 2 points per year of European GDP. The key concept of this plan is the opportunity to reconsider the criteria for public finances using, as the goal of stability a concept of public debt net of created public assets (in percent of GDP), instead of gross public debt. An impartial body (eg the European Commission) could assess ex post and ex ante the value of investments, creating the incentives for coherent and effective public expenditure policies. |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00988414&r=all |
| By: | Aruga, Kentaka |
| Abstract: | The study examines the consumer survey data collected for the seven agricultural products (rice, apple, cucumber, beef, pork, egg, and shiitake mushrooms) of regions near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNP) to find out what factors and attributes of consumers affect their purchasing behavior by using the contingent valuation method. In most of the agricultural products, we found that consumers who put high priority on food safety issue, think the risk of radiation contamination became high after the Fukushima nuclear incident, live distanced from the FDNP, and live with children under the age of 15 require a higher discount rate to accept agricultural products of regions near the FDNP. On the other hand, our study indicated that consumers who trust the current safety standard for radioactive material concentrations in food, knowledgeable about radiation and radioactive materials, have high environmental consciousness, and aged are more likely to accept buying products of regions near the FDNP. |
| Keywords: | radioactive contamination, willingness to accept, CVM survey |
| JEL: | D12 Q13 |
| Date: | 2015–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:66153&r=all |
| By: | Matthew Gibson (Williams College); Maria Carnovale (Duke University) |
| Abstract: | Exploiting the natural experiment created by an unanticipated court injunction, we evaluate driver responses to road pricing. We find evidence of intertemporal substitution toward unpriced times and spatial substitution toward unpriced roads. The effect on traffic volume varies with public transit availability. Net of these responses, Milan's pricing policy reduces air pollution substantially, generating large welfare gains. In addition, we use long-run policy changes to estimate price elasticities. |
| Keywords: | road pricing, traffic policy, air pollution |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2015-16&r=all |
| By: | Kalpana Kochhar; Catherine A. Pattillo; Yan Sun; Nujin Suphaphiphat; Andrew Swiston; Robert Tchaidze; Benedict J. Clements; Stefania Fabrizio; Valentina Flamini; Laure Redifer; Harald Finger |
| Abstract: | This paper examines water challenges, a growing global concern with adverse economic and social consequences, and discusses economic policy instruments. Water subsidies provided through public utilities are estimated at about $456 billion or 0.6 percent of global GDP in 2012. The paper suggests that getting economic incentives right, notably by reforming water pricing, can go a long way towards encouraging more efficient water use and supporting needed investment, while enabling policies that protect the poor. It also discusses pricing reform options and emphasizes an integrated and holistic approach to manage water, going beyond the water sector itself. The IMF can play a helpful role in ensuring that macroeconomic policies are conducive to sound water management. |
| Keywords: | Economic policy;Fund role;Policy instruments;Supply and demand;Subsidies;Water supply;Water resources;Water, externalities, public utilities, water use, water management, water infrastructure |
| Date: | 2015–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfsdn:15/11&r=all |
| By: | Grégory Ponthière (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12, PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Nous étudions la compensation des personnes décédées prématurément dans une économie où la production génère de la pollution, et où la pollution réduit, au-delà d’un certain seuil, les chances de survie. Pour ce faire, nous caractérisons l’optimum égalitarien ex post et nous le comparons à l’équilibre de laissez-faire et à l’optimum utilitariste. Lorsque le seuil de pollution au-dessus duquel une mortalité prématurée apparait est élevé, l’optimum égalitarien ex post requiert une pollution égale à ce seuil, et inférieure à celles prévalant au laissez-faire et à l’optimum utilitariste.Mais lorsque le seuil critique de pollution est faible, le niveau de pollution associé à l’optimum égalitarien ex post est égal à celui qui prévaut au laissez-faire, et supérieur à celui associé à l’optimum utilitariste. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-01095459&r=all |
| By: | Hartley, Peter (Rice University) |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:riceco:14-027&r=all |
| By: | Pelenc, Jérôme |
| Abstract: | In twenty-five years, sustainable development has not delivered the expected outcomes in terms of structural and institutional changes as well as scientific changes. Regarding scientific changes, since the first introduction of the concept of sustainable development by the Brundtland commission in 1987, new scientific fields of interdisciplinary reasearch in social sciences have emerged producing new conceptual tools, proposing new methodologies and asserting certain ethical principles. From the one hand, the thesis is interested in the field of Human Development which is structured around the work of Amartya Sen (the Capability Approach) and Manfred Max-Neef (the Fundamental Needs approach). On the other hand, the thesis is interested in the field of Ecological Economics from which emerges a strong conception of sustainability as well as the concepts of ecosystem functions and services. The thesis aims to establish a link between these two fields of research to shift from sustainable development, a relatively ambiguous concept, to responsible human development clearly rooted in strong sustainability and social justice. This articulation is carried out in a transdisciplinary perspective. In the first place, this articulation enables to provide a sound conceptual framework that could help to strengthen the epistemology of geography for studying Nature-Society interactions. In addition, this articulation could help to promote a responsible land planning. This new conceptual framework is tested in two peri-urban biosphere reserves in France (Biosphere Reserve Fontainebleau -Gâtinais ) and Chile (Biosphere Reserve La Campana - Peñuelas). |
| Keywords: | sustainable development; human development; ecological economics; capability approach; ecosystem services; land use planning |
| JEL: | Q01 Q57 |
| Date: | 2014–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:56094&r=all |
| By: | Ivelin Iliev Rizov (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Emilio Rodríguez Cerezo (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The present technical report deals with coexistence issues of genetically modified (GM) soybean cultivation with non-GM soybean and honey production in the EU. The Technical Working Group (TWG) for Soybean of the European Coexistence Bureau (ECoB) analysed the possible sources for potential GM cross-pollination and admixture and agreed on the best practices for coexistence. The terms of reference for this review are presented in Section 1. The scope of the Best Practice Document is coexistence in soybean crop production in the EU. It includes the coexistence between GM soybean cultivation and honey production but excludes coexistence in seed production. The ECoB TWG for Soybean conducted two meetings, one in May 2013 and one in February 2014 examining the state-of-art knowledge from scientific literature, research projects and reports, as well as empirical evidence provided by already existing segregation systems in soybean production. The information reviewed amounts to a total of 123 references listed in this report. The report summarises the review of available information on adventitious GM presence in soybean crop production covering seed impurities, cultivation, outcrossing to non-GM soybeans, and volunteers. The process management during sowing, harvesting, transportation, drying and storage on farm is also reviewed. Additionally the report analyses existing studies dealing with the presence of soybean pollen in honey. Finally, the TWG for Soybean reviewed the state of the art for the detection and identification of traces of GM soybean material in non-GM soybean harvests and honey. Based on this review, the members of the TWG Soybean submitted proposals for best management practices, which form the basis of the agreed consensus recommendations presented in Section 8. |
| Keywords: | Inovation, Biotechnology, Coexistence, Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs), Soybean, Best agricultural practices, Agronomy, Policy support, Standatization, Compititivness. |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc91097&r=all |
| By: | Elvira Periac (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Sébastien Gand (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Jean-Claude Sardas (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) |
| Abstract: | RésuméEn Europe, le principe d’intégration environnementale fait consensus, et avec lui l’idée de développer des politiques publiques transversales permettant d’intégrer toutes les dimensions de l’environnement dans les politiques sectorielles. Mais comment mettre en œuvre concrètement ces politiques sur les territoires? Dans la littérature sur l’implémentation des politiques publiques, le courant de recherche sur la street level bureaucracy souligne le rôle des agents publics de terrain et de l’exercice de leur liberté discrétionnaire1 dans l’élaboration des politiques publiques sociales, traditionnelles de l’Etat providence.Notre question de recherche porte sur ce que devient ce rôle des agents publics, transposé sur une politique d’intégration environnementale : comment et en quoi la liberté discrétionnaire des agents publics chargés de la mise en œuvre d’une politique d’intégration environnementale sur les territoires joue-‐t-‐elle un rôle dans l’élaboration concrète de cette politique ? Prend-‐t-‐elle des formes originales sur ce type spécifique de politique et de contexte ? Pour quels effets ?Sur la base d’études de cas menées dans une administration française dans laquelle se monte une activité chargée de l’implémentation d’une politique publique d’intégration environnementale, nous argumentons que non seulement le contexte peu stabilisé crée par ce type de politique publique laisse une marge de manœuvre aux agents pour exercer leur liberté discrétionnaire, mais qu’il stimule cet exercice, en faisant un outil d’élaboration des dispositions et orientations manquantes de la politique publique. Nous mettons ainsi en lumière comment, dans ce type de politique publique, la liberté discrétionnaire fonctionne comme moyen d’expérimenter et de renforcer l’efficacité de la politique publique menée. Sur le plan théorique, nous caractérisons que cela implique une évolution de la figure du street level bureaucrat, et donc empiriquement de ce qui est attendu des agents publics sur le terrain. |
| Date: | 2014–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01083894&r=all |
| By: | Stéphane Auray (EQUIPPE - Economie Quantitative, Intégration, Politiques Publiques et Econométrie - Université Lille II - Droit et santé - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies - Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille 3 - Sciences humaines et sociales - PRES Université Lille Nord de France, CIRPEE - Universite Laval (Quebec), CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - INSEE - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique); Aurélien Eyquem (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Frédéric Jouneau-Sion (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we bridge economic data and climatic time series to assess the vulnerability of a pre-industrial economy to changes in climatic conditions. We propose an economic model to extract a measure of total productivity from English data (real wages and land rents) in the pre-industrial period. This measure of total productivity is then related to temperatures and precipitations. We find that lower (respectively higher) precipitations (resp. temperatures) enhance productivity. Further, temperatures also have non-linear effects on productivity : large temperature variations lower productivity. We perform counterfactual exercises and quantify the effects of large increases in temperatures on productivity, GDP and welfare. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01098763&r=all |
| By: | Xavier Timbeau (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Pour sortir de la Grande Récession et enclencher la transition vers l'économie à bas carbone, nous proposons ici un plan d'investissement public et privé dans la transition énergétique de l'ordre de 2 points de PIB européen par an. La clef de ce plan repose sur la possibilité de reconsidérer les critères de finances publiques en n'utilisant non pas la dette publique brute (en point de PIB) comme objectif de la stabilité, mais au contraire, en reposant sur un concept de dette publique nette des actifs publics créés. Un organe tiers (par exemple la Commission européenne) pourrait évaluer ex post et ex ante la valeur des investissements réalisée, incitant à des politiques cohérentes et efficaces de dépense publique. |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00991186&r=all |